1962:
techniques within these practices. Some of these practices had written texts in vernacular languages like
Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, etc. while others were handed down orally through various mnemonic devices. Ayurveda was one kind of nattuvaidyam practised in south India. The others were kalarichikitsa (related to bone setting and musculature), marmachikitsa (vital spot massaging), ottamoolivaidyam (single dose medicine or single time medication), chintamanivaidyam and so on. When the medical system was revamped in twentieth century India, many of the practices and techniques specific to some of these diverse nattuvaidyam were included in Ayurveda.
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5845:
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38:
1774:. Three factors legitimize the role of the healer â their own beliefs, the success of their actions and the beliefs of the community. When the claims of indigenous medicine become rejected by a culture, generally three types of adherents still use it â those born and socialized in it who become permanent believers, temporary believers who turn to it in crisis times, and those who only believe in specific aspects, not in all of it.
2086:
5722:
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112:
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1209:(WHO) defines traditional medicine as "the sum total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement and treatment of physical and mental illness". Traditional medicine is often contrasted with
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1917:
or woman to herbalist or even shaman and are considered spiritual or religious leaders within their respective tribes. When it comes to healing, tribal healers would look at a plant's characteristics to determine its efficacy for the treatment of an illness. Specific plant characteristics such as
1961:
Nattuvaidyam was a set of indigenous medical practices that existed in India before the advent of allopathic or western medicine. These practices had different sets of principles and ideas of the body, health and disease. There were overlaps and borrowing of ideas, medicinal compounds used and
1929:
herb as a treatment for an illness they referred to as dropsy or edema, which is fluid buildup typically in the lower legs, and its common cause is heart failure. In modern medicine, foxglove extract is still used under the name digitalis, and its purpose is to moderate the heart rate. Native
1912:
plants involved in traditional medicine for Native
Americans and some are still used today. When it comes to Native American traditional medicine, the ideas surrounding health and illness within the culture are virtually inseparable from the ideas of religion and spirituality. Healers within
1782:
Traditional medicine may sometimes be considered as distinct from folk medicine, and considered to include formalized aspects of folk medicine. Under this definition folk medicine are longstanding remedies and practises passed on and practiced by lay people. Folk medicine consists of the
1736:
traditional herbal medicine introduced cures for malaria, dysentery, scurvy, non-venereal syphilis, and goiter problems. Many of these herbal and folk remedies continued on through the 19th and into the 20th century, with some plant medicines forming the basis for modern pharmacology.
1311:
used by traditional medicine systems. Its "Traditional
Medicine Strategy 2014â2023" said that the WHO would "support Member States in developing proactive policies and implementing action plans that will strengthen the role traditional medicine plays in keeping populations healthy."
5587:
1934:
hospital that allows Navajo healers to visit patients found that the hospital had an 80 percent success rate in getting comatose patients back to consciousness, which is higher than the rate of present-day biomedical management hospitals. The plant family
1765:
through a community, family and individuals until "collected". Within a given culture, elements of indigenous medicine knowledge may be diffusely known by many, or may be gathered and applied by those in a specific role of healer such as a
2077:, mainly as some traditional medicines still use animal-based substances). It is often assumed that because supposed medicines are natural that they are safe, but numerous precautions are associated with using herbal remedies.
1930:
Americans were successful with some medical practices, such as treating fevers, gastrointestinal conditions, skin rashes, setting bones, as well as birthing babies, and aiding mothers in healing. A study conducted within an
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1924:
for snakebites. This was inferred from the milky appearance of the juice from the plant which is said to resemble snake venom, and the plant's shape resembled the head of a snake. Native
Americans used
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1818:
Many countries have practices described as folk medicine which may coexist with formalized, science-based, and institutionalized systems of medical practice represented by conventional
5413:
1165:
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Acharya, Deepak and
Shrivastava Anshu (2008): Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices, Aavishkar Publishers Distributor, Jaipur- India.
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GarcĂa SĂĄnchez, E; Carabaza Bravo, JM; HernĂĄndez
Bermejo, JE; RamĂrez, AJ (1990). "Ărboles y arbustos en los textos agrĂcolas andalusĂes (I)". In e Morales Ruiz Matas CA (ed.).
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Swerdlow JL. Medicine
Changes: late 19th to early 20th century. Nature's Medicine: Plants that Heal. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society; 2000. pp. 158â91.
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Rosalyn Fraad
Baxandall, Linda Gordon, Susan Reverb, America's Working Women: A Documentary History, 1600 to the Present, W. W. Norton & Company, 1995, p. 50
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preservation known to some in a culture, transmitted informally as general knowledge, and practiced or applied by anyone in the culture having prior experience.
1659:
ethnomedicinal information into the
European concepts of disease such as "warm", "cold", and "moist", but it is not clear that the Aztecs used these categories.
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2487:
3338:
2583:
Bloom
Bernard S., Retbi Aurelia, Dahan Sandrine, Jonsson Egon (2000). "Evaluation Of Randomized Controlled Trials On Complementary And Alternative Medicine".
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plant shape, smell, color, and taste could aid in determining how the plant could be used as a remedy. The Meskwaki tribe found they could use the juice from
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that treat or cure the disease or ailment in question, as they are typically passed along by laypersons (which has been facilitated in recent years by the
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is made from plant materials, such as bark, leaves and seeds, although animal products may be used as well. A major component of traditional medicine is
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have also been used in traditional medicine, and although their effectiveness has not been proven, it is hurting shark populations and their ecosystem.
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are threatened by poaching for their meat and scales, which are used in traditional medicine. They are the most trafficked mammals in the world.
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that had been used in folk medicine. Researchers state that many of the alternative treatments are "statistically indistinguishable from
1745:
The prevalence of folk medicine in certain areas of the world varies according to cultural norms. Some modern medicine is based on plant
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The WHO notes, however, that "inappropriate use of traditional medicines or practices can have negative or dangerous effects" and that "
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Eldredge Jonathan D (2003). "The Randomised Controlled Trial design: unrecognized opportunities for health sciences librarianship".
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of Spain in 1552. It was apparently written in haste and influenced by the European occupation of the previous 30 years. Fray
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1484:. These early Greek and Roman compilations became the backbone of European medical theory and were translated by the Persian
1019:
887:
877:
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Women's folk knowledge existed in undocumented parallel with these texts. Forty-four drugs, diluents, flavouring agents and
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significantly expanded on the earlier knowledge of materia medica. The most famous Persian medical treatise was Avicenna's
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2848:
Gilani, A.H., (2005) Role of Medicinal Plants in Modern Medicine. Malaysian Journal of Science, 24 (1). pp. 1-5."
2223:
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Although 130 countries have regulations on folk medicines, there are risks associated with the use of them (i.e.
1626:
1340:
1206:
818:
432:
378:
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5814:
3468:"A comprehensive evidence-based review on the role of topicals and dressings in the management of skin scarring"
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2756:"Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis (Librito de las yerbas medicinales de los indios) o CĂłdice Badiano"
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Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore
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4614:
4588:
3578:"National Policy on Traditional Medicine and Regulation of Herbal Medicines - Report of a WHO Global Survey"
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medical traditions. Spanish medicine was influenced by the Arabs from 711 to 1492. Islamic physicians and
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2121:. Demand for ivory is a huge factor in the poaching of endangered species such as rhinos and elephants.
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1603:
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739:
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509:
309:
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to treat sore throat. In earlier times, mothers were entrusted with all but serious remedies. Historic
1908:
medicine are traditional forms of healing that have been around for thousands of years. There are many
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In 17th and 18th-century America, traditional folk healers, frequently women, used herbal remedies,
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224:
154:
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Heinrich, M; Pieroni, A; Bremner, P (2005). "Plants as medicines". In Prance G; Nesbitt M (eds.).
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1716:. It was translated into German in 1609 and Italian editions were published for the next century.
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5043:
4847:
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4248:
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3993:
3540:"Use of animal products in traditional Chinese medicine: Environmental impact and health hazards"
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2014:
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Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)
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1521:
Arabic indigenous medicine developed from the conflict between the magic-based medicine of the
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37:
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has been commonly selected for orthopedic aids and pulmonary aids, specifically the species
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1454:
1308:
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679:
539:
326:
2511:
Diane Boulanger (2002), "The Islamic Contribution to Science, Mathematics and Technology",
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in the 12th century and remained a medical authority in Europe until the 17th century. The
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269:
239:
2781:
Madsen, Deborah L. The Routledge Companion to Native American Literature, Routledge, 2015
2485:
Fahd, Toufic (1996). "Botany and agriculture". In Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, RĂ©gis (eds.).
2345:
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mentioned by Dioscorides are still listed in the official pharmacopoeias of Europe. The
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5335:
5303:
5268:
5229:
4779:
4733:
4546:
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4295:
3972:
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3581:
3492:
3467:
3259:"Sites of knowledge situating select indigenous knowledge systems and modern education"
3157:
Alternative healing in American history : an encyclopedia from acupuncture to yoga
2944:
2429:
2141:
2060:(long-cooked rice soups with herbs), foods, and soups are part of treatment practices.
2003:
1920:
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872:
684:
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437:
400:
343:
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159:
60:
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1396:. Early recognised Greek compilers of existing and current herbal knowledge include
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4253:
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4092:
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2301:
2029:
2010:
1914:
1701:
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from c. 1552 BC records a list of folk remedies and magical medical practices. The
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897:
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336:
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244:
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84:
42:
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2893:
Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices
2833:
2816:
2801:
2089:
Sometimes traditional medicines include parts of endangered species, such as the
5207:
4726:
4671:
4568:
4423:
4398:
4216:
4097:
4065:
3410:
Mapping the History of Ayurveda: Culture, Hegemony and the Rhetoric of Diversity
2431:
Plural medical systems in the Horn of Africa: the legacy of "Sheikh" Hippocrates
2146:
2114:
2056:
were originally sold as medicinal remedies. In Chinese folk medicine, medicinal
2033:
1999:
1949:. A study conducted amongst 14 different tribes within North America found that
1909:
1713:
1611:
1534:
1453:, adding much new material; the work was translated into several languages, and
1439:
1413:
1401:
1384:
1379:
1335:
In the written record, the study of herbs dates back 5,000 years to the ancient
1293:
1224:
countries, up to 80% of the population relies on traditional medicine for their
1194:
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284:
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204:
199:
164:
111:
56:
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4388:
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4368:
4361:
4346:
4336:
4045:
3617:
3596:
3483:
3175:
2596:
2266:
2098:
2090:
1937:
1788:
1493:
1112:
609:
594:
584:
472:
219:
169:
46:
3690:
3119:
17:
5783:
5313:
5283:
5224:
4887:
4629:
4624:
4488:
4466:
4341:
4305:
4107:
4055:
3849:
3844:
3539:
2730:
2700:
2124:
2045:
2041:
2025:
2017:
1995:
1883:, which is the use of natural plant substances to treat or prevent illness.
1876:
1807:
1771:
1767:
1622:
1574:
Translations of the early Roman-Greek compilations were made into German by
1405:
1285:
1034:
994:
969:
674:
634:
499:
3563:
3501:
3155:
2604:
2569:
1281:
3708:
3224:
3207:
2878:
2708:
5697:
5273:
4393:
4170:
4087:
3885:
3784:
3208:"An ethnobotanical meta-analysis of North American medicinal Asteraceae1"
2136:
2074:
2037:
1991:
1926:
1843:
1819:
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1485:
1382:
but dating back to a much earlier date, which was later augmented as the
1367:
1359:
1249:
1202:
947:
855:
694:
148:
3270:
2401:"Fossils in pharmacy: from "snake eggs" to "Saint's bones"; an overview"
1618:. Each new work was a compilation of existing texts with new additions.
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4872:
4332:
4300:
4193:
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1986:, vegetables, or other common items. Home remedies may or may not have
1979:
1784:
1750:
1671:
1522:
1363:
1352:
1039:
957:
922:
912:
654:
3595:
Starr, C.; Nekaris, K. A. I.; Streicher, U.; Leung, L. K. -P. (2011).
2290:
History of Medicine: Sushruta â the Clinician â Teacher par Excellence
3927:
3779:
3318:
K P, Girija (2016). "Refiguring of Ayurveda as Classical Tradition".
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2057:
1792:
1644:
1500:
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1221:
1127:
952:
907:
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80:
76:
64:
3527:
Africa's growing risk of diseases that spread from animals to people
1953:
was the most widely used plant family for its medicinal properties.
1277:
52:
2028:
to help with setting broken bones; duct tape or superglue to treat
5779:
3922:
3900:
3100:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
2104:
2084:
1983:
1802:
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1656:
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1478:
1417:
1336:
1257:
1004:
979:
860:
410:
72:
51:
5133:
Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin
1712:
in 1585 describing medicinal plants from Europe and the East and
1284:. Scientific disciplines that study traditional medicine include
3917:
3774:
2922:"ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE: NIGERIA The role of traditional medicine"
2458:
Ciencias de la naturaleza en Al-Andalus : textos y estudios
2009:
One of the more popular examples of a home remedy is the use of
1465:
names were added to it over the centuries. Latin manuscripts of
1273:
1217:
989:
843:
5748:
5424:
Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic
4972:
4143:
3723:
1339:, who described well-established medicinal uses for plants. In
3365:"Ottamooli (single ingredient) cure for lifestyle diseases..."
2107:
2021:
1651:, many versions of which have been published including one by
2585:
International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care
1307:
to ascertain the efficacy and safety" of such practices and
5560:
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)
4139:
2685:
Ortiz de Montellano, B (1975). "Empirical Aztec medicine".
2529:
Tschanz David W (2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine".
942:
3291:
Wujastyk, Dagmar; Smith, Frederick M. (9 September 2013).
3263:
Shodhganga : a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET
2799:
Eugenia M. Fulcher, Robert M. Fulcher, Cathy Dubeansky,
1503:
have been used in traditional medicine since antiquity.
3601:
using local knowledge in Mondulkiri Province, Cambodia"
3580:. World Health Organization. April 2016. Archived from
3096:"Native American Traditional and Alternative Medicine"
2399:
van der Geer, Alexandra; Dermitzakis, Michael (2010).
2101:, are sometimes killed to make traditional medicines.
2048:
plant are used to treat skin disorders. Many European
71:
community and sell folk medicine alongside statues of
2989:"Traditional, complementary and integrative medicine"
1913:
indigenous communities go by many names ranging from
1667:
compiled European texts and added 35 Mexican plants.
1351:
also mentions herb use and cultivation in regards to
5123:
Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador
2337:
Healing with plants in the American and Mexican West
1704:
methods to compile his codices that then became the
1567:
system of traditional medicine is also based on the
1362:
were described by ancient Indian herbalists such as
5600:
5548:
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)
5537:
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5469:
5361:
5354:
5195:
5103:
5011:
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4768:
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4457:
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4012:
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3822:
3757:
3659:"Elephant ivory trade in China: Trends and drivers"
3633:"Traditional medicines continue to thrive globally"
3294:
Modern and Global Ayurveda: Pluralism and Paradigms
2817:"The 'eclipse' of folk medicine in western society"
2044:, fevers, and female complaints. Components of the
1708:, published in 1793. Castore Durante published his
1643:spent the years 1571â1577 gathering information in
1232:. Practices known as traditional medicines include
3597:"Field surveys of the Vulnerable pygmy slow loris
3339:"Those availing kalari marma chikitsa on the rise"
3206:Kachura, Alexandra; Harris, Cory S. (2021-08-27).
2943:
2428:
1633:where it influenced American Indigenous medicine.
5576:UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP)
2991:. World Health Organization. 2018. Archived from
3657:Gao, Yufang; Clark, Susan G. (1 December 2014).
1846:medicine, traditional Aboriginal bush medicine,
1525:and the Arabic translations of the Hellenic and
5482:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
5153:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
2720:
2718:
2462:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientĂficas
5173:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
3466:Sidgwick, G. P; McGeorge, D; Bayat, A (2015).
2804:', Soto Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014, p. 5
2245:"WHO traditional medicine strategy: 2014-2023"
2002:or because they are effective in inducing the
1447:drew on and corrected earlier authors for his
5760:
4984:
4155:
3735:
3015:"WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014-2023"
2920:Maurice Mwu, Eric Gbodossou (December 2000).
2640:Heller, M.; Edelstein, P.; Mayer, M. (2001).
2488:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
1761:Indigenous medicine is generally transmitted
1706:Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España
1477:) and were incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon
1159:
8:
5158:National Indigenous Organization of Colombia
5148:Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism
2879:Alternative Medicine: Think yourself better
2625:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1873:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
1665:Florilegio medicinal de todas las enfermedas
1578:whose herbal, published in 1546, was called
3454:Mrs. Beecher's Housekeeper and Healthkeeper
2369:
2367:
2365:
1822:. Examples of folk medicine traditions are
1193:that developed over generations within the
5792:
5767:
5753:
5745:
5358:
4991:
4977:
4969:
4444:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
4189:
4162:
4148:
4140:
3742:
3728:
3720:
3188:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2802:Pharmacology: Principles and Applications'
2117:can partially be traced back to buyers of
2024:. Other examples of home remedies include
1166:
1152:
235:Association for Research and Enlightenment
90:
5414:National Commission on Indigenous Peoples
4785:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
3616:
3491:
3233:
3223:
2832:
2649:. World Health Organization. p. 31.
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2287:Girish Dwivedi, Shridhar Dwivedi (2007).
1649:Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesaurus
1390:Treatise on the Nature of Medicinal Herbs
1228:needs. Traditional medicine is a form of
5881:Indigenous peoples by geographic regions
5404:National Institute of Indigenous Peoples
2550:Health Information and Libraries Journal
2374:Raphael, Sandra; Blunt, Wilfrid (1994).
1982:or ailment that employs certain spices,
1685:Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis
1370:during the 1st millennium BC. The first
36:
5524:UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
3066:"Select Your Library - Credo Reference"
3042:. Aboriginal Art Online. Archived from
2208:
1994:). Many are merely used as a result of
102:
5394:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
4051:Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
3800:Traditional healers of Southern Africa
3390:
3380:
3201:
3199:
3181:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3040:"Traditional Aboriginal Bush Medicine"
2618:
1616:Herball or General Historie of Plantes
5279:Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples
5178:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
2214:
2212:
2197:List of forms of alternative medicine
2192:Traditional Knowledge Digital Library
1469:were combined with a Latin herbal by
7:
4923:
4684:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
3434:"Placebo Effect: A Cure in the Mind"
2435:. London: Kegan Paul International.
2040:are frequently full of remedies for
1670:MartĂn de la Cruz wrote a herbal in
1655:. Both Hernandez and Ximenez fitted
41:Traditional medicine in a market in
4933:
4004:Medieval medicine of Western Europe
3544:Complementary Therapies in Medicine
3472:Archives of Dermatological Research
3320:Pragmata: Journal of Human Sciences
2220:"Traditional Medicine: Definitions"
1757:Knowledge transmission and creation
1517:Medieval medicine of Western Europe
5554:Convention on Biological Diversity
4820:Medical Scientist Training Program
3870:Traditional Alaska Native medicine
1897:Traditional Alaska Native medicine
1488:(Ibn SÄ«nÄ, 980â1037), the Persian
25:
5582:High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)
3020:. World Health Organization. 2013
2950:. New York: Bergin & Garvey.
1974:(sometimes also referred to as a
1871:Generally, bush medicine used by
1594:(1517â1585), and from Dutch into
305:Chiropractic treatment techniques
5906:Concepts in alternative medicine
5858:
5843:
5828:
5813:
5798:
5721:
5720:
5434:Government of the Sakha Republic
5143:Indigenous Environmental Network
5024:Free, prior and informed consent
4952:
4942:
4932:
4922:
4913:
4912:
4124:
4123:
3813:
3707:
2097:Endangered animals, such as the
1358:Many herbs and minerals used in
1197:of various societies, including
1108:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
110:
5708:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
5570:Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing
5254:Dakota Access Pipeline protests
4953:
4083:History of alternative medicine
3968:Traditional Vietnamese medicine
3938:Sri Lankan traditional medicine
3456:1874. Retrieved on 2007-11-05.
3154:Shally-Jensen, Michael (2019).
2821:Sociology of Health and Illness
2409:Hellenic Journal of Geosciences
2251:. December 2013. Archived from
1842:traditional medicine, Japanese
1582:. The book was translated into
1492:(RÄzi, 865â925) and the Jewish
1189:) comprises medical aspects of
144:Alternative veterinary medicine
5618:2009 Peruvian political crisis
5128:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples
4810:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
4244:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
3958:Traditional Mongolian medicine
3835:Brazilian traditional medicine
3517:Bob Flaws and Honora Wolf 1985
3412:. Taylor & Francis Group.
2727:The Cultural history of plants
767:Water fluoridation controversy
723:Big Pharma conspiracy theories
1:
5449:Council of Indigenous Peoples
4130:Category:Traditional medicine
3556:10.1016/s0965-2299(03)00055-4
3363:Correspondent (5 June 2016).
3160:. Santa Barbara, California.
2562:10.1046/j.1365-2532.20.s1.7.x
2249:The World Health Organization
1234:traditional European medicine
1138:Wilson's temperature syndrome
1123:Multiple chemical sensitivity
250:Biological terrain assessment
5633:Expulsion of the Chagossians
4790:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
4557:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
3963:Traditional Tibetan medicine
3948:Traditional Chinese medicine
3906:Iranian traditional medicine
3840:Chumash traditional medicine
3790:Traditional African medicine
3683:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.09.020
3297:. SUNY Press. pp. 1â8.
2946:Afro-Caribbean folk medicine
2942:Laguerre, Michel S. (1987).
2891:Acharya, D; Anshu S (2008).
2834:10.1111/1467-9566.ep11340307
2643:Traditional medicine in Asia
2187:Traditional Chinese medicine
2182:Traditional African medicine
2119:traditional Chinese medicine
1828:Iranian traditional medicine
1824:traditional Chinese medicine
1602:, (1526â1609), published by
1398:Pythagoras and his followers
1266:traditional Iranian medicine
1246:traditional African medicine
1238:traditional Chinese medicine
5429:Government of Bashkortostan
5294:American Indian reservation
5163:Native American Rights Fund
3953:Traditional Korean medicine
3094:Johnston, Susan L. (2002).
2427:Slikkerveer, L. J. (1990).
2378:. London: Frances Lincoln.
2342:University of Arizona Press
2298:National Informatics Centre
2167:Native American ethnobotany
1978:) is a treatment to cure a
1893:Native American ethnobotany
1832:traditional Korean medicine
1475:Herbarium Apuleii Platonici
1242:traditional Korean medicine
1201:, before the era of modern
799:Alternative medical systems
428:Fabunan Antiviral Injection
194:Fringe medicine and science
5927:
5384:Fundação Nacional do Ăndio
3795:Traditional Hausa medicine
3112:10.1177/000271620258300113
2881:", 21 May 2011, pp. 83â84.
2491:. Routledge. p. 815.
1890:
1864:
1836:Arabic indigenous medicine
1787:modalities, ideas of body
1778:Definition and terminology
1690:Codex Barberini, Latin 241
1674:which was translated into
1629:took Gerard's work to the
1513:Medicine in medieval Islam
1510:
1327:Medicine in ancient Greece
1324:
1305:further research is needed
809:Biologically based therapy
369:Dental amalgam controversy
29:
5877:
5790:
5716:
5118:Assembly of First Nations
4908:
4121:
3943:Traditional Thai medicine
3811:
3765:Ancient Egyptian medicine
3618:10.1017/S0030605310001316
3484:10.1007/s00403-015-1572-0
3070:search.credoreference.com
2597:10.1017/s0266462300016123
2224:World Health Organization
2081:Use of endangered species
1341:Ancient Egyptian medicine
1270:medieval Islamic medicine
1207:World Health Organization
433:Facilitated communication
5608:ChechenâRussian conflict
5459:Bureau of Indian Affairs
4744:Transplantation medicine
4635:Clinical neurophysiology
4552:Obstetric anesthesiology
4472:Interventional radiology
4232:Digestive system surgery
3999:Medicine in ancient Rome
3451:Catherine Esther Beecher
2899:: Aavishkar Publishers.
1887:Native American medicine
1861:Australian bush medicine
1331:Medicine in ancient Rome
1262:ancient Iranian medicine
1098:Candida hypersensitivity
280:Fake COVID-19 treatments
94:This article is part of
30:Not to be confused with
27:Formalized folk medicine
5653:Little Danes experiment
5439:Government of Tatarstan
5106:political organizations
4615:Intensive care medicine
4589:Mass gathering medicine
4434:Maternalâfetal medicine
3663:Biological Conservation
2754:Lozoya, Xavier (2016).
2701:10.1126/science.1090996
2020:such as a cold or mild
1423:Roman sources included
1211:Evidence based medicine
772:COVID-19 misinformation
700:Young blood transfusion
580:Orthomolecular medicine
545:Mindâbody interventions
215:Anthroposophic medicine
155:Rise of modern medicine
5638:High Arctic relocation
5540:Declarations of Rights
5237:Cultural appropriation
5168:Survival International
4207:Cardiothoracic surgery
3989:Ancient Greek medicine
3896:Georgian folk medicine
3440:. FebruaryâMarch 2009.
2376:The Illustrated herbal
2094:
2013:as an aid in treating
1855:Georgian folk medicine
1815:
1482:Cotton Vitellius C.III
1378:, compiled during the
804:Mindâbody intervention
755:MMR vaccine and autism
745:Vaccine misinformation
640:Rapid prompting method
88:
49:
5643:Human rights in Tibet
5370:Aotearoa-New Zealand
5264:Fortress conservation
5066:Traditional knowledge
5029:Intellectual property
4858:Personalized medicine
4717:Reproductive medicine
4642:Occupational medicine
4596:Evolutionary medicine
3515:Prince Wen Hui's Cook
3408:Girija, K.P. (2021).
3225:10.1139/cjb-2021-0079
2088:
1891:Further information:
1806:
1698:Bernardino de SahagĂșn
1561:translated into Latin
1547:, which was an early
1544:The Canon of Medicine
1511:Further information:
1325:Further information:
1191:traditional knowledge
1133:Vertebral subluxation
1082:Alternative diagnoses
670:Thought Field Therapy
310:Vertebral subluxation
55:
40:
5911:Medical anthropology
5901:Traditional medicine
5667:Residential schools
5613:Sri Lankan Civil War
5355:Legal representation
5324:Urban Indian reserve
5213:Internal colonialism
5104:Non-governmental and
5059:in the United States
4878:Traditional medicine
4838:Alternative medicine
4705:Addiction psychiatry
4519:Transfusion medicine
4514:Medical microbiology
4429:Gynecologic oncology
4281:Reproductive surgery
4103:Prehistoric medicine
4041:Alternative medicine
3751:Traditional medicine
3716:at Wikimedia Commons
3714:traditional medicine
3257:K P, Girija (2016).
2760:ArqueologĂa Mexicana
2733:. pp. 205â238.
2255:on January 13, 2014.
1988:medicinal properties
1445:Pedanius Dioscorides
1298:medical anthropology
1230:alternative medicine
1179:Traditional medicine
1103:Chronic Lyme disease
832:Traditional medicine
814:Manipulative methods
615:Postural Integration
478:Bach flower remedies
354:Craniosacral therapy
182:Therapeutic nihilism
127:Alternative medicine
104:Alternative medicine
59:such as this one in
32:alternative medicine
5218:Settler colonialism
4900:History of medicine
4883:Veterinary medicine
4690:Preventive medicine
4542:Adolescent medicine
4384:Infectious diseases
3675:2014BCons.180...23G
3599:Nycticebus pygmaeus
3438:Scientific American
3337:TNN (22 Jul 2019).
2995:on October 14, 2017
2815:Bakx Keith (1991).
1661:Juan de Esteyneffer
1637:Francisco HernĂĄndez
1471:Apuleius Platonicus
1376:Shennong Bencaojing
1226:primary health care
1183:indigenous medicine
750:Vaccines and autism
740:Anti-vaccinationism
733:OPV AIDS hypothesis
535:Megavitamin therapy
448:Functional medicine
225:Applied kinesiology
121:General information
5776:Indigenous peoples
5703:Stolen Generations
5504:BBNJ ABS Committee
5259:Discovery doctrine
5203:Civilizing mission
5044:Self-determination
4848:Molecular oncology
4805:Doctor of Medicine
4795:Master of Medicine
4712:Radiation oncology
4584:Emergency medicine
4537:Addiction medicine
4504:Clinical chemistry
4499:Clinical pathology
4291:Transplant surgery
4249:Orthopedic surgery
4227:Colorectal surgery
3994:Byzantine medicine
3538:Still, J. (2003).
3393:has generic name (
3343:The Times of India
2095:
2093:in Southeast Asia.
1816:
1814:in Cuenca, Ecuador
1751:placebo treatments
1692:and given to King
1641:Philip II of Spain
1507:Medieval and later
1199:indigenous peoples
1118:Leaky gut syndrome
1093:Aerotoxic syndrome
1030:Prophetic medicine
728:HIV/AIDS denialism
555:Myofascial release
463:Holistic dentistry
443:Feldenkrais Method
423:Estrogen dominance
349:Conversion therapy
89:
87:, and other items.
50:
5888:
5887:
5872:
5871:
5742:
5741:
5727:Indigenous rights
5596:
5595:
5529:Indigenous Caucus
5470:Intergovernmental
5319:Russian republics
5289:Autonomous okrugs
5138:Cultural Survival
4966:
4965:
4800:Master of Surgery
4764:
4763:
4749:Tropical medicine
4695:Prison healthcare
4610:Hospital medicine
4574:Disaster medicine
4564:Aviation medicine
4379:Hospital medicine
4286:Surgical oncology
4271:Pediatric surgery
4265:
4212:Endocrine surgery
4137:
4136:
3770:Tabernanthe iboga
3712:Media related to
3167:978-1-4408-6033-1
2976:978-81-7910-252-7
2957:978-0-89789-113-4
2906:978-81-7910-252-7
2740:978-0-415-92746-8
2498:978-0-415-02063-3
2471:978-84-00-07727-3
2442:978-0-7103-0203-8
2385:978-0-7112-0914-5
2355:978-0-8165-1646-9
1653:Francisco Ximénez
1467:De Materia Medica
1450:De Materia Medica
1321:Classical history
1316:Usage and history
1176:
1175:
903:Chinese herbology
660:Scientific racism
625:Psychodermatology
530:Medical intuitive
510:Lightning Process
468:Hologram bracelet
416:Therapeutic touch
317:Christian Science
290:Cancer treatments
16:(Redirected from
5918:
5862:
5847:
5832:
5817:
5802:
5793:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5746:
5724:
5723:
5658:Mapuche conflict
5628:Chiapas conflict
5623:Alta controversy
5601:Historical cases
5359:
5341:Rainbow Warriors
5331:Manifest destiny
5019:Ancestral domain
4993:
4986:
4979:
4970:
4956:
4955:
4946:
4936:
4935:
4926:
4925:
4916:
4915:
4620:Medical genetics
4605:General practice
4482:Nuclear medicine
4357:Gastroenterology
4313:Vascular surgery
4263:
4190:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4141:
4127:
4126:
3855:Mapuche medicine
3817:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3721:
3711:
3695:
3694:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3584:on May 24, 2009.
3574:
3568:
3567:
3535:
3529:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3495:
3463:
3457:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3237:
3227:
3203:
3194:
3193:
3187:
3179:
3151:
3132:
3131:
3091:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2985:
2979:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2949:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2926:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2888:
2882:
2870:
2864:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2812:
2806:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2695:(4185): 215â20.
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2666:on July 31, 2020
2665:
2659:. Archived from
2648:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2616:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2526:
2520:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2434:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2405:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2371:
2360:
2359:
2334:Kay, MA (1996).
2331:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2300:. Archived from
2295:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2267:"Ebers' Papyrus"
2263:
2257:
2256:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2216:
2162:Medicinal plants
2157:Jarrah (surgeon)
1857:, among others.
1720:Colonial America
1608:A Nievve Herball
1531:Muslim botanists
1309:medicinal plants
1168:
1161:
1154:
918:Gill plate trade
680:Vaginal steaming
327:Colloidal silver
295:Charcoal cleanse
114:
91:
21:
5926:
5925:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5853:
5848:
5838:
5833:
5823:
5818:
5808:
5803:
5786:
5773:
5743:
5738:
5733:Minority rights
5712:
5698:San controversy
5592:
5566:Nagoya Protocol
5539:
5533:
5516:
5514:
5508:
5471:
5465:
5363:
5350:
5191:
5105:
5099:
5007:
5005:minority rights
4997:
4967:
4962:
4904:
4893:Chief physician
4826:
4771:
4760:
4754:Travel medicine
4739:Sports medicine
4722:Sexual medicine
4662:Palliative care
4657:Pain management
4601:Family medicine
4579:Diving medicine
4525:
4453:
4415:
4408:
4324:
4317:
4276:Plastic surgery
4222:General surgery
4202:Cardiac surgery
4183:
4181:
4173:
4168:
4138:
4133:
4117:
4076:herbs and fungi
4071:Herbal medicine
4024:
4008:
3977:
3933:Siddha medicine
3874:
3865:Navajo medicine
3818:
3809:
3805:YorĂčbĂĄ medicine
3753:
3748:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3642:
3640:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3521:
3513:
3509:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3449:
3445:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3389:
3379:
3372:
3370:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3273:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3205:
3204:
3197:
3180:
3168:
3153:
3152:
3135:
3093:
3092:
3083:
3074:
3072:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2998:
2996:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2871:
2867:
2846:
2842:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2646:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2617:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2373:
2372:
2363:
2356:
2333:
2332:
2319:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2293:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2229:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2172:Old wives' tale
2152:Herbal medicine
2133:
2083:
2071:
2069:Safety concerns
2066:
1968:
1959:
1902:American Native
1899:
1889:
1881:herbal medicine
1869:
1863:
1848:Native Hawaiian
1801:
1780:
1759:
1743:
1734:Native American
1722:
1647:and then wrote
1639:, physician to
1614:'s (1545â1612)
1610:. This became
1600:Carolus Clusius
1592:Rembert Dodoens
1576:Hieronymus Bock
1553:clinical trials
1551:and introduced
1519:
1509:
1430:Natural History
1425:Pliny the Elder
1333:
1323:
1318:
1254:Siddha medicine
1181:(also known as
1172:
1143:
1142:
1088:Adrenal fatigue
1083:
1075:
1074:
849:Southern Africa
834:
824:
823:
794:
792:Classifications
784:
783:
760:in chiropractic
718:
710:
709:
630:Quantum healing
620:Psychic surgery
495:Ionized jewelry
458:Herbal medicine
406:Esoteric energy
396:Energy medicine
364:Cupping therapy
359:Crystal healing
332:Colon cleansing
270:Bowen technique
240:Auriculotherapy
195:
187:
186:
122:
79:decorated with
67:, cater to the
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5924:
5922:
5914:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5893:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5870:
5869:
5856:
5854:
5841:
5839:
5826:
5824:
5811:
5809:
5796:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5764:
5757:
5749:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5648:Indian removal
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5584:
5578:
5572:
5562:
5556:
5550:
5543:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5520:
5518:
5513:Indigenous-led
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5491:
5489:Arctic Council
5486:
5485:
5484:
5478:African Union
5475:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5374:Te Puni KĆkiri
5367:
5365:
5356:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5336:Plastic shaman
5333:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5304:Indian reserve
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5276:
5271:
5269:Green grabbing
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5242:Sports mascots
5234:
5233:
5232:
5230:Bioprospecting
5222:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5205:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5109:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5093:in New Zealand
5090:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5008:
4999:International
4998:
4996:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4973:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4950:
4940:
4930:
4920:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4834:
4832:
4831:Related topics
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4780:Medical school
4776:
4774:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4734:Sleep medicine
4731:
4730:
4729:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4681:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4598:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4547:Anesthesiology
4544:
4539:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4477:Neuroradiology
4474:
4463:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4420:
4418:
4414:Obstetrics and
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4329:
4327:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4298:
4296:Trauma surgery
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4259:Otolaryngology
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4198:
4196:
4187:
4185:subspecialties
4175:
4174:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4144:
4135:
4134:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3973:Unani medicine
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3830:Aztec medicine
3826:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3703:
3702:External links
3700:
3697:
3696:
3649:
3624:
3611:(1): 135â142.
3587:
3569:
3550:(2): 118â122.
3530:
3519:
3507:
3478:(6): 461â477.
3458:
3443:
3425:
3418:
3400:
3355:
3329:
3310:
3303:
3283:
3249:
3218:(2): 207â217.
3195:
3166:
3133:
3106:(1): 195â213.
3081:
3057:
3046:on 25 May 2013
3031:
3006:
2980:
2963:
2956:
2934:
2912:
2905:
2883:
2865:
2853:2012-08-05 at
2840:
2807:
2792:
2783:
2774:
2765:
2746:
2739:
2714:
2677:
2655:
2632:
2575:
2540:
2521:
2517:STSE Education
2504:
2497:
2477:
2470:
2460:(in Spanish).
2448:
2441:
2419:
2391:
2384:
2361:
2354:
2317:
2279:
2258:
2236:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2142:Bioprospecting
2139:
2132:
2129:
2082:
2079:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2004:placebo effect
1967:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1921:Arum maculatum
1888:
1885:
1865:Main article:
1862:
1859:
1800:
1797:
1779:
1776:
1758:
1755:
1747:phytochemicals
1742:
1739:
1721:
1718:
1710:Herbario Nuovo
1508:
1505:
1372:Chinese herbal
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1145:
1144:
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1125:
1120:
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1027:
1022:
1017:
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1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
961:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
938:Pressure point
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
869:
868:
863:
853:
852:
851:
846:
835:
830:
829:
826:
825:
822:
821:
819:Energy therapy
816:
811:
806:
801:
795:
790:
789:
786:
785:
782:
781:
780:
779:
769:
764:
763:
762:
757:
752:
747:
737:
736:
735:
725:
719:
716:
715:
712:
711:
708:
707:
705:Zero balancing
702:
697:
692:
690:Vision therapy
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
605:Parapsychology
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
525:Manual therapy
522:
520:Magnet therapy
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
481:
480:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
419:
418:
413:
408:
403:
393:
388:
383:
382:
381:
374:Detoxification
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
340:
339:
329:
324:
319:
314:
313:
312:
307:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
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227:
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212:
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202:
196:
193:
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189:
188:
185:
184:
179:
178:
177:
167:
162:
157:
152:
151:(health fraud)
146:
141:
140:
139:
134:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
107:
106:
100:
99:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5923:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5883:
5882:
5876:
5867:
5866:
5865:South America
5861:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5846:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5835:North America
5831:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5816:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5770:
5765:
5763:
5758:
5756:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5728:
5719:
5718:
5715:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5687:
5686:United States
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5599:
5589:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5549:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5536:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5515:international
5511:
5505:
5502:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5468:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5360:
5357:
5353:
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5344:
5342:
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5334:
5332:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5299:Indian colony
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
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5260:
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5255:
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5211:
5210:
5209:
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5200:
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5187:
5186:
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5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5102:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5083:Treaty rights
5081:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
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5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4994:
4989:
4987:
4982:
4980:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4959:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4941:
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4911:
4910:
4907:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4863:Public health
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4843:Allied health
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4767:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
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4737:
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4710:
4706:
4703:
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4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4652:Oral medicine
4650:
4648:
4647:Ophthalmology
4645:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4509:Cytopathology
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4449:Urogynecology
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4411:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
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4352:Endocrinology
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2874:The Economist
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2591:(1): 13â21 .
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2307:on 2008-10-10
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2177:Pharmacognosy
2175:
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2030:plantar warts
2027:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:Home remedies
1965:
1963:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:
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1928:
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1911:
1907:
1906:Alaska Native
1903:
1898:
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1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1867:Bush medicine
1860:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1851:LÄÊ»au lapaÊ»au
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1810:performing a
1809:
1805:
1799:Folk medicine
1798:
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1631:United States
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1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1549:pharmacopoeia
1546:
1545:
1540:
1539:Ibn al-Baitar
1536:
1532:
1528:
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1514:
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1411:
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1403:
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1392:) during the
1391:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1374:book was the
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1349:Old Testament
1346:
1345:Ebers papyrus
1342:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1301:
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1290:ethnomedicine
1287:
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1192:
1188:
1187:folk medicine
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1003:
1001:
998:
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986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
975:Faith healing
973:
971:
968:
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959:
956:
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951:
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911:
909:
906:
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899:
896:
895:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
883:Bush medicine
881:
879:
876:
874:
873:Balneotherapy
871:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
857:
854:
850:
847:
845:
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840:
837:
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720:
717:Controversies
714:
713:
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698:
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693:
691:
688:
686:
685:Vegetotherapy
683:
681:
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626:
623:
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618:
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613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
600:Ozone therapy
598:
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583:
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541:
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531:
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521:
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516:
515:Lymphotherapy
513:
511:
508:
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486:
483:
479:
476:
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459:
456:
454:
453:Hair analysis
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
438:FasciaBlaster
436:
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429:
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401:Correactology
399:
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376:
375:
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370:
367:
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355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
344:Colorpuncture
342:
338:
335:
334:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
322:Chromotherapy
320:
318:
315:
311:
308:
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241:
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210:Alkaline diet
208:
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183:
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176:
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168:
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161:
160:Pseudoscience
158:
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109:
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82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
61:Jamaica Plain
58:
54:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
18:Folk remedies
5879:
5857:
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5827:
5812:
5797:
5732:
5726:
5681:South Africa
5538:Treaties and
5410:Philippines
5362:Governmental
5184:
5113:Amazon Watch
5088:in Australia
5075:
5049:in Australia
4877:
4868:Rural health
4853:Nanomedicine
4404:Rheumatology
4335: /
4254:Hand surgery
4239:Neurosurgery
4128:
4093:Mithridatism
3891:Dhivehi beys
3750:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3641:. Retrieved
3636:
3627:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3590:
3582:the original
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3533:
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3475:
3471:
3461:
3446:
3437:
3428:
3409:
3403:
3371:. Retrieved
3367:
3358:
3346:. Retrieved
3342:
3332:
3323:
3319:
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3293:
3286:
3274:. Retrieved
3271:10603/148255
3262:
3252:
3215:
3211:
3156:
3103:
3099:
3073:. Retrieved
3069:
3060:
3048:. Retrieved
3044:the original
3034:
3022:. Retrieved
3009:
2997:. Retrieved
2993:the original
2983:
2966:
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2937:
2928:
2915:
2892:
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2872:
2868:
2843:
2824:
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2800:
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2777:
2768:
2759:
2749:
2726:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2668:. Retrieved
2661:the original
2642:
2635:
2621:cite journal
2588:
2584:
2578:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2486:
2480:
2457:
2451:
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2422:
2413:
2407:
2394:
2375:
2336:
2309:. Retrieved
2302:the original
2289:
2282:
2270:. Retrieved
2261:
2253:the original
2248:
2239:
2228:. Retrieved
2226:. 2008-12-01
2123:
2113:The illegal
2112:
2103:
2096:
2072:
2011:chicken soup
2008:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1960:
1957:Nattuvaidyam
1950:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1919:
1915:medicine man
1900:
1870:
1817:
1811:
1781:
1760:
1744:
1741:Modern usage
1723:
1709:
1705:
1702:ethnographic
1689:
1683:
1680:Juan Badiano
1669:
1664:
1648:
1635:
1620:
1615:
1607:
1587:
1580:Kreuter Buch
1579:
1573:
1568:
1556:
1542:
1520:
1498:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1448:
1438:
1428:
1422:
1410:Theophrastus
1394:Tang dynasty
1389:
1383:
1357:
1334:
1302:
1215:
1195:folk beliefs
1186:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1055:Thai massage
1025:Naftalan oil
898:Blood stasis
831:
777:Turbo cancer
665:ThetaHealing
590:Osteomyology
490:Hypnotherapy
485:Hydrotherapy
391:Ear candling
386:Dry needling
337:Coffee enema
300:Chiropractic
265:Bone-setting
245:Bates method
230:Aromatherapy
85:lucky bamboo
43:Antananarivo
5693:Rubber boom
5676:New Zealand
5208:Colonialism
5034:Land rights
4938:Wikiproject
4727:Venereology
4672:Neonatology
4569:Dermatology
4424:Gynaecology
4416:gynaecology
4399:Pulmonology
4217:Eye surgery
4179:Specialties
4098:Naturopathy
4066:Health care
3637:www.cnn.com
3391:|last=
3235:1807/107638
2531:Heart Views
2513:OISE Papers
2344:. pp.
2272:28 December
2147:Folk healer
2115:ivory trade
2034:Kogel mogel
2015:respiratory
1976:granny cure
1972:home remedy
1910:ethnobotany
1714:West Indies
1612:John Gerard
1606:in 1578 as
1535:al-Dinawari
1440:De Medicina
1414:Dioscorides
1402:Hippocrates
1385:Yaoxing Lun
1380:Han dynasty
1294:ethnobotany
1015:Mien Shiang
933:Moxibustion
645:Reflexology
570:Oil pulling
565:Naturopathy
505:Jilly Juice
285:Camel urine
255:Black salve
205:Acupuncture
200:Acupressure
165:Antiscience
137:Terminology
5895:Categories
5663:Oka Crisis
5346:Two-spirit
5071:ecological
5001:Indigenous
4700:Psychiatry
4686:(PM&R)
4679:Phlebology
4667:Pediatrics
4494:Anatomical
4459:Diagnostic
4439:Obstetrics
4389:Nephrology
4374:Hematology
4369:Geriatrics
4362:Hepatology
4347:Cardiology
4337:Immunology
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3643:2016-04-25
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3176:1086616314
3075:2015-04-17
2929:The Lancet
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2230:2014-04-20
2203:References
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2091:slow loris
2018:infections
1951:Asteraceae
1938:Asteraceae
1789:physiology
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1113:Heavy legs
1070:Vietnamese
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610:Phrenology
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