368:
880:
319:
295:
723:
116:
307:
375:
1347:
Viglietti, Pia A.; Barrett, Paul M.; Broderick, Tim J.; Munyikwa, Darlington; MacNiven, Rowan; Broderick, Lucy; Chapelle, Kimberley; Glynn, Dave; Edwards, Steve (January 2018). "Stratigraphy of the
Vulcanodon type locality and its implications for regional correlations within the Karoo Supergroup".
1328:
Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Early
Jurassic, Africa)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 535–536.
1126:
Jones, D. L.; Duncan, R. A.; Briden, J. C.; Randall, D. E.; MacNiocaill, C. (2001). "Age of the Batoka basalts, northern
Zimbabwe, and the duration of Karoo Large Igneous Province magmatism".
1500:
1520:
465:
The formation is a sedimentary unit, consisting mainly of aeolian sands and silts with interbedded fluvial sediments, laid down during a period of increasing aridity.
920:
943:"Geophysical and hydrogeologic investigation of groundwater in the Karoo stratigraphic sequence at Sawmills in northern Matabeleland, Zimbabwe: a case history"
1166:
Nyambe, Imasiku A.; Utting, John (1997). "Stratigraphy and palynostratigraphy, Karoo
Supergroup (Permian and Triassic), mid-Zambezi Valley, southern Zambia".
1286:"A review of the reptile and amphibian assemblages from the Stromberg of southern Africa, with special emphasis on the footprints and age of the Stromberg"
1204:
Catuneanu, O.; Wopfner, H.; Eriksson, P.G.; Cairncross, B.; Rubidge, B.S.; Smith, R.M.H.; Hancox, P.J. (2005). "The Karoo basins of south-central Africa".
1241:"Sedimentology and taphonomy of the upper Karoo-equivalent Mpandi Formation in the Tuli Basin of Zimbabwe, with a new 40Ar/39Ar age for the Tuli basalts"
1475:
1465:
1470:
367:
1391:
M.A. Raath (1972). "Fossil vertebrate studies in
Rhodesia: a new dinosaur (Reptilia: Saurischia) from near the Triassic-Jurassic boundary".
996:
1480:
1535:
1525:
1334:
1053:
1051:
Bordy, Emese M.; Catuneanu, Octavian (2001). "Sedimentology of the upper Karoo fluvial strata in the Tuli Basin, South Africa".
1530:
1485:
1505:
1411:
201:
355:
1515:
1510:
1495:
1490:
1091:
d'Engelbronner, E.R. (1996). "New palynological data from Karoo sediments, Mana Pools basin, northern
Zimbabwe".
208:
247:
1239:
Rogers, Raymond R.; Rogers, Kristina Curry; Munyikwa, Darlington; Terry, Rebecca C.; Bradley s.Singer (2004).
527:
174:
757:
340:
1412:"A preliminary analysis of the groundwater recharge to the Karoo formations, mid-Zambezi basin, Zimbabwe"
1285:
490:
1426:
1357:
1255:
1213:
1175:
1135:
1100:
1062:
1011:
954:
397:
139:
859:
486:
970:
863:
793:
713:
594:
1027:
1373:
1330:
761:
538:
519:
154:
124:
1434:
1365:
1263:
1221:
1183:
1143:
1108:
1070:
1019:
962:
765:
531:
523:
164:
149:
879:
401:
941:
Danielsen, Jens E.; Dahlin, Torleif; Owen, Richard; Mangeya, Pride; Auken, Esben (2007).
1430:
1361:
1259:
1217:
1179:
1139:
1104:
1066:
1015:
958:
992:
988:
695:
666:
442:
240:
1438:
1240:
1187:
1112:
1074:
1459:
1369:
1267:
1225:
1023:
900:
The Forest
Sandstone is the major groundwater-bearing unit of the Upper Karoo Group.
871:
837:
120:
74:
27:
974:
855:
778:
611:
424:
416:
722:
641:
558:
435:
115:
49:
1442:
966:
753:
735:
507:
448:
413:
409:
405:
94:
59:
35:
31:
1377:
262:
249:
223:
210:
428:
189:
99:
43:
534:. In the Thuli Basin it is sometimes referred to as the Samkoto Formation.
1147:
808:
482:
474:
438:
420:
344:
324:
300:
128:
89:
84:
69:
64:
54:
104:
79:
942:
478:
312:
282:
1410:
Larsen, Flemming; R. Owen; T. Dahlin; P. Mangeya; G. Barmen (2002).
803:
661:
606:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
878:
721:
518:
The Forest
Sandstone is the penultimate formation in the
553:
997:"Triassic environments, climate and reptile evolution"
485:, in the Mid-Zambezi, Mana Pools, Cabora Bassa and
350:
335:
330:
288:
278:
239:
200:
195:
185:
180:
170:
160:
145:
135:
21:
1004:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
537:The Forest Sandstone has been correlated to the
452:have been recovered from the Forest Sandstone.
427:. As its name suggests, it consists mainly of
123:in the Forest Sandstone, Chewore Safari Area,
1199:
1197:
8:
1501:Geologic formations with imbedded sand dunes
1521:Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Africa
541:of the Great Karoo Basin in South Africa.
114:
18:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1279:
1277:
806:
664:
609:
556:
404:, dating to roughly between 200 and 190
374:
1284:Paul E. Olsen; Peter M. Galton (1984).
915:
913:
909:
1086:
1084:
506:The formation is dated at 200 to 190
489:, with its greatest thickness in the
16:Geologic formation in Southern Africa
7:
1128:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
1419:Physics and Chemistry of the Earth
14:
1350:Journal of African Earth Sciences
1248:Journal of African Earth Sciences
1206:Journal of African Earth Sciences
1168:Journal of African Earth Sciences
1093:Journal of African Earth Sciences
1054:Journal of African Earth Sciences
811:of the Forest Sandstone Formation
669:of the Forest Sandstone Formation
614:of the Forest Sandstone Formation
473:The Forest Sandstone is found in
1370:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.10.015
1268:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2004.11.004
1226:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.007
373:
366:
317:
305:
293:
1476:Geologic formations of Zimbabwe
1466:Geologic formations of Botswana
771:Partial skeleton and scapula
752:Geographically located in the
1:
1471:Geologic formations of Zambia
1439:10.1016/s1474-7065(02)00064-5
1188:10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00081-X
1113:10.1016/S0899-5362(96)00049-8
1075:10.1016/S0899-5362(01)00090-2
585:unknown protosuchid crocodile
1024:10.1016/0031-0182(82)90034-7
921:"Forest Sandstone Formation"
241:Approximate paleocoordinates
446:and the primitive sauropod
382:Forest Sandstone (Zimbabwe)
1552:
854:Geographically located in
792:Geographically located in
712:Geographically located in
593:Geographically located in
356:Zimbabwe Geological Survey
1481:Jurassic System of Africa
967:10.1007/s10040-007-0191-z
361:
113:
26:
1536:Paleontology in Zimbabwe
1526:Paleontology in Botswana
923:. Paleobiology Database
528:Pebbly Arkose Formation
175:Pebbly Arkose Formation
1531:Paleontology in Zambia
883:
726:
652:Unspecified, Zimbabwe
1486:Early Jurassic Africa
882:
875:by Weishampel et al.
869:Note: Referred to as
787:Indeterminate remains
725:
1506:Sandstone formations
1148:10.1029/2000GC000110
947:Hydrogeology Journal
639:unknown, similar to
398:geological formation
341:Nyamandlovu District
283:South-central Africa
140:Geological formation
1431:2002PCE....27..765L
1362:2018JAfES.137..149V
1260:2004JAfES..40..147R
1218:2005JAfES..43..211C
1180:1997JAfES..24..563N
1140:2001GGG.....2.1022J
1105:1996JAfES..23...17D
1067:2001JAfES..33..605B
1016:1982PPP....40..361T
959:2007HydJ...15..945D
891:Economic importance
860:Tsholotsho District
259: /
220: /
28:Stratigraphic range
1425:(11–22): 765–772.
884:
864:Matabeleland North
794:Matabeleland North
727:
714:Matabeleland North
595:Matabeleland North
526:, lying above the
491:Cabora Bassa Basin
993:Michael J. Benton
989:Maurice E. Tucker
888:
887:
802:
801:
762:Kariba (District)
660:
659:
605:
604:
539:Clarens Formation
520:Upper Karoo Group
408:and covering the
406:million years ago
390:
389:
155:Upper Karoo Group
125:Hurungwe District
1543:
1516:Fluvial deposits
1511:Aeolian deposits
1496:Sinemurian Stage
1491:Hettangian Stage
1450:
1449:
1447:
1441:. Archived from
1416:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1344:
1338:
1326:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1245:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1212:(1–3): 211–253.
1201:
1192:
1191:
1163:
1152:
1151:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1026:. Archived from
1001:
985:
979:
978:
938:
932:
931:
929:
928:
917:
804:
766:Mashonaland West
662:
607:
554:
550:Vertebrate fauna
532:Batoka Formation
524:Karoo Supergroup
394:Forest Sandstone
377:
376:
370:
354:A.M. MacGregor,
323:
321:
320:
311:
309:
308:
299:
297:
296:
274:
273:
271:
270:
269:
264:
260:
257:
256:
255:
252:
235:
234:
232:
231:
230:
225:
221:
218:
217:
216:
213:
165:Batoka Formation
150:Karoo Supergroup
118:
109:
46:
22:Forest Sandstone
19:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1327:
1304:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1165:
1164:
1155:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1036:
1034:
1030:
999:
987:
986:
982:
940:
939:
935:
926:
924:
919:
918:
911:
906:
898:
893:
848:M. rhodesiensis
667:Sauropodomorphs
552:
547:
516:
504:
499:
471:
463:
458:
434:Fossils of the
402:southern Africa
386:
385:
384:
383:
380:
379:
378:
318:
316:
315:
306:
304:
303:
294:
292:
267:
265:
261:
258:
253:
250:
248:
246:
245:
228:
226:
222:
219:
214:
211:
209:
207:
206:
152:
131:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
41:
40:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1549:
1547:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1448:on 2011-08-20.
1402:
1383:
1339:
1302:
1273:
1231:
1193:
1153:
1118:
1080:
1043:
1010:(4): 361–379.
980:
933:
908:
907:
905:
902:
897:
894:
892:
889:
886:
885:
876:
867:
852:
851:
850:
843:
842:
841:
831:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
814:
813:
800:
799:
797:
790:
789:
788:
783:
782:
781:
773:
772:
769:
750:
749:
748:
746:V. karibaensis
741:
740:
739:
729:
728:
719:
717:
710:
709:
708:
701:
700:
699:
696:Massospondylus
689:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
672:
671:
658:
657:
655:
653:
650:
649:indeterminate
647:
646:
645:
634:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
617:
616:
603:
602:
600:
598:
591:
590:indeterminate
588:
587:
586:
580:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
563:
562:
551:
548:
546:
545:Fossil content
543:
530:and below the
515:
512:
503:
500:
498:
495:
487:Limpopo Basins
470:
467:
462:
459:
457:
454:
443:Massospondylus
423:Period in the
388:
387:
381:
372:
371:
365:
364:
363:
362:
359:
358:
352:
348:
347:
337:
333:
332:
328:
327:
290:
286:
285:
280:
276:
275:
243:
237:
236:
204:
198:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
119:
111:
110:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
47:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1548:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1335:0-520-24209-2
1332:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1293:Palaeont. Afr
1287:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1047:
1044:
1033:on 2009-01-26
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
994:
990:
984:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
937:
934:
922:
916:
914:
910:
903:
901:
895:
890:
881:
877:
874:
873:
868:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
846:
845:
844:
840:
839:
838:Megapnosaurus
835:
834:
833:
832:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
815:
812:
810:
805:
798:
795:
791:
786:
785:
784:
780:
777:
776:
775:
774:
770:
767:
763:
759:
756:area and the
755:
751:
747:
744:
743:
742:
738:
737:
733:
732:
731:
730:
724:
720:
718:
715:
711:
707:
704:
703:
702:
698:
697:
693:
692:
691:
690:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
673:
670:
668:
663:
656:
654:
651:
648:
644:
643:
638:
637:
636:
635:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
618:
615:
613:
608:
601:
599:
596:
592:
589:
584:
583:
582:
581:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
564:
561:
560:
555:
549:
544:
542:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
513:
511:
509:
501:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
468:
466:
460:
455:
453:
451:
450:
445:
444:
440:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
369:
360:
357:
353:
349:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
326:
314:
302:
291:
287:
284:
281:
277:
272:
244:
242:
238:
233:
224:20.0°S 28.4°E
205:
203:
199:
194:
191:
188:
184:
179:
176:
173:
169:
166:
163:
159:
156:
151:
148:
144:
141:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
112:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
45:
42:200–190
37:
33:
29:
25:
20:
1443:the original
1422:
1418:
1405:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1296:
1292:
1254:(3–4): 147.
1251:
1247:
1234:
1209:
1205:
1171:
1167:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1099:(1): 17–30.
1096:
1092:
1061:(3–4): 605.
1058:
1052:
1046:
1035:. Retrieved
1028:the original
1007:
1003:
983:
950:
946:
936:
925:. Retrieved
899:
896:Hydrogeology
870:
866:, Zimbabwe.
856:Nyamandhlovu
847:
836:
807:
796:, Zimbabwe.
779:Prosauropoda
760:Islands, in
745:
734:
716:, Zimbabwe.
706:M. carinatus
705:
694:
665:
640:
612:Sphenodontia
610:
597:, Zimbabwe.
557:
536:
517:
514:Stratigraphy
505:
472:
464:
447:
441:
433:
425:Mesozoic Era
393:
391:
331:Type section
263:35.0°S 5.1°E
1356:: 149–156.
768:, Zimbabwe
642:Clevosaurus
559:Protosuchia
461:Description
436:prosauropod
339:Forests of
266: /
229:-20.0; 28.4
227: /
202:Coordinates
1460:Categories
1174:(4): 563.
1134:(2): n/a.
1037:2010-01-08
953:(5): 945.
927:2010-01-03
904:References
758:Sibilobilo
754:Bumi Hills
736:Vulcanodon
497:Deposition
449:Vulcanodon
414:Sinemurian
410:Hettangian
268:-35.0; 5.1
36:Sinemurian
32:Hettangian
1378:1464-343X
1299:: 87–110.
872:Syntarsus
823:Presence
809:Theropods
681:Presence
626:Presence
572:Presence
429:sandstone
336:Named for
190:Sandstone
181:Lithology
161:Underlies
121:Dune beds
1393:Arnoldia
995:(1982).
820:Species
678:Species
623:Species
569:Species
483:Zimbabwe
475:Botswana
439:dinosaur
421:Jurassic
351:Named by
345:Zimbabwe
325:Zimbabwe
301:Botswana
196:Location
171:Overlies
129:Zimbabwe
1427:Bibcode
1358:Bibcode
1256:Bibcode
1214:Bibcode
1176:Bibcode
1136:Bibcode
1101:Bibcode
1063:Bibcode
1012:Bibcode
975:2059067
955:Bibcode
829:Images
687:Images
632:Images
578:Images
522:of the
456:Geology
419:of the
289:Country
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