Folklore - Knowledge

542:

other to mark an event. So a birthday celebration might include a song or formulaic way of greeting the birthday child (verbal), presentation of a cake and wrapped presents (material), as well as customs to honor the individual, such as sitting at the head of the table, and blowing out the candles with a wish. There might also be special games played at birthday parties which are not generally played at other times. Adding to the complexity of the interpretation, the birthday party for a seven-year-old will not be identical to the birthday party for that same child as a six-year-old, even though they follow the same model. For each artifact embodies a single variant of a performance in a given time and space. The task of the folklorist becomes to identify within this surfeit of variables the constants and the expressed meaning that shimmer through all variations: honoring of the individual within the circle of family and friends, gifting to express their value and worth to the group, and of course, the festival food and drink as

1129: 555: 1468:

further to other children, turning it into childlore. Or they can take the artifacts and turn them into something else; so Old McDonald's farm is transformed from animal noises to the scatological version of animal poop. This childlore is characterized by "its lack of dependence on literary and fixed form. Children…operate among themselves in a world of informal and oral communication, unimpeded by the necessity of maintaining and transmitting information by written means". This is as close as folklorists can come to observing the transmission and social function of this folk knowledge before the spread of literacy during the 19th century.

2494:" and "text and context" dominated discussions among folklorists. These terms are not contradictory or even mutually exclusive. As borrowings from other fields of study, one or the other linguistic formulation is more appropriate to any given discussion. Performance is frequently tied to verbal and customary lore, whereas context is used in discussions of material lore. Both formulations offer different perspectives on the same folkloric understanding, specifically that folklore artifacts need to remain embedded in their cultural environment if we are to gain insight into their meaning for the community. 2601: 902: 473:

identity of the group. It can be used both internally within the group to express their common identity, for example in an initiation ceremony for new members. Or it can be used externally to differentiate the group from outsiders, like a folkdance demonstration at a community festival. Significant to folklorists here is that there are two opposing but equally valid ways to use this in the study of a group: you can start with an identified group in order to explore its folklore, or you can identify folklore items and use them to identify the social group.

969:, characterized as objects whose decorative form supersedes their utilitarian needs. Folk art is found in hex signs on Pennsylvania Dutch barns, tin man sculptures made by metalworkers, front yard Christmas displays, decorated school lockers, carved gun stocks, and tattoos. "Words such as naive, self-taught, and individualistic are used to describe these objects, and the exceptional rather than the representative creation is featured." This is in contrast to the understanding of folklore artifacts that are nurtured and passed along within a community. 954:

Many crafts are considered as simple home maintenance, such as cooking, sewing and carpentry. For many people, handicrafts have also become an enjoyable and satisfying hobby. Handmade objects are often regarded as prestigious, where extra time and thought is spent in their creation and their uniqueness is valued. For the folklorist, these hand-crafted objects embody multifaceted relationships in the lives of the craftspeople and the users, a concept that has been lost with mass-produced items that have no connection to an individual craftsperson.

2521:

the quilting of patterns copied from the grandmother, quilting as a social event during the winter months, or the gifting of a quilt to signify the importance of the event. Each of these—the traditional pattern chosen, the social event, and the gifting—occur within the broader context of the community. Even so, when considering context, the structure and characteristics of performance can be recognized, including an audience, a framing event, and the use of decorative figures and symbols, all of which go beyond the utility of the object.

380:"… means the traditional expressive culture shared within the various groups in the United States: familial, ethnic, occupational, religious, regional; expressive culture includes a wide range of creative and symbolic forms such as custom, belief, technical skill, language, literature, art, architecture, music, play, dance, drama, ritual, pageantry, handicraft; these expressions are mainly learned orally, by imitation, or in performance, and are generally maintained without benefit of formal instruction or institutional direction." 174: 2716:

audience, and they expect to hear the version they know. This expanded model of redundancy in a non-linear narrative process makes it difficult to innovate during any single performance; corrective feedback from the audience will be immediate. "At the heart of both autopoetic self-maintenance and the 'virality' of meme transmission... it is enough to assume that some sort of recursive action maintains a degree of integrity in certain features ... sufficient to allow us to recognize it as an instance of its type."

38: 162: 1420: 923:

forces of conservative tradition and individual variation" that are found in all folk artifacts. Folklorists are interested in the physical form, the method of manufacture or construction, the pattern of use, as well as the procurement of the raw materials. The meaning to those who both make and use these objects is important. Of primary significance in these studies is the complex balance of continuity over change in both their design and their decoration.

443: 333:(first published 1812) is the best known but by no means only collection of verbal folklore of the European peasantry of that time. This interest in stories, sayings and songs continued throughout the 19th century and aligned the fledgling discipline of folkloristics with literature and mythology. By the turn into the 20th century the number and sophistication of folklore studies and folklorists had grown both in Europe and North America. Whereas 2474: 2616: 281:, which is also transmitted within a group, remains a practical hygiene and health issue and does not rise to the level of a group-defining tradition. Tradition is initially remembered behavior; once it loses its practical purpose, there is no reason for further transmission unless it has been imbued with meaning beyond the initial practicality of the action. This meaning is at the core of folkloristics, the study of folklore. 504: 469:. As a child grows into an individual, its identities also increase to include age, language, ethnicity, occupation, etc. Each of these cohorts has its own folklore, and as one folklorist points out, this is "not idle speculation… Decades of fieldwork have demonstrated conclusively that these groups do have their own folklore." In this modern understanding, folklore is a function of shared identity within any social group. 2533:, folk artifacts had been understood and collected as cultural shards of an earlier time. They were considered individual vestigial artifacts, with little or no function in the contemporary culture. Given this understanding, the goal of the folklorist was to capture and document them before they disappeared. They were collected with no supporting data, bound in books, archived and classified more or less successfully. The 2746:

context of material culture, no two hand-crafted items are identical. Sometimes these deviations in the performance and the production are unintentional, just part of the process. But sometimes these deviations are intentional; the performer or artisan want to play with the boundaries of expectation and add their own creative touch. They perform within the tension of conserving the recognized form and adding innovation.

1144: 1235: 454:, was characterized by being rural, illiterate and poor. They were the peasants living in the countryside, in contrast to the urban populace of the cities. Only toward the end of the century did the urban proletariat (on the coattails of Marxist theory) become included with the rural poor as folk. The common feature in this expanded definition of folk was their identification as the underclass of society. 2517:. In viewing the performance, the audience leaves the daily reality to move into a mode of make-believe, or "what if?" It is self-evident that this fits well with all types of verbal lore, where reality has no place among the symbols, fantasies, and nonsense of traditional tales, proverbs, and jokes. Customs and the lore of children and games also fit easily into the language of a folklore performance. 435: 147: 1501:). They also provide the necessary beat to complex physical rhythms and movements, be it hand-clapping, jump roping, or ball bouncing. Furthermore, many physical games are used to develop strength, coordination and endurance of the players. For some team games, negotiations about the rules can run on longer than the game itself as social skills are rehearsed. Even as we are just now uncovering the 949:, everything was made by hand. While some folklorists of the 19th century wanted to secure the oral traditions of the rural folk before the populace became literate, other folklorists sought to identify hand-crafted objects before their production processes were lost to industrial manufacturing. Just as verbal lore continues to be actively created and transmitted in today's culture, so these 2466: 2922:, a distinguished folklorist studying technology in cultural context, notes that in Turkish one word, sanat, refers to all objects, not distinguishing between art and craft. The latter distinction, Glassie emphasizes, is not based on medium but on social class. This raises the question as to the difference between arts and crafts; is the difference found merely in the labeling? 1128: 357:, using the same techniques of data collection in their field research. This divided alliance of folkloristics between the humanities in Europe and the social sciences in America offers a wealth of theoretical vantage points and research tools to the field of folkloristics as a whole, even as it continues to be a point of discussion within the field itself. 1259:

support not only from the business community, but also from federal and state organizations for these local street parties. Paradoxically, in parading diversity within the community, these events have come to authenticate true community, where business interests ally with the varied (folk) social groups to promote the interests of the community as a whole.

1125:) and individual customs (making a wish as you blow out the candles). Each of these is a folklore artifact in its own right, potentially worthy of investigation and cultural analysis. Together they combine to build the custom of a birthday party celebration, a scripted combination of multiple artifacts which have meaning within their social group. 2768:

anti-modernity, people continue to use traditional expressive forms in new media, including the internet. Jokes and joking are as plentiful as ever both in traditional face-to-face interactions and through electronic transmission. New communication modes are also transforming traditional stories into many different configurations. The fairy tale

2733:

town wants to make and display products which appeal to customers. There is "a craftsperson's eagerness to produce 'satisfactory items' due to a close personal contact with the customer and expectations to serve the customer again." Here the role of consumer "... is the basic force responsible for the continuity and discontinuity of behavior."

1214:, which includes modes of worship not sanctioned by the established church tends to be so large and complex that it is usually treated as a specialized area of folk customs; it requires considerable expertise in standard church ritual in order to adequately interpret folk customs and beliefs that originated in official church practice. 538:

however just this required variation that makes identification and classification of the defining features a challenge. And while this classification is essential for the subject area of folkloristics, it remains just labeling, and adds little to an understanding of the traditional development and meaning of the artifacts themselves.

2585:

of an artifact; this can be either a mother singing a lullaby to her baby, or an Irish dance troupe performing at a local festival. They are named individuals, usually well known in the community as knowledgeable in their traditional lore. They are not the anonymous "folk", the nameless mass without of history or individuality.

927: 534:), as the collection and interpretation of this fertile topic is particular to school yards and neighborhood streets. Each of these genres and their subtypes is intended to organize and categorize the folklore artifacts; they provide common vocabulary and consistent labeling for folklorists to communicate with each other. 2712:

feedback. Wanting to avoid more negative reaction, the performer will adjust his performance to conform to audience expectations. "Social reward by an audience a major factor in motivating narrators..." It is this dynamic feedback loop between performer and audience which gives stability to the text of the performance.

2736:

In material culture the context becomes the cultural environment in which the object is made (chair), used (house), and sold (wares). None of these artisans is "anonymous" folk; they are individuals making a living with the tools and skills learned within and valued in the context of their community.

2588:

The audience of this performance is the other half in the transmission process; they listen, watch, and remember. Few of them will become active tradition-bearers; many more will be passive tradition-bearers who maintain a memory of this specific traditional artifact, in both its presentation and its

953:

can still be found all around us, with possibly a shift in purpose and meaning. There are many reasons for continuing to handmake objects for use, for example these skills may be needed to repair manufactured items, or a unique design might be required which is not (or cannot be) found in the stores.

616:

When William Thoms first published his appeal to document the verbal lore of the rural populations, it was believed these folk artifacts would die out as the population became literate. Over the past two centuries this belief has proven to be wrong; folklorists continue to collect verbal lore in both

537:

That said, each artifact is unique; in fact one of the characteristics of all folklore artifacts is their variation within genres and types. This is in direct contrast to manufactured goods, where the goal in production is to create identical products and any variations are considered mistakes. It is

472:

This folklore can include jokes, sayings and expected behavior in multiple variants, always transmitted in an informal manner. For the most part it will be learned by observation, imitation, repetition or correction by other group members. This informal knowledge is used to confirm and re-inforce the

2556:

Folklore became a verb, an action, something that people do, not just something that they have. It is in the performance and the active context that folklore artifacts get transmitted in informal, direct communication, either verbally or in demonstration. Performance includes all the different modes

2520:

Material culture requires some moulding to turn it into a performance. Should we consider the performance of the creation of the artifact, as in a quilting party, or the performance of the recipients who use the quilt to cover their marriage bed? Here the language of context works better to describe

2745:

No two performances are identical. The performer attempts to keep the performance within expectations, but this happens despite a multitude of changing variables. He has given this performance one time more or less, the audience is different, the social and political environment has changed. In the

2707:

in the 1920s; this posits a feedback mechanism which would keep folklore variants closer to the original form. This theory addresses the question about how, with multiple performers and multiple audiences, the artifact maintains its identity across time and geography. Anderson credited the audience

2584:

Transmission is a communicative process requiring a binary: one individual or group who actively transmits information in some form to another individual or group. Each of these is a defined role in the folklore process. The tradition-bearer is the individual who actively passes along the knowledge

2481:

Lacking context, folklore artifacts would be uninspiring objects without any life of their own. It is only through performance that the artifacts come alive as an active and meaningful component of a social group; the intergroup communication arises in the performance and this is where transmission

1467:

Of particular interest to folklorists here is the mode of transmission of these artifacts; this lore circulates exclusively within an informal pre-literate children's network or folk group. It does not include artifacts taught to children by adults. However children can take the taught and teach it

1258:

are becoming more numerous throughout the western world. While ostensibly parading the diversity of their community, economic groups have discovered that these folk parades and festivals are good for business. All shades of people are out on the streets, eating, drinking and spending. This attracts

977:

has developed, beginning in Scandinavia at the end of the 19th century. These open-air museums not only display the artifacts, but also teach visitors how the items were used, with actors reenacting the everyday lives of people from all segments of society, relying heavily on the material artifacts

388:

of the United States, this law also marks a shift in national awareness. It gives voice to a growing understanding that cultural diversity is a national strength and a resource worthy of protection. Paradoxically, it is a unifying feature, not something that separates the citizens of a country. "We

2732:

in his study of Folk Housing in Middle Virginia, the investigation concerns the historical pattern he finds repeated in the dwellings of this region: the house is planted in the landscape just as the landscape completes itself with the house. The artisan in his roadside stand or shop in the nearby

922:

or Christmas decorations. These items continue to be considered folklore because of their long (pre-industrial) history and their customary use. All of these material objects "existed prior to and continue alongside mechanized industry. … transmitted across the generations and subject to the same

541:

Necessary as they are, genre classifications are misleading in their oversimplification of the subject area. Folklore artifacts are never self-contained, they do not stand in isolation but are particulars in the self-representation of a community. Different genres are frequently combined with each

494:

explained in 1976 that the study of folklore is "concerned with the study of traditional culture, or the unofficial culture" that is the folk culture, "as opposed to the elite culture, not for the sake of proving a thesis but to learn about the mass of overlooked by the conventional disciplines".

389:

no longer view cultural difference as a problem to be solved, but as a tremendous opportunity. In the diversity of American folklife we find a marketplace teeming with the exchange of traditional forms and cultural ideas, a rich resource for Americans". This diversity is celebrated annually at the

288:, it has become evident that folklore is a naturally occurring and necessary component of any social group; it is indeed all around us. Folklore does not have to be old or antiquated; it continues to be created and transmitted, and in any group, it is used to differentiate between "us" and "them". 2644:

of some sort to indicate that what is to follow is indeed performance. The frame brackets it as outside of normal discourse. In customary lore such as life cycle celebrations (ex. birthday) or dance performances, the framing occurs as part of the event, frequently marked by location. The audience

2592:

There is active communication between the audience and the performer. The performer is presenting to the audience; the audience in turn, through its actions and reactions, is actively communicating with the performer. The purpose of this performance is not to create something new but to re-create

2486:

has described it thus: "Folklore is folklore only when performed. As organized entities of performance, items of folklore have a sense of control inherent in them, a power that can be capitalized upon and enhanced through effective performance." Without transmission, these items are not folklore,

574:

The formal definition of verbal lore is words, both written and oral, that are "spoken, sung, voiced forms of traditional utterance that show repetitive patterns." Crucial here are the repetitive patterns. Verbal lore is not just any conversation, but words and phrases conforming to a traditional

2711:

Any performance is a two-way communication process. The performer addresses the audience with words and actions; the audience in turn actively responds to the performer. If this performance deviates too far from audience expectations of the familiar folk artifact, they will respond with negative

2656:

In verbal lore, the performer will start and end with recognized linguistic formulas. An easy example is seen in the common introduction to a joke: "Have you heard the one...", "Joke of the day...", or "An elephant walks into a bar". Each of these signals to the listeners that the following is a

2552:

at the American Folklore Society brought the behavioral approach into open debate among folklorists. In 1972 Richard Dorson called out the "young Turks" for their movement toward a behavioral approach to folklore. This approach "shifted the conceptualization of folklore as an extractable item or

1217:

Customary folklore is always a performance, be it a single gesture or a complex of scripted customs, and participating in the custom, either as performer or audience, signifies acknowledgment of that social group. Some customary behavior is intended to be performed and understood only within the

608:

and remains the standard classification system for European folktales and other types of oral literature. As the number of classified oral artifacts grew, similarities were noted in items that had been collected from very different geographic regions, ethnic groups and epochs, giving rise to the

599:

as older, oral cultural traditions of the rural populace. In his 1846 published call for help in documenting antiquities, Thoms was echoing scholars from across the European continent to collect artifacts of verbal lore. By the beginning of the 20th century these collections had grown to include

917:

includes all artifacts that can be touched, held, lived in, or eaten. They are tangible objects with a physical or mental presence, either intended for permanent use or to be used at the next meal. Most of these folklore artifacts are single objects that have been created by hand for a specific

2749:

The folklorist Barre Toelken identifies this tension as "a combination of both changing ('dynamic') and static ('conservative') elements that evolve and change through sharing, communication and performance." Over time, the cultural context shifts and morphs: new leaders, new technologies, new

2715:

In reality, this model is not so simplistic; there are multiple redundancies in the active folklore process. The performer has heard the tale multiple times, he has heard it from different story tellers in multiple versions. In turn, he tells the tale multiple times to the same or a different

2767:

Folklorists have begun to identify how the advent of electronic communications will modify and change the performance and transmission of folklore artifacts. It is clear that the internet is modifying folkloric process, not killing it, as despite the historic association between folklore and

2724:

For material folk artifacts, it becomes more fruitful to return to the terminology of Alan Dundes: text and context. Here the text designates the physical artifact itself, the single item made by an individual for a specific purpose. The context is then unmasked by observation and questions

1443:

is a distinct branch of folklore that deals with activities passed on by children to other children, away from the influence or supervision of an adult. Children's folklore contains artifacts from all the standard folklore genres of verbal, material, and customary lore; it is however the

2758:

come and go to reflect new issues of concern. Once an artifact is no longer applicable to the context, transmission becomes a nonstarter; it loses relevancy for a contemporary audience. If it is not transmitted, then it is no longer folklore and becomes instead an historic relic.

1480:

in the United States, felt a need to capture the unstructured and unsupervised street life and activities of children before it was lost. This fear proved to be unfounded. In a comparison of any modern school playground during recess and the painting of "Children's Games" by

240:. These now include all "things people make with words (verbal lore), things they make with their hands (material lore), and things they make with their actions (customary lore)". Folklore is no longer considered to be limited to that which is old or obsolete. These 476:

Beginning in the 1960s, a further expansion of the concept of folk began to unfold through the study of folklore. Individual researchers identified folk groups that had previously been overlooked and ignored. One notable example of this is found in an issue of the

244:

continue to be passed along informally, as a rule anonymously, and always in multiple variants. The folk group is not individualistic; it is community-based and nurtures its lore in community. "As new groups emerge, new folklore is created… surfers, motorcyclists,

588:, where each performance is distinctive in the animals named, their order and their sounds. Songs such as this are used to express cultural values (farms are important, farmers are old and weather-beaten) and teach children about different domesticated animals. 127:. Just as essential as the form, folklore also encompasses the transmission of these artifacts from one region to another or from one generation to the next. Folklore is not something one can typically gain from a formal school curriculum or study in the 2682:

Framing as a narrative device serves to signal to both the story teller and the audience that the narrative which follows is indeed a fiction (verbal lore), and not to be understood as historical fact or reality. It moves the framed narration into the

2725:

concerning both its production and its usage. Why was it made, how was it made, who will use it, how will they use it, where did the raw materials come from, who designed it, etc. These questions are limited only by the skill of the interviewer.

2566: 972:

Many objects of material folklore are challenging to classify, difficult to archive, and unwieldy to store. The assigned task of museums is to preserve and make use of these bulky artifacts of material culture. To this end, the concept of the

483:, published in 1975, which is dedicated exclusively to articles on women's folklore, with approaches that had not come from a man's perspective. Other groups that were highlighted as part of this broadened understanding of the folk group were 2673:

which are used to frame a traditional tale. Each of these linguistic formulas removes the bracketed text from ordinary discourse, and marks it as a recognized form of stylized, formulaic communication for both the performer and the audience.

932: 931: 928: 617:

written and spoken form from all social groups. Some variants might have been captured in published collections, but much of it is still transmitted orally and indeed continues to be generated in new forms and variants at an alarming rate.

1230:

in New York and in other communities across the continent is a single example of an ethnic group parading their separateness (differential behavior), and encouraging Americans of all stripes to show alliance to this colorful ethnic group.

465:, i.e. folk groups, were all around us; each individual is enmeshed in a multitude of differing identities and their concomitant social groups. The first group that each of us is born into is the family, and each family has its own unique 933: 2593:

something that already exists; the performance is words and actions which are known, recognized and valued by both the performer and the audience. For folklore is first and foremost remembered behavior. As members of the same cultural

4742:. Bibliographal and Special Series. Vol. 9. Translated by Scott, Laurence (Revised ed.). American Folklore Society / Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics / University of Texas Press. 600:

artifacts from around the world and across several centuries. A system to organize and categorize them became necessary. Antti Aarne published a first classification system for folktales in 1910. This was later expanded into the

264:

of these beliefs, customs, and objects for the group, since these cultural units would not be passed along unless they had some continued relevance within the group. That meaning can, however, shift and morph; for example, the

2687:, and marks a space in which "fiction, history, story, tradition, art, teaching, all exist within the narrated or performed expressive 'event' outside the normal realms and constraints of reality or time." This shift from the 1488:

These same artifacts of childlore, in innumerable variations, also continue to serve the same function of learning and practicing skills needed for growth. So bouncing and swinging rhythms and rhymes encourage development of

978:

of a pre-industrial society. Many locations even duplicate the processing of the objects, thus creating new objects of an earlier historic time period. Living museums are now found throughout the world as part of a thriving

579:

by definition have consistent structure, and follow an existing model in their narrative form. As just one simple example, in English the phrase "An elephant walks into a bar…" instantaneously flags the following text as a

930: 1471:

As we have seen with the other genres, the original collections of children's lore and games in the 19th century was driven by a fear that the culture of childhood would die out. Early folklorists, among them

2448:

A case has been made for considering folk history as a distinct sub-category of folklore, an idea that has received attention from such folklorists as Richard Dorson. This field of study is represented in

224:

is a social group that includes two or more people with common traits who express their shared identity through distinctive traditions. "Folk is a flexible concept which can refer to a nation as in

514:

Individual folklore artifacts are commonly classified as one of three types: material, verbal or customary lore. For the most part self-explanatory, these categories include physical objects (

325:. Its focus was the oral folklore of the rural peasant populations, which were considered as residue and survivals of the past that continued to exist within the lower strata of society. The " 2571: 2570: 2567: 4793:

Lebendige folkloristische Ausdrucksweisen traditioneller Gemeinschaften. Rechtliche Behandlungsmöglichkeiten auf internationaler Ebene (= Schriften zum transnationalen Wirtschaftsrecht)

2750:

values, new awareness. As the context changes, so must the artifact, for without modifications to map existing artifacts into the evolving cultural landscape, they lose their meaning.

2572: 277:

were originally good public health in a land with little water, but now these customs signify for some people identification as an Orthodox Jew. By comparison, a common action such as

104:, such as traditional building styles common to the group. Folklore also encompasses customary lore, taking actions for folk beliefs, and the forms and rituals of celebrations such as 4515: 314:. This process was enthusiastically embraced by smaller nations, like Finland, Estonia, and Hungary, which were seeking political independence from their dominant neighbors. 4457: 2695:

is understood by all participants within the reference group. It enables these fictional events to contain meaning for the group, and can lead to very real consequences.

1105:

is remembered enactment, i.e. re-enactment. It is the patterns of expected behavior within a group, the "traditional and expected way of doing things" A custom can be a

929: 2540:

Following the Second World War, folklorists began to articulate a more holistic approach toward their subject matter. In tandem with the growing sophistication in the

4922: 2569: 2544:, attention was no longer limited to the isolated artifact, but extended to include the artifact embedded in an active cultural environment. One early proponent was 1485:

we can see that the activity level is similar, and many of the games from the 1560 painting are recognizable and comparable to modern variations still played today.

1254:, who are engaged in the documentation, preservation, and presentation of traditional forms of folklife. With a swell in popular interest in folk traditions, these 584:. It might be one you have already heard, but it might be one that the speaker has just thought up within the current context. Another example is the child's song 302:

Folklore began to distinguish itself as an autonomous discipline during the period of romantic nationalism, in Europe. A particular figure in this development was

7067: 2645:

goes to the event location to participate. Games are defined primarily by rules, it is with the initiation of the rules that the game is framed. The folklorist

1654: 2728:

In his study of southeastern Kentucky chair makers, Michael Owen Jones describes production of a chair within the context of the life of the craftsman. For

5628: 2553:'text' to an emphasis on folklore as a kind of human behavior and communication. Conceptualizing folklore as behavior redefined the job of folklorists..." 1227: 201:, who contrived the term as a replacement for the contemporary terminology of "popular antiquities" or "popular literature". The second half of the word, 1497:

serve to increase both the oral and aural acuity of children. Songs and chants, accessing a different part of the brain, are used to memorize series (

601: 349:

cultures in their research, and included the totality of their customs and beliefs as folklore. This distinction aligned American folkloristics with

7396: 4797:

Lively folkloric expressions of traditional communities. Legal treatment options at international level (= writings on transnational business law)

372:

themselves. When the American Folklife Preservation Act (Public Law 94-201) was passed by the U.S. Congress in January 1976, to coincide with the

1553: 1448:

that distinguishes these artifacts. For childhood is a social group where children teach, learn and share their own traditions, flourishing in a

1250:

These festivals and parades, with a target audience of people who do not belong to the social group, intersect with the interests and mission of

1226:

of the Freemasons. Other customs are designed specifically to represent a social group to outsiders, those who do not belong to this group. The

554: 310:, Herder's approach was adopted by many of his fellow Germans, who systematized the recorded folk traditions, and used them in their process of 207:, comes from Old English lār 'instruction'. It is the knowledge and traditions of a particular group, frequently passed along by word of mouth. 7079: 4995: 2568: 5942: 5889: 5834: 5800: 5688: 5602: 5575: 5483: 5406: 5291: 5265: 5242: 5206: 5183: 5153: 4908: 4880: 4854: 4823: 4804: 4747: 4547: 4489: 4431: 4325: 4256: 4169: 2958: 2944:

A more extensive discussion of this can be found in "The 'Text/Context' Controversy and the Emergence of Behavioral Approaches in Folklore",

346: 131:. Instead, these traditions are passed along informally from one individual to another, either through verbal instruction or demonstration. 5321: 1117:. It can also be a complex interaction of multiple folk customs and artifacts as seen in a child's birthday party, including verbal lore ( 6336: 306:, whose writings in the 1770s presented oral traditions as organic processes grounded in locale. After the German states were invaded by 6408: 2429: 2314: 2286: 6030: 4680: 4228: 4199: 5536: 3575: 7482: 7062: 5624: 5011: 4340: 3129: 2834: 2891:

Contributors of this issue were, among others, Claire Farrer, Joan N. Radner, Susan Lanser, Elaine Lawless, and Jeannie B. Thomas.

1460:. Here the social group of children is studied on its own terms, not as a derivative of adult social groups. It is shown that the 6003: 2246: 5769: 2653:

games, with each of the members shifting from performer to audience as they create and display different figures to each other.

177:

Serbian Folk Group, Music and Costume. A group of performers sharing traditional Serbian folk music on the streets of Belgrade,

4500: 4442: 3151: 1357: 337:

remained focused on the oral folklore of the homogenous peasant populations in their regions, the American folklorists, led by

5376: 6342: 5741: 4890: 4672: 4647: 2806: 1836: 1799: 5901: 4894: 7391: 6803: 5698: 5655: 5145: 3343: 3085: 2108: 1558: 1464:

is quite distinctive; it is generally unnoticed by the sophisticated world of adults, and quite as little affected by it.

1424: 1187: 390: 225: 5961: 7660: 6945: 5792: 5703: 5498: 5418: 5108: 5066: 4967: 4734: 4374: 4268: 4095: 2824: 2785: 2704: 2619:

Some elements of folk culture might be in the center of local culture and an import part of self-identity. For instance

2271: 2236: 1505:

that undergirds the developmental function of this childlore, the artifacts themselves have been in play for centuries.

1449: 1223: 479: 2627:

and it has evolved into a sort of a national sport. XIX Estonian Dance Celebration in 2015 that was held together with

2600: 5826: 5283: 5234: 5221: 5198: 4900: 4872: 4846: 4220: 4191: 4145: 3024: 2799: 2773: 2281: 1659: 901: 303: 269:

celebration of the 21st century is not the All Hallows' Eve of the Middle Ages and even gives rise to its own set of

5362:"A Guide to Conducting Ethnographic Research: A Review of Ethnography: Step-by-Step (3rd ed.) by David M. Fetterman" 6331: 5680: 4161: 2577: 2276: 2029: 985:

This list represents just a small sampling of objects and skills that are included in studies of material culture.

816: 373: 326: 246: 7708: 7509: 6773: 5475: 4066: 3724: 2665:

of the joke. Another traditional narrative marker in English is the framing of a fairy tale between the phrases "

2641: 2510: 2454: 1926: 1203: 31: 5613: 7682: 6877: 6244: 5934: 5313: 4950: 4481: 4423: 4248: 2981: 2374: 1482: 1429: 585: 4938: 2490:

This understanding in folkloristics only occurred in the second half of the 20th century, when the two terms "

3728: 461:, folklorists also revised and expanded their concept of the folk group. By the 1960s it was understood that 7504: 7472: 7332: 7089: 6967: 6401: 5594: 5030: 4722: 2422: 1593: 1347: 1195: 1080: 680: 543: 317:

Folklore, as a field of study, further developed among 19th century European scholars, who were contrasting

173: 7578: 7477: 7467: 7203: 7017: 6023: 4983: 4762: 4757: 2628: 2391: 2259: 2231: 1911: 1846: 1543: 1255: 1183: 411:

Folklore validates culture, justifying its rituals and institutions to those who perform and observe them.

394: 42: 37: 2457:

and concerned with the connections of folklore with history, as well as the history of folklore studies.

487:, occupational groups, and families that pursued the production of folk items over multiple generations. 7312: 7307: 7287: 7188: 6641: 6358: 3093: 2354: 2175: 2113: 1916: 1118: 1075: 946: 350: 2071: 5496:(2005). "Folkloristics in the Twenty-First Century (AFS Invited Presidential Plenary Address, 2004)". 7563: 7386: 7012: 6725: 6609: 6537: 6363: 5873: 5216:

Frank, Russel (2009). "The Forward as Folklore: Studying E-Mailed Humor". In Blank, Trevor J. (ed.).

4004: 3124: 2541: 2359: 2321: 2170: 2103: 2098: 2076: 1906: 1876: 1809: 1707: 1672: 1477: 1015: 507: 458: 270: 124: 46: 1190:

celebrated each summer on the Mall in Washington, DC. A fourth category includes customs related to

368:, became widely used in the 1950s to distinguish the academic study of traditional culture from the 161: 7650: 7492: 7442: 7410: 7349: 7302: 7074: 7057: 7052: 7045: 7005: 6957: 6865: 6768: 6750: 6621: 6069: 5301: 4714: 4710: 4643: 3571: 3339: 2548:

with his essay "Texture, Text and Context", first published 1964. A public presentation in 1967 by

2491: 2264: 2251: 1939: 1841: 1779: 1692: 1632: 1598: 1453: 1377: 1035: 5434:(1978a). "Into the Endzone for a Touchdown: A Psychoanalytic Consideration of American Football". 2966: 2537:

worked to isolate and track these collected artifacts, mostly verbal lore, across space and time.

1419: 510:

traditional folk dance, the women flip their hair sideways in brightly coloured traditional dress.

7628: 7623: 7613: 7553: 7499: 7267: 7257: 7031: 7000: 6987: 6798: 6783: 6740: 6700: 6626: 6577: 6394: 6196: 6091: 5922: 5910: 5806: 5720: 5523: 5515: 5451: 5348: 5125: 5091: 5083: 5049: 4914: 4779: 4391: 4357: 4293: 4285: 4112: 4078: 2415: 2326: 2309: 2123: 2083: 2039: 2011: 1886: 1856: 1851: 1789: 1784: 1764: 1754: 1732: 1697: 1676: 1649: 1639: 811: 650: 369: 241: 6206: 4128: 4045: 1971: 1891: 1528: 1523: 1518: 2703:

The theory of self-correction in folklore transmission was first articulated by the folklorist

442: 7703: 7633: 7519: 7437: 7403: 7327: 7297: 7262: 7232: 6977: 6935: 6930: 6860: 6855: 6827: 6793: 6758: 6468: 6368: 6016: 5938: 5885: 5865: 5852: 5830: 5796: 5684: 5598: 5571: 5479: 5416:

Dorst, John (1990). "Tags and Burners, Cycles and Networks: Folklore in the Telectronic Age".

5402: 5317: 5287: 5261: 5238: 5202: 5179: 5167: 5149: 5007: 4904: 4876: 4850: 4829: 4819: 4800: 4743: 4676: 4543: 4485: 4427: 4321: 4289: 4252: 4224: 4211: 4195: 4165: 4037: 2792: 2483: 2160: 2148: 2128: 2093: 1991: 1981: 1976: 1934: 1871: 1794: 1774: 1769: 1759: 1744: 1722: 1702: 1668: 1644: 1533: 1490: 1402: 1322: 1292: 1219: 1167: 979: 385: 334: 307: 120: 7573: 7415: 7317: 7292: 7282: 7277: 7252: 7156: 6972: 6962: 6920: 6710: 6675: 6664: 6594: 6562: 6478: 6453: 6425: 6326: 5877: 5712: 5507: 5443: 5394: 5340: 5275: 5117: 5075: 5039: 4999: 4771: 4383: 4349: 4277: 4153: 4104: 4070: 4013: 2814: 2684: 2670: 2666: 2534: 2514: 2473: 2386: 2241: 2165: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2088: 2049: 2044: 2021: 1964: 1944: 1921: 1901: 1881: 1866: 1717: 1712: 1682: 1664: 1337: 1179: 1150:

is a fictional character in Iranian folklore who appears in the streets by the beginning of

1106: 914: 705: 670: 610: 592: 451: 297: 274: 220:

applied only to rural, frequently poor and illiterate peasants. A more modern definition of

135: 101: 2615: 138:

or folkloristics, and it can be explored at the undergraduate, graduate, and Ph.D. levels.

7618: 7568: 7558: 7425: 7381: 7364: 7272: 6615: 6542: 6527: 6473: 6254: 6191: 6119: 5544: 5175: 4702: 3563: 2594: 2381: 2180: 2118: 2006: 1996: 1986: 1959: 1951: 1896: 1831: 1821: 1814: 1804: 1737: 1727: 1687: 1578: 1573: 1372: 1302: 1251: 874: 640: 484: 466: 418: 311: 229: 113: 73: 4979: 3119: 2903:

first defined a uniform structure in Russian fairy tales in his groundbreaking monograph

1287: 957:

Many traditional crafts, such as ironworking and glass-making, have been elevated to the

4000:"The Fairy Tale and Its Uses in Contemporary New Media and Popular Culture Introduction" 503: 260:

Having identified folk artifacts, the professional folklorist strives to understand the

7606: 7585: 7371: 7359: 7227: 7198: 6950: 6788: 6705: 6690: 6448: 6269: 6114: 6106: 5586: 5061: 5021: 4971: 4730: 4665: 4443:"The "Text/Context" Controversy and the Emergence of Behavioral Approaches in Folklore" 4240: 4179: 4124: 4090: 4041: 2900: 2064: 2059: 2016: 2001: 1861: 1749: 1568: 1143: 1122: 990: 849: 834: 801: 736: 605: 491: 422: 401: 330: 285: 278: 384:

Added to the extensive array of other legislation designed to protect the natural and

7697: 7667: 7532: 7420: 7376: 7322: 7242: 7212: 7151: 7109: 6892: 6870: 6817: 6657: 6636: 6631: 6483: 6463: 6443: 6216: 6174: 6131: 5927: 5861: 5844: 5818: 5810: 5784: 5757: 5647: 5559: 5527: 5468: 5306: 5163: 5137: 5095: 4864: 4783: 4694: 4690: 4317: 4297: 4184: 2919: 2875: 2729: 2692: 2650: 2646: 2506: 2208: 2198: 2153: 1498: 1452:

outside the purview of adults. This is also ideal where it needs to be collected; as

1342: 1317: 1211: 1065: 974: 879: 869: 665: 660: 596: 567: 462: 342: 254: 198: 4310: 3159: 2597:, they identify and value this performance as a piece of shared cultural knowledge. 1508:

Below is listed just a small sampling of types and examples of childlore and games.

1234: 613:, a methodology that dominated folkloristics in the first half of the 20th century. 7672: 7537: 6910: 6646: 6587: 6532: 6505: 6348: 6290: 6221: 6096: 5361: 5103: 4975: 4579: 4566: 4281: 2932: 2819: 2549: 2530: 2502: 2443: 2331: 1608: 1502: 1392: 1272: 1163: 1085: 1010: 962: 854: 715: 434: 250: 146: 5860:

Schmidt-Lauber, Brigitta (22 March 2012). "Seeing, Hearing, Feeling, Writing". In

5733: 5044: 5025: 4631: 4266:

Dorst, John (2016). "Folklore's Cybernetic Imaginary, or, Unpacking the Obvious".

1174:

for an individual, such as baptism, birthday or wedding. A custom can also mark a

5470:

Life Is like a Chicken Coop Ladder. A Portrait of German Culture through Folklore

2985:(Folklore Fellows' Communications 42, Helsinki 1923) on folktales of type AT 922. 2708:

with censoring narrators who deviated too far from the known (traditional) text.

414:

Folklore is a pedagogic device which reinforces morals and values and builds wit.

7677: 7643: 7638: 7247: 7237: 7183: 7161: 6995: 6882: 6695: 6680: 6651: 6604: 6547: 6522: 6510: 6305: 6161: 6054: 5493: 5463: 5431: 4942: 4415: 4403: 4369: 4335: 4305: 2853:

A legend is a traditional story sometimes popularly regarded as unauthenticated.

2688: 2545: 2509:

identified four universal characteristics of cultural performance: playfulness,

2498: 2465: 2213: 1494: 1473: 1397: 1158:

Folklorists divide customs into several different categories. A custom can be a

1147: 1132: 1110: 1090: 950: 751: 700: 685: 576: 5881: 3331: 3097: 7527: 7432: 7124: 7040: 7035: 6715: 6685: 6433: 6375: 6300: 6259: 6249: 6179: 6169: 6081: 6064: 5953: 5672: 4833: 2769: 2662: 2620: 2364: 2203: 1312: 1307: 1207: 1202:

tend to have a rich history of customs related to their life and work, so the

1030: 1000: 884: 844: 771: 720: 695: 655: 338: 151: 109: 69: 5079: 4994:]. Folklore Fellows' Communications (in German). Vol. 42. Helsinki: 7487: 7454: 7217: 7139: 6940: 6840: 6763: 6720: 6670: 6582: 6517: 6458: 6438: 6417: 6353: 6310: 6264: 6231: 6186: 6151: 6008: 5652:

Folk Housing in Middle Virginia: A Structural Analysis of Historic Artifacts

5567: 5257: 2336: 1603: 1563: 1513: 1461: 1440: 1433: 1332: 1327: 1297: 1239: 1136: 1114: 1102: 1045: 859: 786: 781: 746: 741: 725: 527: 354: 322: 318: 266: 128: 105: 77: 6599: 4918: 4775: 4142:

Tradition in the 21st Century: Locating the Role of the Past in the Present

3016: 5511: 2776:

for both children and adults, including a television show and video game.

408:

Folklore lets people escape from repressions imposed upon them by society.

257:, folklore is a function of shared identity within a common social group. 236:

supports a broader view of the material, i.e., the lore, considered to be

7655: 7462: 7146: 7026: 7021: 6900: 6845: 6778: 6735: 6500: 6489: 6295: 6274: 6239: 4843:

Living Folklore: Introduction to the Study of People and their Traditions

4539: 2829: 2453:, an annual journal sponsored by the History and Folklore Section of the 2401: 1826: 1282: 1277: 1060: 1050: 1025: 1005: 966: 958: 889: 864: 806: 710: 635: 563: 559: 457:

Moving forward into the 20th century, in tandem with new thinking in the

155: 89: 17: 5087: 7590: 7354: 7222: 7178: 7173: 7103: 6925: 6915: 6730: 6552: 6136: 6086: 5914: 5519: 5455: 5352: 5003: 4408:

Essays in Folkloristics (Kirpa Dai series in folklore and anthropology)

4361: 2624: 1538: 1387: 1382: 1262:

This is just a small sampling of types and examples of customary lore.

1055: 1020: 938: 919: 821: 766: 756: 630: 620:

Below is listed a small sampling of types and examples of verbal lore.

166: 65: 5724: 5129: 5053: 4395: 4116: 4082: 7594: 7344: 7129: 6905: 6812: 6571: 6211: 6146: 6141: 6076: 4018: 3999: 2396: 1588: 1583: 1367: 1151: 829: 776: 675: 645: 178: 93: 85: 61: 5447: 5344: 4536:

Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art

4353: 2866:

is favored by Alan Dundes, and used in the title of his publication

918:

purpose; however, folk artifacts can also be mass-produced, such as

273:

independent of the historical celebration; the cleansing rituals of

212: 203: 119:

Each one of these, either singly or in combination, is considered a

5985: 5716: 5218:

Folklore and the Internet: Vernacular Expression in a Digital World

5195:

Folklore and the Internet: Vernacular Expression in a Digital World

5121: 4387: 4108: 4074: 575:

configuration recognized by both the speaker and the audience. For

404:

major article on the topic there are "four functions to folklore":

7601: 7168: 7119: 7097: 6850: 6835: 6059: 5331:

Burns, Thomas A. (1977). "Folkloristics: A Conception of Theory".

5231:

Following Tradition: Folklore in the Discourse of American Culture

3720: 2614: 2599: 2564: 2472: 2464: 2304: 1548: 1418: 1407: 1362: 1267: 1233: 1154:, dances through the streets while singing and playing tambourine. 1142: 1127: 1070: 995: 925: 906: 900: 839: 796: 761: 730: 690: 625: 553: 502: 441: 433: 172: 160: 145: 97: 60:

is the body of expressive culture shared by a particular group of

36: 4245:

Folklore and Fakelore: Essays Toward a Discipline of Folk Studies

4093:(1971). "Differential Identity and the Social Base of Folklore". 3332:"Public Law 94-201: The Creation of the American Folklife Center" 1135:

giving gifts to children, a common folk practice associated with

450:

The folk of the 19th century, the social group identified in the

7339: 7134: 6495: 6201: 6126: 2935:

specialized in workers' traditions and the lore of labor groups.

2755: 2751: 2658: 1623: 1352: 1243: 1121:), material lore (presents and a birthday cake), special games ( 791: 581: 81: 6390: 6012: 2754:

as an active form of verbal lore makes this tension visible as

2669:" and "They all lived happily ever after." Many languages have 3820: 3818: 3595: 3593: 2497:

The concept of cultural (folklore) performance is shared with

1040: 5591:

The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Ritual and Religion

5280:

The Meaning of folklore: the Analytical Essays of Alan Dundes

4799:] (in German). Berlin: BWV–Berliner Wissenschaftsverlag. 6386: 5142:

In Search of Authenticity: The Formation of Folklore Studies

2661:, not to be taken literally. The joke is completed with the 2482:

of these cultural elements takes place. American folklorist

965:

and taught in art schools; or they have been repurposed as

937:

Traditional highlanders' pins hand-made by a goldsmith in

253:, where any single work of a named artist is protected by 216:

has varied over time. When Thoms first created this term,

5768:(2). Columbia, MO: Center for Studies in Oral Tradition. 4057:

Bascom, William R. (1954). "Four Functions of Folklore".

3909: 3907: 3905: 2505:

among other social sciences. The cultural anthropologist

4338:(1969). "The Devolutionary Premise in Folklore Theory". 3423: 3421: 3474: 3472: 3215: 3213: 2649:

describes an evening spent in a Navaho family playing

284:

With the increasing theoretical sophistication of the

4140:

Blank, Trevor J.; Howard, Robert Glenn, eds. (2013).

3230: 3228: 3044: 3042: 566:

is popular folklore in the former territories of the

526:). There is also a fourth major subgenre defined for 5585:

Gazin-Schwartz, Amy (2011). "Myth and Folklore". In

4947:

American Folklore Scholarship: A Dialogue of Dissent

2576:

Presentation of traditional Wallachian pipes at the

7546: 7518: 7453: 7197: 7088: 6986: 6891: 6826: 6749: 6561: 6424: 6319: 6283: 6230: 6160: 6105: 6047: 5758:"E-Texts: The Orality and Literacy Issue Revisited" 5623:. Center for Multilingual, Multicultural Research. 4052:. Bloomington, IN: Trickster Press. pp. 20–39. 2487:they are just individual quirky tales and objects. 518:), common sayings, expressions, stories and songs ( 400:There are numerous other definitions. According to 5954:"On the history of comparison in folklore studies" 5926: 5899:Šmidchens, Guntis (1999). "Folklorism Revisited". 5467: 5305: 4896:The Marrow of Human Experience: Essays on Folklore 4664: 4309: 4210: 4183: 4158:American Folklore Studies: An Intellectual History 4040:(1972). "Personal Power and Social Restraint". In 2791:For a list of folklore of European countries, see 2513:, the use of symbolic language, and employing the 376:, folkloristics in the United States came of age. 5929:Literary Folkloristics and the Personal Narrative 5732:Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara (September 1999). 5823:Folk Groups and Folklore Genres: An Introduction 5701:(1985). "Di folkloristik: A Good Yiddish Word". 4476:Georges, Robert A.; Jones, Michael Owen (1995). 100:, and other oral traditions. This also includes 5789:Eight Words for the Study of Expressive Culture 4632:"American Folklife: A Commonwealth of Cultures" 2557:and manners in which this transmission occurs. 1436:in the lower right-hand corner of the painting. 5738:Rockefeller Foundation, Culture and Creativity 4893:(2006). Rudy, Jill Terry; Call, Diane (eds.). 2740: 1432:, 1560; there are five boys playing a game of 27:Expressive culture shared by particular groups 6402: 6024: 4988:Kaiser und Abt: die Geschichte eines Schwanks 4760:(October 2000). "Material Culture (review)". 3797: 3318: 2640:To initiate the performance, there must be a 2423: 1194:. Walking under a ladder is just one of many 8: 5665:Irish Folk History: Folktales from the North 5106:(1985). "On the Final in 'Folkloristics'". 4372:(1971). "Folk Ideas as Units of Worldview". 3973: 3860: 3824: 3707: 3647: 3611: 3599: 3502: 3490: 3463: 3439: 3282: 2580:, Rožnov pod Radhoštěm, Czech Republic, 2017 1493:in infants and children. Verbal rhymes like 909:weathervane, Smithsonian American Art Museum 5986:"Folklore – Electronic Journal of Folklore" 5064:(2008). "The Philology of the Vernacular". 4636:Publication of the American Folklife Center 3985: 1222:sometimes used in the gay community or the 6409: 6395: 6387: 6031: 6017: 6009: 5849:Primer of Humor Research: Humor Research 8 5787:(2003). "Group". In Feintuch, Burt (ed.). 5564:The American Indian Mind in a Linear World 4818:(30th Anniversary ed.). Orbis Books. 4693:(2012). "The Social Base of Folklore". In 4601:Grider, Sylvia. "Children's Folklore". In 3180: 3072: 3060: 3003: 2430: 2416: 1619: 292:Origin and development of folklore studies 5043: 4719:Children's Games in Street and Playground 4017: 3872: 3809: 3761: 3270: 2979:Anderson is best known for his monograph 2805:For a list of folklore by ethnicity, see 2784:For a list of folklore of countries, see 1458:Children's Games in Street and Playground 522:), and beliefs and ways of doing things ( 134:The academic study of folklore is called 4841:Sims, Martha; Stephens, Martine (2005). 3913: 3896: 3749: 3538: 3427: 3086:"Folklore Programs in the US and Canada" 2741:Toelken's conservative-dynamic continuum 4992:Emperor and Abbot. The story of a farce 3961: 3848: 3836: 3785: 3550: 3526: 3451: 3364: 2996: 2945: 2879: 2846: 1622: 197:, was coined in 1846 by the Englishman 7080:Types of fiction with multiple endings 5614:"A Synthesis of Ethnographic Research" 4996:Finnish Academy of Science and Letters 4217:Folklore and Folklife: an Introduction 4186:Folklore and Folklife: an Introduction 3773: 3695: 3683: 3671: 3659: 3635: 3623: 3478: 3412: 3400: 3388: 3376: 3346:from the original on 28 September 2017 3258: 3246: 3234: 3219: 3204: 3192: 3152:"lore – Definition of lore in English" 3048: 2867: 2798:For a list of folklore by region, see 2698: 1456:demonstrated in their pioneering book 5902:Journal of American Folklore Research 5399:God Is Red: A Native View of Religion 4620: 4611: 4602: 4593: 4585: 4572: 4558: 3949: 3937: 3925: 3884: 3514: 3306: 3294: 2908: 232:" This expanded social definition of 7: 5964:from the original on 13 October 2019 5756:Mason, Bruce Lionel (October 1998). 5677:The Domestication of the Savage Mind 4650:from the original on 13 October 2019 4619:Vlach, John. "Material Culture". In 4610:Sweterlitsch, Richard. "Custom". In 4521:from the original on 13 October 2019 4463:from the original on 16 January 2017 2907:, published in Russian in 1928. See 602:Aarne–Thompson classification system 4135:. Bloomington, IN: Trickster Press. 4133:Toward New Perspectives in Folklore 4050:Toward New Perspectives in Folklore 3731:from the original on 8 October 2020 3578:from the original on 20 August 2017 446:Folklore theater in Mansoura, Egypt 5401:. Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing. 4925:from the original on 13 March 2016 4667:The Hand Made Object and Its Maker 4557:Beresin, Ann Richman. "Games". In 3027:from the original on 24 March 2022 1186:. This category also includes the 364:, along with the alternative name 25: 7483:Third-person omniscient narrative 5634:from the original on 12 July 2020 5625:University of Southern California 5360:Del-Rio-Roberts, Maribel (2010). 4341:Journal of the Folklore Institute 3132:from the original on 15 July 2020 2835:The law of conservation of misery 2699:Anderson's law of auto-correction 4733:(1968) . Wager, Louis A. (ed.). 4592:El-Shamy, Hasan. "Audience". In 4480:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: 4422:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: 4059:The Journal of American Folklore 417:Folklore is a means of applying 5958:Folklore Fellows' Summer School 5772:from the original on 2016-08-11 5744:from the original on 2016-10-01 5382:from the original on 2016-05-08 4215:. In Dorson, Richard M. (ed.). 2461:Folklore performance in context 1246:, southeastern England, in 1909 1178:or event; examples of this are 125:traditional cultural expression 6871:Conflict between good and evil 6343:Motif-Index of Folk-Literature 5699:Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara 5308:The Study of American Folklore 5193:Blank, Trevor J., ed. (2009). 4673:University of California Press 4534:Green, Thomas A., ed. (1997). 4478:Folkloristics: an Introduction 4290:10.5406/jamerfolk.129.512.0127 4282:10.5406/jamerfolk.129.512.0127 2807:Category:Folklore by ethnicity 1: 5656:University of Tennessee Press 5146:University of Wisconsin Press 5045:10.1525/aa.1975.77.2.02a00030 4816:Constructing Local Theologies 4814:Schreiter, Robert J. (2015). 4697:; Hasan-Rokem, Galit (eds.). 2561:Tradition-bearer and audience 2469:Folk-dance-kalash in Pakistan 1559:London Bridge Is Falling Down 1188:Smithsonian Folklife Festival 1021:Food recipes and presentation 391:Smithsonian Folklife Festival 5793:University of Illinois Press 5704:Journal of American Folklore 5537:"Making a Big Apple Crumble" 5499:Journal of American Folklore 5419:Journal of Folklore Research 5109:Journal of American Folklore 5067:Journal of Folklore Research 4791:Schlinkert, Jana C. (2007). 4671:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: 4663:Jones, Michael Owen (1975). 4582:(1997b). "Tradition-Bearer". 4501:"The Moral Lore of Folklore" 4375:Journal of American Folklore 4269:Journal of American Folklore 4096:Journal of American Folklore 2825:Intangible cultural heritage 2786:Category:Folklore by country 480:Journal of American Folklore 5952:Wolf-Knuts, Ulrika (1999). 5827:Utah State University Press 5284:Utah State University Press 5235:Utah State University Press 5222:Utah State University Press 5199:Utah State University Press 5026:"Verbal Art as Performance" 4901:Utah State University Press 4873:Utah State University Press 4847:Utah State University Press 4221:University of Chicago Press 4192:University of Chicago Press 4146:Utah State University Press 3090:Center for Folklore Studies 2800:Category:Folklore by region 595:, the artifacts defined by 304:Johann Gottfried von Herder 298:History of folklore studies 7725: 6337:Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index 6332:Morphology (folkloristics) 5882:10.1002/9781118379936.ch29 5681:Cambridge University Press 5541:New Directions in Folklore 5252:Bronner, Simon J. (2017). 5229:Bronner, Simon J. (1998). 4970:(1923). Anderson, Walter; 4736:Morphology of the Folktale 4162:University Press of Kansas 3195:, p. 13, footnote 34. 2905:Morphology of the Folktale 2804: 2797: 2790: 2783: 2578:Wallachian Open Air Museum 2535:Historic–Geographic Method 2441: 1196:symbols considered unlucky 611:Historic–Geographic Method 321:with the newly developing 295: 29: 7510:Stream of unconsciousness 7041:Falling action/Catastasis 5876:, Ltd. pp. 559–578. 5476:Columbia University Press 4067:American Folklore Society 3998:Schwabe, Claudia (2016). 3798:Bauman & Paredes 1972 3725:American Folklore Society 3319:Zumwalt & Dundes 1988 2455:American Folklore Society 1242:, a folk custom found in 1184:Mardi Gras in New Orleans 249:". In direct contrast to 51:A Child's Book of Stories 32:Folklore (disambiguation) 6878:Self-fulfilling prophecy 5935:Indiana University Press 5667:. Dublin: O'Brien Press. 5663:Glassie, Henry (1982b). 5621:Occasional Papers Series 5612:Genzuk, Michael (2003). 5314:W. W. Norton and Company 5080:10.2979/JFR.2008.45.1.29 4951:Indiana University Press 4869:The Dynamics of Folklore 4482:Indiana University Press 4424:Indiana University Press 4316:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: 4249:Harvard University Press 4209:Roberts, Warren (1972). 3974:Sims & Stephens 2005 3861:Sims & Stephens 2005 3825:Sims & Stephens 2005 3721:"The Folklore Historian" 3708:Georges & Jones 1995 3612:Sims & Stephens 2005 3568:American Folklife Center 3503:Georges & Jones 1995 3491:Sims & Stephens 2005 3464:Sims & Stephens 2005 3440:Georges & Jones 1995 3336:American Folklife Center 3283:Sims & Stephens 2005 2720:Context of material lore 2678:In the subjunctive voice 2477:Slovene Folklore Dancers 1491:balance and coordination 1483:Pieter Breugel the Elder 1430:Pieter Bruegel the Elder 1228:St. Patrick's Day Parade 945:In Europe, prior to the 591:Verbal folklore was the 586:Old MacDonald Had a Farm 485:non-traditional families 452:original term "folklore" 374:Bicentennial Celebration 7505:Stream of consciousness 6968:Suspension of disbelief 5870:A Companion to Folklore 5595:Oxford University Press 5172:A Companion to Folklore 5031:American Anthropologist 4723:Oxford University Press 4699:A Companion to Folklore 4569:(1997a). "Performance". 4499:Glassie, Henry (1983). 3986:Blank & Howard 2013 3553:, pp. 236 ff, 250. 2874:is defined and used by 2636:Framing the performance 1348:Louisiana Creole people 1212:ecclesiastical folklore 1081:Vernacular architecture 327:Kinder- und Hausmärchen 150:Indian Folk Worship at 7046:Denouement/Catastrophe 7027:Rising action/Epitasis 5369:The Qualitative Report 4939:Zumwalt, Rosemary Levy 4776:10.1353/tech.2000.0178 4763:Technology and Culture 4630:Hufford, Mary (1991). 4441:Gabbert, Lisa (1999). 3017:"Definition of legend" 2632: 2629:Estonian Song Festival 2612: 2581: 2478: 2470: 2451:The Folklore Historian 2392:Religion and mythology 1544:Eeny, meeny, miny, moe 1446:child-to-child conduit 1437: 1256:community celebrations 1247: 1172:life cycle celebration 1155: 1140: 942: 910: 571: 511: 447: 439: 382: 182: 170: 158: 54: 43:Little Red Riding Hood 7392:Utopian and dystopian 5874:John Wiley & Sons 5811:10.5406/j.ctt2ttc8f.5 5734:"Performance Studies" 5512:10.1353/jaf.2005.0044 4538:. Santa Barbara, CA: 4420:Interpreting Folklore 4410:. Folklore Institute. 4312:The Study of Folklore 4247:. Cambridge; London: 3094:Ohio State University 2763:In the electronic age 2623:is highly popular in 2618: 2603: 2575: 2476: 2468: 2355:Comparative mythology 1655:Aboriginal Australian 1529:Finger and toe rhymes 1495:Peter Piper picked... 1422: 1237: 1218:group itself, so the 1204:traditions of sailors 1146: 1131: 947:Industrial Revolution 936: 904: 802:Leave-taking formulas 557: 506: 445: 437: 378: 351:cultural anthropology 176: 164: 149: 40: 6946:Narrative techniques 6726:Story within a story 6538:Supporting character 5851:. Berlin; New York: 5535:Ellis, Bill (2002). 5312:. New York; London: 5302:Brunvand, Jan Harold 5256:. London; New York: 5254:Folklore: The Basics 4758:Schiffer, Michael B. 4223:. pp. 233–252. 3988:, pp. 4, 9, 11. 3428:Opie & Opie 1969 3125:The Folklore Society 3120:"William John Thoms" 2774:multiple media forms 2492:folklore performance 2360:Comparative religion 2322:Legendary progenitor 1800:Continental Germanic 1579:Ball-bouncing rhymes 1478:William Wells Newell 1160:seasonal celebration 1051:Decorative ironworks 508:United Arab Emirates 430:Definition of "folk" 397:around the country. 345:, chose to consider 335:European folklorists 247:computer programmers 47:Jessie Willcox Smith 30:For other uses, see 7651:Political narrative 7493:Unreliable narrator 7350:Speculative fiction 7058:Nonlinear narrative 7006:Three-act structure 6866:Deal with the Devil 5923:Stahl, Sandra Dolby 5543:(6). Archived from 4644:Library of Congress 4623:, pp. 540–544. 4614:, pp. 168–172. 4605:, pp. 123–128. 4588:, pp. 802–803. 4575:, pp. 630–635. 4561:, pp. 393–400. 3928:, pp. 131–132. 3764:, pp. 633–634. 3710:, pp. 243–254. 3574:. 29 October 2010. 3572:Library of Congress 3505:, pp. 112–113. 3340:Library of Congress 3156:Oxford Dictionaries 2109:Proto-Indo-European 1594:Ring a Ring o Roses 1462:culture of children 1454:Iona and Peter Opie 1415:Childlore and games 1200:Occupational groups 1180:Carnival in Cologne 1119:Happy Birthday song 528:children's folklore 438:Friends in the farm 7629:Narrative paradigm 7624:Narrative identity 7554:Dominant narrative 7500:Multiple narrators 6784:Fictional location 6627:Dramatic structure 6197:Luminous gemstones 6092:Personal narrative 6004:Folklore Indonesia 5872:. Chichester, UK: 5866:Hasan-Rokem, Galit 5597:. pp. 63–75. 5224:. pp. 98–122. 5168:Hasan-Rokem, Galit 4891:Wilson, William A. 4241:Dorson, Richard M. 4180:Dorson, Richard M. 4038:Abrahams, Roger D. 3851:, pp. 118 ff. 3564:"Material Culture" 3529:, pp. 236 ff. 3100:on 8 November 2018 2772:is now offered in 2633: 2613: 2605:Dancing Hungarians 2582: 2479: 2471: 2310:Legendary creature 2026:Pacific Northwest 1534:Counting-out games 1438: 1252:public folklorists 1248: 1224:initiation rituals 1176:community festival 1156: 1141: 1139:in Western nations 1076:Traditional fences 1031:Common handicrafts 943: 911: 817:Prayers at bedtime 572: 524:customary folklore 512: 448: 440: 370:folklore artifacts 238:folklore artifacts 183: 171: 159: 55: 7691: 7690: 7634:Narrative therapy 7068:television series 7013:Freytag's Pyramid 6856:Moral development 6759:Alternate history 6469:False protagonist 6384: 6383: 5944:978-0-253-33515-9 5891:978-1-118-37993-6 5853:Mouton de Gruyter 5836:978-0-87421-128-3 5802:978-0-252-07109-6 5795:. pp. 7–41. 5690:978-0-521-29242-9 5604:978-0-19-923244-4 5577:978-0-415-94456-4 5560:Fixico, Donald L. 5485:978-0-231-05494-2 5408:978-1-55591-176-8 5293:978-0-87421-683-7 5276:Bronner, Simon J. 5267:978-1-138-77495-7 5244:978-0-87421-239-6 5208:978-0-87421-750-6 5185:978-1-4051-9499-0 5155:978-0-299-15544-5 4910:978-0-87421-653-0 4882:978-0-87421-203-7 4856:978-0-87421-611-0 4825:978-1-62698-146-1 4806:978-3-8305-1278-3 4749:978-0-292-78376-8 4705:. pp. 13–39. 4596:, pp. 70–72. 4549:978-0-87436-986-1 4491:978-0-253-20994-8 4433:978-0-253-14307-5 4327:978-0-13-858944-8 4258:978-0-674-33020-7 4171:978-0-7006-0313-8 4154:Bronner, Simon J. 3648:Sweterlitsch 1997 3600:Sweterlitsch 1997 3442:, pp. 10–12. 3309:, pp. 15–16. 3183:, pp. 30–37. 2793:European folklore 2573: 2484:Roger D. Abrahams 2440: 2439: 1554:Traditional games 1403:Trick or Treating 1323:Giving the finger 1293:Chaharshanbe Suri 1238:Practitioners of 1220:handkerchief code 1103:Customary culture 980:heritage industry 934: 593:original folklore 516:material folklore 386:cultural heritage 308:Napoleonic France 226:American folklore 121:folklore artifact 16:(Redirected from 7716: 7709:1840s neologisms 7614:Literary science 7157:Narrative poetry 7053:Linear narrative 6963:Stylistic device 6958:Show, don't tell 6921:Figure of speech 6711:Shaggy dog story 6454:Characterization 6411: 6404: 6397: 6388: 6327:Folklore studies 6042:genres and types 6033: 6026: 6019: 6010: 5993: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5948: 5932: 5918: 5895: 5856: 5840: 5814: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5752: 5750: 5749: 5728: 5711:(389): 331–334. 5694: 5668: 5659: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5633: 5618: 5608: 5581: 5555: 5553: 5552: 5531: 5506:(470): 385–408. 5489: 5473: 5459: 5436:Western Folklore 5427: 5412: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5381: 5366: 5356: 5333:Western Folklore 5327: 5323:978-0-39309957-7 5311: 5297: 5271: 5248: 5225: 5212: 5189: 5159: 5133: 5116:(389): 334–336. 5099: 5057: 5047: 5017: 4984:von Sydow, C. W. 4968:Anderson, Walter 4954: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4886: 4860: 4837: 4810: 4787: 4753: 4741: 4726: 4706: 4686: 4670: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4624: 4615: 4606: 4597: 4583: 4570: 4562: 4553: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4520: 4505: 4495: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4462: 4456:(112): 119–128. 4447: 4437: 4411: 4399: 4365: 4331: 4315: 4301: 4276:(512): 127–145. 4262: 4234: 4214: 4205: 4189: 4175: 4149: 4136: 4129:Paredes, Américo 4120: 4086: 4053: 4046:Paredes, Américo 4024: 4023: 4021: 4019:10.3390/h5040081 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3223: 3217: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3162:on 27 March 2019 3158:. Archived from 3148: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3096:. Archived from 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2986: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2965:. Archived from 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2898: 2892: 2889: 2883: 2872:folklore studies 2860: 2854: 2851: 2815:Applied folklore 2685:subjunctive mood 2667:Once upon a time 2610: 2609:J. B. Heinbucher 2574: 2531:Second World War 2515:subjunctive mood 2432: 2425: 2418: 2387:Pseudo-mythology 2299:Related concepts 1620: 1599:Jump-rope rhymes 1574:Playground songs 1425:Children's Games 1378:Saint John's Eve 1358:Native Hawaiians 935: 915:material culture 897:Material culture 706:Folk etymologies 671:Creation stories 550:Verbal tradition 366:folklore studies 275:Orthodox Judaism 189:, a compound of 136:folklore studies 114:initiation rites 102:material culture 72:. This includes 49:, from the book 41:Illustration of 21: 7724: 7723: 7719: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7694: 7693: 7692: 7687: 7619:Literary theory 7559:Fiction writing 7542: 7514: 7449: 7201: 7193: 7084: 6982: 6887: 6822: 6745: 6616:Deus ex machina 6557: 6543:Title character 6528:Stock character 6474:Focal character 6420: 6415: 6385: 6380: 6315: 6279: 6255:Folk instrument 6226: 6207:Old wives' tale 6192:Legend tripping 6156: 6101: 6043: 6037: 6000: 5984: 5981: 5979:Further reading 5976: 5967: 5965: 5951: 5945: 5933:. Bloomington: 5921: 5898: 5892: 5859: 5843: 5837: 5817: 5803: 5783: 5775: 5773: 5755: 5747: 5745: 5731: 5697: 5691: 5671: 5662: 5646: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5616: 5611: 5605: 5587:Insoll, Timothy 5584: 5578: 5558: 5550: 5548: 5534: 5492: 5486: 5462: 5448:10.2307/1499315 5430: 5415: 5409: 5393: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5364: 5359: 5345:10.2307/1498964 5330: 5324: 5300: 5294: 5274: 5268: 5251: 5245: 5228: 5215: 5209: 5192: 5186: 5176:Wiley-Blackwell 5170:, eds. (2012). 5162: 5156: 5136: 5102: 5062:Bauman, Richard 5060: 5022:Bauman, Richard 5020: 5014: 4972:Bolte, Johannes 4966: 4962: 4960:Further reading 4957: 4937: 4928: 4926: 4911: 4889: 4883: 4863: 4857: 4840: 4826: 4813: 4807: 4790: 4756: 4750: 4739: 4731:Propp, Vladimir 4729: 4709: 4703:Wiley-Blackwell 4689: 4683: 4662: 4653: 4651: 4629: 4618: 4609: 4600: 4591: 4578: 4565: 4556: 4550: 4533: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4503: 4498: 4492: 4475: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4445: 4440: 4434: 4414: 4402: 4382:(331): 93–103. 4368: 4354:10.2307/3814118 4334: 4328: 4304: 4265: 4259: 4239: 4231: 4208: 4202: 4178: 4172: 4152: 4139: 4131:, eds. (1972). 4125:Bauman, Richard 4123: 4091:Bauman, Richard 4089: 4056: 4042:Bauman, Richard 4036: 4032: 4027: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3984: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3823: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3682: 3678: 3670: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3598: 3591: 3581: 3579: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3349: 3347: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3285:, pp. 7–8. 3281: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3226: 3218: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3181:Schlinkert 2007 3179: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3073:Schlinkert 2007 3071: 3067: 3061:Schlinkert 2007 3059: 3055: 3047: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3004:Schlinkert 2007 3002: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2978: 2974: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2931:The folklorist 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2810: 2803: 2796: 2789: 2782: 2765: 2743: 2722: 2705:Walter Anderson 2701: 2680: 2671:similar phrases 2638: 2608: 2595:reference group 2565: 2563: 2542:social sciences 2527: 2463: 2446: 2436: 2407: 2406: 2382:Lower mythology 2350: 2342: 2341: 2300: 2292: 2291: 2227: 2219: 2218: 2194: 2186: 2185: 2036:Plains Indians 1927:Native American 1635: 1618: 1613: 1524:Dandling rhymes 1519:Counting rhymes 1476:in Britain and 1417: 1412: 1373:Practical jokes 1303:Crossed fingers 1100: 1095: 1066:Stone sculpting 991:Autograph books 926: 899: 894: 875:Tongue-twisters 681:English similes 577:narrative types 552: 520:verbal folklore 501: 499:Folklore genres 467:family folklore 459:social sciences 432: 421:and exercising 419:social pressure 393:and many other 347:Native American 312:nation building 300: 294: 286:social sciences 210:The concept of 144: 74:oral traditions 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7722: 7720: 7712: 7711: 7706: 7696: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7683:Verisimilitude 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7664: 7663: 7653: 7648: 7647: 7646: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7610: 7609: 7599: 7598: 7597: 7588: 7586:Parallel novel 7583: 7582: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7556: 7550: 7548: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7524: 7522: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7459: 7457: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7446: 7445: 7440: 7430: 7429: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7407: 7406: 7401: 7400: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7368: 7367: 7357: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7336: 7335: 7330: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7228:Action fiction 7220: 7215: 7209: 7207: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7165: 7164: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7112: 7107: 7100: 7094: 7092: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7071: 7070: 7065: 7055: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7029: 7024: 7010: 7009: 7008: 7003: 6992: 6990: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6897: 6895: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6868: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6832: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6806: 6796: 6791: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6755: 6753: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6706:Self-insertion 6703: 6698: 6693: 6691:Poetic justice 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6580: 6575: 6567: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6493: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6449:Character flaw 6446: 6441: 6436: 6430: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6406: 6399: 6391: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6351: 6346: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6323: 6321: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6287: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6270:Folk wrestling 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6236: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6172: 6166: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6115:Folk etymology 6111: 6109: 6107:Oral tradition 6103: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6062: 6057: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6044: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6028: 6021: 6013: 6007: 6006: 5999: 5998:External links 5996: 5995: 5994: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5974: 5949: 5943: 5919: 5896: 5890: 5862:Bendix, Regina 5857: 5847:, ed. (2008). 5845:Raskin, Victor 5841: 5835: 5819:Oring, Elliott 5815: 5801: 5785:Noyes, Dorothy 5781: 5762:Oral Tradition 5753: 5729: 5717:10.2307/539939 5695: 5689: 5669: 5660: 5648:Glassie, Henry 5644: 5609: 5603: 5582: 5576: 5556: 5532: 5490: 5484: 5460: 5428: 5413: 5407: 5391: 5375:(3): 737–749. 5357: 5339:(2): 109–134. 5328: 5322: 5298: 5292: 5278:, ed. (2007). 5272: 5266: 5249: 5243: 5226: 5213: 5207: 5190: 5184: 5174:. Malden, MA: 5164:Bendix, Regina 5160: 5154: 5138:Bendix, Regina 5134: 5122:10.2307/539940 5100: 5058: 5038:(2): 290–311. 5034:. New Series. 5018: 5012: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4935: 4909: 4887: 4881: 4865:Toelken, Barre 4861: 4855: 4838: 4824: 4811: 4805: 4788: 4770:(4): 791–793. 4754: 4748: 4727: 4707: 4701:. Malden, MA: 4695:Bendix, Regina 4691:Noyes, Dorothy 4687: 4682:978-0520026971 4681: 4660: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4616: 4607: 4598: 4589: 4576: 4563: 4548: 4531: 4514:(2): 123–151. 4508:Folklore Forum 4496: 4490: 4473: 4450:Folklore Forum 4438: 4432: 4412: 4400: 4388:10.2307/539737 4366: 4332: 4326: 4302: 4263: 4257: 4237: 4236: 4235: 4230:978-0226158709 4229: 4201:978-0226158709 4200: 4182:, ed. (1972). 4176: 4170: 4150: 4137: 4121: 4109:10.2307/539731 4103:(331): 31–41. 4087: 4075:10.2307/536411 4054: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4025: 3990: 3978: 3966: 3964:, p. 125. 3954: 3942: 3940:, p. 138. 3930: 3918: 3901: 3889: 3887:, p. 131. 3877: 3873:Ben-Amos 1997a 3865: 3863:, p. 141. 3853: 3841: 3839:, p. 393. 3829: 3827:, p. 127. 3814: 3810:Ben-Amos 1997b 3802: 3790: 3788:, p. 119. 3778: 3766: 3762:Ben-Amos 1997a 3754: 3742: 3712: 3700: 3698:, p. 127. 3688: 3676: 3674:, p. 125. 3664: 3662:, p. 123. 3652: 3650:, p. 170. 3640: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3602:, p. 168. 3589: 3555: 3543: 3531: 3519: 3507: 3495: 3483: 3468: 3456: 3454:, p. 184. 3444: 3432: 3417: 3405: 3393: 3381: 3369: 3357: 3323: 3311: 3299: 3287: 3275: 3271:Schreiter 2015 3263: 3251: 3239: 3224: 3209: 3197: 3185: 3173: 3143: 3111: 3077: 3065: 3053: 3038: 3021:Dictionary.com 3008: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2987: 2982:Kaiser und Abt 2972: 2969:on 2016-03-03. 2949: 2937: 2924: 2912: 2901:Vladimir Propp 2893: 2884: 2855: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2811: 2781: 2778: 2764: 2761: 2742: 2739: 2721: 2718: 2700: 2697: 2679: 2676: 2637: 2634: 2562: 2559: 2526: 2523: 2462: 2459: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2434: 2427: 2420: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2254: 2249: 2247:Feral children 2244: 2239: 2234: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2054: 2053: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1954: 1949: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1636: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1569:Nursery rhymes 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1510: 1450:street culture 1416: 1413: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1264: 1210:. The area of 1170:. It can be a 1123:Musical chairs 1107:single gesture 1099: 1096: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1016:Folk medicines 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 987: 898: 895: 893: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 850:Street vendors 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 737:oral tradition 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 711:Folk metaphors 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 622: 606:Stith Thompson 551: 548: 546:of the event. 500: 497: 492:Richard Dorson 431: 428: 427: 426: 423:social control 415: 412: 409: 402:William Bascom 395:folklife fests 331:Brothers Grimm 296:Main article: 293: 290: 279:tooth brushing 242:folk artifacts 230:single family. 165:Folk dancing, 143: 140: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7721: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7668:Screenwriting 7666: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7603: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7545: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7517: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7473:Second-person 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7452: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7434: 7431: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7405: 7402: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7377:Magic realism 7375: 7373: 7370: 7366: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7308:Psychological 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7288:Philosophical 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7213:Autobiography 7211: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7200: 7196: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7152:Narrative art 7150: 7148: 7145: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7110:Flash fiction 7108: 7106: 7105: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7087: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7011: 7007: 7004: 7002: 7001:Act structure 6999: 6998: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6985: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6890: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6863: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6818:Worldbuilding 6816: 6814: 6811: 6805: 6802: 6801: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6748: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6666: 6665:Kishōtenketsu 6662: 6660: 6659: 6658:In medias res 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6637:Foreshadowing 6635: 6633: 6632:Eucatastrophe 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6617: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6595:Chekhov's gun 6593: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6573: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6485: 6484:Gothic double 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6464:Deuteragonist 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6444:Character arc 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6412: 6407: 6405: 6400: 6398: 6393: 6392: 6389: 6377: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6318: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6229: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6217:Silver bullet 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6175:Folk religion 6173: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6132:Nursery rhyme 6130: 6128: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6046: 6041: 6034: 6029: 6027: 6022: 6020: 6015: 6014: 6011: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5997: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5936: 5931: 5930: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5754: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5682: 5679:. Cambridge: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5654:. Knoxville: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5547:on 2016-10-22 5546: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5481: 5477: 5472: 5471: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5395:Deloria, Vine 5392: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5363: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5309: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5191: 5187: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5104:Ben-Amos, Dan 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5013:9789916217986 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4980:Liestøl, Knut 4977: 4976:Krohn, Kaarle 4973: 4969: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4821: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4745: 4738: 4737: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4668: 4661: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4587: 4581: 4580:Ben-Amos, Dan 4577: 4574: 4568: 4567:Ben-Amos, Dan 4564: 4560: 4555: 4554: 4551: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4502: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4319: 4318:Prentice-Hall 4314: 4313: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4212:"Folk Crafts" 4207: 4206: 4203: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4187: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4034: 4029: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4006: 4001: 3994: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3979: 3976:, p. 10. 3975: 3970: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3919: 3916:, p. 71. 3915: 3914:El-Shamy 1997 3910: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3897:El-Shamy 1997 3893: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3803: 3800:, p. xv. 3799: 3794: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3755: 3752:, p. 35. 3751: 3750:Abrahams 1972 3746: 3743: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3641: 3638:, p. 45. 3637: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3617: 3614:, p. 16. 3613: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3539:Schiffer 2000 3535: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3496: 3493:, p. 13. 3492: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3466:, p. 17. 3465: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3406: 3403:, p. 41. 3402: 3397: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3358: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3300: 3297:, p. 20. 3296: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3207:, p. 85. 3206: 3201: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3174: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3075:, p. 37. 3074: 3069: 3066: 3063:, p. 33. 3062: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3006:, p. 30. 3005: 3000: 2997: 2991: 2984: 2983: 2976: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2920:Henry Glassie 2916: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2882:, p. xi. 2881: 2877: 2876:Simon Bronner 2873: 2869: 2865: 2864:folkloristics 2859: 2856: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2801: 2794: 2787: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2730:Henry Glassie 2726: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2693:irrealis mood 2690: 2686: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2652: 2651:string figure 2648: 2647:Barre Toelken 2643: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2596: 2590: 2586: 2579: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2507:Victor Turner 2504: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2488: 2485: 2475: 2467: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2445: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2410: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2030:Kwakwakaʼwakw 2028: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1499:Alphabet song 1496: 1492: 1486: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1469: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1414: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1343:Groundhog Day 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1318:Folk medicine 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1097: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1086:Weather vanes 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1036:Handmade toys 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 988: 986: 983: 981: 976: 975:living museum 970: 968: 964: 960: 955: 952: 948: 940: 924: 921: 916: 913:The genre of 908: 903: 896: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 880:Urban legends 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735:Folktales of 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 666:Cowboy poetry 664: 662: 661:Country music 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 623: 621: 618: 614: 612: 607: 603: 598: 597:William Thoms 594: 589: 587: 583: 578: 569: 568:Mughal Empire 565: 561: 558:The story of 556: 549: 547: 545: 539: 535: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 509: 505: 498: 496: 493: 488: 486: 482: 481: 474: 470: 468: 464: 463:social groups 460: 455: 453: 444: 436: 429: 424: 420: 416: 413: 410: 407: 406: 405: 403: 398: 396: 392: 387: 381: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 362:folkloristics 358: 356: 352: 348: 344: 343:Ruth Benedict 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 315: 313: 309: 305: 299: 291: 289: 287: 282: 280: 276: 272: 271:urban legends 268: 263: 258: 256: 255:copyright law 252: 248: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 214: 208: 206: 205: 200: 199:William Thoms 196: 192: 188: 180: 175: 168: 163: 157: 153: 148: 141: 139: 137: 132: 130: 126: 122: 117: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 52: 48: 44: 39: 33: 19: 7673:Storytelling 7488:Subjectivity 7478:Third-person 7468:First-person 7114: 7102: 6911:Comic relief 6663: 6656: 6647:Flashforward 6614: 6588:Origin story 6570: 6533:Straight man 6488: 6349:Storytelling 6341: 6291:Cunning folk 6222:Weather lore 6097:Urban legend 6039: 5989: 5966:. Retrieved 5957: 5928: 5909:(1): 51–70. 5906: 5900: 5869: 5848: 5822: 5788: 5774:. Retrieved 5765: 5761: 5746:. Retrieved 5737: 5708: 5702: 5676: 5664: 5651: 5636:. Retrieved 5620: 5590: 5566:. New York: 5563: 5549:. Retrieved 5545:the original 5540: 5503: 5497: 5494:Dundes, Alan 5474:. New York: 5469: 5464:Dundes, Alan 5442:(2): 75–88. 5439: 5435: 5432:Dundes, Alan 5426:(3): 61–108. 5423: 5417: 5398: 5384:. Retrieved 5372: 5368: 5336: 5332: 5307: 5279: 5253: 5230: 5217: 5194: 5171: 5141: 5113: 5107: 5074:(1): 29–36. 5071: 5065: 5035: 5029: 4991: 4987: 4946: 4943:Dundes, Alan 4927:. Retrieved 4895: 4868: 4842: 4815: 4796: 4792: 4767: 4761: 4735: 4718: 4698: 4666: 4652:. Retrieved 4639: 4635: 4621:Green (1997) 4612:Green (1997) 4603:Green (1997) 4594:Green (1997) 4586:Green (1997) 4573:Green (1997) 4559:Green (1997) 4535: 4523:. Retrieved 4511: 4507: 4477: 4465:. Retrieved 4453: 4449: 4419: 4416:Dundes, Alan 4407: 4404:Dundes, Alan 4379: 4373: 4370:Dundes, Alan 4345: 4339: 4336:Dundes, Alan 4311: 4306:Dundes, Alan 4273: 4267: 4244: 4216: 4185: 4160:. Lawrence: 4157: 4141: 4132: 4100: 4094: 4062: 4058: 4049: 4030:Bibliography 4009: 4003: 3993: 3981: 3969: 3962:Glassie 1983 3957: 3945: 3933: 3921: 3892: 3880: 3868: 3856: 3849:Toelken 1996 3844: 3837:Beresin 1997 3832: 3805: 3793: 3786:Gabbert 1999 3781: 3769: 3757: 3745: 3735:30 September 3733:. Retrieved 3715: 3703: 3691: 3679: 3667: 3655: 3643: 3631: 3626:, p. 4. 3619: 3607: 3580:. Retrieved 3567: 3558: 3551:Roberts 1972 3546: 3534: 3527:Roberts 1972 3522: 3510: 3498: 3486: 3481:, p. 2. 3459: 3452:Toelken 1996 3447: 3435: 3408: 3396: 3391:, p. 8. 3384: 3372: 3365:Hufford 1991 3360: 3348:. Retrieved 3335: 3326: 3314: 3302: 3290: 3278: 3266: 3261:, p. 1. 3254: 3242: 3222:, p. 7. 3200: 3188: 3176: 3164:. Retrieved 3160:the original 3155: 3146: 3134:. Retrieved 3123: 3114: 3102:. Retrieved 3098:the original 3089: 3080: 3068: 3056: 3051:, p. 3. 3029:. Retrieved 3020: 3011: 2999: 2980: 2975: 2967:the original 2962: 2959:"Folk dance" 2952: 2946:Gabbert 1999 2940: 2933:Archie Green 2927: 2915: 2904: 2896: 2887: 2880:Bronner 1986 2871: 2863: 2858: 2849: 2820:Costumbrismo 2766: 2748: 2744: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2681: 2655: 2639: 2604: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2555: 2550:Dan Ben-Amos 2539: 2528: 2519: 2503:anthropology 2496: 2489: 2480: 2450: 2447: 2444:Ethnohistory 2369: 2332:Culture hero 2176:West African 2114:Proto-Uralic 1956:Californian 1912:Mesopotamian 1616:Folk history 1609:Street games 1507: 1503:neuroscience 1487: 1470: 1466: 1457: 1445: 1439: 1423: 1393:Thanksgiving 1288:Cat's cradle 1273:Barn raising 1261: 1249: 1216: 1199: 1192:folk beliefs 1191: 1175: 1171: 1164:Thanksgiving 1159: 1157: 1101: 1011:Folk costume 984: 971: 963:applied arts 956: 944: 912: 855:Superstition 845:Sea shanties 619: 615: 590: 573: 540: 536: 531: 523: 519: 515: 513: 489: 478: 475: 471: 456: 449: 399: 383: 379: 365: 361: 359: 316: 301: 283: 262:significance 261: 259: 251:high culture 237: 233: 221: 217: 211: 209: 202: 194: 190: 186: 184: 133: 118: 108:, weddings, 57: 56: 50: 7678:Tellability 7644:Metafiction 7639:Narratology 7411:Theological 7303:Pop culture 7184:Short story 7162:Epic poetry 6883:Time travel 6696:Red herring 6681:Plot device 6652:Frame story 6605:Cliffhanger 6548:Tritagonist 6523:Protagonist 6306:Folk healer 6162:Folk belief 6055:Animal tale 5990:Folklore.ee 5968:19 December 5673:Goody, Jack 5144:. Madison: 5004:10062/89331 4929:19 December 4919:j.ctt4cgkmk 4715:Opie, Peter 4654:19 December 4525:19 December 4348:(1): 5–19. 4219:. Chicago: 4190:. Chicago: 4069:: 333–349. 3952:, p. . 3774:Dundes 1980 3696:Grider 1997 3684:Grider 1997 3672:Grider 1997 3660:Grider 1997 3636:Bauman 1971 3624:Dorson 1972 3479:Dorson 1972 3413:Dorson 1976 3401:Bauman 1971 3389:Dundes 1980 3377:Bascom 1954 3273:, p. . 3259:Dundes 1965 3247:Dundes 1971 3235:Bauman 1971 3220:Dundes 1980 3205:Wilson 2006 3193:Dundes 1969 3049:Dundes 1965 2870:; the term 2868:Dundes 1978 2756:joke cycles 2546:Alan Dundes 2529:Before the 2499:ethnography 1931:Algonquian 1917:Micronesian 1810:Anglo-Saxon 1633:Mythologies 1474:Alice Gomme 1398:Thumbs down 1363:Ouiji board 1208:lumberjacks 1148:Hajji Firuz 1133:Santa Claus 1111:thumbs down 1091:Woodworking 951:handicrafts 812:Place names 752:Hog-calling 731:Folk speech 716:Folk poetry 701:Folk belief 686:Epic poetry 530:and games ( 490:Folklorist 154:, Selangor 110:folk dances 7698:Categories 7564:Continuity 7433:Nonfiction 7397:Underwater 7293:Picaresque 7268:Historical 7253:Epistolary 7125:Fairy tale 7036:Peripeteia 7018:Exposition 6774:Dreamworld 6716:Stereotype 6686:Plot twist 6434:Antagonist 6376:Vernacular 6301:Folk devil 6260:Folk music 6250:Folk dance 6180:Folk saint 6170:Birthstone 6082:Tall tales 6065:Fairy tale 5776:2016-12-19 5748:2016-12-19 5593:. Oxford: 5551:2016-12-19 5386:2016-12-19 4834:1054909858 4711:Opie, Iona 4467:12 January 4005:Humanities 3950:Jones 1975 3938:Dorst 2016 3926:Dorst 2016 3885:Dorst 2016 3515:Vlach 1997 3307:Noyes 2012 3295:Noyes 2012 2992:References 2909:Propp 1968 2770:Snow White 2663:punch line 2621:folk dance 2442:See also: 2365:Euhemerism 2171:Vietnamese 2104:Polynesian 2099:Philippine 2077:Talamancan 1907:Melanesian 1877:Lusitanian 1847:Indonesian 1708:Cantabrian 1673:Lithuanian 1313:Folk drama 1308:Folk dance 1168:New Year's 1162:, such as 1109:, such as 1001:Embroidery 905:Horse and 885:Word games 772:Latrinalia 721:Folk music 696:Fairy tale 656:Cinderella 544:signifiers 339:Franz Boas 152:Batu Caves 70:subculture 7455:Narration 7404:Superhero 7328:Chivalric 7313:Religious 7298:Political 7233:Adventure 7218:Biography 7140:Tall tale 6988:Structure 6973:Symbolism 6941:Narration 6841:Leitmotif 6769:Crossover 6764:Backstory 6721:Story arc 6671:MacGuffin 6642:Flashback 6583:Backstory 6459:Confidant 6439:Archenemy 6426:Character 6418:Narrative 6359:Knowledge 6354:Tradition 6311:Folk hero 6265:Folk play 6245:Folk epic 6232:Folk arts 6202:Mythology 6187:Ghostlore 6152:Word game 6048:Narrative 5825:. Logan: 5568:Routledge 5528:161269637 5282:. Logan: 5258:Routledge 5233:. Logan: 5220:. Logan: 5197:. Logan: 5096:144402948 4899:. Logan: 4871:. Logan: 4845:. Logan: 4784:109662410 4298:148523716 4144:. Logan: 4012:(4): 81. 3582:8 October 3350:8 October 3166:8 October 3104:21 August 2862:The word 2589:content. 2525:Backstory 2397:Symbolism 2337:Folk hero 2237:Creatures 2232:Creations 2056:Puebloan 1940:Blackfoot 1842:Hungarian 1693:Brazilian 1624:Mythology 1604:Stickball 1564:Lullabies 1514:Buck buck 1441:Childlore 1434:buck buck 1333:Hoodening 1328:Halloween 1298:Christmas 1240:hoodening 1137:Christmas 1115:handshake 1046:Hex signs 1041:Haystacks 860:Tall tale 787:Lullabies 782:Limericks 747:Greetings 742:Ghostlore 726:Folksongs 641:Bluegrass 636:Blessings 532:childlore 360:The term 355:ethnology 329:" of the 323:modernity 319:tradition 267:Halloween 185:The word 129:fine arts 106:Christmas 18:Folk-lore 7704:Folklore 7661:Glossary 7656:Rhetoric 7463:Diegesis 7443:Creative 7416:Thriller 7365:Southern 7283:Paranoid 7278:Nautical 7189:Vignette 7147:Gamebook 7115:Folklore 7022:Protasis 6901:Allegory 6846:Metaphor 6804:parallel 6799:universe 6779:Dystopia 6736:Suspense 6622:Dialogue 6610:Conflict 6518:Narrator 6490:Hamartia 6364:Medicine 6320:See also 6296:Fakelore 6275:Foodways 6240:Folk art 6040:Folklore 5962:Archived 5925:(1989). 5868:(eds.). 5821:(1986). 5770:Archived 5742:Archived 5675:(1977). 5650:(1975). 5629:Archived 5562:(2003). 5466:(1984). 5397:(1994). 5377:Archived 5304:(1968). 5140:(1997). 5088:40206961 5024:(1975). 4986:(eds.). 4945:(1988). 4923:Archived 4867:(1996). 4717:(1969). 4648:Archived 4646:: 1–23. 4540:ABC-CLIO 4516:Archived 4458:Archived 4418:(1980). 4406:(1978). 4308:(1965). 4243:(1976). 4156:(1986). 4048:(eds.). 3729:Archived 3576:Archived 3344:Archived 3130:Archived 3031:24 March 3025:Archived 2963:Estonica 2830:Memetics 2780:See also 2402:Theology 2370:Folklore 2349:See also 2209:National 2199:Creation 2124:Romanian 2084:Ossetian 2072:Selk'nam 2040:Ho-Chunk 2012:Iroquois 1887:Malagasy 1857:Japanese 1795:Frankish 1790:Germanic 1785:Georgian 1770:Etruscan 1765:Estonian 1755:Egyptian 1733:Scottish 1698:Buddhist 1677:Prussian 1650:Armenian 1640:Albanian 1338:Gestures 1283:Cakewalk 1278:Birthday 1061:Quilting 1026:Foodways 1006:Folk art 967:folk art 941:, Poland 920:dreidels 890:Yodeling 822:Proverbs 807:Fakelore 564:Anarkali 560:Jahangir 228:or to a 187:folklore 169:Bulgaria 156:Malaysia 142:Overview 90:proverbs 76:such as 58:Folklore 7591:Prequel 7547:Related 7533:Present 7426:Western 7382:Science 7355:Fantasy 7323:Romance 7273:Mystery 7258:Ergodic 7223:Fiction 7179:Parable 7174:Novella 7104:Fabliau 7075:Premise 6926:Imagery 6916:Diction 6794:country 6751:Setting 6731:Subplot 6553:Villain 6506:Byronic 6284:Society 6137:Proverb 6087:Parable 5915:3814813 5638:12 July 5589:(ed.). 5520:4137664 5456:1499315 5353:1498964 4362:3814118 4065:(266). 3136:15 July 2691:to the 2625:Estonia 2511:framing 2287:Sources 2272:Objects 2260:Culture 2256:Heroes 2242:Deities 2161:Tibetan 2094:Persian 1992:Guarani 1982:Choctaw 1977:Chilote 1935:Abenaki 1872:Lugbara 1852:Italian 1837:Hittite 1827:Guanche 1775:Finnish 1760:English 1745:Chinese 1723:Cornish 1703:Catalan 1669:Latvian 1645:Arabian 1589:Riddles 1539:Dreidel 1388:Symbols 1383:Shakers 1368:Powwows 1098:Customs 1056:Pottery 939:Podhale 826:Retorts 777:Legends 767:Keening 757:Insults 631:Ballads 167:Plovdiv 86:legends 66:culture 7595:Sequel 7579:Retcon 7574:Reboot 7538:Future 7372:Horror 7360:Gothic 7345:Satire 7263:Erotic 7130:Legend 7032:Climax 6906:Bathos 6813:Utopia 6701:Reveal 6600:Cliché 6578:Action 6572:Ab ovo 6511:Tragic 6212:Ritual 6147:Saying 6142:Riddle 6077:Legend 5941: 5913: 5888: 5833: 5809: 5799: 5725:539939 5723: 5687: 5601: 5574: 5526: 5518: 5482: 5454: 5405: 5351: 5320: 5290: 5264: 5241: 5205: 5182: 5152: 5130:539940 5128: 5094: 5086: 5054:674535 5052: 5010: 4982:& 4917: 4907: 4879: 4853: 4832: 4822: 4803: 4782: 4746: 4679: 4546: 4488: 4430: 4396:539737 4394: 4360: 4324: 4296: 4288: 4255: 4227: 4198: 4168: 4117:539731 4115: 4083:536411 4081: 2878:, see 2752:Joking 2689:realis 2611:, 1816 2282:Places 2252:Floods 2214:Origin 2181:Yoruba 2166:Turkic 2144:Talysh 2139:Somali 2134:Slavic 2089:Papuan 2050:Pawnee 2045:Lakota 2022:Muisca 1965:Ohlone 1945:Lenape 1922:Mongol 1902:Meitei 1882:Maasai 1867:Korean 1815:Gothic 1780:French 1718:Breton 1713:Celtic 1683:Basque 1665:Baltic 1660:Berber 1584:Rhymes 1408:Yo-yos 1152:Nowruz 870:Toasts 865:Taunts 835:Roasts 830:Riddle 676:Curses 651:Charms 646:Chants 179:Serbia 112:, and 62:people 53:, 1911 7602:Genre 7569:Canon 7520:Tense 7438:Novel 7421:Urban 7333:Prose 7318:Rogue 7243:Crime 7238:Comic 7199:Genre 7169:Novel 7120:Fable 7098:Drama 7063:films 6893:Style 6861:Motif 6851:Moral 6836:Irony 6828:Theme 6741:Trope 6369:Story 6120:False 6060:Fable 5911:JSTOR 5807:JSTOR 5721:JSTOR 5632:(PDF) 5617:(PDF) 5524:S2CID 5516:JSTOR 5452:JSTOR 5380:(PDF) 5365:(PDF) 5349:JSTOR 5126:JSTOR 5092:S2CID 5084:JSTOR 5050:JSTOR 4990:[ 4915:JSTOR 4795:[ 4780:S2CID 4740:(PDF) 4519:(PDF) 4504:(PDF) 4461:(PDF) 4446:(PDF) 4392:JSTOR 4358:JSTOR 4294:S2CID 4286:JSTOR 4113:JSTOR 4079:JSTOR 2842:Notes 2642:frame 2375:Epics 2327:Twins 2305:Deity 2277:Pairs 2226:Lists 2204:Flood 2193:Types 2119:Roman 2007:Inuit 1997:Haida 1987:Creek 1972:Chaná 1960:Miwok 1952:Aztec 1897:Mbuti 1892:Māori 1862:Kongo 1832:Hindu 1822:Greek 1805:Norse 1738:Welsh 1728:Irish 1688:Bantu 1549:Games 1268:Amish 1113:or a 1071:Tipis 996:Bunad 907:sulky 840:Sagas 797:Oaths 762:Jokes 691:Fable 626:Aloha 98:jokes 94:poems 82:myths 78:tales 7607:List 7528:Past 7387:Hard 7340:Saga 7248:Docu 7204:List 7135:Myth 7090:Form 6978:Tone 6951:Hook 6936:Mood 6931:Mode 6789:city 6676:Pace 6563:Plot 6501:Anti 6496:Hero 6479:Foil 6127:Joke 6070:list 5970:2016 5939:ISBN 5886:ISBN 5831:ISBN 5797:ISBN 5685:ISBN 5640:2020 5599:ISBN 5572:ISBN 5480:ISBN 5403:ISBN 5318:ISBN 5288:ISBN 5262:ISBN 5239:ISBN 5203:ISBN 5180:ISBN 5150:ISBN 5008:ISBN 4931:2016 4905:ISBN 4877:ISBN 4851:ISBN 4830:OCLC 4820:ISBN 4801:ISBN 4744:ISBN 4677:ISBN 4656:2016 4544:ISBN 4527:2016 4486:ISBN 4469:2017 4428:ISBN 4322:ISBN 4253:ISBN 4225:ISBN 4196:ISBN 4166:ISBN 3737:2020 3584:2017 3352:2017 3168:2017 3138:2020 3106:2020 3033:2022 2956:See 2659:joke 2501:and 2315:Type 2265:Folk 2154:Thai 2129:Sámi 2065:Zuni 2060:Hopi 2017:Maya 2002:Inca 1750:Efik 1353:Mime 1244:Kent 959:fine 792:Myth 582:joke 562:and 353:and 341:and 234:folk 222:folk 218:folk 213:folk 204:lore 195:lore 193:and 191:folk 6996:Act 5878:doi 5713:doi 5508:doi 5504:118 5444:doi 5341:doi 5118:doi 5076:doi 5040:doi 5000:hdl 4772:doi 4584:in 4571:in 4384:doi 4350:doi 4278:doi 4274:129 4105:doi 4071:doi 4014:doi 2607:by 2149:Tai 1428:by 1206:or 1182:or 1166:or 961:or 604:by 123:or 116:. 68:or 45:by 7700:: 7593:/ 5988:. 5960:. 5956:. 5937:. 5907:36 5905:. 5884:. 5864:; 5829:. 5805:. 5791:. 5766:13 5764:. 5760:. 5740:. 5736:. 5719:. 5709:98 5707:. 5683:. 5627:. 5619:. 5570:. 5539:. 5522:. 5514:. 5502:. 5478:. 5450:. 5440:37 5438:. 5424:27 5422:. 5373:15 5371:. 5367:. 5347:. 5337:36 5335:. 5316:. 5286:. 5260:. 5237:. 5201:. 5178:. 5166:; 5148:. 5124:. 5114:98 5112:. 5090:. 5082:. 5072:45 5070:. 5048:. 5036:77 5028:. 5006:. 4998:. 4978:; 4974:; 4949:. 4941:; 4921:. 4913:. 4903:. 4875:. 4849:. 4828:. 4778:. 4768:41 4766:. 4721:. 4713:; 4675:. 4642:. 4640:17 4638:. 4634:. 4542:. 4512:16 4510:. 4506:. 4484:. 4454:30 4452:. 4448:. 4426:. 4390:. 4380:84 4378:. 4356:. 4344:. 4320:. 4292:. 4284:. 4272:. 4251:. 4194:. 4164:. 4127:; 4111:. 4101:84 4099:. 4077:. 4063:67 4061:. 4044:; 4008:. 4002:. 3904:^ 3817:^ 3727:. 3723:. 3592:^ 3570:. 3566:. 3471:^ 3420:^ 3342:. 3338:. 3334:. 3227:^ 3212:^ 3154:. 3128:. 3122:. 3092:. 3088:. 3041:^ 3023:. 3019:. 2961:. 1675:- 1671:- 1198:. 982:. 96:, 92:, 88:, 84:, 80:, 64:, 7206:) 7202:( 7034:/ 7020:/ 6410:e 6403:t 6396:v 6032:e 6025:t 6018:v 5992:. 5972:. 5947:. 5917:. 5894:. 5880:: 5855:. 5839:. 5813:. 5779:. 5751:. 5727:. 5715:: 5693:. 5658:. 5642:. 5607:. 5580:. 5554:. 5530:. 5510:: 5488:. 5458:. 5446:: 5411:. 5389:. 5355:. 5343:: 5326:. 5296:. 5270:. 5247:. 5211:. 5188:. 5158:. 5132:. 5120:: 5098:. 5078:: 5056:. 5042:: 5016:. 5002:: 4953:. 4933:. 4885:. 4859:. 4836:. 4809:. 4786:. 4774:: 4752:. 4725:. 4685:. 4658:. 4552:. 4529:. 4494:. 4471:. 4436:. 4398:. 4386:: 4364:. 4352:: 4346:6 4330:. 4300:. 4280:: 4261:. 4233:. 4204:. 4174:. 4148:. 4119:. 4107:: 4085:. 4073:: 4022:. 4016:: 4010:5 3899:. 3875:. 3812:. 3776:. 3739:. 3686:. 3586:. 3541:. 3517:. 3430:. 3415:. 3379:. 3367:. 3354:. 3321:. 3249:. 3237:. 3170:. 3140:. 3108:. 3035:. 2809:. 2802:. 2795:. 2788:. 2631:. 2431:e 2424:t 2417:v 1679:) 1667:( 570:. 425:. 181:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.