1723:
377:
3864:") or picking up an instrument of different length. Their parts were transposed according to which crook or length-of-instrument they used at any given time, so that a particular note on the staff always corresponded to a particular partial on the instrument. Trombones, on the other hand, have used slides since their inception. As such, they have always been fully chromatic, so no such tradition took hold, and trombone parts have always been notated at concert pitch (with one exception, discussed below). Also, it was quite common for trombones to double choir parts; reading in concert pitch meant there was no need for dedicated trombone parts. Note that while the fundamental sounding pitch (slide fully retracted) has remained quite consistent, the conceptual pitch of trombones has changed since their origin (
2593:
2014:, sleeves (called "stockings") were developed to decrease friction that would impede the slide's motion. These were soldered onto the ends of the inner slide tubes to slightly increase their diameter. The ends of inner slides on modern instruments are manufactured with a slightly larger diameter to achieve the same end. This part of the slide must be lubricated frequently. The slide section is connected to the bell section by the neckpipe and a U-bend called the bell or back bow. The joint connecting the slide and bell sections has a threaded collar to secure the connection. Prior to the early 20th century this connection was made with friction joints alone.
2470:
3162:
5498:
3344:
3238:
1156:
295:
2938:" notes and much lower pedal notes (first partials or fundamentals, which have a peculiar metallic rumbling sound). Slide positions are subject to adjustment, compensating for imperfections in the tuning of different harmonics. The fifth partial is rather flat on most trombones and usually requires a minute shortening of the slide position to compensate; other small adjustments are also normally required throughout the range. Trombonists make frequent use of alternate positions to minimize slide movement in rapid passages; for instance,
3582:
2391:
3574:
2524:
3736:
2134:
2400:
2679:
2382:
3466:
3773:
2555:
3126:
2438:, appearing on most band instruments, as well as most student and intermediate model trombones. Many improvements of the rotary valve, as well as entirely new and radically different valve designs, have been invented since the mid 20th century to give the trombone a more open, free sound than the tight bends in conventional rotary valve designs would allow. Many of these new valve designs have been widely adopted by players, especially in symphony orchestras. The Thayer
1677:
1514:
3883:. The use of alto clef is usually confined to orchestral first trombone parts, with the second trombone part written in tenor clef and the third (bass) part in bass clef. As the alto trombone declined in popularity during the 19th century, this practice was gradually abandoned and first trombone parts came to be notated in the tenor or bass clef. Some Russian and Eastern European composers wrote first and second tenor trombone parts on one alto clef staff (the German
2653:) on the rim of the bell. Their sound is very even across dynamic levels but it can be difficult to play at louder volumes. While their bore sizes were considered large in the 19th century, German trombones have altered very little over the last 150 years and are now typically somewhat smaller than their American counterparts. Bell sizes remain very large in all sizes of German trombone and a bass trombone bell may exceed 10 inches (25 cm) in diameter.
2775:
2615:
3385:
3785:
largely cylindrical, which inhibits the production of the fundamental as a pedal tone pitch. Instead, trombonists use the higher harmonics of the instrument to produce pedal tones, giving them a bright and hollow tone quality. Some contemporary orchestral writing, movie or video game scoring, trombone ensemble and solo works will call for notes as low as a pedal C, B, or even double pedal Bâ on the bass trombone.
3283:
111:
3901:
2157:
213:
70:
2601:
originally seen as a gimmick, these plastic models have found increasing popularity of the last decade and are now viewed as practice tools that make for more convenient travel as well as a cheaper option for beginning players not wishing to invest so much money in a trombone right away. Manufacturers now produce large-bore models with triggers as well as smaller alto models.
1922:
1584:
Europe, used rear-facing trombones with the bell pointing behind the player's left shoulder. These bands played a limited repertoire that consisted mainly of orchestral transcriptions, arrangements of popular and patriotic tunes, and feature pieces for soloists (usually cornetists, singers, and violinists). A notable work for wind band is
Berlioz's 1840
4143:, p. 3: "Many modern musicians prefer to use the word 'sackbut' when referring to the Baroque trombone. All other instruments in constant use since the Baroque have changed more...In response to the number of times people including musicians, have asked if the sackbut is something like a trombone, I have stopped using this misleading word.".
1900:, marching bands, military bands, brass bands, and brass choirs. In chamber music, it is used in brass quintets, quartets, and trios, and also in trombone trios, quartets, or choirs. The size of a trombone choir can vary from five or six to twenty or more members. Trombones are also common in swing, jazz, merengue, salsa, R&B,
2190:), a Bâ tenor trombone built with the wider bore and larger bell of a bass trombone that Sattler had earlier invented in 1821. Sattler's valve attachment added about 3 feet (0.9 m) of tubing to lower the fundamental pitch from Bâ to F, controlled by a rotary valve, and is essentially unchanged in modern instruments.
3744:
significant movement of the slide is required between positions, which becomes more exaggerated on lower pitched trombones, but for higher notes the player need only use the first four positions of the slide since the partials are closer together, allowing higher notes in alternate positions. As an example, F
1475:
than the melodic soprano line. The introduction of trombones into the orchestra allied them more closely with trumpets, and soon a tenor trombone replaced the alto. The
Germans and Austrians kept alto trombone somewhat longer than the French, who preferred a section of three tenor trombones until after the
2725:
and whilst other sizes were made there, the French usually preferred the tenor trombone to any other size. French music, therefore, usually employed a section of three tenor trombones up to the midâ20th century. Tenor trombones produced in France during the 19th and early 20th centuries featured bore
2630:
can differ substantially from
American designs in many aspects. The mouthpiece is typically rather small and is placed into a slide section with a very long leadpipe of at least 12 to 24 inches (30â60 cm). The whole instrument is typically made of gold brass. They are constructed using very
2356:
Contrabass trombones in F typically have two independent valves, tuned either to C and Dâ combining to A, or in
European models tuned to D and Bâ combining to Aâ. Contrabass trombones in low Bâ usually have only one valve in F, although Miraphone make a model in C with two independent valves in G and
2025:
Like the trumpet, the trombone is considered a cylindrical bore instrument since it has extensive sections of tubing that are of unchanging diameter (the slide section must be cylindrical in order to function). Tenor trombones typically have a bore of 0.450 inches (11.4 mm) (small bore) to 0.547
1887:
One of the most significant changes was the development of the F-attachment trigger. Through the mid-20th century there was no need for orchestral trombonists to use instruments with the F attachment trigger. As contemporary composers such as Mahler began to write lower passages for the trombone, the
1842:
With the rise of recorded music and music schools, orchestral trombone sections around the world began to have a more consistent idea of a standard trombone sound. In the 1940s, British orchestras abandoned the use of small bore tenors and G basses in favor of the
American/German choice of large bore
3000:
is smaller than the tenor trombone and almost always pitched in Eâ a fourth higher than the tenor, although examples pitched in F are occasionally found. Modern instruments are sometimes fitted with a valve to lower the pitch, either by a semitone to D (known as a "trill" valve), or by a fourth into
2835:
opera cycle. Since the late 20th century however, it has largely been supplanted by a less cumbersome single-slide bass-contrabass instrument pitched in 12' F. With two valve attachments to provide the same full range as its predecessor, this design is effectively a modern bass trombone built down a
3938:
Several makers have begun to market compact Bâ/C trombones that are especially well suited for young children learning to play the trombone who cannot reach the outer slide positions of full-length instruments. The fundamental note of the unenhanced length is C, but the short valved attachment that
3486:
In 1811 Joseph Fröhlich wrote on the differences between the modern system and an old system where four diatonic slide positions were used and the trombone was usually keyed to A. To compare between the two styles the chart below may be helpful (take note for example, in the old system contemporary
2583:
trombonist might choose a shallower cup for brighter tone and easier production of higher notes. Further, for certain compositions, these choices between two such performers could easily be reversed. Some mouthpiece makers now offer mouthpieces that feature removable rims, cups, and shanks allowing
2562:
The mouthpiece is a separate part of the trombone and can be interchanged between similarly sized trombones from different manufacturers. Available mouthpieces for trombone (as with all brass instruments) vary in material composition, length, diameter, rim shape, cup depth, throat entrance, venturi
2259:
in seventh, as well as providing alternate slide positions for other notes in long (sixth and seventh) positions. Because the attachment tubing increases the length of the overall instrument by one-third, the distances between slide positions must also be one-third longer when the valve is engaged,
2056:
mixtures. The most common material is yellow brass (70% copper, 30% zinc), but other materials include rose brass (85% copper, 15% zinc) and red brass (90% copper, 10% zinc). Some manufacturers offer interchangeable bells. Tenor trombone bells are usually between 7 and 9 in (18â23 cm) in
1883:
The trombone's construction changed in the 20th century. Different materials were used, mouthpiece, bore, and bell dimensions increased, and different mutes and valves were developed. Despite the overall trend towards larger bore instruments, many
European trombone makers prefer a slightly smaller
1583:
Wind bands began during the French
Revolution of 1791 and have always included trombones. They became more established in the 19th century and included circus bands, military bands, brass bands (primarily in the UK), and town bands (primarily in the US). Some of these, especially military bands in
1474:
during the
Renaissance and early Baroque periods. The replacement of cornetts with oboes and clarinets did not change the trombone's role as a support to the alto, tenor, and bass voices of the chorus (usually in ecclesiastical settings), whose moving harmonic lines were more difficult to pick out
2488:
tubing usually has a larger bore through the attachment than through the rest of the instrument. A typical slide bore for an orchestral tenor trombone is 0.547 in (13.9 mm) while the bore in the attachment is 0.562 in (14.3 mm). The attachment tubing also incorporates a tuning
2113:
and 10 in (24 and 25 cm). The bell may be made from two separate brass sheets or from one single piece of metal, hammered on a mandrel to shape it. The edge of the bell may be finished with or without a piece of bell wire to secure it, which also affects the tone quality; most bells are
2017:
Trombones have a short tuning slide in the U-shaped bend between the neckpipe and the bell, a feature designed by the French maker François
Riedlocker in the early 19th century. It was incorporated into French and British designs, and later to German and American models, although German trombones
2545:
configuration, in which the bore of the second leg of the slide is slightly larger than the bore of the first leg, producing a stepwise conical effect. The most common dual-bore combinations are 0.481â0.491 in (12.2â12.5 mm), 0.500â0.508 in (12.7â12.9 mm), 0.508â0.525 in
3743:
The higher in the harmonic series any two successive notes are, the closer they tend to be (as evidenced by the progressively smaller intervals noted above). A byproduct of this is the relatively few motions needed to move between notes in the higher ranges of the trombone. In the lower range,
2600:
Instruments made mostly from plastic, including the pBone and the Tromba plastic trombone, emerged in the 2010s as a cheaper and more robust alternative to brass. Plastic instruments could come in almost any colour but the sound plastic instruments produce is different from that of brass. While
1851:
During the first half of the 20th century the popularity of touring and community concert bands in the United States decreased. At the same time, the development of music education in the public school system made high-school and university concert bands and marching bands ubiquitous. A typical
3784:
is frequently seen in commercial scoring but much less often in symphonic music, while notes below that are called for only rarely as they "become increasingly difficult to produce and insecure in quality" with Aâ or G being the bottom limit for most tenor trombonists. The trombone's tubing is
2531:
Some trombones are tuned using a mechanism in the slide section instead of a tuning slide in the bell section. Having the tuning slide in the bell section (the more typical setup) requires two sections of cylindrical tubing in an otherwise conical part of the instrument, which affects the tone
2704:
Since around 1925, when jazz music became popular, Germany has been selling "American trombones" as well. Most trombones made and/or played in
Germany today, especially by amateurs, are built in the American fashion, as those are much more widely available, and thus far cheaper. However, some
3887:
was the first to do this). Examples of this practice are evident in scores by Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev, Dmitri Shostakovich. Trombone parts in band music are nearly exclusively notated in bass clef. The rare exceptions are in contemporary works intended for high-level wind bands.
1574:
and Gustav Mahler's and Richard Strauss' addition of a second bass trombone to the usual trio of two tenors and one bass. The majority of orchestral works are still scored for the usual mid- to late-19th-century low brass section of two tenor trombones, one bass trombone, and one tuba.
2899:(see below). Tenor trombones with C as their fundamental note were almost equally popular in the mid-19th century in Britain and France. As the trombone in its simplest form has neither crooks, valves nor keys to lower the pitch by a specific interval, trombonists use seven chromatic
1301:
musicians were available. Handel, for instance, had to import trombones to England from a Royal court in Hanover, Germany, to perform one of his larger compositions. Because of the relative scarcity of trombones, their solo parts were generally interchangeable with other instruments.
1563:
or the tuba was added to the orchestra during the 19th century, bass trombone parts were scored in a higher register than previously. The bass trombone regained some independence in the early 20th century. Experiments with the trombone section included Richard Wagner's addition of a
1381:
became a staple audition piece for the instrument. Aside from solo parts, Mozart's orchestration usually features a trio of alto, tenor and bass trombones, doubling the respective voices in the choir. The earliest known symphony featuring a trombone section is Symphony in C minor by
3752:(or the lowest E on a standard 88-key piano keyboard) is the lowest attainable note on a 9-foot (2.7 m) Bâ tenor trombone, requiring a full 7 feet 4 inches (2.24 m) of tubing. On trombones without an F attachment, there is a gap between Bâ
3818:, though generally simple with valves, are difficult on the slide trombone. Trills tend to be easiest and most effective higher in the harmonic series because the distance between notes is much smaller and slide movement is minimal. For example, a trill on B
1176:
and herald the arrival of important people to the city, an activity that signified wealth and strength in 16th-century German cities. These heralding trombonists were often viewed separately from the more skilled trombonists who played in groups such as the
3968:
Trombones in slide and valve configuration have been made by a vast array of musical instrument manufacturers. For the brass bands of the late 19th and early 20th century, prominent American manufacturers included Graves and Sons, E. G. Wright and Company,
2540:
Common and popular bore sizes for trombone slides are 0.500, 0.508, 0.525 and 0.547 in (12.7, 12.9, 13.3 and 13.9 mm) for tenor trombones, and 0.562 in (14.3 mm) for bass trombones. The slide may also be built with a
3916:. Many are held in place with the use of cork grips, including the straight, cup, harmon and pixie mutes. Some fit over the bell, like the bucket mute. In addition to this, mutes can be held in front of the bell and moved to cover more or less area for a
3660:
are corrected for by slightly adjusting the slide or by using an alternate position. Although much of Western music has adopted the even-tempered scale, it has been the practice in Germany and Austria to play these notes in position, where they will have
1482:
Trombonists were employed less by court orchestras and cathedrals, who had been providing the instruments. Military musicians were provided with instruments, and instruments like the long F or Eâ bass trombone remained in military use until around the
1664:
that was designed to be set in a single position but later became the modern F-valve. The valve trombone appeared around the 1850s shortly after the invention of valves, and was in common use in Italy and Austria in the second half of the century.
2860:
as the tenor but with a wider bore, a larger bell, and a larger mouthpiece. These features facilitate playing in the lower register of the instrument. Modern bass trombones have valves that allow a fully chromatic range down to the pedal register
3891:
An accomplished performer today is expected to be proficient in reading parts notated in bass clef, tenor clef, alto clef, and (more rarely) treble clef in C, with the British brass-band performer expected to handle treble clef in Bâ as well.
1532:
1163:
The sackbut appeared in the 15th century and was used extensively across Europe, declining in most places by the mid to late 17th century. It was used in outdoor events, in concert, and in liturgical settings. Its principal role was as the
1967:
The trombone is a predominantly cylindrical tube with two U-shaped bends and a flared bell at the end. The tubing is approximately cylindrical but contains a complex series of tapers which affect the instrument's intonation. As with other
1490:
Valve trombones in the mid-19th century did little to alter the make-up of the orchestral trombone section. While its use declined in German and French orchestras, the valve trombone remained popular in some countries, including Italy and
2840:. Although the contrabass has only appeared occasionally in orchestral repertoire and is not a permanent member of the modern orchestra, it has enjoyed a revival in the 21st century, particularly in film and video game soundtracks.
1659:
The trombone was improved in the 19th century with the addition of "stockings" at the end of the inner slide to reduce friction, the development of the water key to expel condensation from the horn, and the occasional addition of
2692:
As with other traditional German and Austrian brass instruments, rotary valves are used to the exclusion of almost all other types of valve, even in valve trombones. Other features often found on German trombones include long
3947:
depressed. While such instruments have no seventh slide position, C and B natural may be comfortably accessed on the first and second positions by using the trigger. A similar design ("Preacher model") was marketed by
3245:
A hybrid, "duplex" or "double" trombone is a design of trombone that has both a slide and a set of three valves for altering the pitch. It has been reinvented several times since first appearing in the 19th century by
1523:
3860:. Prior to the invention of valve systems, most brass instruments were limited to playing one overtone series at a time; altering the pitch of the instrument required manually replacing a section of tubing (called a "
1866:
In the 1900s the trombone and the tuba played bass lines and outlined chords to support improvisation by the higher-pitched instruments. It began to be used as a solo instrument during the swing era of the mid-1920s.
1386:. The date is uncertain but it is most probably from the peak of the composer's activity in the 1770s. The earliest confident date for introducing the trombone to the symphony is therefore Zimmermann's death in 1781.
3797:, by moving the slide without interrupting the airflow or sound production. Every pitch in a glissando must have the same harmonic number, and a tritone is the largest interval that can be performed as a glissando.
1722:
2578:
Mouthpiece selection is a highly personal decision. Thus, a symphonic trombonist might prefer a mouthpiece with a deeper cup and sharper inner rim shape in order to produce a rich symphonic tone quality, while a
2335:
Single-valve Bâ bass trombones with an F attachment are still made but are now less common than two-valve bass trombones. They are essentially very large bore tenor trombones, and likewise cannot provide the low
1074:
became less common as improvements in technique extended the upper range of the tenor, but it is regaining popularity for its lighter sonority. In British brass-band music the tenor trombone is treated as a Bâ
2489:
slide to tune the valve separately from the rest of the instrument, usually long enough to lower the pitch by a semitone when fully extended (from F to E on tenor and bass trombones, to reach the missing low B
1215:
When the sackbut returned to common use in England in the 18th century, Italian music was so influential that the instrument became known by its Italian name, "trombone". Its name remained constant in Italy
2662:
trombone. Before 1850, bass trombone parts were mostly played on a slightly longer F-bass trombone (a fourth lower). The first valve was simply a fourth-valve, or in German "Quart-ventil", built onto a
1694:
6214:
3656:
in particular, which is at the seventh partial (sixth overtone) is nearly always 31 cents, or about one third of a semitone, flat of the minor seventh. On the slide trombone, such deviations from
3509:. Tightening and loosening the lips will allow the player to "bend" the note up or down by a semitone without changing position, so a slightly out-of-position slide may be compensated for by ear.
2515:
In marching bands and other situations where the trombone may be more prone to damage, the confined traditional wrap is more common, since open wrap tubing protrudes behind the bell section.
2512:
began to emerge among orchestral players. Open wrap F attachment tubing is shaped in a single loop free of tight bends, resulting in a freer response and more "open" sound through the valve.
2085: in (19â22 cm). The smallest sizes are found on jazz trombones and older narrow-bore instruments, while the larger sizes are common on orchestral models. Bass trombone bells can be
2563:
aperture, venturi profile, outside design and other factors. Variations in mouthpiece construction affect the individual player's ability to make a lip seal and produce a reliable tone, the
4931:
Baroque Solo and Homogeneous Ensemble Trombone Repertoire: A Lecture Recital Supporting and Demonstrating Performance at a Pitch Standard Derived from Primary Sources and Extant Instruments
3764:" notes between these, but the sound is relatively weak and not usually used in performance. The addition of an F attachment allows for intermediate notes to be played with more clarity.
2546:(12.9â13.3 mm), 0.525â0.547 in (13.3â13.9 mm), 0.547â0.562 in (13.9â14.3 mm) for tenor trombones, and 0.562â0.578 in (14.3â14.7 mm) for bass trombones.
4955:
1066:, reading at concert pitch in bass clef, with higher notes sometimes being notated in tenor clef. They are pitched in Bâ, an octave below the Bâ trumpet and an octave above the Bâ bass
976:
1531:
2726:
sizes of around 0.450 in (11.4 mm), small bells of not more than 6 in (15 cm) in diameter, as well as a funnel-shaped mouthpiece slightly larger than that of the
2022:
connected to additional tubing which lengthens the instrument. This extends the low range of the instrument and creates the option of using alternate slide positions for many notes.
3848:. Trills are most commonly found in early Baroque and Classical music for the trombone as a means of ornamentation, however, some more modern pieces will call for trills as well.
1852:
concert band trombone section consists of two tenor trombones and one bass trombone, but using multiple players per part is common practice, especially in public-school settings.
957:
2149:. The valve attachment aids in increasing the lower range of the instrument, while also allowing alternate slide positions for difficult music passages. A valve can also make
3920:
effect. Mutes used in this way include the "hat" (a metal mute shaped like a bowler hat) and plunger (which looks like, and often is, the rubber suction cup from a sink or
3211:. They are most often pitched in 12' F, although models are available in Eâ and occasionally 16' C and 18' Bâ. The cimbasso is most commonly used in performances of late
1656:(snake decorations), the bell garland, and the wide bell flare. These features were widely copied during the 19th century and are still found on German made trombones.
1590:, which uses a trombone solo for the entire second movement. Toward the end of the 19th century, trombone virtuosi began appearing as soloists in American wind bands.
1189:
in the early 17th century. The 17th-century trombone had slightly smaller dimensions than a modern trombone, with a bell that was more conical and less flared. Modern
1349:; these movements are often extracted from the multi-movement works and performed as standalone alto trombone concerti. Examples include the Serenade in Eâ (1755) by
5331:
4764:
1695:
1686:
3025:, but the subsequent use and popularity of tenor trombones in the orchestra largely eclipsed their use until a modern revival that began in the late 20th century.
1268:
4732:
3844:) the notes can both be achieved in 1st position as a lip trill. Thus, the most convincing trills tend to be above the first octave and a half of the tenor's
3096:
The sopranino and piccolo trombones appeared in the 1950s as novelty instruments, and are even smaller and higher than the soprano. They are pitched in high E
1626:, was the first in a long line of distinguished professors of the trombone. Several composers wrote works for Queisser, including Mendelssohn's concertmaster
6247:
5558:
5447:
3807:'Harmonic', 'inverted', 'broken' or 'false' glissandos are those that cross one or more harmonic series, requiring a simulated or faked glissando effect.
4935:
2825:
The contrabass trombone is the lowest trombone, first appearing in BBâ an octave below the tenor with a double slide. This design was commissioned by
1586:
950:
3956:
label. Currently, Bâ/C trombones are available from many manufacturers, including German makers GĂŒnter Frost, Thein and Helmut Voigt, as well as the
3402:, it featured a tenor trombone slide and a bell that ended in a zoomorphic (serpent or dragon) head. It sounds like a cross between a trombone and a
1264:
1611:
1256:
1652:
Sattler had a great influence on trombone design, introducing a significantly larger bore (the most important innovation since the Renaissance),
2669:
tenor trombone, to allow playing in low F. This valve was first built without a return spring, and was only intended to set the instrument in B
2734:. French tenor trombones were built in both C and Bâ, altos in Dâ, sopranos in F, piccolos in Bâ, basses in G and Eâ, and contrabasses in Bâ.
1310:
The construction of the trombone did not change very much between the Baroque and Classical period, but the bell became slightly more flared.
6475:
5390:
5344:
5187:
5068:
5051:
4785:
4515:
4457:
4423:
1995:: a small constriction of the air column that adds resistance, greatly affecting the tone of the instrument. The slide section consists of a
1260:
3143:
were invented, trombones with valves instead of slides were adopted widely in orchestras, and remain popular in some parts of Europe and in
2592:
5487:
943:
2297:
The modern bass trombone usually has two valve attachments to provide all of the notes that are absent on an instrument with no valves (Bâź
4303:
5482:
4072:
4844:
6485:
3348:
5364:
5312:
5293:
5270:
5251:
5206:
5168:
5141:
5122:
5103:
5084:
5039:
5020:
5001:
4982:
3970:
2870:). In Britain, the bass trombone in G was used in orchestras from the mid-19th century and survived into the 1950s, particularly in
1487:. Orchestral musicians adopted the tenor trombone, as it could generally play any of the three trombone parts in orchestral scores.
1190:
312:
274:
256:
194:
97:
3589:
As with all brass instruments, progressive tightening of the lips and increased air pressure allow the player to move to different
2469:
1999:, inner and outer slide tubes, and bracing, or "stays". The soldered stays on modern instruments replaced the loose stays found on
1212:. The trombone doubled voice parts in sacred works, but there are also solo pieces written for trombone in the early 17th century.
3487:
1st-position was considered "drawn past" then current 1st). In the modern system, each successive position outward (approximately
6240:
4265:
2854:
Although early instruments were pitched in G, F or Eâ below the tenor trombone, the modern bass trombone is pitched in the same B
2236:
Tenor trombones, especially the larger bore symphonic models, commonly have a valve attachment which lowers the instrument from B
2193:
Valve attachments are most commonly found on tenor and bass trombones, but they can appear on sizes from soprano to contrabass.
6490:
5551:
2030:
bore) after the leadpipe and through the slide. The bore expands through the bow to the bell, which is typically between 7 and
1402:
is sometimes mistakenly credited with the trombone's introduction into the orchestra, having used it shortly afterwards in his
4110:
Green, Helen (2011). "Defining the City 'Trumpeter': German Civic Identity and the Employment of Brass Instruments, c. 1500".
3831:
is virtually impossible as the slide must move two positions (either 1st-to-3rd or 5th-to-3rd), however at an octave higher (B
6132:
5222:
3271:
2318:. The second valve, engaged together with the first, lowers the instrument to D (or less commonly, Eâ) and provides the low B
223:
132:
2675:
or F for extended passages. Since the mid-20th century, modern instruments use a trigger to engage the valve while playing.
3082:, and classical trumpeter Torbjörn Hultmark, who advocates for its use as an instrument for young children to learn music.
3049:
an octave above the tenor, and has seldom been used since its first known appearance in 1677 outside of trombone choirs in
6168:
6137:
5160:
3577:
Trombone first position harmonic series, "where additional overtones may be used to stretch the upper range a bit higher."
1357:. The earliest known independent trombone concerto is probably the Concerto for Alto Trombone and Strings in Bâ (1769) by
1034:(a suffix meaning "large"), so the name means "large trumpet". The trombone has a predominantly cylindrical bore like the
830:
442:
2228:, providing a small loop of tubing that lowers the instrument by only a minor or major second, into D or Dâ respectively.
1622:
and its yearly exhibition also contributed to trombone education. At the Leipzig academy, Mendelssohn's bass trombonist,
1297:
style popular during the early 18th century. Score notations are rare because only a few professional "Stadtpfeiffer" or
2961:, the trombone's upper range is theoretically open-ended. The practical top of the range is sometimes considered to be F
1736:
1358:
1172:, in bands sponsored by towns and courts. Trumpeters and trombonists were employed in German city-states to stand watch
1141:" long predates the invention of the slide and could refer to a natural trumpet as late as the early fifteenth century.
3800:
The trombone glissando can create remarkable effects, and it is used in jazz and popular music, as in the famous song "
175:
6465:
6233:
5326:
3597:. In the first position (also called closed position) on a Bâ trombone, the notes in the harmonic series begin with Bâ
3343:
3161:
2165:
2141:
Modern trombones often have a valve attachment, an extra loop of tubing attached to the bell section and engaged by a
1661:
1641:
1636:
1615:
1428:
1644:'s tenor-bass trombone during the 1840s, leading to its widespread use in orchestras throughout Germany and Austria.
147:
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6199:
5544:
4740:
4284:
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Le doctrinal du temps présent , compilé par maistre Pierre Michault, secrétaire du trÚs puissant duc de Bourgoingne
3412:
3237:
3079:
1627:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1279:
2532:
quality. Placing the tuning mechanism in the cylindrical slide section allows the bell section to remain conical.
2224:, providing the first five or six positions from the tenor trombone slide. Some alto models have what is called a
1479:. In other countries, the trio of two tenor trombones and one bass became standard by about the mid-19th century.
1155:
6480:
6178:
4229:
3108:
respectively, one octave above the alto and soprano trombones. Owing to being essentially a slide variant of the
2939:
2896:
1341:
Early Classical composers occasionally included concertante movements with alto trombone as a solo instrument in
1311:
128:
83:
38:
3748:(at the bottom of the treble clef) may be played in first, fourth or sixth position on a Bâ trombone. The note E
3581:
2656:
Valve attachments in tenor and bass trombones were first seen in the mid 19th century, originally on the tenor B
154:
6173:
4200:
4002:
3990:
3978:
3712:(a major second higher) at the next partial are very high notes; a very skilled player with a highly developed
3323:
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tendencies, the player's subjective level of comfort, and the instrument's playability in a given pitch range.
1861:
447:
294:
238:
3573:
2950:
may be played in first or fifth position. Alternate positions are also needed to allow a player to produce a
2006:
The most distinctive feature of the trombone is the slide that lengthens the tubing and lowers the pitch (cf.
384:; low B is only possible if the tuning slide of the F attachment is pulled out to E. For other trombones, see
2314:
The first valve is an F attachment the same as that found on a tenor trombone and extends the range down to C
2018:
were built without tuning slides well into the 20th century. Many types of trombone also include one or more
6400:
6158:
6096:
6066:
5382:
4769:
3594:
3590:
3506:
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Slide position chart (new system); most trombones are tenor trombones, like the valveless one in the middle.
3369:
3303:
3208:
2911:
2831:
2523:
2326:, where it serves to lower the F attachment to D and has no effect alone. More commonly the second valve is
1631:
1570:
1539:
1364:
1328:
616:
234:
121:
3735:
2268:, but it usually has a sufficiently long tuning slide to lower it into E as required, which will provide Bâź
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Unlike most other brass instruments in an orchestral setting, the trombone is not usually considered a
2390:
1193:
use the term "sackbut" to distinguish this earlier version of the trombone from the modern instrument.
1182:
340:
4845:"André Braun's Gamme et Méthode pour les Trombonnes: The Earliest Modern Trombone Method Rediscovered"
4801:
3398:
A distinctive form of tenor trombone was popularized in France in the early 19th century. Called the
6163:
5899:
5879:
5862:
5785:
5516:
5336:
1399:
143:
2554:
2044:
inches (18 and 22 cm). A number of common variations on trombone construction are noted below.
6377:
5680:
4548:
4036:
3924:). The "wah-wah" sound of a trombone with a harmon mute is featured as the voices of adults in the
3270:
produced the "Superbone", very similar to the earlier Conn. In 2013 Schagerl in collaboration with
3174:
3125:
2820:
2807:
2759:
2508:, first conceived by Californian instrument technician Larry Minick, around the same time that the
2399:
2350:
1812:
1796:
1565:
1079:, written in treble clef, and the alto trombone is written at concert pitch, usually in alto clef.
881:
864:
475:
5526:
3223:, but has also experienced a 21st-century revival in film, television and video game soundtracks.
3062:, it tends to be played by trumpet players. During the 20th century some soprano trombonesâdubbed
2626:
German trombones have been built in a wide variety of bore and bell sizes. The traditional German
2381:
2330:, where it can be engaged separately to lower the instrument to Gâ, or to D when both are engaged.
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6279:
6257:
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1980:
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wind ensembles and the first orchestral ensembles, which performed in religious settings such as
1096:
992:
466:
394:
5492:
2957:
While the lowest note of the tenor trombone's range (excluding fundamentals or pedal notes) is E
1640:
in 1837, and Sachse's solo works remain popular in Germany. Queisser championed and popularized
1500:
1201:
6413:
4638:
3648:(a minor third higher) in first position, tend to be out of tune in regards to the twelve-tone
2903:. Each position progressively increases the length of the air column, thus lowering the pitch.
2496:
Originally, valve attachment tubing was always coiled tightly to keep within the bell section (
6320:
6274:
5817:
5640:
5404:
5396:
5386:
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5340:
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5289:
5266:
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4997:
4978:
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3982:
3649:
3361:
2774:
1808:
1804:
1748:
1740:
1595:
1322:
1273:
1205:
999:. As with all brass instruments, sound is produced when the player's vibrating lips cause the
679:
610:
5503:
4447:
6091:
6003:
5695:
5567:
5470:
5420:
4773:
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3040:
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2791:
2787:
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2509:
2439:
2413:
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1972:, sound is produced by blowing air through pursed lips producing a vibration that creates a
1969:
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1752:
1476:
1383:
1378:
1334:
1255:. He also employed a choir of four trombones to double the chorus in three of his cantatas (
996:
545:
325:
305:
4381:
3692:(a major second higher)âdo not require much adjustment for even-tempered intonation, but Eâ
2614:
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3662:
3429:
3259:
3251:
3220:
3188:
3109:
3075:
3071:
3067:
2504:). In the early 1980s, American instrument manufacturers began producing instruments with
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1824:
1820:
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1484:
1456:
1316:
1209:
980:
320:
4410:
Musical Instruments: History, Technology, and Performance of Instruments of Western Music
4058:
3644:
marks the sixth partial, or the fifth overtone. Notes on the next partial, for example Aâ
2701:(snake decorations) on the slide and bell U-bows to help protect the tubing from damage.
5441:
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4169:
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5632:
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alto trombone, a valve attachment usually lowers the instrument a perfect fourth into B
2127:
2007:
1992:
1868:
1836:
1784:
1702:
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1460:
1452:
1440:
1432:
1350:
1055:
1012:
876:
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4929:
3384:
3360:
The term "sackbut" refers to the early forms of the trombone commonly used during the
168:
6459:
6439:
6351:
6315:
6204:
6127:
6076:
6041:
5983:
5847:
5805:
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5153:
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2443:
2421:
2371:
2291:
2150:
2019:
1984:
1973:
1872:
1816:
1800:
1776:
1756:
1495:, almost to the exclusion of the slide instrument. Composers such as Giuseppe Verdi,
1436:
1354:
1298:
1289:
1248:
1244:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1004:
1000:
896:
840:
552:
492:
368:
89:
2705:
higher-end manufacturers such as Thein make modern iterations of the classic German
2204:
commissioned the first soprano trombone in Bâ with an F valve, built by Thein Brass.
1314:
was the first major composer to use the trombone in an opera overture, in the opera
6346:
6209:
6122:
6036:
6029:
6024:
5955:
5822:
5812:
5800:
5593:
4352:
3909:
3801:
3701:
3697:
3681:
3282:
3204:
3200:
3074:. A small number of contemporary proponents of the instrument include jazz artists
3006:
3002:
2886:
2722:
2485:
2454:
2450:
2435:
1788:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1591:
1369:
1342:
1178:
1165:
769:
419:
381:
794:
4119:
2721:
French trombones were built in the very smallest bore sizes up to the end of the
2631:
thin metal (especially in the bell section), and many have a metal ring called a
1693:
1530:
6444:
6382:
6299:
6294:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5374:
4495:
3634:
3626:
3437:
3425:
3403:
3255:
3212:
2731:
2011:
1444:
1173:
891:
669:
637:
627:
572:
497:
110:
4664:
3900:
2762:. Although trombones are usually constructed with a slide to change the pitch,
2584:
players to further customize and adjust their mouthpieces to their preference.
1598:
band and formed his own band, was one of the most famous of these trombonists.
6426:
6112:
6061:
6046:
5998:
5993:
5978:
5904:
5894:
5884:
5874:
5795:
5729:
5724:
5408:
5381:. Dictionaries for the Modern Musician. Illustrator: Lennie Peterson. Lanham:
4525:
4027:
3876:
3781:
3713:
3319:
3307:
3291:
3192:
2248:
2156:
1744:
1714:
1560:
1551:
1043:
871:
846:
814:
784:
737:
694:
582:
577:
567:
512:
5379:
An Illustrated Dictionary for the Modern Trombone, Tuba, and Euphonium Player
5063:
Bucina: The Historic Brass Society Series. Hillsdale, N.Y.: Pendragon Press.
3989:. In the 21st century, leading mainstream manufacturers of trombones include
3001:
Bâ. The alto trombone was commonly used in the 16th to the 18th centuries in
1367:
used the trombone in operas (notably in scenes featuring the Commendatore in
6434:
6361:
6086:
6071:
5988:
5827:
5760:
5739:
5700:
5499:
Overview of trombones on the MIMO (Musical Instrument Museums Online) portal
5424:
5416:
4533:
3994:
3986:
3953:
3949:
3880:
3872:
3794:
3428:
of "trombone" and "bassoon", the "tromboon" was created by musical parodist
3406:, with a very wide dynamic range but a limited and variable range of pitch.
3327:
3232:
3010:
2951:
2694:
2442:
is offered on professional models from most trombone manufacturers, and the
1897:
1082:
A person who plays the trombone is called a trombonist or trombone player.
1051:
1020:
911:
886:
851:
835:
804:
744:
562:
527:
348:
330:
1610:
became a center of trombone pedagogy, and the instrument was taught at the
3448:. It appears in several humorous works of Schickele's fictional composer,
2906:
Extending the slide from one position to the next lowers the pitch by one
6394:
6341:
6081:
5930:
5705:
5465:
3502:
3368:
eras, with a characteristically smaller, more cylindrically proportioned
3156:
3022:
3018:
2907:
2751:
2568:
2164:
The valve attachment was originally developed by German instrument maker
1996:
1739:
the trombone maintained its important place in the orchestra in works by
1427:
Trombones were included in operas, symphonies, and other compositions by
1346:
1294:
1217:
819:
779:
754:
699:
689:
502:
482:
424:
380:
Range of the tenor trombone. Ranges marked "F" are only possible with an
17:
6225:
3793:
The trombone is one of the few wind instruments that can produce a true
6289:
5920:
5889:
5857:
5842:
5790:
5734:
5713:
5618:
5582:
4762:
Baines, Anthony C.; Myers, Arnold; Herbert, Trevor (2001). "Trombone".
4022:
3926:
3921:
3760:(the first harmonic in seventh position). Skilled players can produce "
3445:
3355:
3059:
2919:
2766:
instead use the set of three valves common on other brass instruments.
2114:
built with bell wire. Occasionally, trombone bells are made from solid
2000:
1988:
1921:
1607:
1492:
1471:
1252:
1223:
1150:
1111:
1035:
1016:
824:
789:
764:
759:
714:
709:
674:
592:
522:
487:
414:
404:
360:
2052:
Trombone bells (and sometimes slides) may be constructed of different
1003:. Nearly all trombones use a telescoping slide mechanism to alter the
5950:
5945:
5940:
5852:
5626:
5061:
The Trombone in the Renaissance: A History in Pictures and Documents.
3998:
3913:
3399:
3393:
3014:
2727:
2564:
1186:
1039:
929:
906:
724:
664:
647:
557:
532:
409:
5536:
5483:
Sources for the Prescribed Sheet Music for the ABRSM practical exams
2709:, as well as American-style trombones with German features like the
241:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1843:
tenors and Bâ basses. French orchestras did the same in the 1960s.
6408:
5960:
5935:
5646:
5473:
by Will Kimball, Professor of Trombone at Brigham Young University
5400:
3771:
3734:
3580:
3572:
3464:
3441:
3383:
3342:
3311:
3281:
3236:
3160:
3124:
3053:. Built with mouthpiece, bore and bell dimensions similar to the B
2773:
2677:
2613:
2591:
2553:
2522:
2468:
2260:
resulting in only six positions available on the F slide, to low C
2155:
2132:
2053:
1721:
1169:
1154:
1127:
901:
809:
799:
704:
659:
642:
632:
622:
507:
1896:
The trombone can be found in symphony orchestras, concert bands,
5749:
3170:
2742:
The most frequently encountered types of trombone today are the
2580:
2434:
The most common type of valve seen for valve attachments is the
2126:
For trombones with three or more valves instead of a slide, see
1067:
774:
749:
719:
684:
597:
517:
6229:
5540:
5440:
2922:. The lowest note of the standard instrument is therefore an E
3294:" and "trombone", also known as the "marching trombone", is a
3262:" in the 1940s with a short four-position slide. In the 1970s
2247:
It provides access to the otherwise missing notes between the
1901:
1159:
Renaissance era tenor sackbut (replica by Frank Tomes, London)
206:
104:
63:
6215:
List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers
3290:
The "flugabone" (or sometimes "flugelbone"), portmanteau of "
3066:âwere made as novelties or for use by jazz players including
1038:, in contrast to the more conical brass instruments like the
4266:"Albrechtsberger, J.G.: Concerto per trombone alto ed archi"
3704:
higher than it would be in twelve-tone equal temperament. Eâ
3306:
of the trombone, rather than the conical bore of either the
2750:, though as with many other instrument families such as the
1675:
1512:
1196:
Composers who wrote for trombone during this period include
5460:
5455:
5284:
The World of Medieval & Renaissance Musical Instruments
5235:
Encyclopédie de la musique et Dictionnaire du Conservatoire
4406:
Campbell, Murray; Greated, Clive A.; Myers, Arnold (2004).
3739:
Trombone with F attachment slide position second harmonics.
2137:
Trombone with F attachment slide position second harmonics.
1015:
is an exception, using three valves similar to those on a
5479:
from Music Acoustics at the University of New South Wales
2340:
without lowering the valve to E with a long tuning slide.
1267:), and used three trombones and a cornett in the cantata
1110:
During the Renaissance, the equivalent English term was "
5263:
The World of Baroque & Classical Musical Instruments
3302:
wrapped into a compact flugelhorn shape. It retains the
1726:
Newsboy Military Band Member with Trombone, Toledo, Ohio
4032:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
3092:
Soprano trombone § Sopranino and piccolo trombones
2277:
Tenor trombones without a valve are sometimes known as
2099: in (27 cm) or more, with most being between
1114:". The word first appears in court records in 1495 as "
230:
42:
5305:
The World of Romantic & Modern Musical Instruments
4872:
4870:
3314:, and thus is similar in playing characteristics to a
1373:) and in sacred music. The prominent solo part in the
1239:
used trombones on a few occasions. Bach called for a
3483:. It was first described by Andre Braun circa 1795.
3274:
announced a larger bore variant with rotary valves.
1243:, which may have been a form of the closely related
1054:. The most frequently encountered trombones are the
6422:
6393:
6370:
6334:
6308:
6264:
6192:
6146:
6105:
6012:
5969:
5913:
5778:
5574:
4039: â Set of available musical works for trombone
4009:, Schilke, S.E. Shires, Thein, Wessex, Willson and
2408:Trombone valve attachments. Standard rotary valve,
2160:
Tenor trombone with a traditional wrap F attachment
1168:part in a dance band. It was also used, along with
433:
393:
367:
355:
339:
311:
304:
135:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5281:
5152:
4407:
3005:to strengthen the alto voice, particularly in the
2264:. Thus, the F attachment cannot provide the low Bâź
4958:with ascending Bb/C rotor. Wayback.archive-it.org
4230:"Albrechtsberger; Mozart, L.: Trombone Concertos"
3388:Bell of a buccin, Museu de la MĂșsica de Barcelona
4994:Brass Instruments: Their History and Development
4490:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4375:
4373:
4163:(PhD dissertation). Louisiana State University.
3112:, they are played primarily by trumpet players.
2305:). This allows the player to produce a complete
5332:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
2934:. Most experienced trombonists can play lower "
1470:The trombone trio was combined with one or two
5527:"Choosing Alternate Positions for Bebop Lines"
5115:The Trombone: Its History and Music, 1697â1811
4353:"The Evolution of the Jazz Trombone: Part One"
2954:to or from a higher note on the same partial.
2682:Tuning slide of a trombone with a traditional
6241:
5552:
5151:Herbert, Trevor; Wallace, John, eds. (1997).
4622:"Contrabass Trombone in Bb with Double Slide"
3178:
951:
8:
5155:The Cambridge Companion to Brass Instruments
4452:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 15â.
4248:"Haydn, M.: Concerto per Trombone Alto in D"
3979:H. N. White Company/King Musical Instruments
3195:. The modern cimbasso first appeared as the
2754:, the trombone has been built in sizes from
2683:
2632:
2200:In the early 2010s Torbjörn Hultmark of the
2169:
1705:; played by The Indestructible Military Band
287:
5211:. This source is now considered unreliable.
3912:can be used with the trombone to alter its
2638:
2527:In-slide tuning on a Conn 70H bass trombone
2255:in first position, and the second partial E
2175:
1001:air column inside the instrument to vibrate
98:Learn how and when to remove these messages
26:
6248:
6234:
6226:
5559:
5545:
5537:
5096:The Trombone: The Instrument and its Music
4936:University of North Carolina at Greensboro
3585:Trombone seventh position harmonic series.
3501:inches ) will produce a note which is one
2446:particularly from European manufacturers.
1394:Symphony in Eâ (1807) by Swedish composer
958:
944:
457:
5163:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4733:"Korg UK takes on distribution of Tromba"
4449:The Renaissance Sackbut and Its Use Today
4168:
3756:(the fundamental in first position) and E
3021:began writing for alto trombone in their
2618:Kruspe Virtuosa tenor trombone bell with
1130:as early as 1478. The French equivalent "
1026:The word "trombone" derives from Italian
275:Learn how and when to remove this message
257:Learn how and when to remove this message
195:Learn how and when to remove this message
4819:"FB124 Bb Flugabone (Marching Trombone)"
4112:Journal of the Royal Musical Association
3899:
3871:Trombone parts are typically notated in
3868:Baroque A tenor = modern B-flat tenor).
3511:
3169:The cimbasso covers the same range as a
2969:. The range of the C tenor trombone is F
2145:operated by the left hand by means of a
1911:
363:in English until the early 18th century.
32:This is an accepted version of this page
4915:
4903:
4778:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40576
4097:
4049:
3009:. Early 19th century composers such as
2351:Contrabass trombone § Construction
1884:bore than their American counterparts.
1398:features an independent trombone part.
465:
28:
5214:
4382:"The German Trombone, by Jay Friedman"
4285:"A. Zimmermann: Symphonies (Ehrhardt)"
3776:Trombone slide position "pedal tones".
3473:The modern system has seven chromatic
3318:. A similar marching trombone is the "
3187:scores, and originally referred to an
2596:Trombone "pBone" made from ABS plastic
1712:
1587:Grande symphonie funĂšbre et triomphale
1549:
1408:Symphony No. 6 in F major ("Pastoral")
1353:and Divertimento in D major (1764) by
1320:(1767). He also used it in the operas
286:
5451:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). 1911.
5136:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press.
5052:Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart
4876:
4608:
4304:"Biography of Joachim Nikolas Eggert"
4140:
4085:
3613:higher than the previous partial), Bâ
3326:, wrapped and held vertically like a
3183:first appeared in early 19th century
1637:Concertino for Trombone and Orchestra
1507:scored for a valve trombone section.
1011:used by other brass instruments. The
7:
5182:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
4506:(6th ed.). Upper Saddle River:
4414:. Oxford University Press. pp.
3601:(one octave higher than the pedal Bâ
2003:(medieval precursors to trombones).
133:adding citations to reliable sources
59:Brass instrument played with a slide
5359:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5201:. Leipzig: Breitkopf & HĂ€rtel.
5199:Die Instrumentation: Teil 8 Posaune
4693:
4599:, p. 73, "independent valves".
4596:
4584:
4572:
4170:10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.2799
3875:, though sometimes also written in
3804:" by David Rose and his orchestra.
1987:and closely related to that of the
1542:, 1st movement (composed 1893â1896)
5456:International Trombone Association
4325:Bernotas, Bob (7 September 2015).
3199:in the 1880s and has three to six
2057:diameter, with most being between
1107:(large), meaning "large trumpet".
57:
5032:Instrumentation and Orchestration
4380:Friedman, Jay (8 November 2003).
4153:Lewis, Horace Monroe (May 1975).
3971:Boston Musical Instrument Company
2292:Bass trombone § Construction
1231:During the later Baroque period,
79:This article has multiple issues.
5288:. New York: The Overlook Press.
5265:. New York: The Overlook Press.
4208:Historical Brass Society Journal
4073:BibliothĂšque nationale de France
3254:. Jazz trombonist and machinist
3207:and a predominantly cylindrical
2473:F attachment tubing: open wrap,
2398:
2389:
2380:
2309:upwards from the pedal register.
2026:inches (13.9 mm) (large or
1920:
1713:Problems playing this file? See
1691:
1550:Problems playing this file? See
1528:
293:
211:
109:
68:
5307:. London: David & Charles.
4737:Musical Instrument Professional
3349:Museu de la MĂșsica de Barcelona
3347:Alto, tenor and bass sackbuts,
3139:In the 19th century as soon as
3086:Sopranino and piccolo trombones
2457:valves instead of a slide; see
1904:, and New Orleans brass bands.
341:HornbostelâSachs classification
120:needs additional citations for
87:or discuss these issues on the
6425:part relation with additional
6133:Drum and bugle corps (classic)
5493:NPR story about trombone bands
5477:Acoustics of Brass Instruments
5049:BlĂŒme, Friedrich, ed. (1962).
4849:Historic Brass Society Journal
4639:"Bb contrabass slide trombone"
4575:, p. 10, "alto trombone".
4549:"The Soprano Trombone Project"
4504:The Technique of Orchestration
4446:Fischer, Henry George (1984).
3505:lower when played in the same
2688:snake ornament, by Thein Brass
1875:were early trombone soloists.
1:
6309:Dynamic intonation adjustment
6138:Drum and bugle corps (modern)
5161:Cambridge Companions to Music
5098:. London: Faber & Faber.
5079:. London: Faber & Faber.
4996:. London: Faber & Faber.
4977:. London: Faber & Faber.
4587:, p. 55, "F-attachment".
4547:Salmon, Jane (23 June 2016).
4030: â Style of Gospel music
3952:in the 1920s, also under the
3939:puts the instrument in Bâ is
1390:Transition to Romantic period
443:List of classical trombonists
359:Originated mid 15th century,
6476:Continuous pitch instruments
6423:Physical just-intoned string
4739:. 2 May 2013. Archived from
4706:Flynn, Mike (20 June 2013).
4696:, p. 34, "closed wrap".
4120:10.1080/02690403.2011.562714
3700:higher) is almost exactly a
3410:wrote for the buccin in his
3129:Valve (tenor) trombone in Bâ
2895:and is usually treated as a
2806:in Bâ with F and Gâ valves,
1359:Johann Georg Albrechtsberger
5525:Antonio J. GarcĂa. (1997).
5515:Christian E. Waage (2009).
5329:, eds. (2001). "Trombone".
4806:Kanstul Musical Instruments
4681:The Online Trombone Journal
4665:"Larry David Minick Passes"
4201:"The Soprano Trombone Hoax"
3676:The next higher partialsâBâ
2810:in F with D and Bâ valves.
2558:A tenor trombone mouthpiece
2166:Christian Friedrich Sattler
1642:Christian Friedrich Sattler
1616:Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy
1064:non-transposing instruments
237:the claims made and adding
6512:
6335:Just intonation in one key
6275:Fretless string instrument
6200:Pitch of brass instruments
5244:Talking about the Trombone
5221:: CS1 maint: postscript (
4973:Adey, Christopher (1998).
4893:. Oxford University Press.
4663:Tanner, K (January 1999).
4160:in the Works of J. S. Bach
3688:(a major second higher), D
3432:by replacing a trombone's
3391:
3353:
3298:instrument, essentially a
3230:
3154:
3132:
3089:
3032:
2989:
2965:, or more conservatively D
2897:non-transposing instrument
2847:
2818:
2449:Some trombones have three
2365:
2348:
2322:. The second valve can be
2289:
2168:in the late 1830s for the
2125:
1983:is similar to that of the
1979:The detachable cup-shaped
1888:trigger became necessary.
1859:
1293:. All were examples of an
1148:
1103:(trumpet) plus the suffix
1095:"Trombone" comes from the
385:
6486:Marching band instruments
6321:Fretted string instrument
5471:Trombone History Timeline
5134:A History of the Trombone
4802:"Model 955 Bb Flugelbone"
3540:
3514:
2910:. Thus, each note in the
2882:The tenor trombone has a
1879:20th-century construction
1648:19th-century construction
1412:Symphony No. 9 ("Choral")
1404:Symphony No. 5 in C minor
1312:Christoph Willibald Gluck
438:
400:
374:
351:sounded by lip vibration)
292:
5488:Two Frequencies Trombone
5466:British Trombone Society
5383:Rowman & Littlefield
5335:(2nd ed.). London:
5303:Montagu, Jeremy (1981).
5280:Montagu, Jeremy (1976).
5261:Montagu, Jeremy (1979).
5178:Herbert, Trevor (2006).
5132:Guion, David M. (2010).
5077:Anatomy of the Orchestra
5075:Del Mar, Norman (1983).
5059:Carter, Stewart (2011).
5030:Blatter, Alfred (1997).
5013:The Trumpet and Trombone
4992:Baines, Anthony (1980).
4708:"pBone plastic trombone"
3477:on a tenor trombone in B
3324:King Musical Instruments
2272:in a very long position.
1862:List of jazz trombonists
1023:has valves and a slide.
448:List of jazz trombonists
39:latest accepted revision
6371:Retunable to a just key
5461:Online Trombone Journal
5448:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
5242:Maxted, George (1970).
5094:Gregory, Robin (1973).
5015:. London: Ernest Benn.
4956:Yamaha Catalog YSL-350C
4770:Oxford University Press
4063:(in French). p. 16
3720:can go even higher to G
3569:Partials and intonation
3286:Flugabone in Bâ by Olds
3241:Holton TR-395 Superbone
3141:brass instrument valves
3043:is usually pitched in B
2832:Der Ring des Nibelungen
2713:and snake decorations.
2357:Aâ, which combine to E.
1953:second slide brace/stay
1847:20th-century wind bands
1731:20th-century orchestras
1632:Friedrich August Belcke
1579:19th-century wind bands
1571:Der Ring des Nibelungen
1423:19th-century orchestras
1062:. These are treated as
6491:Orchestral instruments
6357:Long-string instrument
5984:Marching baritone horn
5517:"Slide Position Chart"
5246:. London: John Baker.
5055:. Kassel: BĂ€renreiter.
4975:Orchestral Performance
4928:Palm, Paul W. (2010).
4889:Myers, Arnold (2001).
3905:
3858:transposing instrument
3777:
3740:
3586:
3578:
3470:
3389:
3351:
3287:
3242:
3179:
3166:
3165:A modern cimbasso in F
3130:
2811:
2689:
2684:
2633:
2623:
2597:
2559:
2528:
2482:
2212:Although rare on the E
2202:Royal College of Music
2170:
2161:
2138:
1956:first slide brace/stay
1914:Basic trombone anatomy
1829:Ralph Vaughan Williams
1727:
1680:
1624:Karl Traugott Queisser
1594:, who played with the
1517:
1396:Joachim Nicolas Eggert
1237:George Frideric Handel
1160:
1077:transposing instrument
984:
6169:Classical trombonists
5766:Double bell euphonium
5197:Kunitz, Hans (1959).
5117:. Gordon and Breach.
5113:Guion, David (1988).
5034:. Belmont: Schirmer.
5011:Bate, Philip (1978).
4071:– via Gallica,
3997:, Courtois, Edwards,
3903:
3775:
3738:
3584:
3576:
3468:
3461:Basic slide positions
3387:
3346:
3285:
3240:
3164:
3128:
3116:Trombones with valves
3051:Moravian Church music
2914:can be lowered by an
2829:in the 1870s for his
2777:
2699:Schlangenverzierungen
2685:Schlangenverzierungen
2681:
2617:
2595:
2557:
2526:
2472:
2349:Further information:
2290:Further information:
2159:
2136:
1860:Further information:
1725:
1679:
1654:Schlangenverzierungen
1606:In the Romantic era,
1602:19th-century pedagogy
1540:Mahler's 3rd Symphony
1516:
1233:Johann Sebastian Bach
1158:
1070:. The once common Eâ
6378:Keyboard instruments
5355:Wick, Denis (1984).
5337:Macmillan Publishers
3943:when the trigger is
3372:, and a less-flared
3322:" first produced by
3197:trombone basso Verdi
2477:; traditional wrap,
1947:water key/spit valve
1630:, Ernst Sachse, and
1400:Ludwig van Beethoven
1329:Iphigénie en Tauride
1271:. Handel used it in
129:improve this article
5237:. Paris: Delagrave.
4843:Weiner, H. (1993).
4314:on 8 November 2014.
4156:The Problem of the
4037:Trombone repertoire
3175:contrabass trombone
2928:â a tritone below B
2872:British brass bands
2821:Contrabass trombone
2815:Contrabass trombone
2610:Germany and Austria
2605:Regional variations
2571:, the instrument's
2185:tenor-bass trombone
1976:in the instrument.
1916:
1813:Dmitri Shostakovich
1797:Sergei Rachmaninoff
1566:contrabass trombone
1251:in some liturgical
1134:" appears in 1466.
987:, Italian, French:
882:Electronic keyboard
467:Musical instruments
461:Part of a series on
395:Related instruments
289:
29:Page version status
6466:B-flat instruments
6280:Pedal steel guitar
6118:British brass band
5989:Marching euphonium
5756:Subcontrabass tuba
5357:Trombone Technique
4765:Grove Music Online
4553:Jane Salmon (blog)
4510:. pp. 148â9.
4283:Threasher, David.
4057:Michault, Pierre.
3958:Yamaha Corporation
3906:
3778:
3741:
3714:facial musculature
3587:
3579:
3471:
3390:
3352:
3288:
3243:
3215:Italian operas by
3167:
3131:
2812:
2690:
2624:
2598:
2567:of that tone, its
2560:
2529:
2483:
2162:
2139:
1912:
1873:J. J. Johnson
1833:Heitor Villa-Lobos
1728:
1681:
1634:. David wrote his
1620:Paris Conservatory
1518:
1449:Gioacchino Rossini
1222:) and in Germany (
1198:Claudio Monteverdi
1183:St Mark's Basilica
1174:in the city towers
1161:
993:musical instrument
611:String instruments
222:possibly contains
35:
6453:
6452:
6223:
6222:
6179:Euphonium players
5568:Brass instruments
5392:978-1-538-15966-8
5346:978-1-56159-239-5
5189:978-0-300235-75-3
5069:978-1-57647-206-4
4787:978-1-56159-263-0
4712:Jazzwise Magazine
4517:978-0-130-40772-6
4459:978-0-87099-412-8
4425:978-0-19-816504-0
4302:Kallai, Avishai.
4158:Tromba Da Tirarsi
3650:equal temperament
3566:
3565:
2122:Valve attachments
1970:brass instruments
1965:
1964:
1809:Arnold Schoenberg
1805:Ottorino Respighi
1749:Leonard Bernstein
1696:
1669:Twentieth century
1596:John Philip Sousa
1533:
1429:Felix Mendelssohn
1323:Orfeo ed Euridice
1241:tromba di tirarsi
1206:Giovanni Gabrieli
1191:period performers
1122:" is similar to "
968:
967:
546:Brass instruments
456:
455:
285:
284:
277:
267:
266:
259:
224:original research
205:
204:
197:
179:
102:
47:14 September 2024
16:(Redirected from
6503:
6481:Jazz instruments
6326:Wind instruments
6250:
6243:
6236:
6227:
6174:Jazz trombonists
6154:(all) Trumpeters
6092:Axial flow valve
6004:Contrabass bugle
5561:
5554:
5547:
5538:
5452:
5444:
5442:"Trombone"
5428:
5370:
5350:
5318:
5299:
5287:
5276:
5257:
5238:
5231:Lavignac, Albert
5226:
5220:
5212:
5193:
5174:
5158:
5147:
5128:
5109:
5090:
5056:
5045:
5026:
5007:
4988:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4925:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4886:
4880:
4874:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4768:(8th ed.).
4759:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4703:
4697:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4678:
4676:
4660:
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4651:
4649:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4618:
4612:
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4594:
4588:
4582:
4576:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4500:Grantham, Donald
4492:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4413:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4377:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4310:. Archived from
4299:
4293:
4292:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4205:
4199:Weiner, Harold.
4196:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4172:
4150:
4144:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4054:
4033:
3904:A plunger in use
3836:
3835:
3823:
3822:
3667:harmonic seventh
3512:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3482:
3481:
3413:Messe solennelle
3304:cylindrical bore
3264:Maynard Ferguson
3182:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3058:
3057:
3048:
3047:
3041:soprano trombone
3035:Soprano trombone
3029:Soprano trombone
2974:
2973:
2945:
2944:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2894:
2893:
2866:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2723:Second World War
2687:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2502:traditional wrap
2440:axial flow valve
2414:axial flow valve
2402:
2393:
2384:
2368:Axial flow valve
2241:
2240:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2147:lever or trigger
2112:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2035:
1924:
1917:
1892:Contemporary use
1793:Sergei Prokofiev
1781:Olivier Messiaen
1753:Benjamin Britten
1701:1908 ragtime by
1698:
1697:
1678:
1535:
1534:
1515:
1477:Second World War
1384:Anton Zimmermann
1335:Echo et Narcisse
1306:Classical period
1247:, to double the
979:
960:
953:
946:
458:
306:Brass instrument
299:A tenor trombone
297:
290:
280:
273:
262:
255:
251:
248:
242:
239:inline citations
215:
214:
207:
200:
193:
189:
186:
180:
178:
137:
113:
105:
94:
72:
71:
64:
21:
6511:
6510:
6506:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6501:
6500:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6424:
6418:
6401:overtone series
6398:
6395:Flageolet tones
6389:
6366:
6330:
6304:
6266:Just intonation
6260:
6254:
6224:
6219:
6188:
6159:Jazz trumpeters
6142:
6101:
6097:Harmonic series
6013:Parts/technique
6008:
5965:
5909:
5868:Soprano helicon
5838:Baroque trumpet
5833:Natural trumpet
5774:
5725:Alto/Tenor horn
5609:Fanfare trumpet
5570:
5565:
5531:GarciaMusic.com
5512:
5510:Slide positions
5504:Merriam Webster
5439:
5436:
5431:
5393:
5373:
5367:
5354:
5347:
5321:
5315:
5302:
5296:
5279:
5273:
5260:
5254:
5241:
5229:
5213:
5209:
5196:
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5171:
5150:
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5093:
5087:
5074:
5048:
5042:
5029:
5023:
5010:
5004:
4991:
4985:
4972:
4968:
4966:Further reading
4963:
4962:
4954:
4950:
4940:
4938:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4914:
4910:
4902:
4898:
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4868:
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4825:
4817:
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4800:
4799:
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4760:
4756:
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4744:
4731:
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4726:
4716:
4714:
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4704:
4700:
4692:
4688:
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4672:
4662:
4661:
4657:
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4603:
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4428:
4426:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4390:
4388:
4379:
4378:
4371:
4361:
4359:
4351:Wilken, David.
4350:
4349:
4345:
4335:
4333:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4282:
4281:
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4152:
4151:
4147:
4139:
4135:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4096:
4092:
4084:
4080:
4066:
4064:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4031:
4019:
3975:E. A. Couturier
3966:
3936:
3898:
3885:Robert Schumann
3854:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3813:
3791:
3770:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3711:
3707:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3679:
3672:
3663:just intonation
3655:
3647:
3643:
3632:
3624:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3595:harmonic series
3571:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3479:
3478:
3475:slide positions
3463:
3458:
3430:Peter Schickele
3422:
3396:
3382:
3358:
3341:
3336:
3280:
3260:valide trombone
3235:
3229:
3189:upright serpent
3159:
3153:
3137:
3123:
3118:
3110:piccolo trumpet
3104:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3088:
3080:Christian Scott
3076:Wycliffe Gordon
3072:Dizzy Gillespie
3068:Louis Armstrong
3055:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3037:
3031:
2994:
2988:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2912:harmonic series
2901:slide positions
2891:
2890:
2880:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2846:
2823:
2817:
2772:
2770:Slide trombones
2764:valve trombones
2740:
2719:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2612:
2607:
2590:
2552:
2538:
2521:
2492:
2467:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2394:
2386:
2385:
2374:
2364:
2353:
2339:
2321:
2317:
2307:chromatic range
2304:
2300:
2294:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2238:
2237:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2171:TenorbaĂposaune
2131:
2124:
2116:sterling silver
2109:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2050:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2031:
1938:slide lock ring
1915:
1910:
1894:
1881:
1864:
1858:
1849:
1825:Igor Stravinsky
1821:Richard Strauss
1765:George Gershwin
1733:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1687:"Miss Trombone"
1682:
1676:
1671:
1650:
1628:Ferdinand David
1612:Musikhochschule
1604:
1581:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1519:
1513:
1501:BedĆich Smetana
1497:Giacomo Puccini
1485:First World War
1457:Robert Schumann
1425:
1420:
1418:Romantic period
1392:
1377:section of his
1308:
1280:Israel in Egypt
1210:Andrea Gabrieli
1202:Heinrich SchĂŒtz
1153:
1147:
1126:", attested in
1093:
1088:
1007:instead of the
975:
964:
935:
934:
925:
917:
916:
867:
857:
856:
827:aka Kettledrums
740:
730:
729:
613:
603:
602:
548:
538:
537:
478:
452:
429:
389:
379:
378:
346:
335:
300:
281:
270:
269:
268:
263:
252:
246:
243:
228:
216:
212:
201:
190:
184:
181:
138:
136:
126:
114:
73:
69:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6509:
6507:
6499:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6458:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6431:
6429:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6405:
6403:
6397:(harmonics) or
6391:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6385:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6338:
6336:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6312:
6310:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6271:
6269:
6262:
6261:
6255:
6253:
6252:
6245:
6238:
6230:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6196:
6194:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6109:
6107:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6016:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5975:
5973:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5788:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5758:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5737:
5727:
5722:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5633:Soprano cornet
5623:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5604:Pocket trumpet
5601:
5596:
5591:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5556:
5549:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5523:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5474:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5435:
5434:External links
5432:
5430:
5429:
5391:
5371:
5365:
5352:
5345:
5323:Sadie, Stanley
5319:
5313:
5300:
5294:
5277:
5271:
5258:
5252:
5239:
5233:, ed. (1927).
5227:
5207:
5194:
5188:
5175:
5169:
5148:
5142:
5129:
5123:
5110:
5104:
5091:
5085:
5072:
5057:
5046:
5040:
5027:
5021:
5008:
5002:
4989:
4983:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4948:
4934:(DMA thesis).
4920:
4908:
4896:
4881:
4866:
4835:
4793:
4786:
4754:
4724:
4698:
4686:
4655:
4613:
4601:
4589:
4577:
4565:
4539:
4516:
4472:
4458:
4438:
4424:
4398:
4369:
4343:
4331:All About Jazz
4317:
4294:
4275:
4257:
4239:
4220:
4191:
4145:
4133:
4102:
4090:
4078:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4034:
4025:
4018:
4015:
3965:
3962:
3935:
3932:
3922:toilet plunger
3897:
3894:
3853:
3850:
3841:
3837:
3828:
3824:
3812:
3809:
3790:
3787:
3769:
3766:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3709:
3705:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3677:
3670:
3669:as well for Aâ
3653:
3645:
3641:
3630:
3629:higher), and F
3622:
3619:perfect fourth
3614:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3421:
3418:
3408:Hector Berlioz
3392:Main article:
3381:
3378:
3354:Main article:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:Other variants
3332:
3316:valve trombone
3300:valve trombone
3296:marching brass
3279:
3276:
3272:James Morrison
3258:invented his "
3231:Main article:
3228:
3225:
3155:Main article:
3152:
3149:
3145:military bands
3135:Valve trombone
3133:Main article:
3122:
3121:Valve trombone
3119:
3117:
3114:
3090:Main article:
3087:
3084:
3033:Main article:
3030:
3027:
2990:Main article:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2946:
2879:
2878:Tenor trombone
2876:
2867:
2848:Main article:
2845:
2842:
2838:perfect fourth
2819:Main article:
2816:
2813:
2771:
2768:
2739:
2736:
2718:
2715:
2707:Konzertposaune
2628:Konzertposaune
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2589:
2586:
2551:
2548:
2537:
2534:
2520:
2517:
2490:
2466:
2463:
2459:valve trombone
2407:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2388:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2243:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2128:valve trombone
2123:
2120:
2049:
2046:
2010:). During the
2008:valve trombone
1963:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1893:
1890:
1880:
1877:
1869:Jack Teagarden
1857:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1837:William Walton
1785:Darius Milhaud
1732:
1729:
1710:
1703:Henry Fillmore
1700:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1649:
1646:
1603:
1600:
1580:
1577:
1547:
1537:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1505:AntonĂn DvoĆĂĄk
1467:, and others.
1465:Richard Wagner
1461:Giuseppe Verdi
1453:Franz Schubert
1441:Charles Gounod
1433:Hector Berlioz
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1391:
1388:
1351:Leopold Mozart
1307:
1304:
1208:and his uncle
1146:
1143:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1056:tenor trombone
1030:(trumpet) and
1013:valve trombone
966:
965:
963:
962:
955:
948:
940:
937:
936:
933:
932:
926:
923:
922:
919:
918:
915:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
877:Clavicytherium
874:
868:
863:
862:
859:
858:
855:
854:
849:
844:
838:
833:
828:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
741:
736:
735:
732:
731:
728:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
651:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
614:
609:
608:
605:
604:
601:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
549:
544:
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
479:
474:
473:
470:
469:
463:
462:
454:
453:
451:
450:
445:
439:
436:
435:
431:
430:
428:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
401:
398:
397:
391:
390:
376:
375:
372:
371:
365:
364:
357:
353:
352:
343:
337:
336:
334:
333:
328:
323:
317:
315:
313:Classification
309:
308:
302:
301:
298:
283:
282:
265:
264:
247:September 2024
219:
217:
210:
203:
202:
117:
115:
108:
103:
77:
76:
74:
67:
58:
56:
36:
30:
27:
25:
24:
23:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6508:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6421:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6396:
6392:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6352:Tromba marina
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6251:
6246:
6244:
6239:
6237:
6232:
6231:
6228:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6205:Brass section
6203:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6191:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6128:Brass quintet
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6104:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6042:Hand-stopping
6040:
6038:
6035:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6011:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5972:
5968:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5848:Slide trumpet
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5807:
5806:Tenor cornett
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5720:Baritone horn
5718:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5562:
5557:
5555:
5550:
5548:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5449:
5443:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5366:0-19-322378-3
5362:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5327:Tyrrell, John
5324:
5320:
5316:
5314:0-7153-7994-1
5310:
5306:
5301:
5297:
5295:0-87951-045-5
5291:
5286:
5285:
5278:
5274:
5272:0-87951-089-7
5268:
5264:
5259:
5255:
5253:0-212-98360-1
5249:
5245:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5218:
5210:
5208:3-7330-0009-9
5204:
5200:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5181:
5176:
5172:
5170:0-521-56522-7
5166:
5162:
5157:
5156:
5149:
5145:
5143:9780810874459
5139:
5135:
5130:
5126:
5124:2-88124-211-1
5120:
5116:
5111:
5107:
5105:0-571-08816-3
5101:
5097:
5092:
5088:
5086:0-520-05062-2
5082:
5078:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5047:
5043:
5041:0-534-25187-0
5037:
5033:
5028:
5024:
5022:0-510-36413-6
5018:
5014:
5009:
5005:
5003:0-571-11571-3
4999:
4995:
4990:
4986:
4984:0-571-17724-7
4980:
4976:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4957:
4952:
4949:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4924:
4921:
4918:, p. 43.
4917:
4912:
4909:
4906:, p. 40.
4905:
4900:
4897:
4892:
4885:
4882:
4879:, p. 93.
4878:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4839:
4836:
4824:
4820:
4807:
4803:
4797:
4794:
4789:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4758:
4755:
4743:on 5 May 2013
4742:
4738:
4734:
4728:
4725:
4713:
4709:
4702:
4699:
4695:
4690:
4687:
4682:
4670:
4666:
4659:
4656:
4644:
4640:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4614:
4611:, p. 61.
4610:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4569:
4566:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4540:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4509:
4508:Prentice Hall
4505:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4461:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4442:
4439:
4427:
4421:
4417:
4412:
4411:
4402:
4399:
4387:
4383:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4344:
4332:
4328:
4321:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4279:
4276:
4271:
4270:Stretta Music
4267:
4261:
4258:
4253:
4252:Stretta Music
4249:
4243:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4228:March, Ivan.
4224:
4221:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4192:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4134:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4103:
4100:, p. 59.
4099:
4094:
4091:
4088:, p. 22.
4087:
4082:
4079:
4074:
4062:
4061:
4053:
4050:
4043:
4038:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3964:Manufacturers
3963:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3908:A variety of
3902:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3817:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3798:
3796:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3774:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3737:
3733:
3719:
3715:
3703:
3699:
3683:
3674:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3651:
3638:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3611:perfect fifth
3596:
3592:
3583:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3484:
3476:
3467:
3460:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3450:P. D. Q. Bach
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3386:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3350:
3345:
3338:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3284:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3239:
3234:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3205:rotary valves
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3185:Italian opera
3181:
3176:
3172:
3163:
3158:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3127:
3120:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3093:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3064:slide cornets
3061:
3052:
3042:
3036:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2998:alto trombone
2993:
2992:Alto trombone
2986:Alto trombone
2985:
2983:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2937:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2885:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2851:
2850:Bass trombone
2844:Bass trombone
2843:
2841:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2680:
2676:
2654:
2635:
2629:
2621:
2616:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2594:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2535:
2533:
2525:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2444:Hagmann valve
2441:
2437:
2427:
2423:
2422:Hagmann valve
2419:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2373:
2372:Hagmann valve
2369:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2296:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2172:
2167:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2129:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2055:
2047:
2045:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2020:rotary valves
2015:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:baritone horn
1982:
1977:
1975:
1974:standing wave
1971:
1959:bell lock nut
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1932:counterweight
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1855:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1817:Jean Sibelius
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:Maurice Ravel
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:Gustav Mahler
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:Aaron Copland
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1704:
1688:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1541:
1525:
1524:Trombone solo
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:Franz Berwald
1434:
1430:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:Michael Haydn
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:alta cappella
1296:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1283:, and in the
1282:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:cantus firmus
1246:
1245:slide trumpet
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1152:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1072:alto trombone
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:bass trombone
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
961:
956:
954:
949:
947:
942:
941:
939:
938:
931:
928:
927:
921:
920:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
866:
861:
860:
853:
850:
848:
845:
842:
841:Tubular bells
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
742:
739:
734:
733:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
656:
655:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
620:
619:
618:
612:
607:
606:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
553:Baritone horn
551:
550:
547:
542:
541:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
493:Contrabassoon
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
480:
477:
472:
471:
468:
464:
460:
459:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
437:
432:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
399:
396:
392:
387:
383:
373:
370:
369:Playing range
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
344:
342:
338:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
316:
314:
310:
307:
303:
296:
291:
279:
276:
261:
258:
250:
240:
236:
232:
226:
225:
220:This article
218:
209:
208:
199:
196:
188:
185:December 2018
177:
174:
170:
167:
163:
160:
156:
153:
149:
146: â
145:
141:
140:Find sources:
134:
130:
124:
123:
118:This article
116:
112:
107:
106:
101:
99:
92:
91:
86:
85:
80:
75:
66:
65:
62:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
6471:Bass (sound)
6347:Natural horn
6284:
6210:Horn section
6164:Horn players
6123:Balkan brass
6030:Rotary valve
6025:Piston valve
5956:Tibetan horn
5823:Natural horn
5801:Mute cornett
5748:
5712:
5674:
5673:
5639:
5625:
5581:
5530:
5520:
5446:
5378:
5375:Yeo, Douglas
5356:
5330:
5304:
5283:
5262:
5243:
5234:
5198:
5180:The Trombone
5179:
5154:
5133:
5114:
5095:
5076:
5060:
5050:
5031:
5012:
4993:
4974:
4951:
4939:. Retrieved
4930:
4923:
4916:Herbert 2006
4911:
4904:Herbert 2006
4899:
4890:
4884:
4857:. Retrieved
4852:
4848:
4838:
4826:. Retrieved
4823:Wessex Tubas
4822:
4809:. Retrieved
4805:
4796:
4763:
4757:
4745:. Retrieved
4741:the original
4736:
4727:
4715:. Retrieved
4711:
4701:
4689:
4680:
4679:– via
4673:. Retrieved
4669:The Cambrian
4668:
4658:
4646:. Retrieved
4643:Miraphone eG
4642:
4629:. Retrieved
4625:
4616:
4604:
4592:
4580:
4568:
4556:. Retrieved
4552:
4542:
4503:
4496:Kennan, Kent
4463:. Retrieved
4448:
4441:
4429:. Retrieved
4409:
4401:
4389:. Retrieved
4386:Jay Friedman
4385:
4360:. Retrieved
4357:trombone.org
4356:
4346:
4334:. Retrieved
4330:
4320:
4312:the original
4307:
4297:
4288:
4278:
4269:
4260:
4251:
4242:
4233:
4223:
4211:. Retrieved
4207:
4194:
4182:. Retrieved
4159:
4155:
4148:
4136:
4111:
4105:
4098:Herbert 2006
4093:
4081:
4065:. Retrieved
4059:
4052:
3967:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3925:
3907:
3890:
3870:
3865:
3855:
3814:
3806:
3802:The Stripper
3799:
3792:
3779:
3742:
3732:and beyond.
3702:quarter tone
3698:minor second
3682:major second
3675:
3639:
3588:
3485:
3472:
3423:
3411:
3397:
3359:
3289:
3250:, and later
3244:
3196:
3168:
3138:
3095:
3063:
3038:
3003:church music
2995:
2956:
2905:
2900:
2881:
2853:
2830:
2824:
2783:
2779:
2741:
2720:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2691:
2655:
2627:
2625:
2619:
2599:
2577:
2561:
2542:
2539:
2530:
2514:
2510:Thayer valve
2505:
2501:
2498:closed wrap
2497:
2495:
2486:F attachment
2484:
2478:
2474:
2448:
2436:rotary valve
2433:
2425:
2417:
2409:
2327:
2323:
2278:
2225:
2192:
2163:
2140:
2051:
2027:
2024:
2016:
2005:
1978:
1966:
1929:tuning slide
1908:Construction
1895:
1886:
1882:
1865:
1850:
1841:
1789:Carl Nielsen
1773:Leos Janacek
1769:Gustav Holst
1761:Edward Elgar
1737:20th century
1734:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1635:
1605:
1592:Arthur Pryor
1585:
1582:
1569:
1558:
1489:
1481:
1469:
1426:
1393:
1374:
1370:Don Giovanni
1368:
1363:
1343:divertimenti
1340:
1333:
1332:(1779), and
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1240:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1195:
1179:alta capella
1162:
1138:
1137:The German "
1136:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1081:
1031:
1027:
1025:
997:brass family
988:
971:
969:
770:Glockenspiel
653:
652:
615:
587:
420:Bass Trumpet
382:F attachment
271:
253:
244:
221:
191:
182:
172:
165:
158:
151:
139:
127:Please help
122:verification
119:
95:
88:
82:
81:Please help
78:
61:
46:
37:This is the
31:
6445:Moodswinger
6383:Split sharp
6300:Synthesizer
6295:Human voice
6256:Instrument
5667:Wagner tuba
5662:Vienna horn
5657:German horn
5652:French horn
5521:YeoDoug.com
4626:Thein Brass
3768:Pedal tones
3635:minor third
3627:major third
3541:Old system
3515:New system
3426:portmanteau
3404:French horn
3362:Renaissance
3256:Brad Gowans
3177:. The term
2918:of up to a
2884:fundamental
2778:Trombones (
2697:as well as
2362:Valve types
2328:independent
2226:trill valve
2012:Renaissance
1991:. It has a
1944:knob/bumper
1856:Use in jazz
1741:BĂ©la BartĂłk
1614:founded by
1445:Franz Liszt
1285:Death March
1166:contratenor
892:Harpsichord
670:Bass guitar
638:Hurdy-gurdy
628:Double bass
573:French horn
498:Cor anglais
6460:Categories
6427:3rd bridge
6268:in any key
6258:intonation
6113:Brass band
6062:Pedal tone
6052:Mouthpiece
6047:Embouchure
5999:Sousaphone
5994:Trombonium
5979:Mellophone
5914:Indigenous
5905:Jazzophone
5895:Saxotromba
5885:Sudrophone
5875:Ophicleide
5796:Cornettino
5779:Antiquated
5730:Flugelhorn
5681:Contrabass
5589:Contrabass
5425:Q111040546
5409:1249799159
5401:2021020757
4891:Pedal Note
4877:Guion 1988
4717:16 October
4671:(obituary)
4609:Guion 2010
4534:Q113561204
4526:1312487324
4465:4 December
4431:4 December
4391:4 December
4327:"Trombone"
4308:Musicalics
4289:Gramophone
4234:Gramophone
4141:Guion 1988
4086:Guion 2010
4067:4 December
4044:References
4028:Shout band
3983:J. W. York
3930:cartoons.
3877:tenor clef
3782:pedal tone
3684:higher), C
3658:intonation
3621:higher), D
3434:mouthpiece
3320:trombonium
3308:flugelhorn
3292:flugelhorn
3193:ophicleide
3023:symphonies
2808:contrabass
2760:contrabass
2695:water keys
2573:intonation
2550:Mouthpiece
2366:See also:
2345:Contrabass
2281:trombones.
2028:orchestral
1981:mouthpiece
1950:main slide
1935:mouthpiece
1745:Alban Berg
1715:media help
1561:ophicleide
1552:media help
1375:Tuba Mirum
1149:See also:
1132:saqueboute
1120:Shakbusshe
1116:shakbusshe
1050:, and the
1044:flugelhorn
1019:, and the
872:Clavichord
847:Vibraphone
843:aka Chimes
815:Snare drum
785:Lithophone
738:Percussion
583:Tenor horn
578:Mellophone
568:Flugelhorn
513:Nadaswaram
231:improve it
155:newspapers
144:"Trombone"
84:improve it
6496:Trombones
6440:Pencilina
6435:Monochord
6362:Harmonica
6106:Ensembles
6087:Water key
6072:Valve oil
5828:Post horn
5761:Euphonium
5740:Kuhlohorn
5701:Superbone
5417:34132790M
5217:cite book
4941:1 October
4859:29 August
4855:: 288â308
4362:29 August
4336:29 August
4179:249667805
4128:144303968
3987:C.G. Conn
3954:Wurlitzer
3950:C.G. Conn
3934:Didactics
3881:alto clef
3873:bass clef
3795:glissando
3789:Glissando
3718:diaphragm
3652:scale. Aâ
3637:higher).
3456:Technique
3436:with the
3416:of 1824.
3328:euphonium
3278:Flugabone
3233:Superbone
3227:Superbone
3011:Beethoven
2952:glissando
2543:dual-bore
2506:open wrap
2412:; Thayer
2324:dependent
1898:big bands
1347:serenades
1124:sacabuche
1091:Etymology
1052:euphonium
1021:superbone
977:âčSee Tfdâș
912:Virginals
887:Harmonium
865:Keyboards
852:Xylophone
836:Tubaphone
805:Mridangam
795:MarĂmbula
745:Bass drum
563:Euphonium
528:Saxophone
476:Woodwinds
434:Musicians
356:Developed
349:aerophone
347:(Sliding
331:Aerophone
235:verifying
90:talk page
18:Flugabone
6399:natural
6342:Bagpipes
6285:Trombone
6082:Leadpipe
5971:Marching
5931:Vuvuzela
5706:Cimbasso
5675:Trombone
5614:Firebird
5421:Wikidata
5377:(2021).
4694:Yeo 2021
4675:26 April
4597:Yeo 2021
4585:Yeo 2021
4573:Yeo 2021
4530:Wikidata
4502:(2002).
4017:See also
4005:, King,
3852:Notation
3834:♭
3821:♭
3503:semitone
3480:♭
3420:Tromboon
3213:Romantic
3180:cimbasso
3157:Cimbasso
3151:Cimbasso
3105:♭
3099:♭
3056:♭
3046:♭
3019:Schumann
2972:♯
2943:♭
2931:♭
2925:♮
2916:interval
2908:semitone
2892:♭
2864:♭
2857:♭
2752:clarinet
2672:♭
2666:♭
2659:♭
2622:(wreath)
2279:straight
2239:♭
2221:♭
2215:♭
2153:easier.
2001:sackbuts
1997:leadpipe
1472:cornetts
1406:(1808),
1295:oratorio
1253:cantatas
1219:trombone
1048:baritone
989:trombone
972:trombone
831:Triangle
820:Steelpan
780:Handbell
755:Carillon
700:Shamisen
690:Mandolin
588:Trombone
503:Clarinet
483:Bagpipes
425:Cimbasso
288:Trombone
43:reviewed
6414:ÄĂ n báș§u
6290:Timpani
6184:Tubists
6147:Players
5921:Alphorn
5900:Bazooka
5890:Saxtuba
5880:Serpent
5863:Helicon
5858:Sackbut
5843:Buccina
5791:Cornett
5786:Clarion
5735:Fiscorn
5714:Saxhorn
5696:Soprano
5619:Flumpet
5599:Piccolo
5583:Trumpet
4828:21 July
4811:21 July
4747:12 July
4648:7 March
4631:7 March
4213:18 June
4184:18 June
4023:Aequale
4003:Jupiter
3927:Peanuts
3918:wah-wah
3780:The Bâ
3593:in the
3591:partial
3507:partial
3496:⁄
3446:bassoon
3366:Baroque
3356:Sackbut
3339:Sackbut
3221:Puccini
3060:trumpet
2920:tritone
2802:in Bâ,
2798:in Eâ,
2794:in Bâ,
2792:soprano
2790:in Bâ,
2788:piccolo
2756:piccolo
2642:
2588:Plastic
2197:Soprano
2179:
2108:⁄
2094:⁄
2080:⁄
2066:⁄
2039:⁄
1993:venturi
1989:trumpet
1735:In the
1662:a valve
1608:Leipzig
1559:As the
1493:Bohemia
1379:Requiem
1317:Alceste
1225:Posaune
1151:Sackbut
1139:Posaune
1112:sackbut
1097:Italian
1086:History
1036:trumpet
1017:trumpet
995:in the
991:) is a
985:Posaune
825:Timpani
790:Marimba
765:Cymbals
760:Celesta
715:Ukulele
710:Tambura
675:Guzheng
654:Plucked
593:Trumpet
523:Piccolo
488:Bassoon
415:Trumpet
405:Sackbut
386:§ Types
361:sackbut
229:Please
169:scholar
6057:Falset
6020:Valves
5951:Sringa
5946:Shofar
5941:Carnyx
5853:Buccin
5627:Cornet
5575:Modern
5495:(2003)
5423:
5415:
5407:
5399:
5389:
5363:
5343:
5311:
5292:
5269:
5250:
5205:
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5121:
5102:
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5019:
5000:
4981:
4784:
4558:20 May
4532:
4524:
4514:
4456:
4422:
4177:
4126:
4011:Yamaha
3999:Getzen
3985:, and
3914:timbre
3816:Trills
3811:Trills
3762:falset
3400:buccin
3394:Buccin
3380:Buccin
3268:Holton
3248:Besson
3201:piston
3191:or an
3017:, and
3015:Brahms
2936:falset
2827:Wagner
2784:bottom
2728:cornet
2717:France
2648:wreath
2569:volume
2565:timbre
2536:Slides
2519:Tuning
2465:Tubing
2455:rotary
2451:piston
2418:center
2151:trills
1835:, and
1618:. The
1503:, and
1463:, and
1410:, and
1365:Mozart
1274:Samson
1269:BWV 25
1265:BWV 38
1261:BWV 21
1187:Venice
1170:shawms
1145:Origin
1101:tromba
1046:, the
1042:, the
1040:cornet
1028:tromba
1009:valves
981:German
930:Ghatam
924:Others
907:Spinet
725:Zither
665:Guitar
648:Violin
558:Cornet
533:Tharai
410:Buccin
345:423.22
171:
164:
157:
150:
142:
6409:Guqin
6316:Crook
6193:Other
6077:Crook
6037:Mutes
5961:Wazza
5936:Nyele
5926:Nabal
5813:Cornu
5647:Bugle
4204:(PDF)
4175:S2CID
4124:S2CID
3910:mutes
3896:Mutes
3862:crook
3846:range
3708:and F
3665:(see
3444:of a
3442:bocal
3312:bugle
3217:Verdi
3173:or a
3102:and B
2800:tenor
2744:tenor
2738:Types
2711:kranz
2634:kranz
2620:kranz
2479:right
2426:right
2249:pedal
2242:to F.
2233:Tenor
2143:valve
2054:brass
2048:Bells
1538:from
1287:from
1277:, in
1257:BWV 2
1128:Spain
1099:word
1005:pitch
902:Piano
897:Organ
810:Parai
800:Melam
705:Sitar
660:Banjo
643:Viola
633:Huqin
623:Cello
617:Bowed
508:Flute
326:Brass
176:JSTOR
162:books
6067:Bore
5818:Dord
5750:Tuba
5691:Alto
5686:Bass
5641:Horn
5594:Bass
5405:OCLC
5397:LCCN
5387:ISBN
5361:ISBN
5341:ISBN
5309:ISBN
5290:ISBN
5267:ISBN
5248:ISBN
5223:link
5203:ISBN
5184:ISBN
5165:ISBN
5138:ISBN
5119:ISBN
5100:ISBN
5081:ISBN
5065:ISBN
5036:ISBN
5017:ISBN
4998:ISBN
4979:ISBN
4943:2019
4861:2022
4830:2022
4813:2022
4782:ISBN
4749:2013
4719:2016
4677:2024
4650:2022
4633:2022
4560:2022
4522:OCLC
4512:ISBN
4467:2018
4454:ISBN
4433:2018
4420:ISBN
4393:2018
4364:2022
4338:2022
4215:2020
4186:2020
4069:2018
4007:Rath
3995:Conn
3991:Bach
3941:open
3866:e.g.
3728:, Bâ
3724:, Aâ
3716:and
3605:), F
3440:and
3438:reed
3374:bell
3370:bore
3364:and
3266:and
3252:Conn
3219:and
3209:bore
3171:tuba
3078:and
3070:and
3039:The
3007:Mass
2996:The
2978:to G
2889:of B
2887:note
2804:bass
2796:alto
2748:bass
2746:and
2732:horn
2639:lit.
2581:jazz
2475:left
2410:left
2370:and
2286:Bass
2209:Alto
2176:lit.
2071:and
1941:bell
1871:and
1345:and
1290:Saul
1263:and
1235:and
1118:". "
1105:-one
1068:tuba
1058:and
1032:-one
970:The
775:Gong
750:Bell
720:Yazh
695:Harp
685:Lyre
680:Koto
598:Tuba
518:Oboe
321:Wind
148:news
4774:doi
4418:â.
4416:201
4165:doi
4116:doi
3945:not
3879:or
3696:(a
3680:(a
3673:).
3633:(a
3625:(a
3617:(a
3609:(a
3310:or
3203:or
2786:):
2782:to
2780:top
2758:to
2730:or
2500:or
2493:).
2453:or
2301:â E
1902:ska
1568:in
1228:).
1185:in
233:by
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