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251:(F-gases) are a group of gases containing fluorine. They are divided into several types, the main of those are hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). They are used in refrigeration, air conditioning, heat pumps, fire suppression, electronics, aerospace, magnesium industry, foam and high voltage switchgear. As they are greenhouse gases with a strong global warming potential, their use is regulated.
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313:(PFCs) are the compounds consisting of fluorine and carbon. They are widely used in the electronics, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries, as well as in refrigeration when combined with other gases. PFCs were commonly used as fire extinguishants in the past and are still found in older fire protection systems. They are also a by-product of the
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The total atmospheric concentration of F-gases, CFCs, and HCFCs has grown rapidly since the mid-twentieth century; a time which marks the start of their production and use at industrial scale. As a group in year 2019, these unnatural man-made gases are responsible for about one-tenth of the direct
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under the
Montreal Protocol was signed, which has put compulsory phase wise phasing out of CFC gases. Efforts are ongoing to develop a global approach for the control of HFCs. Most recently, this has taken the form of a declaration of support for a global phase-down as part of the outcomes of the
530:, conducted by the Armines Centre energétique et procédés and by Energy Research Innovation Engineering (ERIE) found that emissions reductions of up to 60% can be achieved by improving containment measures and accelerating the changeover from high GWP refrigerants to ones with lower GWP.
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for atmospheric heating. For example, refrigeration and air conditioning systems are increasingly utilized by humans within a warming environment. Likewise, expansions of electrical infrastructure, as driven by the alternatives to fossil fuels, has led to rising demand for
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for a phase-down of HFCs by 2030. The
American Innovation and Manufacturing Act is federal legislation that mandates at 85% reduction in the production and consumption of HFC refrigerants by 2035, in compliance with the Kigali Amendment.
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currently in China, even though some measures for reducing emissions were taken by the government. The emissions of this gas are currently on the rise in China (and in other countries defined as non-Annex-I by the
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Annual growths in radiative forcing contributions from atmospheric HFCs and HCFCs have recently peaked near 10%, as compared to steadier 1%-2% growth from the major carbon- and nitrogen-cycle greenhouse
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515:. The F-gas Regulation adopts an approach based on containment and recovery of F-gases as well as imposing obligations on reporting, training and labeling on those using F-gases.
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558:) "due to their rapid expansion of power demand and fast adoption of renewable energy technologies". In China, they are now close to total greenhouse gas emissions from the
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612:. The Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Northern Ireland Environment Agency, Northern Ireland's Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs
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412:(GWP), and some are nearly inert to removal by chemical processes. If released, HFCs stay in the atmosphere for decades and both PFCs and SF
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regulates the phasing out of HCFCs, there was no international agreement on the regulation of HFCs until late 2016 when the
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to revise the F-gas
Regulation. In December 2013, the European Parliament and the Council of the EU agreed the
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equipment, and as blowing agents for foams, fire extinguishants, aerosol propellants, and solvents. HFC-134a (
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use has grown since the 1990s along with the rapid expansion of the microelectronics fabrication industry.
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began to lay down provisions for them to be phased-out globally after the agreement was ratified in 1987.
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and insulation gas. It can be found in high-voltage switchgear and is used in the production of magnesium.
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on the application, effects and adequacy of the
Regulation, drawing from the results of an analytical
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commitments, in 2006 the
European Union passed two pieces of legislation controlling their use: the
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749:"PHASING DOWN HFCS: THE AIM ACT - U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works"
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it commissioned from German environmental research institute, Öko-Recherche. A further
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635:"Climate change indicators - Atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases - Figure 4"
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325:) has grown to become the most abundant PFC in earth's atmosphere as of year 2015.
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HFCs were developed in the 1990s to substitute for substances such as
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682:"Refrigerant Market Size Worth $ 30.37 Billion By 2025 / CAGR: 5.3%"
291:. They are used in a multitude of applications including commercial
91:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article.
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Global
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697:"Sulfur Hexafluoride Market is Thriving Worldwide 2020-2027"
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On 7 November 2012, the
European Commission published the
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F-gases are used in a number of applications intended for
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which are trending at less than about 2% annual growth.
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from all long-lived anthropogenic greenhouse gases.
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United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
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were already in use prior to the
Montreal Protocol.
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134:needs attention from an expert in Chemicals
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511:and the Mobile Air Conditioning Directive
195:. Please do not remove this message until
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351:etchant for microelectronics fabrication
191:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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802:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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245:Class of long-lived chemical compounds
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606:"What are fluorinated gases?"
695:Mark Williams (2020-09-13).
431:, that can generate further
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275:The most common F-gases are
730:. Epa.gov. 17 November 2015
197:conditions to do so are met
87:the claims made and adding
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817:An, Minde (5 March 2024).
728:"Greenhouse gas emissions"
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641:. 27 June 2016
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586:Refrigerant
560:Netherlands
376:PFCs and SF
367:ozone layer
357:Use history
900:Categories
789:2013-01-14
758:2023-05-01
734:2020-09-26
645:2020-09-26
592:References
182:neutrality
81:improve it
36:improve it
301:heat pump
299:systems,
193:talk page
85:verifying
42:talk page
886:Eurammon
881:Eurovent
798:cite web
570:See also
535:proposal
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478:US-level
285:fluorine
281:hydrogen
186:disputed
891:ICARHMA
861:ASERCOM
832:2 April
616:2 April
610:Netregs
564:Nigeria
79:Please
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488:Mexico
448:and CH
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369:, the
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138:reason
866:EFCTC
783:(PDF)
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545:China
528:study
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140:or a
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856:AREA
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804:link
668:NOAA
618:2024
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