1757:
1888:
have been separated form each other for long enough time to constitute a different phylogenetic trajectory. The merging of the Cape floristic kingdom with the
African realm was based by the low endemism of higher taxonomic ranks, which could be found outside the cape region in the rest of Africa. The final major change is the separation of the Saharo-Arabian realm from the Holarctic kingdom, though they admit the northern boundary is not clear, with flora from the Holarctic being found within this area.
277:), the largest natural units he determined for flowering plants. Good's six kingdoms are subdivided into smaller units, called regions and provinces. The Paleotropical kingdom is divided into three subkingdoms, which are each subdivided into floristic regions. Each of the other five kingdoms are subdivided directly into regions. There are a total of 37 floristic regions. Almost all regions are further subdivided into floristic provinces.
246:
143:
Several systems of classifying geographic areas where plants grow have been devised. Most systems are organized hierarchically, with the largest units subdivided into smaller geographic areas, which are made up of smaller floristic communities, and so on. Phytochoria are defined as areas possessing a
1895:
for the inclusion of nonnative distributions in their analyses. In response to this, the group cleaned their data to remove nonnative ranges and reassessed their regions. They suggest that the previous inclusion of exotic species did not significantly affect their mapping and found that the cleaned
1887:
Differences from
Takhtajan's floristic kingdoms mainly focus on emphasizing the uniqueness of certain realms that he had as subdivisions within kingdoms. Two examples are separating some kingdoms into two separate realms, as happened to the Paleotropical and Antarctic kingdoms, reasoning that they
94:
Systems used to classify vegetation can be divided in two major groups: those that use physiognomic-environmental parameters and characteristics and those that are based on floristic (i.e. shared genera and species) relationships. Phytochoria are defined by their plant taxonomic composition, while
2097:
Syllabus der
Pflanzenfamilien: eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische
38:, is a geographic area with a relatively uniform composition of plant species. Adjacent phytochoria do not usually have a sharp boundary, but rather a soft one, a transitional area in which many species from both regions overlap. The region of overlap is called a
2342:
Liu, Y., Xu, X., Dimitrov, D., Pellissier, L., Borregaard, M. K., Shrestha, N., Su, X., Luo, A., Zimmermann, N. E., Rahbek, C., & Wang, Z. (2023). An updated floristic map of the world. Nature
Communications, 14(1).
1845:
incorporated distribution data alongside phylogenetic relationships to configure their realms. This led to the classification of eight realms organized into two super-realms and each composed of a number of sub-realms.
2841:
2031:
Bredenkamp, George J.; Granger, J. Ed; Hoffman, M. Timm; Lubke, Roy A.; Mckenzie, Bruce; Rebelo, A. (Tony) & Noel, van Rooyen (February 1998). Low, A. Barrie & Rebelo, A. (Tony) G. (eds.).
2384:
Guide to
Standard Floras of the World. An annotated, geographically arranged systematic bibliography of the principal floras, enumerations, checklists and chorological atlases of different areas
288:(1978, 1986), in a widely used scheme that builds on Good's work, identified thirty-five floristic regions, each of which is subdivided into floristic provinces, of which there are 152 in all.
193:
2367:
Liu, Y., Xu, X., Dimitrov, D., Rahbek, C., & Wang, Z. (2024). Reply to: Reassessing data quality underlying the recently updated floristic map of the world. Nature
Communications, 15(1).
192:
Taxonomic databases tend to be organized in ways which approximate floristic provinces, but which are more closely aligned to political boundaries, for example according to the
2238:Тахтаджян А. Л. Флористические области Земли / Академия наук СССР. Ботанический институт им. В. Л. Комарова. — Л.: Наука, Ленинградское отделение, 1978. — 247 с. — 4000 экз.
997:
1973:
JOLY, C.A., AIDAR, M.P.M., KLINK, C.A., McGRATH, D.G., MOREIRA, A.G., MOUTINHO, P., NEPSTAD, D.C., OLIVEIRA, A.A.; POTT, A.; RODAL, M.J.N. & SAMPAIO, E.V.S.B. 1999.
1794:
The border between the boreal region and the arctic region is similar to the tree line, taiga/arctic tundra limit (July, day-time temperature average: above 10 °C).
1822:
The border between the submediterranean region and the central
European region is similar to the alpine arc (upper Rhone, upper Rhine, lower Danube), a weather barrier.
2831:
2836:
2803:
1152:
2857:
2826:
2414:
2281:
555:
91:. However, some authors prefer not to rank areas, referring to them simply as "areas", "regions" (in a non hierarchical sense) or "phytochoria".
2793:
2327:
2211:
2022:
185:
The term "phytochorion" (Werger & van Gils, 1976) is especially associated with the classifications according to the methodology of
208:(1844-1930) was the first to make a world map with the limits of distribution of floras, with four major floral regions (realms). His
2767:
2355:
Qian, H. (2024). Reassessing data quality underlying the recently updated floristic map of the world. Nature
Communications, 15(1).
2302:
2716:
1744:
561:
3149:
2883:
2589:
2458:
2407:
1417:
584:
577:
569:
2678:
1671:
3196:
2453:
822:
536:
2033:
Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and
Swaziland: A companion to the Vegetation Map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland
1242:
829:
210:
3237:
2862:
2003:
Werger, M. J. A. & H. van Gils. 1976. Phytosociological classification problems in chorological border line areas.
1800:
The warm islands in the
Atlantic Ocean are in the Macaronesia region: isolated populations in a more humid environment.
3103:
2788:
2660:
2645:
1609:
274:
2521:
1050:
1841:
Critiquing previous attempts for their lack of phylogenetic relationships in the construction of their regions, Liu
3242:
3108:
2798:
2584:
2400:
843:
111:) may variably take in account, depending on the author, the apparent characteristics of a community (the dominant
2239:
2049:, Vol. 14B. Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems, (eds H. Lieth and M. J. A. Werger), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 99–132,
1825:
The Pontic region border is similar to the tree line/ steppe limit (less than 450 mm precipitation per year).
214:, from the third edition (1903) onwards, also included a sketch of the division of the earth into floral regions.
3206:
3118:
2640:
1625:
1617:
1546:
1394:
2192:
3128:
2526:
1093:
1086:
1079:
548:
382:
175:
2506:
890:
2673:
2604:
2511:
1975:
Evolution of the Brazilian phytogeography classification systems: implications for biodiversity conservation
1634:
910:
3232:
3113:
2501:
2264:
1919:
859:
164:
47:
In traditional schemes, areas in phytogeography are classified hierarchically, according to the presence of
1756:
692:
2566:
2448:
419:
368:
354:
230:
222:
2683:
1699:
3098:
2622:
2614:
2516:
2493:
2473:
1531:
1523:
1515:
1168:
1012:
874:
867:
851:
716:
270:
266:
186:
132:
2556:
1324:
1071:
2599:
1458:
3211:
3191:
3133:
3093:
3088:
2709:
2561:
1408:
1308:
1291:
729:
631:
544:
226:
218:
116:
3252:
3164:
3005:
2821:
2668:
2551:
2468:
2443:
1974:
1811:
1584:
1576:
1473:
1300:
1277:
1123:
962:
683:
478:
403:
300:
2176:
2095:
3032:
3022:
2632:
2536:
1945:
1538:
898:
471:
445:
3201:
3123:
3052:
3042:
2965:
2650:
2576:
2323:
2298:
2259:. (translated by T.J. Crovello & A. Cronquist). University of California Press, Berkeley,
2019:
1957:
1601:
1593:
1107:
707:
648:
456:
410:
292:
3062:
2594:
1797:
The border of the Atlantic region is the limit of no frost (average), Gulf Stream influence.
1721:
1707:
1690:
1679:
1662:
1356:
1348:
1284:
1062:
923:
770:
743:
736:
655:
516:
171:
152:
1929:
3037:
3027:
2930:
2702:
2026:
1778:
1737:
1487:
1228:
1179:
805:
361:
315:
285:
112:
100:
96:
2160:
163:
endemism. Systems of phytochoria have both significant similarities and differences with
1922:
3247:
3078:
3057:
3047:
2483:
2435:
1714:
1203:
1145:
1100:
958:
944:
836:
814:
615:
499:
485:
467:
463:
340:
322:
258:
124:
35:
1785:
The border between the central Russian region and the boreal region is similar to the
3226:
2975:
2925:
2888:
2772:
2531:
1434:
1373:
1365:
1138:
492:
389:
189:, which is tied to the presence or absence of particular species, mainly in Africa.
3083:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2725:
2091:
1805:
1683:
1442:
1058:
1034:
969:
673:
234:
205:
2386:. 2nd ed. (1st edn 1984), pp. xxiv, 1100, .Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
17:
2694:
2392:
2387:
2243:
2227:
2208:
2144:
2124:
2079:
2050:
2940:
2463:
1425:
1401:
1186:
881:
763:
593:
523:
438:
375:
254:
104:
1791:
spp. limit (Day-time temperature average: above 10 °C, 4 months per year).
3169:
2945:
1773:
The central European region and the central Russian region are sister regions.
1557:
1480:
1332:
1114:
622:
179:
2368:
2356:
2344:
2260:
2119:
de Candolle, Augustin (1820). Essai Élémentaire de Géographie Botanique. In:
3159:
3154:
2970:
1987:
1655:
1381:
1339:
1196:
1131:
791:
784:
666:
427:
262:
128:
245:
2991:
2935:
2898:
2546:
1567:
1466:
1273:
1266:
1027:
798:
750:
434:
347:
145:
1752:
Regionalization according to Wolfgang Frey and Rainer Lösch (2004, 2010)
2893:
2541:
2008:
1787:
1249:
1215:
1020:
976:
662:
608:
527:
399:
333:
329:
160:
48:
40:
27:
Geographic area with a relatively uniform composition of plant species
2867:
2757:
1648:
1449:
1235:
1159:
700:
601:
506:
308:
168:
2187:
Rikli, M. (1913). "Geographie der Pflanzen (Die Florenreiche)". In:
2762:
2733:
2427:
2139:. Copenhagen, Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag. German translation:
1755:
1504:
1041:
1003:
937:
449:
244:
156:
148:
120:
108:
2920:
2101:(3rd ed.). Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag. p. 233
1782:
limit (January, day-time temperature average: above -2 °C).
1315:
990:
2698:
2396:
2226:
Transl. by C. Jeffrey. Oliver &. Boyd, Edinburgh. 310 pp.
1803:
The Mediterranean region is similar to the occurrence of wild
1891:
After publishing their regions, Dr. Hong Qian criticized Liu
2035:. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria.
2276:
Cox, C. B. (2001). The biogeographic regions reconsidered.
194:
World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions
151:. Floristic kingdoms are characterized by a high degree of
182:, which take into account both plant and animal species.
1958:
A numerical re-evaluation of the sub-Saharan phytochoria
1768:(with focus on Europe, matching the image on the right)
2078:. 9th edition. John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, p. 10,
159:
endemism, and floristic provinces by a high degree of
2178:; 5th ed. rev. 1958 (F. Mattick), De Gruyter, Berlin.
2076:
Biogeography: an ecological and evolutionary approach
2063:
Versuch einer Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pflanzenwelt
2047:
American Tropical forests, in Ecosystems of the World
2320:
Geobotanik: Pflanzen und Vegetation in Raum und Zeit
3184:
3142:
3071:
3015:
3004:
2984:
2911:
2876:
2850:
2812:
2781:
2750:
2741:
2732:
2659:
2631:
2613:
2575:
2492:
2434:
217:Other important early works on floristics includes
2074:Cox, C. B., Moore, P.D. & Ladle, R. J. 2016.
2478:
155:endemism, floristic regions by a high degree of
1942:Plant sociology; the study of plant communities
2141:Grundzüge einer allgemeinen Pflanzengeographie
547:(forested areas extending east to include the
2710:
2408:
8:
2137:Grundtræk til en almindelig Plantegeographie
1828:The Turanian region has a semi-arid climate.
2858:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
2297:. München, Heidelberg: Elsevier, Spektrum.
3012:
2747:
2738:
2717:
2703:
2695:
2415:
2401:
2393:
2369:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47544-6
2357:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47543-7
2345:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38375-y
1776:The border between them is similar to the
257:(1947) identified six floristic kingdoms (
1896:data revealed the same floristic realms.
1928:. Paris: P. Klincksieck, 1897. 552 p.,
1672:region of the South Subantarctic Islands
556:Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain province
2224:Flowering plants: origin and dispersal.
1910:
1908:
1904:
2318:Frey, Wolfgang; Lösch, Rainer (2010).
2293:Frey, Wolfgang; Lösch, Rainer (2004).
2189:Handwörterbuch der Naturwissenschaften
1956:Linder, Lovett, Mutke, et al. (2005):
641:39 Southwestern Mediterranean province
551:and west to the start of the prairies)
281:Takhtajan (1978, 1986) regionalization
51:families, genera or species, e.g., in
83:, sometimes including the categories
7:
2842:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
2804:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
2322:(3 ed.). Heidelberg: Spektrum.
2207:. Longmans, Green and Co, New York,
2121:Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles
1944:. New York and London, McGraw-Hill,
1094:Southern and Southwestern Madagascar
756:53 Turania or Aralo-Caspia province
2123:, Vol. 18. Flevrault, Strasbourg,
167:, which follow the composition of
25:
2768:Montane grasslands and shrublands
2205:The Geography of Flowering Plants
1733:150 Southern New Zealand province
1727:148 Northern New Zealand province
1745:New Zealand Subantarctic Islands
1730:149 Central New Zealand province
1563:133 Southeast Australia province
562:North American Prairies province
395:13 Northeastern Siberia province
2884:Flooded grasslands and savannas
1916:Handbuch der Pflanzengeographie
1418:region of the Guayana Highlands
1051:St. Helena and Ascension region
904:69 Tongoland-Pondoland province
644:40 South Mediterranean province
3197:Ecological land classification
2726:Biogeographic regionalisations
2651:Central Australian or Eremaean
2257:Floristic Regions of the World
2157:Géographie botanique raisonnée
2155:de Candolle, Alphonse (1855).
1926:Manuel de géographie botanique
1819:is grown very North in Italy).
952:12C. Eritreo–Arabian subregion
931:12B. Sahelo–Sudanian subregion
679:45 East Mediterranean province
537:North American Atlantic region
249:Good (1947) floristic kingdoms
1:
1553:131 North Australia province
778:8B. Central Asiatic subregion
723:8A. Western Asiatic subregion
211:Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien
2863:Deserts and xeric shrublands
1837:(2023, 2024) Regionalization
1592:XXXI. Central Australian or
1209:101 South Indochina province
984:12C. Omano-Sindian subregion
638:38 Southern Morocco province
3104:Temperate Northern Atlantic
2794:Broadleaf and mixed forests
1940:Braun-Blanquet, J. (1932).
1641:138 Northern Chile province
1577:Southwest Australian region
1547:Northeast Australian region
241:Good (1947) regionalization
117:environment characteristics
3269:
3207:Vegetation classifications
3109:Temperate Northern Pacific
2679:South Subantarctic Islands
1986:Magno Coutinho, L. (2006)
1977:. Ci. e Cult. 51: 331-348.
1644:139 Central Chile province
1510:129 Central Andes province
512:26 Northern Burma province
237:(1908), and Rikli (1913).
204:In the late 19th century,
3119:Temperate Southern Africa
1474:Central Brazilian Uplands
176:biogeographical provinces
3129:Tropical Eastern Pacific
3079:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
2522:St. Helena and Ascension
2061:Engler, A. (1879-1882).
1918:. Stuttgart: Engelhorn,
917:12A. Zambezian subregion
891:Usambara-Zululand region
3150:Biogeographic provinces
3114:Temperate South America
2832:Moist broadleaf forests
2454:North American Atlantic
2295:Lehrbuch der Geobotanik
2278:Journal of Biogeography
1760:Flora regions in Europe
1635:Chile-Patagonian region
1388:XXIII. Caribbean region
1222:18A. Malesian subregion
1175:95 South Burma province
911:Sudano-Zambezian region
860:Guineo-Congolian region
165:zoogeographic provinces
41:vegetation tension zone
2255:Takhtajan, A. (1986).
2135:Schouw, J. F. (1822).
2045:Prance, G. T. (1989).
1924:. French translation:
1761:
420:Eastern Asiatic region
250:
3212:Zoogeographic regions
3170:Global 200 ecoregions
3099:Temperate Australasia
2837:Dry broadleaf forests
2615:South African Kingdom
2494:Paleotropical Kingdom
2382:Frodin, D.G. (2001).
1875:Laurasian Super-Realm
1850:Gondwanan Super-Realm
1759:
1516:South African Kingdom
1260:18B. Papuan subregion
868:Upper Guinean forests
852:Paleotropical Kingdom
759:54 Turkestan province
717:Irano-Turanian region
693:Saharo-Arabian region
570:Rocky Mountain region
248:
187:Josias Braun-Blanquet
3192:Altitudinal zonation
3134:Western Indo-Pacific
3094:Eastern Indo-Pacific
3089:Central Indo-Pacific
2222:Takhtajan, A. 1969.
2175:. Göschen, Leipzig,
2159:. Paris: V. Masson,
1498:XXVII. Andean region
1366:Neocaledonian region
1292:Bismarck Archipelago
1192:98 Thailand province
1153:Upper Gangetic Plain
632:Mediterranean region
545:Appalachian province
227:Alphonse de Candolle
219:Augustin de Candolle
107:, plant formations,
3238:Floristic provinces
3165:Lists of ecoregions
2822:Tropical rainforest
2577:Neotropical Kingdom
2065:. 2 vols., Leipzig.
1988:O conceito de bioma
1962:Biologiske Skrifter
1812:Cistus salviifolius
1700:Neozeylandic region
1618:Fernandezian region
1585:Southwest Australia
1493:127 Paraná province
1382:Neotropical Kingdom
998:South Iran province
794:-Tien Shan province
684:Crimea-Novorossijsk
594:Macaronesian region
301:Circumboreal region
3202:Floristic kingdoms
2966:Hydrothermal vents
2827:Coniferous forests
2789:Coniferous forests
2633:Australian Kingdom
2173:Pflanzengeographie
2171:Diels, L. (1908).
2025:2008-04-11 at the
1914:Drude, O. (1890).
1870:6 Chile-Patagonian
1762:
1539:Australian Kingdom
1169:Indochinese region
1087:Western Madagascar
1080:Eastern Madagascar
1013:Karoo-Namib region
899:Zanzibar-Inhambane
500:Southeastern China
273:, Australian, and
251:
18:Floristic province
3243:Floristic regions
3220:
3219:
3180:
3179:
3124:Tropical Atlantic
3000:
2999:
2907:
2906:
2799:Deciduous forests
2692:
2691:
2661:Antarctic Kingdom
2590:Guayana Highlands
2507:Usambara-Zululand
2436:Holarctic Kingdom
2424:Floristic regions
2329:978-3-8274-2335-1
2210:. 2nd ed., 1953,
2203:Good, R. (1947).
1610:Antarctic Kingdom
1409:Galápagos Islands
1325:Polynesian region
1255:106 Java province
1072:Madagascan region
844:Mexican Highlands
509:-Yuennan province
293:Holarctic Kingdom
125:anthropic factors
95:other schemes of
16:(Redirected from
3260:
3013:
2748:
2739:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2696:
2674:Chile-Patagonian
2512:Sudano-Zambezian
2502:Guineo-Congolian
2417:
2410:
2403:
2394:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2290:
2284:
2274:
2268:
2253:
2247:
2236:
2230:
2220:
2214:
2201:
2195:
2185:
2179:
2169:
2163:
2153:
2147:
2143:, Berlin, 1823,
2133:
2127:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2088:
2082:
2072:
2066:
2059:
2053:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2017:
2011:
2001:
1995:
1984:
1978:
1971:
1965:
1954:
1948:
1938:
1932:
1912:
1883:8 Saharo-Arabian
1663:Tierra del Fuego
1459:Brazilian region
875:Nigeria-Cameroon
771:Western Himalaya
737:Central Anatolia
517:Eastern Himalaya
409:15 Canada incl.
144:large number of
21:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3176:
3138:
3067:
3007:
2996:
2992:Endolithic zone
2980:
2913:
2903:
2872:
2846:
2814:
2808:
2777:
2743:
2728:
2723:
2693:
2688:
2655:
2627:
2609:
2571:
2488:
2449:Eastern Asiatic
2430:
2421:
2379:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2280:, 28: 511-523,
2275:
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2250:
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2221:
2217:
2202:
2198:
2186:
2182:
2170:
2166:
2154:
2150:
2134:
2130:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2073:
2069:
2060:
2056:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2027:Wayback Machine
2018:
2014:
2002:
1998:
1992:Acta bot. bras.
1985:
1981:
1972:
1968:
1955:
1951:
1939:
1935:
1913:
1906:
1902:
1864:4 Novozealandic
1858:2 Indo-Malesian
1839:
1779:Fagus sylvatica
1754:
1703:
1675:
1638:
1621:
1613:
1597:
1594:Eremaean region
1580:
1550:
1542:
1527:
1519:
1500:
1462:
1438:
1421:
1395:Central America
1390:
1385:
1369:
1352:
1349:Hawaiian region
1328:
1304:
1278:West New Guinea
1262:
1224:
1219:
1216:Malesian region
1172:
1127:
1075:
1054:
1016:
986:
954:
933:
919:
914:
894:
863:
855:
818:
780:
725:
720:
696:
635:
597:
585:Rocky Mountains
573:
540:
423:
383:Central Siberia
369:Western Siberia
362:Northern Europe
316:Atlantic Europe
304:
296:
286:Armen Takhtajan
283:
243:
202:
178:or terrestrial
141:
133:conservationist
101:vegetation type
97:regionalization
61:phytogeographic
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3266:
3264:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3233:Phytogeography
3225:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3010:
3006:Biogeographic
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2745:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2699:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2479:Irano-Turanian
2476:
2474:Saharo-Arabian
2471:
2466:
2461:
2459:Rocky Mountain
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2335:
2328:
2310:
2303:
2285:
2269:
2248:
2231:
2215:
2196:
2180:
2164:
2148:
2128:
2112:
2083:
2067:
2054:
2038:
2012:
1996:
1979:
1966:
1949:
1933:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1838:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1626:Juan Fernández
1620:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1505:Northern Andes
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1270:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1000:
994:
985:
982:
981:
980:
973:
966:
953:
950:
949:
948:
941:
932:
929:
928:
927:
918:
915:
913:
907:
906:
905:
902:
893:
887:
886:
885:
878:
871:
862:
856:
854:
849:
848:
847:
840:
833:
826:
817:
815:Madrean Region
811:
810:
809:
802:
795:
788:
779:
776:
775:
774:
767:
760:
757:
754:
747:
746:-Iran province
740:
733:
724:
721:
719:
713:
712:
711:
704:
695:
689:
688:
687:
680:
677:
670:
659:
652:
645:
642:
639:
634:
628:
627:
626:
619:
612:
605:
596:
590:
589:
588:
581:
572:
566:
565:
564:
558:
552:
539:
533:
532:
531:
520:
513:
510:
503:
496:
489:
486:Northern China
482:
475:
460:
453:
442:
431:
422:
416:
415:
414:
407:
396:
393:
386:
379:
372:
365:
358:
355:Eastern Europe
351:
344:
341:Pontus Euxinus
337:
326:
323:Central Europe
319:
312:
303:
297:
295:
290:
282:
279:
261:or Holarctic,
242:
239:
201:
198:
140:
137:
36:phytogeography
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3265:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3003:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2976:Demersal zone
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2910:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2773:Alpine tundra
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:Polar/montane
2749:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2567:Neocaledonian
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2469:Mediterranean
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2406:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2304:3-8274-1193-9
2300:
2296:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2092:Engler, Adolf
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1994:20(1): 13-23.
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1867:5 Neotropical
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1532:Cape province
1529:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:Amazon region
1432:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1374:New Caledonia
1371:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:Fijian region
1298:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:Indian region
1121:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
999:
995:
992:
988:
987:
983:
978:
974:
971:
967:
964:
960:
956:
955:
951:
946:
942:
939:
935:
934:
930:
925:
921:
920:
916:
912:
908:
903:
900:
896:
895:
892:
888:
883:
879:
876:
872:
869:
865:
864:
861:
857:
853:
850:
845:
841:
838:
834:
831:
827:
824:
820:
819:
816:
812:
807:
803:
800:
796:
793:
789:
786:
782:
781:
777:
772:
768:
765:
761:
758:
755:
752:
748:
745:
741:
738:
734:
731:
727:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
705:
702:
698:
697:
694:
690:
685:
681:
678:
675:
671:
668:
664:
660:
657:
653:
650:
646:
643:
640:
637:
636:
633:
629:
624:
620:
617:
613:
610:
606:
603:
599:
598:
595:
591:
586:
582:
579:
575:
574:
571:
567:
563:
559:
557:
553:
550:
546:
542:
541:
538:
534:
529:
525:
521:
518:
514:
511:
508:
504:
501:
497:
494:
493:Central China
490:
487:
483:
480:
476:
473:
469:
465:
461:
458:
457:Volcano-Bonin
454:
451:
447:
443:
440:
436:
432:
429:
425:
424:
421:
417:
412:
408:
405:
401:
397:
394:
391:
390:Transbaikalia
387:
384:
380:
377:
373:
370:
366:
363:
359:
356:
352:
349:
345:
342:
338:
335:
331:
327:
324:
320:
317:
313:
310:
306:
305:
302:
298:
294:
291:
289:
287:
280:
278:
276:
272:
271:South African
268:
267:Paleotropical
264:
260:
256:
247:
240:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
212:
207:
200:Early schemes
199:
197:
195:
190:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
147:
138:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:, or also in
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3143:Subdivisions
3033:Australasian
3023:Afrotropical
2985:Other biomes
2961:Benthic zone
2956:Pelagic zone
2951:Neritic zone
2941:Kelp forests
2813:Tropical and
2684:Neozeylandic
2669:Fernandezian
2464:Macaronesian
2444:Circumboreal
2423:
2383:
2377:Bibliography
2363:
2351:
2338:
2319:
2313:
2294:
2288:
2277:
2272:
2256:
2251:
2244:Google Books
2234:
2223:
2218:
2204:
2199:
2188:
2183:
2172:
2167:
2156:
2151:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2120:
2115:
2103:. Retrieved
2096:
2086:
2075:
2070:
2062:
2057:
2046:
2041:
2032:
2015:
2005:J. Biogeogr.
2004:
1999:
1991:
1982:
1969:
1964:55: 229-252.
1961:
1952:
1941:
1936:
1925:
1915:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1861:3 Australian
1842:
1840:
1834:
1817:Olea europea
1816:
1810:
1806:Olea europea
1804:
1786:
1777:
1309:New Hebrides
1035:Western Cape
970:South Arabia
762:55 Northern
578:Vancouverian
284:
252:
216:
209:
206:Adolf Engler
203:
191:
184:
142:
123:associated,
93:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
46:
39:
32:phytochorion
31:
29:
3053:Neotropical
3043:Indomalayan
3016:Terrestrial
2946:Coral reefs
2815:subtropical
2742:Terrestrial
2537:Indochinese
2517:Karoo-Namib
2191:4:776–857,
1880:7 Holarctic
1524:Cape region
1426:The Guianas
1402:West Indies
1243:Philippines
1187:South China
1130:90 Ceylon (
830:Californian
823:Great Basin
783:57 Central
764:Baluchistan
730:Mesopotamia
411:Great Lakes
376:Altai-Sayan
263:Neotropical
255:Ronald Good
174:, and with
139:Explanation
105:physiognomy
3253:Ecoregions
3227:Categories
3160:Ecoregions
3155:Bioregions
3063:Palearctic
2971:Cold seeps
2931:Intertidal
2557:Polynesian
2527:Madagascan
2105:31 January
2007:3: 49–54,
1900:References
1558:Queensland
1333:Micronesia
1134:) province
1115:Seychelles
1108:Mascarenes
1059:St. Helena
623:Cape Verde
180:ecoregions
3038:Holarctic
3028:Antarctic
2936:Mangroves
2782:Temperate
2646:Southwest
2641:Northeast
2600:Brazilian
2595:Amazonian
2585:Caribbean
2547:Papuasian
1855:1 African
1809:and wild
1708:Lord Howe
1691:Kerguelen
1656:Patagonia
1340:Polynesia
1197:Indochina
1195:99 North
1132:Sri Lanka
1063:Ascension
792:Dzungaria
785:Tien Shan
706:48 Egypt-
667:Tyrrhenia
428:Manchuria
404:Kamchatka
275:Antarctic
253:Botanist
129:political
113:life-form
81:provinces
57:floristic
3185:See also
3058:Oceanian
3048:Nearctic
2926:Littoral
2899:Mangrove
2889:Riparian
2562:Hawaiian
2542:Malesian
2094:(1903).
2023:Archived
2020:glossary
1747:province
1740:province
1724:province
1722:Kermadec
1717:province
1710:province
1693:province
1686:province
1665:province
1658:province
1651:province
1633:XXXIII.
1628:province
1604:province
1587:province
1570:province
1568:Tasmania
1560:province
1522:XXVIII.
1507:province
1490:province
1488:Atlantic
1483:province
1476:province
1469:province
1467:Caatinga
1452:province
1445:province
1443:Amazonia
1428:province
1411:province
1404:province
1397:province
1376:province
1359:province
1342:province
1335:province
1318:province
1311:province
1294:province
1287:province
1280:province
1274:Moluccas
1269:province
1252:province
1245:province
1238:province
1231:province
1206:province
1199:province
1189:province
1182:province
1180:Andamans
1162:province
1155:province
1148:province
1141:province
1117:province
1110:province
1103:province
1096:province
1089:province
1082:province
1065:province
1044:province
1037:province
1030:province
1028:Namaland
1023:province
1006:province
993:province
979:province
972:province
965:province
963:Ethiopia
947:province
940:province
926:province
901:province
884:province
877:province
870:province
846:province
839:province
832:province
825:province
808:province
801:province
799:Mongolia
787:province
773:province
766:province
753:province
751:Hyrcania
739:province
732:province
710:province
703:province
686:province
676:province
674:Adriatic
669:province
658:province
656:Baleares
651:province
625:province
618:province
616:Canaries
611:province
604:province
587:province
580:province
549:piedmont
530:province
519:province
502:province
495:province
488:province
481:province
474:province
459:province
452:province
441:province
439:Hokkaidō
435:Sakhalin
430:province
413:province
406:province
392:province
385:province
378:province
371:province
364:province
357:province
350:province
348:Caucasus
343:province
336:province
325:province
318:province
311:province
233:(1890),
229:(1855),
225:(1823),
221:(1820),
172:families
135:issues.
73:kingdoms
2912:Aquatic
2894:Wetland
2484:Madrean
2426:of the
2098:Botanik
1788:Quercus
1738:Chatham
1715:Norfolk
1680:Tristan
1670:XXXIV.
1616:XXXII.
1602:Eremaea
1267:Celebes
1250:Sumatra
1214:XVIII.
1139:Malabar
1021:Namibia
977:Socotra
959:Somalia
924:Zambezi
837:Sonoran
744:Armenia
663:Liguria
609:Madeira
528:Manipur
472:Okinawa
400:Okhotsk
330:Illyria
161:species
157:generic
146:endemic
99:(e.g.,
77:regions
69:regions
49:endemic
3084:Arctic
3072:Marine
3008:realms
2914:biomes
2868:Steppe
2758:Tundra
2744:biomes
2734:Biomes
2605:Andean
2552:Fijian
2532:Indian
2326:
2301:
1893:et al.
1843:et al.
1835:et al.
1698:XXXV.
1649:Pampas
1545:XXIX.
1457:XXVI.
1450:Llanos
1416:XXIV.
1364:XXII.
1357:Hawaii
1236:Borneo
1229:Malaya
1167:XVII.
1160:Bengal
1146:Deccan
1101:Comoro
1011:XIII.
1004:Sindia
715:VIII.
708:Arabia
701:Sahara
649:Iberia
602:Azores
507:Sikang
479:Taiwan
468:Tokara
464:Ryūkyū
334:Balkan
309:Arctic
259:Boreal
223:Schouw
169:mammal
153:family
119:, the
109:biomes
89:domain
85:empire
53:floral
3248:Flora
2763:Taiga
2428:world
2029:from
1765:Notes
1684:Gough
1575:XXX.
1481:Chaco
1433:XXV.
1347:XXI.
1299:XIX.
1285:Papua
1204:Annam
1122:XVI.
1049:XIV.
1042:Karoo
945:Sudan
938:Sahel
909:XII.
882:Congo
806:Tibet
691:VII.
535:III.
524:Khasi
450:Korea
446:Japan
235:Diels
231:Drude
121:fauna
65:zones
34:, in
2921:Pond
2623:Cape
2324:ISBN
2299:ISBN
2265:DjVu
2240:DjVu
2107:2014
1833:Liu
1743:152
1736:151
1720:147
1713:146
1706:145
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1424:120
1407:119
1400:118
1393:117
1372:116
1355:115
1338:114
1331:113
1323:XX.
1316:Fiji
1314:112
1307:111
1290:110
1283:109
1276:and
1272:108
1265:107
1248:105
1241:104
1234:103
1227:102
1202:100
1070:XV.
1061:and
991:Oman
889:XI.
813:IX.
630:VI.
568:IV.
418:II.
149:taxa
87:and
79:and
67:and
55:(or
2877:Wet
2851:Dry
2261:PDF
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332:or
299:I.
127:or
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