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377:, through which wind enters it. The length of the foot does not affect the pipe's pitch, so organ builders vary the foot lengths of their flue pipes depending on other factors, including the desired shape of the pipes in the façade, the height of the rackboard in which the pipes are seated, and the weight of the completed pipe.
633:(pronounced "8 foot", referring to the length of the resonator part of the longest pipe of the stop) are often labelled with other names. For example, on English-style organs, the stops called Principal and Fifteenth sound one octave and two octave pitches respectively above the 8′ Diapason; on German-style organs, the name
744:
Some flue pipes are designed to produce the sounds of reed pipes or to imitate the sounds of orchestral instruments which are approximated by reed pipes. The sound is generally more mellow and sweet than that of a true reed pipe. Examples include the
Saxophone, the Muted horn, the Clarinet flute, and
758:
of the pipe: i.e., wide-scaled, normal-scaled, or narrow-scaled. As a pipe's scale increases, more fundamental will be present, and fewer partials will be present in the tone. Thus, the tone becomes richer and fuller as the pipe's diameter widens from string scale to principal scale to flute scale.
640:
In
Italian organs, the 8′ and sometime the 16′ pitches are called "Principale" and form the foundation of the entire organ. One characteristic of the classic Italian organ (from the 16th century on) is the separated "Ripieno". The "Ripieno" includes many Diapason stops, all separate, in contrast to
622:
A stop of diapason type may or may not actually be labelled "Diapason". The "Diapason" label is most commonly used in
English and American-style organs, whereas the same type of stop is known as a "Prinzipal" or "Principal" on German-style organs, and in French organs they would typically be called
614:
produce the characteristic sound of the pipe organ. They are not intended to imitate any other instrument or sound. They are medium-scaled and often feature prominently in the façades of pipe organs, often painted and decorated. Diapasons appear throughout the entire range of the instrument, from
450:
area to be created just below the mouth. When this low pressure area reaches a critical stage, it pulls the airstream past the edge of the mouth, filling the vacuum. This alternately pressurizes the inside and outside of the opening, pressurizing and rarefying the air in the pipe's resonator. The
762:
The material out of which the pipe is constructed also has much to do with the pipe's final sound. While recent scientific studies have shown that the nature of the metal used in making the pipe has little or no effect on the final sound, organ builders agree that a tin/lead alloy, for example,
402:
of the pipe, a horizontal opening at the juncture of the resonator with the foot. The voicing, the length of the resonator, and the resonator's volume all determine the fundamental pitch of the flue pipe. The conical taper of the pipe determines the overblown pitch. If the pipe is metal, a
753:
The diameter of a flue pipe directly affects its tone. When comparing pipes of otherwise identical shape and size, a wide pipe will tend to produce a flute tone, a medium pipe a diapason tone, and a narrow pipe a string tone. These relationships are referred to as the
368:
Flue pipes may be metallic or wooden. Metal pipes are usually circular in cross section; wooden pipes are usually square or rectangular, though triangular and round wooden pipes do exist. A flue pipe has two major parts, a foot and a resonator. The
703:
Often, an organ will feature two similarly-voiced stops, one tuned slightly sharp or flat of the other. When these stops are played together, a unique undulating effect results due to alternating constructive and destructive interference
512:
are present, while a stopped pipe produces a tone with odd-numbered partials. The tone of a stopped pipe tends to be gentler and sweeter than that of an open pipe, though this is largely at the discretion of the voicer.
641:
the German and French style "Fourniture" and "Mixtur". The 4′ pitch is called "Ottava" and all the others are named after the harmonic they produce. They can go up to the "Quadragesima Terza" (43rd), a pipe of
575:
advocated, is a metal flute pipe of double length with a hole punched in the center, which causes the pipe to speak at its first partial with a very round, intense sound. Cavaillé-Coll used the names
537:
instrument; though most flute stops are not intended to imitate a specific kind of flute, such as the modern orchestral instrument, they produce similar sounds. A stopped flute, such as the
637:
is used to indicate the stop an octave above the 8′ Prinzipal, and similarly for French instruments, the names Octave and
Doublette for 4′ and 2′ pitches respectively are commonly used.
662:
are the smallest-scaled (narrowest) flue pipes. They produce a bright sound that is low in fundamentals and rich in upper partials. String stops are generally named after
442:
When wind is driven into the foot of the pipe, a sheet of wind is focused by the windway across the mouth to strike just above the edge of the upper lip. This creates a
728:), typically tuned slightly flat. String stops are most commonly used as undulating stops, though some builders have made undulating flute stops (notably
599:(German for "pipe flute", or more commonly "chimney flute" in English) is a stopped flute rank with a small pipe or chimney built into the cap.
872:
422:
alongside the mouth. This allows air to flow as a sheet of wind directed towards the pipe's mouth. Flat pieces of metal or wood called
830:
244:
226:
164:
67:
489:) sound of an organ is composed of varying combinations of these three tonal groups, depending upon the particular organ and the
1191:
732:'s Flute celeste). Rare outside Italy is an undulating diapason, as in the Italian "Voce Umana" (not to be confused with the
623:"Montre" (literally on "Display" - i.e. the pipes at the front of the organ case) or "Prestant" ("standing in front" - Latin
193:
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Between the foot and the resonator, the side of the pipe containing the mouth is flat. A plate of metal or wood called a
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may be fixed at the top of the resonator and raised or lowered to vary its length, thereby adjusting the pitch produced.
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Mainstone, John (1999), "The physics of the organ," in
Thistlethwaite, Nicholas and Webber, Geoffrey (eds.),
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of the same length. Also, an open pipe produces a tone in which both the even-numbered and the odd-numbered
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column of air in the resonator thus vibrates at a frequency determined by the pipe's dimensions. See
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of a pipe organ is the art of achieving the required tonal quality from each pipe, as distinct from
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27:
This article is about the pipes used for organs. For the pipe used for venting exhaust gases, see
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may be attached to the sides of the mouth for tuning purposes, and a horizontal dowel called a
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The end of the pipe opposite the mouth may be either open or closed (also known as
Gedackt or
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creates a very different tone than does zinc or copper metals or spotted or frosted alloys.
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that produces sound through the vibration of air molecules, in the same manner as a
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of the
Principal, Flute, and String classes, and some stops from the Hybrid class.
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525:, "flutes" are generally the widest flue pipes and produce the tone with the most
418:, fixed horizontally here, blocks the airway, except for a small slot called the
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for "covered"), produces a more muffled sound, while an open flute, such as the
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for "harmonic flute"), whose use the great 19th-century French organ builder
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316:). Thus, there are no moving parts in a flue pipe. This is in contrast to
17:
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is the bottom portion of the pipe, usually conical. At its base is the
293:
391:, and is practised by a specialist voicer, who may also be the tuner.
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211:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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559:(German for "forest flute"), produces a rounder, open sound. The
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305:
28:
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691:. One of the most famous organs with a String Division is the
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for the 4-foot and 2-foot harmonic flutes, respectively. The
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among flue pipes. They are so named because they sound like a
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Flue pipes generally belong to one of three tonal families:
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Longitudinal section of a typical flue pipe mouth and foot.
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may be affixed at the pipe to ensure prompt pipe speech.
200:
736:, which is a soft reed stop with a short resonator).
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978:
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825:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 31–41.
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398:supports the oscillations of air generated at the
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716:), typically tuned slightly sharp, and the
68:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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782:"The physics of voicing organ flue pipes"
245:Learn how and when to remove this message
227:Learn how and when to remove this message
165:Learn how and when to remove this message
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615:32′ pitch to 1′ pitch (not including
7:
822:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ
446:, or "siphon effect", causing a low
103:adding citations to reliable sources
479:. The basic "foundation" (from the
320:, whose sound is driven by beating
261:Four flue pipes of a diapason rank.
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807:Fundamentals of Musical Acoustics
308:and against a sharp lip called a
49:This article has multiple issues.
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38:
504:sounds an octave lower than an
90:needs additional citations for
57:or discuss these issues on the
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300:. Air under pressure (called
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846:Encyclopedia of Organ Stops
207:the claims made and adding
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354:1. Pipe body or resonator
708:). Examples include the
523:organ flue pipe scaling
336:Flue pipes include all
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573:Aristide Cavaillé-Coll
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99:improve this article
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954:Combination action
1136:Historical Society
809:. New York: Dover.
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963:Tubular-pneumatic
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1088:Voix céleste
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1048:Tibia Clausa
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895:Construction
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785:. Retrieved
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712:(French for
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155:October 2009
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97:Please help
92:verification
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51:Please help
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1187:Organ stops
1098:Zimbelstern
882:Pipe organs
787:2 September
687:), and the
671:Violoncelle
527:fundamental
502:closed pipe
364:6. Toe hole
114:"Flue pipe"
1181:Categories
1151:Repertoire
1121:Fairground
1093:Vox humana
1068:Ophicleide
988:En chamade
767:References
734:Vox Humana
718:Unda maris
612:principals
473:principals
358:3. Languid
324:, as in a
318:reed pipes
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286:organ pipe
217:March 2024
201:improve it
125:newspapers
54:improve it
18:Flute pipe
1141:Portative
1073:Plein-jeu
945:Swell box
940:Tremulant
726:sea waves
651:′ pitch.
626:praestare
608:Diapasons
603:Diapasons
595:Rohrflöte
555:Waldflöte
531:harmonics
506:open pipe
491:repertory
469:diapasons
438:Actuation
396:resonator
275:flue pipe
205:verifying
60:talk page
1146:Positive
903:Builders
805:(1990).
631:8′ pitch
617:mixtures
510:partials
448:pressure
375:toe hole
326:clarinet
290:recorder
284:) is an
1161:Theatre
1063:Mixture
1058:Gedackt
1038:Bourdon
1003:Voicing
998:Scaling
950:Tracker
908:Console
655:Strings
646:⁄
587:Octavin
542:Gedackt
498:stopped
477:strings
475:), and
420:windway
416:languid
381:Voicing
362:5. Foot
296:, in a
294:whistle
199:Please
139:scholar
1131:German
1126:French
1111:Barrel
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1015:Tuning
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685:violin
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673:, the
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549:German
517:Flutes
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465:flutes
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310:labium
280:labial
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1166:Water
1156:Shoes
1116:Crawl
1043:Tibia
1025:Stops
980:Pipes
756:scale
722:Latin
680:Geige
675:Gamba
664:bowed
635:Octav
535:flute
500:). A
486:fonds
483:term
432:beard
400:mouth
389:reeds
338:stops
322:reeds
292:or a
146:JSTOR
132:books
1029:List
1010:Reed
993:Flue
968:Stop
886:list
827:ISBN
789:2020
724:for
689:Viol
583:and
471:(or
424:ears
394:The
371:foot
332:Stop
306:flue
302:wind
282:pipe
118:news
29:flue
610:or
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