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237:
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438:"Next appear three archers who want to stop Harlequin, who, playing his lyre, charms them and manages to escape, all of which comprises the first act, which is performed by the actors as well as by the audience with the help of signs descending from above, on which are written the stories that make up the play: the actors gesture and express through various pantomime motions what is written on the signs, and the spectators sing and in some places the actors, to link the verses, say a few words, and when the signs come down, four violins, a bass, and an oboe sound the theme of the story written on the signs which the public sings."
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troupes from the Saint-Germain fair also appeared at Saint-Laurent, as one fair happened in the spring and the other took place in the summer. Beginning in the eighteenth century, the Saint-Laurent Fair was scheduled to last from 9 August to 29 September. The alternation in the timing of the fairs allowed the public to follow their favorite shows and permitted the evolution of a kind of theatrical "
142:(better known by the name Brioché), Jean-Baptiste Archambault, Jérôme, Arthur and Nicolas Féron; dancers Charles and Pierre Alard, Moritz von der Beek (aka Maurice), Alexandre Bertrand and Louis Nivelon; actors Louis Gauthier de Saint-Edme, Jean-Baptiste Constantini, Catherine von der Beek, Étienne Baron, Charles Dolet, Antoine Francassani, Jean-Baptiste Hamoche, Dominique Biancolelli,
93:
434:, but which did not compete with the French language of which the Comédie-Française claimed exclusive use. Later, performers would write all the dialogue on "écriteaux" (signs), a sort of paper roll on which they displayed the words of the play. Here is how Ménier, the Commissioner of Police in Paris, described the scene in 1718:
454:
Given the growing success of the fair performances, the opera demanded increasingly exorbitant royalties, which put a strain on fair directors. The strategic ally of the Opera, the Comédie-Française took the opportunity to deal a fatal blow in 1719: it obtained the removal of all fair shows, with the
425:
But it had not counted on the tricks that fairground actors were able to deploy to subvert these prohibitions. Seeing themselves prohibited from using any dialogue onstage, the actors began in 1707 to only play their parts in the form of monologues, or to talk to a mute, to an interlocutor placed in
324:
The Saint-Laurent fair was a meeting place for artisans, merchants, and the middle class, and was held outdoors, while the Saint-Germain fair, sheltered from the weather, served as more of a showcase for luxury commodities (jewelry, china, musical instruments, prints). Many artists and performance
409:
From marionettes and tightrope walkers, fairground performers gradually came to perform extremely small plays, often written by renowned and talented authors. After the expulsion of
Italian actors in 1697, actors and showmen were emboldened and they appropriated the Italians' repertoire. The
446:
to tell the competition that it was the unique holder of the right to sing, dance and accompany plays with music in France. The balance of power played out differently here and soon, the directors of the opera, plagued by increasing financial crises, tried to save the day by selling two fair
480:
A variety of fairground attractions appeared alongside performances by the Opéra-Comique: dancers, puppeteers and tightrope artists performed next to giants, dwarfs, monsters, talking heads, performing animals, etc. Gradually, the shows were moved to the boulevards, mostly to the
305:). After a century and a half, it moved north of Paris to a site near the fair's new sponsor, the leper colony of Saint-Lazare. In 1661 it moved to a nearby enclosure on the north side of the Rue de Saint Laurent, across from and a bit west of the
401:
A small fair, it nonetheless competed with the Saint-Laurent fair, taking place at roughly the same time of year (approximately August 15 to
September 15). It disappeared in 1777, destroyed by a fire.
111:
filed a suit against them; they probably lost because the two fairground actors returned several years later. In 1618, André Soleil and Isabel Le Gendre met with similar success. Later,
529:
317:, and finally the Hôpital Saint-Lazare. Although the fairground was demolished in the early 19th century, its former site is located directly southwest of the entrance to today's
218:
236:
107:
The fair's first actors whose names are recorded were Jehan
Courtin and Nicolas Poteau, who so entertained the Parisian public in 1595 that the actors of the
414:, which saw in it a dangerous competition. The Comédie-Française tried every means to preserve its privileges and, after many trials conducted before the
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442:
The Comédie-Française no longer had any objective reasons for working against the fair performers; their claims had been met. It was now the turn of the
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53:
88:
at the beginning of the 13th century. The covered Saint-Germain market today occupies part of the former fairground site with access from the
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611:
596:
462:: it took the opportunity to occupy the St. Laurent fair for three years, from 1721 to 1723, but it did not meet with the expected success.
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58:
38:
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313:, across from the Abbaye des frères de Saint-Lazare (as the leper colony was now known). The Abbaye was later to become the
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42:
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The Saint
Laurent fair was first established in 1183 in central Paris at Les Champeaux (later better known as
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72:
The earliest references to the annual fair date to 1176. The fairground itself was established in 1482 by
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259:
258:, a short comic entertainment to entice passersby to buy tickets, is being performed on the balcony of
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477:, who directed the company successively until 1762, when it was reunited with the Comédie-Italienne.
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Among the most famous artists of the Saint-Germain fair were: marionette manipulators
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In 1724, a candle merchant named
Maurice Honoré obtained permission to restore the
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17:
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100:. During the 18th century it consistently opened on 3 February and lasted until
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A fire which destroyed the Foire Saint-Germain on the night of 16/17 March 1762
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and managed the company for three years. He was replaced by Pontau, Devienne,
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329:", where a play which began at Saint-Germain was continued at Saint-Laurent.
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604:
The
History of World Theatre: From the English Restoration to the Present
73:
65:(upper right) and the old city wall with two gates (upper left) on the
530:"The Fair of Saint-Germain" Wallace Collection object description page
422:, it achieved the outright prohibition of performances with dialogue.
591:(6th edition). Greenville, South Carolina: Michelin Maps and Guides.
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97:
711:
410:
professionalization of entertainment at the fair began to worry the
394:), the Saint-Ovide fair moved to the Place Louis XV (now called the
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Among depictions of this fair is the famous miniature dated 1763 by
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southwest of the city center just outside one of the gates of the
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is the collective name given to the theatre put on at the annual
34:
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the wings, or even to an animal. Later they invented a form of
655:(10 volumes). Paris: Ganeau. Contains libretti and music for
252:
The Foire Saint-Germain after its reconstruction in 1763. A
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directors the right to produce sung performances. Thus the
96:). The fair generally lasted three to five weeks around
346:
L'huître et les plaideurs, ou Le tribunal de la chicane
489:. It was also at the fairs and on the boulevards that
272:
61:
in 1615 with the Foire Saint-Germain just behind, the
390:
Founded in 1764 at the Place Louis XIV (now known as
634:
Alla Foire e dintorni. Saggi di drammaturgia foraine
572:(vol. 2 of 2). Paris, Berger-Levrault. View vols.
455:exception of marionnettes and tightrope walking.
123:so delighted the fair-going public that in 1643,
196:was produced there on 9 March 1759, followed by
342:Le diable à quatre, ou La double métamorphose
8:
485:which in the 19th century was nicknamed the
45:(and for a time, at Saint-Ovide) in Paris.
366:was premiered there on 14 September 1761.
636:, Roma, Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura.
373:
309:. The new location was just east of the
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458:Meanwhile, the regent had restored the
405:Co-existence with the "grands théâtres"
289:The Foire Saint-Laurent as depicted in
127:dedicated a poem on the subject to the
80:and was located near the Abbey on the
7:
712:Foire Saint-Germain official website
222:The Foire Saint-Germain as shown in
340:were first performed at the fair:
25:
602:Londré, Felicia Hardison (1991).
378:Foire Saint-Ovide around 1770 by
384:musée de la Révolution française
165:were performed at the fair: the
338:François-André Danican Philidor
185:François-André Danican Philidor
78:Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés
59:Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés
27:Former theatre in Paris, France
621:. Paris: Librairie Théâtrale.
587:Coupe, Alison, editor (2009).
205:Louis-Nicolas van Blarenberghe
1:
92:via the Rue de Montfaucon (
364:On ne s'avise jamais de tout
198:Le jardinier et son seigneur
86:city wall built by Philip II
589:Michelin Green Guide: Paris
550:Venard 1985, pp. 16, 30–33.
532:. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
311:Rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis
172:(7 February 1759), and the
146:, and many others for whom
748:
570:Les Spectacles de la foire
444:Académie Royale de Musique
291:Turgot's 1739 map of Paris
224:Turgot's 1739 map of Paris
156:Jacques-Philippe d'Orneval
651:; D'Orneval (1721–1734).
360:Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny
163:Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny
727:Former theatres in Paris
617:Venard, Michèle (1985).
520:Coupe 2009, pp. 304–305.
179:(13 February 1760), and
161:Early operatic works by
632:Vinti, Claudio (1989).
619:La Foire entre en scène
606:, New York, Continuum.
380:Jacques-Gabriel Huquier
332:A number of celebrated
307:Church of Saint-Laurent
90:Boulevard Saint-Germain
76:for the benefit of the
653:Le Theatre de la foire
495:Grands-Danseurs du Roi
440:
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352:(14 August 1760), and
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158:wrote numerous plays.
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732:Opera houses in Paris
491:Jean-Baptiste Nicolet
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348:(17 September 1759),
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200:on 18 February 1761.
56:
475:Charles Simon Favart
396:Place de la Concorde
228:Église Saint-Sulpice
170:Les aveux indiscrets
67:Merian plan of Paris
63:Église Saint-Sulpice
541:Londré 1991, p. 69.
483:Boulevard du Temple
355:Le maréchal ferrant
315:Prison Saint-Lazare
281:Foire Saint-Laurent
207:(1716–1794) at the
183:(4 February 1761).
49:Foire Saint-Germain
31:Théâtre de la foire
18:Foire Saint-Germain
487:Boulevard du Crime
451:was born in 1714.
430:evoking a sort of
420:Parlement of Paris
388:
358:(22 August 1761).
350:Le soldat magicien
344:(19 August 1756),
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264:
242:
232:
209:Wallace Collection
193:Blaise le savetier
177:Le maître en droit
109:Hôtel de Bourgogne
70:
627:978-2-7349-0011-5
612:978-0-8264-0485-5
597:978-1-906261-37-5
460:Comédie-Italienne
412:Comédie-Française
370:Foire Saint-Ovide
278:
277:
148:Alain-René Lesage
117:tightrope walkers
16:(Redirected from
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566:Campardon, Émile
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493:'s troupe, the
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334:opéras comiques
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174:opéras bouffons
129:Duke of Orléans
121:animal trainers
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152:Louis Fuzelier
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293:(detail from
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43:Saint-Laurent
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39:Saint-Germain
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699:Google Books
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582:Google Books
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181:Le cadi dupé
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125:Paul Scarron
106:
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30:
29:
658:vaudevilles
471:Jean Monnet
398:) in 1772.
211:in London.
102:Palm Sunday
721:Categories
501:References
327:soap opera
303:Les Halles
144:Francisque
113:marionette
432:low Latin
260:Nicolet's
226:with the
167:intermède
82:Left Bank
661:. Vols.
568:(1877).
418:and the
416:Châtelet
295:plate 13
262:theatre.
74:Louis XI
649:Le Sage
625:
610:
595:
507:Notes:
428:jargon
255:parade
98:Easter
35:fairs
623:ISBN
608:ISBN
593:ISBN
576:and
473:and
336:by
154:and
138:and
136:Jean
119:and
57:The
41:and
697:at
580:at
382:, (
362:'s
187:'s
37:at
723::
695:10
693:,
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321:.
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20:)
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