169:
160:. Contamination can occur when one of these objects comes into contact with bodily secretions, like nasal fluid, vomit, or feces. Many common objects can sustain a pathogen until a person comes in contact with the pathogen, increasing the chance of infection. The likely objects are different in a hospital environment than at home or in a workplace. Fomites such as splinters, barbed wire or farmyard surfaces, including soil, feeding troughs or barn beams, have been implicated as sources of virus.
301:
concluded that it normally invaded via the lungs. Rao recognized that the virus can be detected on inanimate objects, and therefore might in some cases be transmitted by them, but he concluded that “smallpox is still an inhalation disease . . . the virus has to enter through the nose by inhalation.”
281:
Contact with aerosolized virus (large droplet spread) generated via talking, sneezing, coughing, or vomiting, or contact with airborne virus that settles after disturbance of a contaminated fomite (e.g. shaking a contaminated blanket). During the first 24 hours, the risk can be reduced by increasing
778:
in any care activity that involves contact with patients, as serve no beneficial function in patient care, are rarely laundered and have been shown to be colonised by pathogens. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were found on two of five neckties of doctors working in an intensive care unit,
234:
In addition to objects in hospital settings, other common fomites for humans are cups, spoons, pencils, bath faucet handles, toilet flush levers, door knobs, light switches, handrails, elevator buttons, television remote controls, pens, touch screens, common-use phones, keyboards and computer mice,
309:
and others, that “careful epidemiologic investigation rarely implicated fomites as a source of infection”; and broadly agreed with current recommendations for control of secondary smallpox infections, which emphasized transmission via “expelled droplets” upon the breath. He noted that shed scabs
270:
transmit bacteria and viruses better than porous materials like paper money because porous, especially fibrous, materials absorb and trap the contagion, making it harder to contract through simple touch. Nonetheless, fomites may include soiled clothes, towels, linens, handkerchiefs, and surgical
300:
was long supposed to be transmitted either by direct contact or by fomites. However A. R. Rao’s careful researches in the 1960s, before smallpox was declared extinct, found little truth in the traditional belief that smallpox can be spread at a distance through infected clothing or bedding. He
277:
was found to be viable on various surfaces from 4 to 72 hours under laboratory conditions. On porous surfaces, studies report inability to detect viable virus within minutes to hours; on non-porous surfaces, viable virus can be detected for days to weeks. However, further research called into
282:
ventilation and waiting as long as possible before entering the space (at least several hours, based on documented airborne transmission cases), and using personal protective equipment (including any protection needed for the cleaning and disinfection products) to reduce risk.
550:, typically lose their T (thereby becoming a syllable shorter) in the nominative singular, but retain it in all other cases. In languages derived from Latin, the French fomite, Italian fomite, Spanish fómite and Portuguese fómite or fômite, retain the full stem.
289:
24 hours after contamination. Though on hands it survives only for five minutes, the constant contact with a fomite almost certainly means catching the infection. Transfer efficiency depends not only on surface, but mainly on pathogen type. For example,
867:
310:(which might be spread via bedsheets or other fomites) often contain “large quantities of virus”, but suggested that the “apparent lack of infectiousness of scab associated virus” might be due to “encapsulation with inspissated pus”.
249:
are some examples of illnesses easily spread by contaminated fomites. The risk of infection by these diseases and others through fomites can be greatly reduced by simply washing one's hands. When two children in one household have
1181:
Sobolik, J. S.; Sajewski, E. T.; Jaykus, L. A.; Cooper, D. K.; Lopman, B. A.; Kraay, A. N.; Ryan, P. B.; Guest, J. L.; Webb-Girard, A.; Leon, J. S. (2021). "Low risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via fomite, even in cold-chain".
304:
In 2002 Donald K. Milton published a review of existing research upon the transmission of smallpox and upon recommendations for controlling its spread in the event of its use in biological war. He agreed, citing Rao,
349:
I mean clothes, wooden objects, and things of that sort, which though not themselves corrupted can, nevertheless, preserve the original germs of the contagion and infect by means of these".
1664:
2986:
2540:
1657:
971:
Pope, Theodore W.; Peter T. Ender; William K. Woelk; Michael A. Koroscil; Thomas M. Koroscil (December 2002). "Bacterial contamination of paper currency".
203:. It worries epidemiologists and hospital practitioners because of the growing selection of microbes resistant to disinfectants or antibiotics (so-called
168:
1584:
Preventing
Transmission of Pandemic Influenza and Other Viral Respiratory Diseases: Personal Protective Equipment for Healthcare Personnel: Update 2010
172:
Detecting whether medics have inadvertently transferred fluids to their clothing during a training sequence using simulated bodily fluids carrying an
235:
coffeepot handles, countertops, drinking fountains, and any other items that may be frequently touched by different people and infrequently cleaned.
278:
question the accuracy of such tests, instead finding fomite transmission of SARS-Cov-2 in real world settings is extremely rare if not impossible.
1650:
693:
Lawrence, Philip; Danet, Nicolas; Reynard, Olivier; Volchkova, Valentina; Volchkov, Viktor (February 2017). "Human transmission of Ebola virus".
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188:
1360:
Fracastoro, Girolamo (1961). "Contagion, contagious diseases and their treatment (1546)". In Brock, Thomas D. (ed.).
1317:. 2nd Series, Vol. 6, Renaissance Medical Learning: Evolution of a Tradition. University of Chicago Press: 196–234.
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of such objects prevents cross-infection. Used syringes, if improperly handled, are particularly dangerous fomites.
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Nutton, Vivian (1990). "The
Reception of Fracastoro's Theory of Contagion: The Seed That Fell among Thorns?".
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2016:
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1401:
646:"Risk for Fomite-Mediated Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Child Daycares, Schools, Nursing Homes, and Offices"
398:
1629:
General characteristics and roles of fomites in viral transmission, American
Society for Microbiology, 1969
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Lewis, Dyani (2021). "COVID-19 rarely spreads through surfaces. So why are we still deep cleaning?".
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1982:
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Mondelli, Mario U.; Colaneri, Marta; Seminari, Elena M.; Baldanti, Fausto; Bruno, Raffaele (2021).
330:
254:, more than 50% of shared items are contaminated with virus. In 40–90% cases, adults infected with
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and
Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from eight of 40 doctors' ties in a Scottish hospital.
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Kraay ANM; Hayashi MAL; Berendes, D. M.; Sobolik, J. S.; Leon, J. S.; Lopman, B. A. (2021).
497:
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133:
97:
70:
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1016:
van
Doremalen, Neeltje; Bushmaker, Trenton; Morris, Dylan H.; et al. (16 April 2020).
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1002:
306:
1439:
1266:"What was the primary mode of smallpox transmission? Implications for biodefense".
742:"The necktie as a potential vector of infection: are doctors happy to do without?"
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706:
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2673:
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1813:
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808:"Significance of Fomites in the Spread of Respiratory and Enteric Viral Disease"
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218:, and life support equipment, can also be carriers, when the pathogens form
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1977:
1957:
1751:
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1033:
1018:"Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1"
831:
297:
246:
215:
1366:. Translated by Wright, Wilmer C. Prentice-Hall International. pp.
1126:"Low risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by fomites in real-life conditions"
191:(HAIs), as they are possible routes to pass pathogens between patients.
136:(also called passive vector) that, when contaminated with or exposed to
3021:
2892:
2145:
1702:
1271:
2 (150): 150. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2012.00150. PMC 3509329. PMID 23226686.
219:
196:
153:
145:
117:
109:
17:
1536:
Bennett, John V.; Jarvis, William Robert; Brachman, Philip S. (2007),
1330:
285:
The 2007 research showed that the influenza virus was still active on
3229:
2794:
801:
799:
338:
1580:"Understanding the Risk to Healthcare Personnel: Fomite Persistence"
740:
McGovern, B.; Doyle, E.; Fenelon, L. E.; et al. (1 June 2010).
1322:
266:
Researchers have discovered that smooth (non-porous) surfaces like
2458:
1970:
1516:"10.1 Introduction; the role of fomites in the virus transmission"
167:
149:
113:
2442:
1911:
1808:
1544:, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, p. 277,
294:
survives on both porous and non-porous materials for 144 hours.
1646:
419:). Over time, the English-language pronunciation of the plural
313:
Contaminated needles are the most common fomite that transmits
447:
374:
314:
85:
512:
506:
476:
470:
435:
368:
79:
52:
46:
1520:
Viruses in Food and Water: Risks, Surveillance and
Control
441:
868:"Never Heard Of Fomites? You'd Better Learn About Them!"
1564:, Springfield: Charles C Thomas Publisher, p. 53,
27:
Non-living object capable of carrying infectious agents
1561:
The Words of
Medicine: Sources, Meanings, and Delights
914:"Survival of enteric viruses on environmental fomites"
542:) is a third-declension T-stem noun. Such nouns, like
1602:"Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Human Herpersviruses"
727:
503:
482:
467:
450:
432:
377:
365:
88:
76:
43:
1586:, Washington: National Academies Press, p. 41,
1522:, Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, pp. 205–215,
515:
479:
444:
55:
3301:
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2195:
2162:
2155:
2119:
2112:
2024:
2015:
1902:
1799:
1693:
1686:
912:Abad, F. X.; R. M. Pintó; A. Bosch (October 1994).
509:
500:
473:
464:
438:
429:
371:
362:
82:
73:
49:
40:
1438:
1389:
1578:Larson, Elaine L.; Liverman, Catharyn T. (2011),
1493:"Language Log: Fomite: panacea or backformation?"
895:
893:
317:. Fomites from dirty needles also easily spread
806:Boone, Stephanie A.; Gerba, Charles P. (2007).
1228:
790:
490:, which led to the creation of a new singular
1658:
1433:
1431:
1246:, KBD, Bombay, 1972, pp.86-89, 91-92, and 95.
385:, is documented since 1658. The English word
8:
1608:, Wisconsin: Jones & Bartlett Learning,
1542:Bennett & Brachman's Hospital Infections
587:
585:
341:", in this sense in his essay on contagion,
100:that, when contaminated with or exposed to
2831:
2285:
2159:
2116:
2021:
1690:
1665:
1651:
1643:
1209:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
333:appears to have first used the Latin word
1187:
1149:
1049:
947:
839:
669:
389:, which has been in use since 1859, is a
187:Fomites are associated particularly with
1422:
180:For humans, common hospital fomites are
2739:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
1912:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
1538:"Chapter 19: The Inanimate Environment"
581:
3322:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
3214:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
919:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
812:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
625:
623:
621:
619:
1280:
1264:Donald K. Milton (29 November 2012).
1205:"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)"
631:"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)"
592:Cramer, Lorraine (1 September 2011).
414:
405:
7:
2569:Compartmental models in epidemiology
1459:participating institution membership
1410:participating institution membership
899:
884:
861:
859:
1478:Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary
728:Bennett, Jarvis & Brachman 2007
343:De Contagione et Contagiosis Morbis
199:are common fomites associated with
866:Shaw, Michael (27 November 2006).
329:The Italian scholar and physician
210:Basic hospital equipment, such as
25:
3318:Economics of Infectious Diseases
1481:. Merriam-Webster. 16 June 2023.
987:10.1097/00007611-200295120-00011
940:10.1128/AEM.60.10.3704-3710.1994
496:
460:
425:
358:
262:Transmission of specific viruses
128:Transfer of pathogens by fomites
69:
36:
1022:New England Journal of Medicine
184:, hair, clothing, and bedding.
3327:Infectious disease informatics
3158:Transmission-based precautions
1130:The Lancet Infectious Diseases
1:
2744:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
2519:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
1880:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
1142:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30678-2
746:Journal of Hospital Infection
2306:Aerosol-generating procedure
2084:Silent/Subclinical infection
1784:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
1269:Front Cell Infect Microbiol.
707:10.1016/j.coviro.2016.11.013
650:Emerging Infectious Diseases
594:"Fomites, fomites, fomites!"
189:hospital-acquired infections
2970:Vaccine-preventable disease
2918:Monoclonal antibody therapy
1189:10.1101/2021.08.23.21262477
695:Current Opinion in Virology
3401:
3111:Respiratory source control
1363:Milestones in Microbiology
1229:Larson & Liverman 2011
1095:10.1038/d41586-021-00251-4
791:Larson & Liverman 2011
758:10.1016/j.jhin.2009.12.008
3255:Global Health Initiatives
3245:Evolutionary epidemiology
2940:Post-exposure prophylaxis
2876:Antimicrobial stewardship
2599:Multiplicity of infection
2564:Basic reproduction number
2340:Percutaneous inoculation
1824:Host–pathogen interaction
1558:Fortuine, Robert (2000),
1446:Oxford English Dictionary
1397:Oxford English Dictionary
345:, published in 1546: "By
222:on the surfaces. Careful
3073:Protective sequestration
2935:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
2226:Generational difference
1779:Horizontal gene transfer
1769:Antimicrobial resistance
1203:CDC (11 February 2020).
974:Southern Medical Journal
258:have it on their hands.
205:antimicrobial resistance
3260:Microbial phylogenetics
3178:Wastewater surveillance
2699:Geographic distribution
2574:Critical community size
2372:Surgical site infection
2220:Iatrogenic/Medical care
2139:Microbial translocation
2135:Endogenous reactivation
2130:Normal flora overgrowth
2079:Opportunistic infection
1851:Opportunistic infection
1451:Oxford University Press
1402:Oxford University Press
243:hand–foot–mouth disease
3332:Microbial bioterrorism
2955:efficacy/effectiveness
2363:Surgical intervention
2255:Breakthrough infection
1877:Genetic predisposition
1861:Susceptible individual
1708:Germ theory of disease
662:10.3201/eid2704.203631
560:Focal infection theory
401:from the Latin plural
177:
3168:Universal precautions
2126:Endogenous overgrowth
1978:Poultry and livestock
1634:24 April 2010 at the
1606:Understanding Viruses
570:Vector (epidemiology)
201:health care providers
171:
3270:Genomic reassortment
3250:Genetic epidemiology
3089:Health communication
3017:Flattening the curve
3007:Disease surveillance
2790:Systemic/Generalized
2554:Animal disease model
2034:Asymptomatic carrier
1600:Shors, Teri (2017),
1514:Cook, Nigel (2013),
1034:10.1056/NEJMc2004973
832:10.1128/AEM.02051-06
604:on 23 September 2020
407:[ˈfoːmɪteːs]
3385:Medical terminology
3370:Infectious diseases
3337:Pandemic prevention
3293:Viral phylodynamics
3274:Re-emerging disease
3163:Travel restrictions
2367:Postoperative wound
2336:Blood-borne disease
2318:Respiratory droplet
2230:Vertical/Congenital
2215:Nosocomial/Hospital
2172:Spillover infection
1449:(Online ed.).
1400:(Online ed.).
1087:2021Natur.590...26L
932:1994ApEnM..60.3704A
824:2007ApEnM..73.1687B
633:. 11 February 2020.
331:Girolamo Fracastoro
142:pathogenic bacteria
106:pathogenic bacteria
3283:Selection pressure
2579:Force of infection
2207:Contagious disease
2142:Endogenous seeding
2039:Chain of infection
1963:Injection drug use
1874:Vaccination status
1757:Case fatality rate
1675:infectious disease
1497:itre.cis.upenn.edu
565:Focus of infection
178:
3357:
3356:
3347:Tropical medicine
3288:Synthetic biology
3189:
3188:
3148:Social distancing
3101:Outbreak response
2722:
2721:
2549:Agent-based model
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2074:Natural reservoir
2064:Infectious period
2054:Incubation period
2011:
2010:
1967:Natural disaster
1936:Tropical diseases
1919:Biodiversity loss
1856:Risk of infection
1846:Microbiome health
1839:Immunosuppression
1615:978-1-284-02592-7
1593:978-0-309-16254-8
1551:978-0-7817-6383-7
1529:978-0-85709-887-0
1457:(Subscription or
1408:(Subscription or
1028:(16): 1564–1567.
416:[ˈfoːmɛs]
352:English usage of
138:infectious agents
102:infectious agents
16:(Redirected from
3392:
3342:Tropical disease
3278:Reverse zoonosis
3265:One Health Model
3094:Health education
3083:Community health
3002:Cordon sanitaire
2975:Ring vaccination
2945:Repurposed drugs
2832:
2751:Gastrointestinal
2594:Machine learning
2398:Gastrointestinal
2349:Intravenous line
2286:
2200:/Cross-infection
2187:Reverse zoonosis
2160:
2117:
2022:
2003:War and conflict
1871:Nutrition status
1834:Immunodeficiency
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872:gasdetection.com
863:
854:
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843:
818:(6): 1687–1696.
803:
794:
793:, pp. 41–42
788:
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737:
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719:
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690:
684:
683:
673:
656:(4): 1229–1231.
641:
635:
634:
627:
614:
613:
611:
609:
600:. Archived from
589:
522:
521:
518:
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489:
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431:
418:
409:
393:from the plural
384:
383:
380:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
164:Hospital fomites
152:), can transfer
134:inanimate object
132:A fomite is any
116:), can transfer
98:inanimate object
95:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
62:
61:
58:
57:
54:
51:
48:
45:
42:
21:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3297:
3210:Antigenic shift
3205:Antigenic drift
3196:
3185:
3049:Barrier nursing
2997:Contact tracing
2988:
2981:
2826:
2824:
2817:
2728:
2718:
2619:
2613:
2604:Serial interval
2523:
2507:
2498:Cervico-vaginal
2493:
2484:Trans-placental
2479:
2463:
2431:
2393:
2329:Vascular system
2328:
2322:
2277:
2265:
2259:
2199:
2191:
2151:
2108:
2026:
2007:
1898:
1829:Immune response
1795:
1774:Drug resistance
1718:Infectious dose
1682:
1671:
1636:Wayback Machine
1625:
1616:
1599:
1594:
1577:
1572:
1557:
1552:
1535:
1530:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1081:(7844): 26–28.
1072:
1071:
1067:
1015:
1014:
1010:
981:(12): 1408–10.
970:
969:
965:
926:(10): 3704–10.
911:
910:
906:
898:
891:
883:
879:
865:
864:
857:
805:
804:
797:
789:
785:
739:
738:
734:
726:
722:
692:
691:
687:
643:
642:
638:
629:
628:
617:
607:
605:
591:
590:
583:
578:
556:
499:
495:
463:
459:
428:
424:
361:
357:
327:
292:avian influenza
287:stainless steel
264:
232:
166:
130:
72:
68:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3398:
3396:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3362:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3240:Emergent virus
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3175:
3173:Vector control
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3116:N95 respirator
3108:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2989:pharmaceutical
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2838:
2836:
2835:Pharmaceutical
2829:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2786:Cardiovascular
2784:
2779:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2765:Nervous system
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2732:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2589:Infection rate
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2344:Injection site
2338:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2313:Dental aerosol
2310:
2309:
2308:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2235:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2197:Human-to-human
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2094:Super-spreader
2091:
2089:Superinfection
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1998:Vector control
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1927:Climate zones
1925:
1923:Climate change
1920:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1739:
1737:Quorum sensing
1734:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1638:
1624:
1623:External links
1621:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1597:
1592:
1575:
1570:
1555:
1550:
1533:
1528:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1484:
1464:
1427:
1415:
1381:
1352:
1323:10.1086/368701
1303:
1298:mayoclinic.org
1285:
1273:
1257:
1248:
1233:
1221:
1195:
1173:
1116:
1065:
1008:
963:
904:
889:
877:
855:
795:
783:
752:(2): 138–139.
732:
720:
685:
636:
615:
598:Microblogology
580:
579:
577:
574:
573:
572:
567:
562:
555:
552:
391:back-formation
326:
323:
263:
260:
231:
228:
165:
162:
129:
126:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3397:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3153:Sterilization
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:Surgical mask
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3078:Public health
3076:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:Phage therapy
2928:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2913:Immunotherapy
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2871:Antimicrobial
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2820:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2762:Genitourinary
2761:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:in population
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:Herd immunity
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:Genitourinary
2466:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2410:Contamination
2408:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:Vector-borne
2377:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2164:Cross-species
2161:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2104:Window period
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2069:Latent period
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1948:Deforestation
1946:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1893:Stress levels
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1725:Pathogenicity
1723:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1423:Fortuine 2000
1419:
1416:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1294:"Hepatitis B"
1289:
1286:
1283:, p. 279
1282:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1185:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
975:
967:
964:
959:
955:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:
915:
908:
905:
902:, p. 208
901:
896:
894:
890:
887:, p. 207
886:
881:
878:
873:
869:
862:
860:
856:
851:
847:
842:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
802:
800:
796:
792:
787:
784:
780:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
736:
733:
730:, p. 275
729:
724:
721:
716:
712:
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2609:WAIFW matrix
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1993:Urbanization
1791:Host tropism
1687:Determinants
1673:Concepts in
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3225:Biosecurity
2950:Vaccination
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2903:Drug safety
2898:Combination
2825:and Control
2773:Soft tissue
2727:Anatomical
2694:Seasonality
2674:Mesoendemic
2654:Holoendemic
2647:Farr's laws
2559:Attack rate
2357:Animal bite
2353:Insect bite
2289:Respiratory
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1730:Attack rate
1713:Infectivity
1255:Rao, p. 88.
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337:, meaning "
319:Hepatitis B
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2965:resistance
2883:Antiseptic
2864:Ascaricide
2854:Antifungal
2842:Antibiotic
2823:Prevention
2756:Intestinal
2689:Prevalence
2669:Inequality
2618:Occurrence
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2301:Bioaerosol
2273:Sapronosis
2248:Horizontal
2120:Endogenous
2099:Viral load
2059:Index case
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1281:Shors 2017
1240:A.R. Rao,
1214:2 February
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526:In Latin,
275:SARS-CoV-2
268:door knobs
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230:Daily life
182:skin cells
3309:Discovery
3235:Disease X
3195:Emerging
3143:Screening
3044:Isolation
2888:Antiviral
2714:Twindemic
2664:Incidence
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2327:Linked to
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2148:formation
1890:Pregnancy
1747:Endotoxin
1742:Virulence
1374:10 August
1168:222002135
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1042:0028-4793
900:Cook 2013
885:Cook 2013
766:0195-6701
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534:, plural
325:Etymology
252:influenza
216:catheters
156:to a new
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3218:EARS-Net
3133:Safe sex
3085:services
3056:Lockdown
2827:measures
2729:location
2709:Syndemic
2704:Sporadic
2684:Pandemic
2679:Outbreak
2637:Epidemic
2490:Prenatal
2382:Mosquito
2266:to-human
2241:Neonatal
2234:Prenatal
2182:Zoonosis
2027:concepts
1958:Humidity
1943:Commerce
1819:Diabetes
1752:Exotoxin
1632:Archived
1473:"fomite"
1440:"fomite"
1347:37260514
1339:11612689
1243:Smallpox
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1103:33514939
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399:borrowed
298:Smallpox
247:diarrhea
220:biofilms
197:neckties
3380:Hygiene
3022:Hygiene
2960:booster
2893:Asepsis
2632:Endemic
2627:Cluster
2211:Source
2146:Biofilm
1983:Poverty
1953:Ecology
1931:El Niño
1884:Smoking
1762:factors
1703:Biofilm
1679:Outline
1391:"fomes"
1184:medRxiv
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1083:Bibcode
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395:fomites
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212:IV drip
154:disease
146:viruses
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2282:Routes
2177:Vector
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1988:Travel
1868:Gender
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1566:ISBN
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1524:ISBN
1376:2013
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954:PMID
846:PMID
770:PMID
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610:2019
195:and
158:host
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