615:, as the new availability of hot water made rehydrating freeze-dried foods simpler and produced a more appetizing result. This was an important aspect during the Apollo missions, since astronauts would be spending longer amounts of time in space. Appetizing foods would increase the crew's chances of maintaining proper nutrition, and the "spoon-bowl" allowed more normal eating practices. Food could be kept in special plastic zip-closure containers, and moisture allowed the food to stick to a spoon. However, the lack of taste was an issue at that time, as the food was prepared with very few spices to avoid overstimulating the gastrointestinal system. Thus, the astronauts were always looking for something that had a little more taste;
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that could be re-hydrated were also available, as well as high-calorie bite sized cubes of food. These solutions had their own challenges, however over time, the powders were made easier to re-freeze, and the cubes were coated in gelatin to prevent crumbling on the equipment. With the introduction of the "spoon bowl," on the Apollo 8 mission, astronauts were able to open the contents of the package and eat the simple meal with a spoon.
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their orbital space gardens, and some even had the possibility of a sip of wine or vodka with their food. The pioneering Oasis greenhouse on Salyut 1 (launched in April 1971) led to the implementation of plant-growing facilities on the later Salyut stations, on Mir and on the
International Space Station, and the first space-grown vegetables were reportedly eaten in 1975 onboard Salyut 4.
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could warm the food, and had magnets to hold eating utensils and scissors used for opening food containers. It could accommodate all three crew members at the same time using a variety of microgravity restraints. As a result of the improved eating arrangement, astronauts aboard Skylab maintained some of the best nutritional intake recorded.
938:, for the International Space Station. It can also brew other hot drinks, such as tea, hot chocolate, and broth. While the device serves as a quality-of-life improvement aboard the station, it is also an experiment in fluid dynamics in space. The brewing machine and drinking cups were specially designed to work with fluids in low gravity.
527:(1959–1963) disliked the food that was provided. They ate bite-sized cubes, freeze-dried powders, and tubes of semiliquids. The astronauts found it unappetizing, experienced difficulties in rehydrating the freeze-dried foods, and did not like having to squeeze tubes or collect crumbs. Prior to the mission, the astronauts were also fed
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Since 2002, the small LADA Greenhouse system (the leaf chamber is just 16 x 20 x 26 cm/6 x 8 x 10 inches) has been used onboard the
International Space Station to study how plants grow in microgravity and to grow edible vegetables for the astronauts. LADA includes a control module and was sent to the
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were among other choices. The food was similar to that used for Apollo, but were sealed in cans for preservation. The crew found it to be better than that of Apollo but still unsatisfying, partially due to food tasting different in space than on Earth. The frozen foods were the most popular, and they
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appropriate, in that it must be nutritious, easily digestible, and palatable. Secondly, the food must be engineered for consumption in a zero-gravity environment. As such, the food must be light, well packaged, fast to serve, and require minimal cleaning up. Finally, foods require a minimum of energy
1179:. Fresh fruits and vegetables are stored in coolers. Huang Weifen, the chief astronaut trainer of CMSA, explains that most of the food is prepared to be solid, boneless, and in small pieces. Condiments such as pork sauce and Sichuan pepper sauce are used to compensate for the changes in the sense of
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NASA's
Advanced Food Technology Project (AFT) is researching ways to ensure an adequate food supply for long-duration space exploration missions. This research is primarily focused on mitigating the adverse health effects caused by long duration spaceflight. The impact to health can include symptoms
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Additionally, China's
Tiangong-2 station has conducted experiments growing food onboard in a micro-gravity environment, such as thale cress, a form of edible weed, as well as rice. The station also hosts Silkworms - an experiment devised by students to see if they can be used as a source of protein
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space station (1973–1974) allowed for an on-board refrigerator and freezer. This allowed perishable and frozen items to be stored, making microgravity the primary obstacle of future missions. When Skylab's solar panels were damaged during its launch and the station had to rely on minimal power from
655:"I poured the wine into the chalice our church had given me. In the one-sixth gravity of the moon, the wine curled slowly and gracefully up the side of the cup. It was interesting to think that the very first liquid ever poured on the moon, and the first food eaten there, were communion elements." —
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was the first to eat directly from an aluminum tube, specifically applesauce. However the tubes were eventually discontinued as their design did not allow the food to be smelled or seen, and the texture also posed limitations on the variety of food that could be made available. Freeze-dried powders
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or employ freeze drying. They are also packaged in sealed containers which fit into trays to keep them in place. The trays include straps on the underside, allowing astronauts to attach the tray to an anchor point such as their legs or a wall surface and include clips for retaining a beverage pouch
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Because there is no gravity, the contents of your stomach float and tend to stay at the top of your stomach, under the rib cage and close to the valve at the top of your stomach. Because this valve isn't a complete closure (just a muscle that works with gravity), if you burp, it becomes a wet burp
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A focus is being placed on ensuring astronauts receive not only the recommended levels of nutrients to support mental and physical health, but the correct amounts required for long duration spaceflight. Research has shown that nutritional requirements change with the amount of time spent in space.
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A key consideration is minimising the waste produced during long duration missions. The importance of biodegradable, edible and reusable packaging solutions have been emphasised, as these will reduce the strain on the solid-waste management system. Maximising the shelf life of foods has also been
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A dining table was also available, and was designed to avoid hierarchical positions through its triangular layout and to support social cohesion. The table and chairs were fastened to the floor and fitted with foot and thigh restraints, allowing for a more normal eating experience. The trays used
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has also been developed that counteracts the reduction of taste and smell reception in space and reduces the possibility of wet burps in microgravity. Produced by Vostok 4-Pines Stout, a parabolic flight experiment validated that the reduced carbonation recipe met the criteria intended for space.
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stations were the first to be structured in zones for different activities, including a table for work and having dinner together. By the mid-1970s, cosmonauts and astronauts on the
Russian Salyut space research stations were able to eat fresh food such as tomatoes, coriander, and cucumbers from
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and a strong flavor. Food on the ISS is similar to the
Shuttle, in that it is individually packaged to allow for exchanges and prevent issues in the microgravity environment. Due to the limited water supply, an emphasis has been placed on thermostabilized foods rather than rehydration methods.
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The primary purpose of packaging space food is preserving and containing the food. However, the packaging must also be light-weight, easy to dispose of and useful in the preparation of the food for consumption. The packaging also includes a bar-coded label, which allows for the tracking of an
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Lots of work is currently being done to develop food and packaging solutions suitable for long duration space missions (2.5 y+). The primary goal is to provide palatable and nutritious food for astronauts, with the additional consideration of minimising volume, mass and waste.
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Barley harvested from crops grown for several generations in space has also been brought back to Earth to produce beer. While not a space food (it used the same high carbonation 'Earth' recipe), the study did demonstrate that ingredients grown in space are safe for production.
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delivered by resupply missions. These foods spoil quickly and need to be eaten within the first two days of the package's arrival to the ISS to prevent spoilage. These foods are provided as psychological support for astronauts who may not return home for extended periods of
553:(1965–1966). Tubes (often heavier than the foods they contained) were abandoned, gelatin coatings were added to the bite-sized cubes to help prevent them from crumbling, and simpler rehydration methods were developed. The menus were also expanded to include items such as
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Liang, Shu; Rivera-Osorio, Karolina; Burgess, Alexandra J.; Kumssa, Diriba B.; Escribà-Gelonch, Marc; Fisk, Ian; Knowling, Matthew; Stekel, Dov; Hessel, Volker (2023). "Modeling of Space Crop-Based Dishes for
Optimal Nutrient Delivery to Astronauts and Beyond on Earth".
105:. Although astronauts consume a wide variety of foods and beverages in space, the initial idea from The Man in Space Committee of the Space Science Board in 1963 was to supply astronauts with a formula diet that would provide all the needed vitamins and nutrients.
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crewmembers performed repairs, the refrigerator and freezer were among the systems that
Mission Control kept operational. The Orbital Work Shop (OWS) module had a specially designed wardroom dedicated for food preparation and dining (see image on the right).
210:- Foods that have been dehydrated by various technologies (such as drying with heat, osmotic drying, and freeze drying) and allowed to rehydrate in hot water prior to consumption. Reducing the water content reduces the ability of microorganisms to thrive.
588:. However, Young was supposed to eat only approved food, and Grissom was not supposed to eat anything at all. Floating crumbs from the bread posed a potential problem, causing Grissom to put the sandwich away and the astronauts were mildly rebuked by
504:, as the first American to orbit Earth in 1962, was to experiment with eating in weightless conditions. Some experts had been concerned that weightlessness would impair swallowing. Glenn experienced no such difficulties, and it was determined that
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Carbonated drinks have been tried in space but are not favored due to changes in belching caused by microgravity. Without gravity to separate the liquid and gas in the stomach, burping results in a kind of vomiting called
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will constitute the majority of the menu. Initial crop ideas include white and sweet potatoes, soybeans, wheat and rice. A secondary benefit is the facilitating the production and regulation of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
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Aldrin received the
Eucharist in the same hour that his local church did on that Sunday Sabbath and he later stated that "I sensed especially strongly my unity with our church back home, and with the Church everywhere".
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went for the ice cream. In the later Apollo missions, foods were improved to make use of retort pouches and cans. This allowed the food to be thermally stabilized, enabling it to be stored for longer durations of time.
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such as weight loss, dehydration, a reduction in red blood cell count, constipation and electrolyte imbalances. The
Advanced Food Technology Project aims to develop space foods that minimize these adverse effects.
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NASA's aim for food on the ISS is to make the experience as close as possible to that of Earth, and there aims to provide more acceptable and palatable foods. Modern astronauts have a greater variety of
82:. Such food has specific requirements to provide a balanced diet and adequate nutrition for individuals working in space while being easy and safe to store, prepare and consume in the machinery-filled
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from weightlessness dulling their senses of taste and smell. Weightlessness also complicated the process of both eating and cleaning up, with crews spending up to 90 minutes a day on housekeeping.
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732:. Concern over public reaction to taking alcohol into space led NASA to abandon its plans. The astronauts instead drank the purchased supply while consuming their pre-mission special diet.
407:. The United States developed the second food warmer system in a briefcase-like shape to provide the reheating function for packet-style food items. A second galley was added to the
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1002:. It took three research institutes several years and over one million dollars in funding to create a version of the fermented cabbage dish that was suitable for space travel.
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expenditure throughout their use; they must store well, open easily, and leave little waste behind (foods that tend to leave crumbs, for example, are ill-suited for space).
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Research is also being conducted on food systems for lunar and planetary surface missions. A large focus is currently on crop processing, with the aim that crops grown
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1163:, meals consisting of 120 different types of food, selected based on astronauts' preferences, are stored aboard. Staples including shredded pork in garlic sauce,
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Perchonok, M; Douglas, G; Cooper, M (2009). "Risk of Performance Decrement and Crew Illness Due to an Inadequate Food System". In McPhee, J; Charles, J (eds.).
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320:(as opposed to yeast) and cooked by a low-temperature process, which could allow for fresh bread to be baked from bulk ingredients on future spaceflights.
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Designing food for consumption in space is an often difficult process. Foods must meet a number of criteria to be considered fit for space. Food must be
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ate from three 160 g (5.6 oz) toothpaste-type tubes, two of which contained servings of puréed meat and one which contained chocolate sauce.
431:, along with living quarters and entertainment systems. And the kitchen is equipped with a small kitchen table for food preparation and the first-ever
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Early space food was primarily composed of bite-sized cubes, freeze-dried powders, and thick liquids stuffed in aluminum tubes. First used on the 3rd
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methods, opened with a can-opener, and the food inside consumed directly. Russian soups are hydrated and consumed directly from their packages.
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in microgravity. Food items are often adjusted according to astronauts' feedback, such as when larger supplies of vegetables were included in
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a few signature French dishes to share with his fellow astronauts: space safe version of beef bourguignon, einkorn risotto, and crêpe Suzette.
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819:. The Institute of Cryobiology and Lyophilization (now the Institute of Cryobiology and Food Technology), founded in 1973 as a part of the
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Space bread has proved elusive because of a variety of challenges. By 2012 a method was suggested where the dough is leavened by dissolved
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Examples of derivative products can be found in NASA Space Center gift shops, general sweets and novelty shops, online retailers, or at
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900:. Fresh fruits and vegetables that can be safely stored at room temperature are eaten on space flights. Astronauts sometimes request
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with him on board a shuttle mission as it was "weird" for the Americans so soon before Christmas. He had to go with moose instead.
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1263:, originally marketed in 1959, saw an increase in popularity in the 1960s due to its inclusion on American human space flights.
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498:; he holds the record for being the first person to vomit in space. This event "heralded the need for space flight nutrition."
1417:. Johnson Space Center, Houston: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. pp. 4–5.
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tea. Food made for this flight and the subsequent crewed flight in 2007 has been commercialized for sale to the mass market.
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In recent years, space food has been used by various nations engaging in space programs as a way to share and show off their
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Human health and performance risks of space exploration missions : evidence reviewed by the NASA Human Research Program
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1236:") for the consumer market. Fourteen individually packaged sticks were included in a box, and came in six flavors such as
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to promise no repeats, and NASA employed renewed vigilance regarding what astronauts brought along on future missions.
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439:(CMSA), explained that the intention was to make sure that astronauts can "always have hot food whenever they need."
2702:"I tried the French space food that launched with SpaceX's latest astronaut crew, and it was better than I expected"
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136:. Coffee and tea may have powdered cream and/or sugar added depending on personal taste preferences. Empty beverage
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to choose from and many astronauts request personalized menus from lists of available foods including items like
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Frank J. Roberts, Apollo engineer demonstrating how astronauts eat to ARCS treasurer, Marion DeFore, Calif., 1965
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2008:"Astronauts Orbiting on Their Stomachs: The Needs to Design for the Consumption and Production of Food in Space"
998:, was a crew member on the International Space Station and brought a modified version of Korea's national dish,
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is fitted with rehydration chambers and food warmers to prepare the packaged food before consumption. The first
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823:, produced space food for the purposes of the program. The menu includes traditional Bulgarian dishes such as
728:. In microgravity, smells quickly permeate the environment and the agency found that the sherry triggered the
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for consumption in orbit. The foods have been produced in collaboration with Japanese food companies such as
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More common staples and condiments do not have a classification and are known simply by the item name.
1587:"Assessment of the Long‐Term Stability of Retort Pouch Foods to Support Extended Duration Spaceflight"
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in 1985. Coca-Cola has flown on subsequent missions in a specially designed dispenser that utilizes
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curds and nuts, mashed potatoes with nuts, apple-quince chip sticks, sugarless coffee, and vitamins
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1780:"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Panda: Adorable cartoon shows astronaut life on Chinese space station"
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2180:. Scientific and Technical Information Branch, National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
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417:, and other ISS astronauts were often eating in their own segments with different schedules.
174:- Foods that have some moisture but not enough to cause immediate spoilage. Examples include
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station already equipped with the root media for the plants to be grown and eaten in space.
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2723:"NASA - Human Systems Engineering and Development (HSED) - HRP Advanced Food Technology"
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Menus included 72 items; for the first time about 15% was frozen. Shrimp cocktail and
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astronaut's diet. The labels also specify the food's preparation instructions in both
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for the act. A congressional hearing was called, forcing NASA deputy administrator
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1699:"China launches key module of space station planned for 2022, state media reports"
1681:"China launches Tianhe, future living quarters for space station planned for 2022"
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became the first person to drink freshly brewed coffee in space. Commercial firms
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Several of the food issues from the Mercury missions were addressed for the later
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Red LED lights illuminate potato plants in a NASA study on growing food in space
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launch-day breakfasts to reduce the chances that they would defecate in flight.
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2535:"To boldly brew: Astronaut uses ISSpresso to make first cup of coffee in space"
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403:(ROS), containing a hydration system for reheating food, and a food warmer for
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2415:[In our country is the first greenhouse for space food in the world].
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1248:. Food Sticks were marketed as a "nutritionally balanced between meal snack".
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space food when the combined crew dined together. Among the foods provided by
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module due to the crew size increase. Combined dinners were rare, as Russian,
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by his pastor, the Rev. Dean Woodruff, two weeks prior to the space mission.
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Dark Side of the Moon: The Magnificent Madness of the American Lunar Quest
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Central nervous system effects from radiation exposure during spaceflight
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Häuplik-Meusburger, Sandra; Peldszus, Regina; Holzgethan, Verena (2011).
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216:- Also known as the retort process, this process heats foods to destroy
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2632:"Pravda: Healthy diet of Russian cosmonauts ruins NASA's space toilets"
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948:(JAXA) have developed traditional Japanese foods and drinks such as
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to keep the food from spoiling. NASA has dispensation from the U.S.
2618:"Starship Kimchi: A Bold Taste Goes Where It Has Never Gone Before"
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recommended amount of calcium is 1000 mg/day, rising to 1200 mg/day
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1758:"Chinese astronauts enjoying 120 dishes during space station stay"
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2509:"Espresso? Now the International Space Station Is Fully Equipped"
2274:"Greenhouse design integration benefits for extended spaceflight"
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Astronauts making and eating hamburgers on board the ISS in 2002
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603:(1968–1975), early space food development was conducted at the
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4568:
2919:
1645:"What Is the Kitchen Like on the International Space Station?"
584:
brought one along, having been encouraged by fellow astronaut
125:
435:
in spaceflight. Huang Weifen, the chief astronaut trainer of
250:
specially formulated to have a shelf life of up to 18 months.
113:
There are several classifications of space food, as follows:
1585:
Catauro, Patricia M.; Perchonok, Michele H. (January 2012).
3128:
Epidemiology data for low-linear energy transfer radiation
724:
for one Skylab mission and packaged some for testing on a
611:. The variety of food options continued to expand for the
2813:"Tianzhou-4 cargo craft docks with Chinese space station"
2658:"Christer Fuglesang redo för rymden efter 14 års träning"
807:
space program, allies of the Soviet Union, including the
3725:
2482:"$ 400K spent on space-food, beef jerky ends up on menu"
2388:[In the Cosmos: Eating Bulgarian, Russian Sex].
2251:"Former Astronaut Recalls Historic Apollo-Soyuz Mission"
2090:"Guideposts Classics: Buzz Aldrin on Communion in Space"
1042:
rice and meat, broccoli and cheese, nuts, tea with sugar
132:
or orange drink) are provided in vacuum-sealed beverage
2413:"У нас е първата оранжерия за космическа храна в света"
3163:
Reduced muscle mass, strength and performance in space
2220:"Edited Oral History Transcript - Charles T. Bourland"
2177:
Living and working in space : a history of Skylab
1493:"How does space beer taste? It's out of this world..."
3178:
Team composition and cohesion in spaceflight missions
3153:
Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight
1120:, brought along with him and ate specially processed
605:
United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine
4617:
4541:
4508:
4423:
4338:
4252:
4114:
4076:
4010:
3932:
3844:
3763:
3630:
3580:
3571:
3436:
3386:
3298:
3238:
3231:
3095:
3064:
3018:
2962:
2344:
Interkosmos: The Eastern Bloc's Early Space Program
2213:
2211:
2209:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
1964:
Detailed Biographies of Apollo I Crew - Gus Grissom
1938:"Why Postpone a Success?" The Days Before Freedom 7
1896:Lane, Helen W.; Feeback, Daniel L. (October 2002).
643:partook of the Presbyterian Christian sacrament of
2686:(in Swedish). Sydsvenska dagbladet. Archived from
2140:Benson, Charles Dunlap and William David Compton.
1861:
2589:, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 2007
2222:. NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project.
1773:
1771:
1751:
1749:
51:to hold the cutlery and food packets to the tray.
3158:Radiobiology evidence for protons and HZE nuclei
2143:Living and Working in Space: A History of Skylab
1573:, Greetings Earthlings:Ed's musings from space,
3103:Adverse health effects from lunar dust exposure
1338:Working Group on Nutrition and Feeding Problems
653:
94:to minimize weight and ensure long shelf life.
3183:Visual impairment due to intracranial pressure
2785:"Chinese astronaut food to hit market shelves"
2752:. Legacy CDMS: Elsevier Inc. pp. 915–916.
2322:. Institute of Cryobiology and Food Technology
1823:. Legacy CDMS: Elsevier Inc. pp. 913–914.
675:Skylab 2 crew eats food during ground training
623:'s favorite food was the bacon squares, while
3741:
3209:
2940:
2080:
2078:
2076:
1048:dried beef, cashew nuts, peaches, grape juice
371:or utensils in the microgravity environment.
165:(FDA) to use this type of food sterilization.
8:
3148:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
3077:National Space Biomedical Research Institute
2839:NASA food systems: Past, present, and future
2750:NASA Food Systems: Past, Present, and Future
2445:NASA Food Systems: Past, Present, and Future
2386:"В Космоса: яденето българско, сексът руски"
2198:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2154:
2152:
1821:NASA food systems: Past, present, and future
1806:NASA food systems: Past, present, and future
1341:. The National Academies Press. April 1963.
720:At the request of astronauts, NASA included
708:, fresh bread, processed meat products, and
32:For the growth of food plants in space, see
3108:Cardiac rhythm problems during space flight
2121:NASA Food Systems: Past, Present and Future
1891:
1889:
1552:
1550:
1204:proposed, further helping to reduce waste.
1036:, bread, black currant juice, sugarless tea
383:Various space food supplied to the Chinese
299:hardware used for biochemical experiments.
3748:
3734:
3726:
3577:
3235:
3216:
3202:
3194:
3143:Intervertebral disc damage and spaceflight
2947:
2933:
2925:
1460:
1458:
451:Assortment of foods served aboard the ISS.
27:Food consumed by astronauts in outer space
18:Food systems on space exploration missions
2841:. Legacy CDMS: Elsevier Inc. p. 916.
2447:. Legacy CDMS: Elsevier Inc. p. 915.
2123:. Legacy CDMS: Elsevier Inc. p. 914.
1808:. Legacy CDMS: Elsevier Inc. p. 913.
557:, chicken and vegetables, toast squares,
1112:commenced its first crewed spaceflight,
576:on their spaceflight. Mission Commander
316:
47:. Note the use of magnets, springs, and
3118:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
3036:Illness and injuries during spaceflight
1717:"神舟十二号里的"广东制造"：首台航天微波炉被送入太空，中国太空笔实现新突破"
1328:
1232:marketed "Food Sticks" (also known as "
580:loved corned beef sandwiches, so Pilot
3278:Psychological and sociological effects
2384:Prohazkova, Yaroslava (9 April 2011).
2218:Ross-Nazzal, Jennifer (7 April 2006).
2191:
1898:"History of nutrition in space flight"
1626:"A Complete Guide to Cooking in Space"
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
70:is a type of food product created and
3123:Effects of sleep deprivation in space
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1736:"Building the Tiangong Space Station"
1469:. Field Journal. NASA. Archived from
1100:Chinese astronaut food packs for the
537:Project Gemini and Apollo (1965–1975)
490:became the first human to experience
7:
4727:
3173:Spaceflight radiation carcinogenesis
3041:Medical treatment during spaceflight
1643:C. Anderson, Clayton (20 May 2019).
1486:
1484:
843:, dried vegetables and fruits, etc.
2616:Sang-Hun, Choe (24 February 2008).
2507:Povoledo, Elisabetta (4 May 2015).
2480:Rakobowchuk, Peter (18 July 2010).
2411:Vassileva, Silvia (19 April 2015).
2253:. NASA. 21 July 2000. Release 00-53
2045:Häuplik-Meusburger, Sandra (2011).
2006:Häuplik‐Meusburger, Sandra (2014).
920:: On 3 May 2015, Italian astronaut
359:and tins. These are heated through
2533:Pearlman, Robert Z. (4 May 2015).
2341:Burgess, Colin; Vis, Bert (2016).
1868:. Guinness World Records. p.
1778:Howell, Elizabeth (28 June 2021).
1476:from the contents in your stomach.
946:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
236:Extended shelf-life bread products
159:sterilized with ionizing radiation
25:
4682:Lists of food and beverage topics
2684:"Torkat renkött störde julfriden"
1491:Connelly, Claire (1 March 2011).
1441:ACS Food Science & Technology
1191:on long-duration space missions.
1072:: In April 2021 French astronaut
512:process, which is enabled by the
486:In August 1961, Soviet Cosmonaut
366:NASA space foods are packaged in
4726:
4717:
4716:
3709:
3377:
2347:. Springer-Praxis. p. 249.
1603:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02445.x
1571:Expedition 7: Eating at Cafe ISS
1509:Mason, Betsy (8 December 2009).
1287:
1273:
424:, the kitchen is located in the
146:- Fresh fruits, vegetables, and
140:are provided for drinking water.
43:An example of food eaten on the
2298:10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.07.008
2161:Skylab, Our First Space Station
303:carried cans of Pepsi in 1996.
3168:Renal stone formation in space
3138:Health threat from cosmic rays
2459:"Amarillo Beef Jerky In Space"
1835:"NASA - Food for Space Flight"
1756:Jones, Andrew (26 June 2021).
1511:"Barley + Space = Space Beer!"
1465:Kloeris, Vickie (1 May 2001).
1449:10.1021/acsfoodscitech.3c00396
1149:
1141:
1129:
467:mission in 1962, US astronaut
1:
3072:Aerospace Medical Association
2811:Jones, Andrew (10 May 2022).
2560:"Space Coffee - NASA Science"
2174:David., Compton, W. (1983) .
1914:10.1016/S0899-9007(02)00946-2
1734:Patel, Dhara (26 July 2022).
1528:Szondy, David (3 June 2012).
1255:stores. A popular example is
1195:Future long duration missions
1144:), and Eight Treasures rice (
821:Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
813:end of communism in 1989-1990
809:People's Republic of Bulgaria
2916:"Beyond Tang: Food in Space"
2660:(in Swedish). Archived from
1860:Glenday, Craig, ed. (2012).
1624:Misra, Ria (24 April 2014).
1560:— NASA FTCSC News, July 2001
1530:"How to bake bread in space"
163:Food and Drug Administration
120:- Freeze dried drink mixes (
4694:Outline of food preparation
2904:Dining on the Space Station
2837:Perchonok, Michele (2002).
2748:Perchonok, Michele (2002).
2443:Perchonok, Michele (2002).
2146:. NASA publication SP-4208.
2119:Perchonok, Michele (2002).
2051:. Vienna: Springer Vienna.
2048:Architecture for Astronauts
1864:Guinness World Records 2013
1819:Perchonok, Michele (2002).
1804:Perchonok, Michele (2002).
1723:(in Chinese). 21 June 2021.
1663:"Food and Cooking in Space"
1220:in long duration missions.
1010:International Space Station
852:International Space Station
770:. The borscht was labeled "
743:(1975) received samples of
713:enjoyed spicy foods due to
704:were consistent favorites;
679:Larger living areas on the
508:did not affect the natural
393:International Space Station
297:BioServe Space Technologies
103:intercultural communication
45:International Space Station
4789:
1991:. (NYU Press, 2006), p.190
1558:Packaging foods for flight
1110:People's Republic of China
904:for flights, as it has an
880:missions, manufactured by
399:on ISS was located in the
332:Food tray used aboard the
188:- Commercially available,
31:
4712:
3705:
3375:
3046:Space adaptation syndrome
2895:Aerospace Food Technology
2878:by NASA Human Spaceflight
2361:10.1007/978-3-319-24163-0
2057:10.1007/978-3-7091-0667-9
1935:Evans, Ben (7 May 2012),
1705:. Reuters. 29 April 2021.
1687:. Reuters. 29 April 2021.
1556:Bourland, Charles (2001)
1060:was not allowed to bring
928:and Argotec developed an
741:Apollo–Soyuz Test Project
647:on the Moon. It had been
437:China Manned Space Agency
361:electro-resistive (ohmic)
90:. Space food is commonly
4094:Eating utensil etiquette
2620:– via NYTimes.com.
2164:NASA publication SP-400.
2158:Belew, Leland. (editor)
1952:Voice Transcript of GT-3
1841:. NASA. 26 February 2004
726:reduced-gravity aircraft
2764:"杨利伟的10月15日:飞船中的"非常"生活"
1591:Journal of Food Science
1379:"Food For Space Flight"
1308:Alcohol and spaceflight
791:Interkosmos (1978–1988)
627:enjoyed the shrimp and
401:Russian Orbital Segment
86:environments of crewed
59:Food and tray from the
3982:Service à la française
3716:Outer space portal
3056:Spaceflight osteopenia
2888:Apollo Food Technology
2882:Space food fact sheets
1498:. News Corp Australia.
1473:on 30 September 2006.
1257:freeze-dried ice cream
1161:Tiangong space station
1105:
922:Samantha Cristoforetti
884:
861:
800:
686:Apollo Telescope Mount
676:
660:
546:
460:
452:
422:Tiangong Space Station
388:
385:Tiangong space station
336:
291:were first carried on
267:
208:Rehydratable (R) Foods
204:that are ready to eat.
128:) or flavored drinks (
64:
52:
3857:Apéritif and digestif
3348:Extraterrestrial life
3087:Space Nursing Society
2985:Neuroscience in space
2975:Astronautical hygiene
2461:. KFDA. 8 August 2007
2234:Living It Up in Space
1976:Gemini III Fact Sheet
1377:NASA (7 April 2002).
1169:yuxiang shredded pork
1167:, black pepper beef,
1108:In October 2003, the
1099:
1092:Chinese space program
867:
859:
798:
674:
544:
458:
450:
382:
353:Russian space program
331:
265:
170:Intermediate Moisture
157:- Beef steak that is
58:
42:
4528:Online food ordering
3019:Illness and injuries
2729:on 22 September 2014
2488:. The Canadian Press
2012:Architectural Design
1224:Consumer derivatives
1076:brought with him on
1056:: Swedish astronaut
1024:jellied pike perch,
994:'s first astronaut,
799:Bulgarian space food
574:corned beef sandwich
523:Astronauts in later
351:Many foods from the
214:Thermostabilized (T)
4141:Korean table d'hôte
3952:Conveyor belt sushi
2912:by NASA/Scott Kelly
2853:"Space Food Sticks"
2690:on 20 January 2009.
2353:2016iebe.book.....B
2290:2011AcAau..68...85H
1941:, AmericaSpace, LLC
1467:"Eating on the ISS"
906:extended shelf life
782:The Soviet Union's
155:Irradiated (I) Meat
78:during missions to
74:for consumption by
4533:Virtual restaurant
4356:Blue-plate special
3987:Service à la russe
3967:Full-course dinner
3631:Other technologies
3082:Rubicon Foundation
3051:Space and survival
2970:Artificial gravity
2513:The New York Times
1987:De Groot, Gerard.
1569:Lu, Edward (2003)
1383:Fact Sheet Library
1318:Meal, Ready-to-Eat
1295:Spaceflight portal
1106:
1058:Christer Fuglesang
885:
872:flavored Japanese
862:
801:
778:Salyut (1971–1986)
677:
667:Skylab (1973–1974)
547:
461:
453:
389:
337:
268:
266:Russian space food
190:shelf-stable foods
65:
53:
4773:Soviet inventions
4758:Human spaceflight
4740:
4739:
4305:Instant breakfast
4285:Emergency rations
4033:Food presentation
4002:Table reservation
3723:
3722:
3701:
3700:
3610:Carbonated drinks
3582:Human spaceflight
3462:of items in space
3373:
3372:
3191:
3190:
2664:on 1 October 2007
2636:English pravda.ru
2370:978-3-319-24161-6
2278:Acta Astronautica
2066:978-3-7091-0666-2
1389:on 16 August 2000
1356:978-0-309-12383-9
1234:Space Food Sticks
1216:For example, the
1116:. The astronaut,
990:: In April 2008,
766:(beet soup), and
301:Space Station Mir
186:Natural Form (NF)
99:cultural identity
16:(Redirected from
4780:
4730:
4729:
4720:
4719:
4689:Meal preparation
4361:Combination meal
4270:Convenience food
3919:Meal replacement
3781:Second breakfast
3750:
3743:
3736:
3727:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3578:
3381:
3236:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3195:
2949:
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2906:
2864:
2863:
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2859:
2849:
2843:
2842:
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2820:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2725:. Archived from
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
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2572:
2570:
2564:science.nasa.gov
2556:
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2549:
2547:
2545:
2539:CollectSpace.com
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2100:
2088:(14 July 2014).
2082:
2071:
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2003:
1992:
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1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1385:. Archived from
1374:
1361:
1360:
1333:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1177:cargo spacecraft
1165:kung pao chicken
1151:
1143:
1134:Kung Pao chicken
1131:
968:, and rice with
932:machine, called
876:noodles used in
758:, packaged Riga
715:sinus congestion
636:Apollo 11 (1969)
621:Harrison Schmitt
609:Natick Army Labs
525:Mercury missions
375:Cooking in space
355:are packaged in
319:
144:Fresh Foods (FF)
21:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4768:Food processing
4753:Human nutrition
4743:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4708:
4613:
4537:
4513:
4504:
4419:
4343:
4334:
4248:
4115:Regional styles
4110:
4072:
4028:Eating utensils
4006:
3928:
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3840:
3759:
3754:
3724:
3719:
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3697:
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3091:
3060:
3014:
2980:Bioastronautics
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2240:, 25 June 1973.
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2039:
2024:10.1002/ad.1841
2005:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1954:, p.45 NASA.gov
1950:
1946:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1908:(10): 797–804.
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1279:
1272:
1269:
1226:
1197:
1094:
1086:
854:
849:
803:As part of the
793:
780:
706:Lobster Newberg
669:
638:
613:Apollo missions
555:shrimp cocktail
551:Gemini missions
539:
445:
377:
326:
318:
314:
272:physiologically
260:
228:that may cause
111:
101:and facilitate
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4786:
4784:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
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4709:
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4684:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4652:
4647:
4642:
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4627:
4625:Coffee culture
4621:
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4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
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4497:
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4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4429:
4427:
4425:Communal meals
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4398:
4393:
4391:Suspended meal
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
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4345:
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4335:
4333:
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4236:
4231:
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4221:
4216:
4211:
4209:Rice and three
4206:
4201:
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4191:
4186:
4184:Meat and three
4181:
4176:
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4148:
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4129:
4124:
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3999:
3994:
3992:Silver service
3989:
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3690:
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3678:
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3674:for spacecraft
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3384:
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3368:
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3365:
3355:
3353:Microorganisms
3350:
3345:
3344:
3343:
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3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
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3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3248:The human body
3244:
3242:
3233:
3229:
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3223:
3221:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3133:Sleep in space
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
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3066:
3062:
3061:
3059:
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3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3010:Weightlessness
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2990:Space exposure
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2956:Space medicine
2954:
2952:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2913:
2899:
2898:(1969) by NASA
2891:
2885:
2879:
2871:
2870:External links
2868:
2866:
2865:
2844:
2822:
2803:
2776:
2755:
2740:
2714:
2693:
2675:
2649:
2623:
2608:
2592:
2586:「宇宙日本食」の認証について
2576:
2551:
2525:
2499:
2472:
2450:
2430:
2419:(in Bulgarian)
2403:
2392:(in Bulgarian)
2376:
2369:
2333:
2311:
2284:(1–2): 85–90.
2264:
2242:
2225:
2205:
2166:
2148:
2126:
2106:
2072:
2065:
2037:
2018:(6): 114–117.
1993:
1980:
1968:
1956:
1944:
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1616:
1597:(1): S29–S39.
1577:
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1520:
1501:
1480:
1454:
1430:
1424:978-0160846342
1423:
1400:
1362:
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1347:10.17226/12419
1327:
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1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
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1268:
1265:
1225:
1222:
1209:hydroponically
1196:
1193:
1173:Tianzhou-class
1154:Chinese herbal
1152:), along with
1093:
1090:
1082:
1081:
1074:Thomas Pesquet
1066:
1065:
1062:reindeer jerky
1051:
1050:
1049:
1046:Second supper:
1043:
1037:
1019:
1003:
985:
939:
853:
850:
848:
845:
792:
789:
779:
776:
702:butter cookies
668:
665:
645:Holy Communion
637:
634:
601:Apollo program
594:George Mueller
586:Walter Schirra
538:
535:
492:space sickness
444:
441:
433:microwave oven
376:
373:
368:retort pouches
334:Space Shuttles
325:
322:
259:
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211:
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138:Retort pouches
110:
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26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4785:
4774:
4771:
4769:
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4764:
4763:Space science
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4650:Culinary arts
4648:
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4565:
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4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:Places to eat
4540:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4523:Food delivery
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4515:food delivery
4511:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
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4483:
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4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4438:State banquet
4436:
4435:
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4430:
4428:
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4408:
4406:
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4364:
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4331:
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4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4204:Pu pu platter
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4146:Bandeja paisa
4144:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4106:Waiting staff
4104:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4089:Table manners
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4058:Table setting
4056:
4054:
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4049:
4046:
4044:
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4039:
4036:
4034:
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4016:
4015:
4013:
4009:
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4000:
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3990:
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3985:
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3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
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3937:
3935:
3934:Table service
3931:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
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3900:
3897:
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3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3863:
3862:Hors d'oeuvre
3860:
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3850:
3843:
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3834:
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3827:
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3666:
3664:
3662:
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3653:
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3649:
3646:
3644:
3643:Manufacturing
3641:
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3499:
3495:
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3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3416:Magnetosphere
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
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3309:
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3200:
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3094:
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3075:
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3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:Organizations
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3047:
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3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
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3026:Asthenization
3024:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:Space weather
3003:
3001:
3000:Space nursing
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2996:
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2638:. 9 June 2009
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1978:Spaceline.org
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484:
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475:For lunch on
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62:
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4594:Soup kitchen
4584:Picnic table
4485:Soup kitchen
4401:Tasting menu
4396:Table d'hôte
4324:
4320:Packed lunch
4295:Field ration
4260:Airline meal
4053:Serving size
4048:Pièce montée
4011:Presentation
3997:Small plates
3868:Amuse-bouche
3866:
3791:Coffee break
3764:Common meals
3707:
3604:
3595:Architecture
3510:
3479:Colonization
3453:Archaeology
3268:Neuroscience
3225:... in space
3096:Other topics
2994:
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1838:
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1740:Space Centre
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1685:www.scmp.com
1684:
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1533:
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1387:the original
1382:
1337:
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1303:Airline meal
1253:Army Surplus
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1227:
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1015:
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982:Nissin Foods
941:
933:
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890:main courses
886:
817:Eastern Bloc
802:
781:
734:
722:cream sherry
719:
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678:
661:
654:
639:
598:
568:The crew of
567:
559:butterscotch
548:
530:low residual
529:
522:
506:microgravity
500:
485:
481:Yuri Gagarin
474:
462:
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419:
409:
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365:
350:
338:
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305:
277:
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253:
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207:
202:granola bars
185:
168:
154:
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117:
112:
96:
92:freeze-dried
67:
66:
29:
4704:Tea culture
4599:Street food
4559:Dining room
4405:Degustation
4386:School meal
4371:Free refill
4300:Frozen meal
4224:Smörgåsbord
4199:Plate lunch
4023:Dining room
3962:Finger food
3947:smörgåsbord
3889:Main course
3506:Exploration
3444:Advertising
3388:Environment
3363:Astrobotany
3326:Fruit flies
2668:19 November
1496:News.com.au
1393:12 December
1281:Food portal
1028:with meat,
992:South Korea
894:fruit salad
805:Interkosmos
762:, tubes of
756:beef tongue
657:Buzz Aldrin
649:consecrated
641:Buzz Aldrin
625:Buzz Aldrin
619:moonwalker
578:Gus Grissom
563:apple juice
514:peristalsis
429:core module
405:canned food
281:wet burping
80:outer space
34:Astrobotany
4747:Categories
4589:Restaurant
4564:Food truck
4495:Tableround
4450:Commercium
4415:Value menu
4410:Value meal
4381:Kids' meal
4376:Happy hour
4366:Free lunch
4351:À la carte
4344:meal deals
4325:Space food
4315:Ninja diet
4214:Rijsttafel
4151:Dastarkhān
4084:Dress code
4063:Tablecloth
4043:Nyotaimori
3845:Components
3688:Telescopes
3573:Technology
3426:Weathering
3273:Psychology
3258:Locomotion
2995:Space food
2963:Main areas
2876:Space food
2817:Space News
2465:2 November
2390:24chasa.bg
2320:"About Us"
2257:2 November
2094:Guideposts
1324:References
1185:Tianzhou 4
1118:Yang Liwei
1114:Shenzhou 5
1102:Shenzhou 7
1016:Breakfast:
996:Yi So-yeon
902:beef jerky
837:lyutenitza
737:astronauts
730:gag reflex
582:John Young
572:sneaked a
510:swallowing
502:John Glenn
469:John Glenn
258:Processing
180:beef jerky
88:spacecraft
84:weightless
76:astronauts
68:Space food
4699:Salumeria
4554:Cafeteria
4500:Tea party
4455:Dining in
4290:Fast food
4132:Cicchetti
4127:Antipasto
4068:Tableware
4018:Al fresco
3904:Entremets
3899:Side dish
3786:Elevenses
3776:Breakfast
3669:for Earth
3656:Batteries
3638:Logistics
3590:Accidents
3536:Christmas
3401:Corrosion
3341:Tortoises
3299:Non-human
2858:8 October
2796:8 October
2790:USA Today
2769:8 October
2733:8 October
2642:8 October
2306:0094-5765
2194:cite book
2186:676697845
2032:1554-2769
1902:Nutrition
1784:Space.com
1762:Space.com
1721:21 jingji
1534:New Atlas
1246:chocolate
1230:Pillsbury
1034:buckwheat
1008:: On the
974:Ajinomoto
935:ISSpresso
898:spaghetti
710:ice cream
617:Apollo 17
518:esophagus
324:Packaging
285:Coca-Cola
218:pathogens
148:tortillas
72:processed
4722:Category
4635:Cookbook
4609:Traiteur
4510:Catering
4480:Sittning
4445:Barbecue
4330:Take-out
3811:Merienda
3531:Religion
3521:Military
3457:of Earth
3336:Primates
3263:Medicine
3031:Ebullism
2486:CTV News
2099:23 March
1966:NASA.gov
1922:12361770
1839:NASA.gov
1611:22260129
1267:See also
1175:robotic
942:Japanese
930:espresso
749:Soyuz 19
690:Skylab 2
607:and the
570:Gemini 3
496:Vostok 2
479:(1961),
477:Vostok 1
293:STS-51-F
230:spoilage
192:such as
130:lemonade
4732:Commons
4660:outline
4655:Cuisine
4640:Cooking
4618:Related
4574:Kitchen
4470:Potluck
4433:Banquet
4275:Dosirak
4244:Zakuski
4194:Okazuya
4179:Kaiseki
4170:Izakaya
4160:Yum cha
4156:Dim sum
4137:Banchan
4038:Garnish
3977:Rodízio
3972:Platter
3914:Savoury
3909:Dessert
3849:courses
3836:Siu yeh
3693:Weapons
3661:Nuclear
3622:Writing
3617:Toilets
3600:Farming
3548:Tourism
3543:Selfies
3484:Economy
3449:Alcohol
3437:Society
3421:Weather
3396:Climate
3306:Animals
3253:Hygiene
3232:Biology
2910:YouTube
2890:by NASA
2884:by NASA
2569:11 July
2492:29 June
2423:15 June
2417:Delo.bg
2396:15 June
2349:Bibcode
2326:15 June
2286:Bibcode
1845:3 March
1630:GIZMODO
1313:HI-SEAS
1242:caramel
1146:Chinese
1138:Chinese
1126:Chinese
1122:yuxiang
1104:mission
1054:Swedish
1040:Supper:
1030:goulash
1026:borscht
1006:Russian
926:Lavazza
918:Italian
825:tarator
815:in the
764:borscht
739:of the
516:of the
465:Mercury
443:History
346:Russian
342:English
244:waffles
226:enzymes
198:cookies
176:sausage
134:pouches
4672:Eating
4604:Tavern
4465:Picnic
4310:Jūbako
4280:Ekiben
4253:Packed
4239:Tiffin
4219:Sadhya
4174:Sakana
4077:Dining
3942:Buffet
3879:Entrée
3826:Supper
3821:Dinner
3816:Tiffin
3796:Brunch
3665:Solar
3652:Power
3648:Mining
3553:Voting
3501:Ethics
3489:Mining
3474:Burial
3406:Debris
3358:Plants
2605:, 2010
2367:
2304:
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2030:
1920:
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1148::
1140::
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1124:pork (
1070:France
1022:Lunch:
1000:kimchi
988:Korean
980:, and
950:matcha
944:: The
882:Nissin
833:musaka
784:Salyut
768:caviar
753:canned
745:Soviet
688:until
681:Skylab
427:Tianhe
397:galley
246:, and
240:Scones
224:, and
200:, and
122:coffee
61:Skylab
49:Velcro
4667:Drink
4490:Supra
4475:Seder
4460:Iftar
4340:Menus
4265:Bento
4234:Thali
4229:Tapas
4101:Toast
3924:Snack
3894:Salad
3884:Roast
3831:Iftar
3801:Lunch
3771:Suhur
3757:Meals
3683:Radar
3563:Women
3526:Music
3494:Trade
3321:Frogs
3290:Sleep
3240:Human
2707:7 May
2602:宇宙日本食
2544:7 May
2518:7 May
1539:9 May
1515:Wired
1415:(PDF)
1181:taste
1032:with
966:soups
962:sushi
958:ramen
954:yōkan
874:ramen
870:Shōyu
847:Today
829:sarma
772:vodka
760:bread
751:were
410:Unity
289:Pepsi
248:rolls
151:time.
109:Types
4677:Food
4645:Chef
4630:Cook
4579:Mess
4549:Café
4189:Meze
4165:Fika
4122:Anju
3957:Dish
3874:Soup
3847:and
3605:Food
3511:Food
3411:Dust
3331:Mice
3316:Dogs
3311:Cats
2860:2014
2798:2014
2771:2014
2735:2014
2709:2024
2670:2006
2644:2014
2571:2015
2546:2015
2520:2015
2494:2019
2467:2019
2425:2017
2398:2017
2365:ISBN
2328:2017
2302:ISSN
2259:2019
2238:Time
2200:link
2182:OCLC
2101:2018
2061:ISBN
2028:ISSN
1918:PMID
1874:ISBN
1847:2020
1703:CNBC
1667:NASA
1607:PMID
1541:2018
1419:ISBN
1395:2006
1351:ISBN
1261:Tang
1142:宫保鸡丁
1130:鱼香肉丝
896:and
878:JAXA
735:The
684:the
590:NASA
391:The
357:cans
344:and
307:Beer
287:and
194:nuts
178:and
172:(IM)
4569:Inn
4512:and
4342:and
3806:Tea
3558:War
3516:Law
3469:Art
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2920:NPR
2918:by
2908:on
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