421:) considered the more serious "allegations of sexual abuse and death from criminal conduct from 1910 to 2004". The resulting report (the "Mullighan Report") noted that 792 people made allegations of abuse by 1,733 perpetrators and the inquiry found "that 242 people – 124 males and 118 females – were children in State care at the time of the alleged abuse". The names of 924 children alleged to have died while in state care in South Australia were given to the inquiry. The inquiry found that 391 children had died while in state care.
156:
opportunities were fewer for women than men, and women were paid less than the male wage for the same work. Lone mothers and fathers found it difficult to work to support children as there was little affordable childcare available. The social stigma of giving birth outside marriage placed enormous pressure on women to give their children up for adoption. Some chose to place their children in a home so that they could at least have some contact with them.
122:
Australia was being conducted in 2000–2001, the recently established Care
Leavers Australia Network (CLAN) made a submission to that inquiry to raise awareness that a third and much larger group of children who had experienced care were being forgotten. A third Senate inquiry was conducted in 2003–04. The Inquiry into Children in Institutional Care 'directed its inquiries primarily to those affected children who were not covered by the 2001 report
319:
parents or were sent elsewhere. The result is that many people never knew they had siblings or only found out much later in life. Children's names were often changed and poor and incomplete records kept of children in care. This makes it difficult for older care leavers to find out why and how they ended up in care, and to trace parents, siblings or other living relatives.
437:
in 2010. The maximum payment may be limited because of underfunding. New South Wales, Victoria, and South
Australia are yet to fund redress schemes. The Victorian Government position is that individual cases will be addressed on their merits. The major problem for adult survivors of childhood abuse is the burden of proof of the abuse in a formal legal setting.
134:... children were for many reasons hidden in institutions and forgotten by society when they were placed in care and again when they were released into the 'outside' world. ... These people who spent part or all of their childhood in an institution, children's home or out-of-home care background have been the forgotten Australians.
230:
being a primary consideration'. Many reported being placed with people with limited experience of children or with older couples. Some considered they had only been fostered as a form of cheap labour to help out on farms and as domestic servants. Sexual abuse by foster parents, their children or other relatives was also reported.
436:
State government funded redress schemes have made or are planning ex-gratia payments to
Forgotten Australians in some states. In Queensland, payments were made in 2009 ranging from $ 7,000 to $ 40,000. In Western Australia, payments were expected to range from $ 10,000 to $ 80,000 and were to be made
151:
Many of the reasons children were placed in care related to poverty and family breakdown. Until social change came about in
Australia in the 1970s, there was almost no community or government support for families in crisis or financial need so most children whose families could not care for them were
105:
The
Australian Senate used the figure of half-a-million when reporting on its 2003–04 'Inquiry into Children in Institutional Care'. The Senate's 2004 report on the inquiry began by saying that 'Upwards of, and possibly more than 500,000 Australians experienced care ... during the last century'.
63:
Children ended up in out-of-home care for a variety of reasons, mainly relating to poverty and family breakdown at a time when there was little support for families in crisis. Residential institutions run by government and non-government organisations were the standard form of out-of-home care during
318:
Siblings taken into care together were often separated and contact between siblings was discouraged. Boys and girls were usually separated in institutions so brothers and sisters rarely had close contact. Family ties were cut when one sibling ended up in care while others remained at home with their
229:
Care leavers reported to the Senate
Inquiry into Children in Institutional Care that they had been placed in foster homes for short periods, weekends or during holiday periods. Foster care placements do not appear to have been made in a coordinated way, but 'with expediency rather than child welfare
178:
by being charged with 'being neglected, of no fixed abode, likely to lapse into a life of crime or vice', if authorities considered they came from homes where there was violence or alcohol abuse or if there was no-one to properly take care of them. Children with physical or mental disabilities were
246:
The
Committee received hundreds of graphic and disturbing accounts about the treatment and care experienced by children in out-of-home care ... Their stories outlined a litany of emotional, physical and sexual abuse, and often criminal physical and sexual assault ... neglect, humiliation
67:
Some
Australian state governments have funded redress schemes for adults who were abused in care. In 2009 an official Australian government apology was made to people who had grown up in the institutional system, including former child migrants to Australia. The apology was made by then Australian
203:
and children's homes, as well as industrial or training schools. There were at least 800 of these institutions operating between the 1920s and the 1980s. They varied in size from large institutions housing several hundred children to 'cottages' within the grounds of an institution where smaller
64:
the first half of the 20th century. Children in institutions were sometimes placed in foster homes for short periods, weekends or during holiday periods. There was a move towards smaller group care from the 1950s and a move away from institutional care to kinship and foster care from the 1970s.
314:
Many children in care were untruthfully told that their parents were dead or had abandoned them. It was common policy to prevent parents from visiting. Parents were often told their children had been moved to other institutions or had been adopted, or that visiting rights had been withdrawn as
298:
Forgotten
Australians reported to the Senate Inquiry that as adults they had suffered depression, social anxieties, phobias, recurring nightmares, anger, shame, and were fearful and distrustful of others leading to an inability to form and maintain relationships. Many detailed drug and alcohol
155:
Family breakdown as a result of divorce, desertion, death, illness, domestic violence, drunkenness or the trauma of war led to children being taken into care or being placed in care by their own families. Few women who had been widowed, deserted or divorced could afford to raise children. Work
101:
The majority of children in care were not orphans. Many had either one or both parents still living, or other living relatives. Children spent varying amounts of time in institutions and foster care and the majority entered care at a young age. Many spent their entire childhood and youth in an
406:) and Aboriginal children, who were the subject of previous reports. The Forgotten Australians inquiry considered the plight of more than 500,000 children in care in the 20th century and 'generated the largest volume of highly personal, emotive and significant evidence of any Senate inquiry'.
142:
is controversial. It sometimes refers to all
Australian children, including Indigenous children and former child migrants to Australia who spent part or all of their childhoods in care during the 20th Century, particularly between 1920 and 1970. Not all Australians accept the term "Forgotten
121:
Following a 1995 Senate inquiry into the removal of Indigenous children from their families, non-Indigenous people who had experienced out-of-home care as children called themselves the "forgotten Australians" and lobbied for similar recognition. When a Senate inquiry into child migration to
343:
Most care leavers left the care system without any preparation for adulthood or parenthood. Many have carried the trauma of neglect and abuse into their adult lives and relationships but have found it difficult to tell anyone about their experiences, even partners and children.
215:. The child protection sector became increasingly professional and accountable following changes to child protection policy during the 1970s and 1980s and there was a move away from institutionalised care towards kinship and foster care.
294:
Common feelings reported by care leavers include feelings of abandonment and loss because of separation from parents and siblings; a sense of isolation; feelings of guilt and self-blame; lack of confidence and low self-esteem.
347:
Some reported finding it difficult to sustain relationships and many have had several partners or only transient relationships. Many care leavers found they were unable to be good parents or have chosen not to have children.
1145:
238:
Children's experience of out-of-home care varied. However, even those who made positive comments to the 2003–04 Senate Inquiry into Children in Institutional Care reported a 'lack of love, affection and nurturing'.
210:
By the 1950s, concerns about the level of care children were receiving in institutions led to the closing down of some larger orphanages and children's homes and a move towards group care in smaller cottage and
1533:
87:. The trauma experienced in care has affected care leavers negatively throughout their adult lives. Their partners and children have also felt the impact, which can then flow through to future generations.
45:
used the term in the title of its report which resulted from its 2003–2004 "Inquiry into Children in Institutional Care", which looked primarily at those affected children who were not covered by the 1997
369:, formally acknowledged and apologised for the harsh treatment and ongoing trauma of Forgotten Australians and former child migrants. The apology was streamed live and broadcast on national television.
196:
placing 'at risk' children into orphanages and children's homes was normal policy. During the first half of the 20th century, residential institutions were still the standard form of out-of-home care.
95:
The people sometimes called Forgotten Australians are the survivors of government policies that resulted in at least 500,000 children growing up in "out-of-home" care in Australia in the 20th Century.
1676:
1887:
315:
punishment for misbehaviour. In later life, some people discovered letters on government and institution files showing that their parents had tried to make contact, or have them returned home.
817:
1654:
The stolen children: their stories: including extracts from the Report of the National Inquiry into the separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their families
1185:
498:
380:
State governments and past providers of institutional and other out-of-home care have formally apologised to care leavers who suffered or witnessed abuse or neglect while in care.
1559:
1071:
722:
1029:
1131:
1088:
1057:
849:
831:
327:
Education for children in institutions was often of a poor standard and by the age of 15 most children had left school. Many children left institutions with low levels of
655:
428:
and it consequences on the abused. Each report made dozens of recommendations to address the problems caused by past abuse and prevent future abuse of children in care.
685:
689:
1537:
974:
1227:
774:
98:
Forgotten Australians are also known as "care leavers". Other terms for people who spent time in out-of-home care include "homies", "state wards" or "wardies".
286:
Care leavers lives have been shaped in many different ways by their time in out-of-home care. The long-term impacts are generally 'negative and destructive'.
414:
383:
In 2009, the University of Melbourne apologised for their involvement in the unethical use of orphans as test subjects of experimental medication and drugs.
335:
that may have affected their ability to find work or meant they could only get low paying jobs. It also affected their ability to further their education.
130:, inquiring into Aboriginal children'. The Senate reported on the inquiry in 2004, using the term 'forgotten Australians' in the report title and stating:
1314:"Members of the audience listen as then prime minister Kevin Rudd apologises to the Forgotten Australians in the Great Hall at Parliament House, Canberra"
1255:
1739:
1495:
1484:
1400:
402:
The Senate Community Affairs Committee commissioned a national report on children in institutional care in 2003, specifically excluding child migrants ("
868:
741:
1652:
477:
207:
Orphanages and children's homes in Australia 'from the 1920s to 1980s were under-resourced, poorly supervised and lacked government scrutiny'.
1728:
1707:
1686:
1567:
1496:'Children in State Care Commission of Inquiry: Allegations of Sexual Abuse and Death from Criminal Conduct (Mullighan Report) – Summary, p.xx
1485:'Children in State Care Commission of Inquiry: Allegations of Sexual Abuse and Death from Criminal Conduct (Mullighan Report) – Summary, p.xi
962:
372:
Over 900 Forgotten Australians and former child migrants were present in the Great Hall of Parliament House in Canberra to hear the apology.
1374:
193:
1938:
1186:
Parliament of Australia, Senate Standing Committees on Community Affairs, Inquiry into Children in Institutional Care: Submissions received
469:
1773:
1442:
1362:
226:
in Australia began in the 19th century as a form of boarding out to give children in institutions an experience of 'normal' family life.
1933:
1903:
1851:
1421:
1323:
637:
532:
143:
Australians" because of its connotations of passivity and because the label was supplied by the Senate Committee without consultation.
453:
399:
and is known as the "Forde Inquiry. It investigated abuse of tens of thousands of individuals in 159 institutions from 1911 to 1999.
1662:
699:
1463:
920:
1313:
199:
Institutions were run by state governments, charities, welfare and religious organisations or private individuals. They included
159:
1228:"Transcript of address by the Prime Minister Kevin Rudd at the apology to the Forgotten Australians and former child migrants"
1943:
1106:
952:
1883:
Forgotten Australians: Our history – Australian Government website which includes oral histories, resources and photographs
1337:
1275:
978:
1780:
1237:
1160:
1874:
1948:
1888:
Snapshot of consultations with Forgotten Australians, Queensland Government Department of Communities and RPR Consulting
1833:
1817:
1806:
803:
641:
42:
1197:
602:
568:
1855:
1753:
1293:
410:
1907:
1298:
904:
308:
1618:
1507:
1672:
1401:"Forde Inquiry into abuse of children in Queensland institutions – Community Services (Queensland Government)"
775:"'Forgotten Australians' and 'Lost Innocents': child migrants and children in institutional care in Australia"
307:
The most common outcome of a childhood spent in out-of-home care reported to the Senate inquiry was a loss of
1000:
778:
691:
Forgotten Australians: A report on Australians who experienced institutional or out-of-home care as children
659:
1819:
Interview transcripts: a selection of 10 oral histories recorded by the Fairbridge Heritage Association Inc
1075:
report (August 2004), Appendix 7 – Date in care and forms of abuse described by care leavers in submissions
875:
748:
41:) who experienced care in institutions or outside a home setting in Australia during the 20th century. The
1845:
38:
1895:
792:
1827:
1765:
1318:
1232:
392:
163:
107:
53:
956:, Forgotten Australians and Former Child Migrants Oral History Project, National Library of Australia.
1279:
492:
20:
900:
1146:
Care Leavers, Australian Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs
463:
458:
76:
395:
commissioned an inquiry which was tabled in parliament in June 1999. The inquiry was conducted by
1443:"Parliament of Australia: Senate: Committee: Report: Inquiry into Children in Institutional Care"
1422:"Parliament of Australia: Senate: Committee: Report: Inquiry into Children in Institutional Care"
1378:
485:
251:
Details of the mistreatment and abuse that emerged in submissions to the Senate inquiry include:
111:
48:
1761:
1589:
543:
1061:
report (August 2004), Chapter 4 – Treatment and care of children in institutions: 4.72 and 4.93
179:
also commonly placed in institutions, as were children who were deemed to be 'uncontrollable'.
1724:
1703:
1682:
1658:
958:
921:'Let our histories be visible': Human rights museology and the National Museum of Australia's
695:
1678:
The forgotten children: Fairbridge Farm School and its betrayal of Australia's child migrants
366:
1899:
1749:
533:"Forgotten Australians: Supporting survivors of childhood institutional care in Australia"
171:
106:
The 500,000 includes 450,000-plus Australian-born, non-Indigenous children, 30,000–50,000
1740:"Rachael Romero's art lays bare cruelty women and girls suffered at Magdalene Laundries"
869:"Social Work Education Project: Curriculum Mapping for Content on Forgotten Australians"
242:
The Senate inquiry documented details of abuse and neglect of children in institutions:
1882:
1595:
1260:
72:
1534:"Forde Inquiry and Redress of past abuse – Community Services (Queensland Government)"
1110:
742:"Some remarks at the Unveiling of the Memorial dedicated to the Forgotten Australians"
1927:
1697:
1043:
1003:
The Experiences of Women Forgotten Australians and Care Leavers – A Literature Review
418:
403:
167:
115:
34:
396:
361:
On Monday 16 November 2009, the Australian Parliament, through then Prime Minister
256:
80:
975:"Life in Children's Homes and Institutions – Trauma, National Museum of Australia"
1788:
1363:"96710 17-11-2009 Glyn Davis to All Staff – Our apology to Forgotten Australians"
1341:
1092:
report (August 2004), Chapter 4 – Treatment and care of children in institutions
223:
212:
84:
1164:
1223:
362:
175:
33:
are terms referring to the estimated 500,000 children (a figure that includes
1718:
1562:
New campaign to remind those who suffered in State care to apply for redress
1201:
606:
572:
200:
1135:
report (August 2004), Chapter 6 – Life long impact of out of home care: 6.1
1720:
Orphans of the living: growing up in 'care' in twentieth-century Australia
638:"Inside: Life in Children's Homes and Institutions – Historical overview"
332:
328:
1869:
1837:
1241:
447:
1798:
1774:"Forgotten Australians and Former Child Migrants Oral History Project"
1008:
1622:
1511:
83:
while in care. Survivors to this day still suffer the effects of the
1918:
1913:
265:
unethical use as test subjects of experimental medication and drugs
793:"Inside Children's Homes forum discussion with Dr Joanna Penglase"
425:
1107:"Alliance for Forgotten Australians: About Forgotten Australians"
1744:
1560:"Government of Western Australia Ministerial Media Statements –
1045:
Supporting Strong Parenting in the Australian Foster Care Sector
174:
spent their childhoods in institutions. Children could be made
1892:
1155:
1153:
71:
Many of these children suffered from neglect and were abused
850:"Introduction: Conduct of Senate Inquiry – Submissions:1.16"
1338:"Apologies Received, Care Leavers Australia Network (CLAN)"
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
901:"Adoption and Forgotten Australians: Forgotten Australians"
1619:"CLAN – Care Leavers Australia Network – Support Services"
1161:"Women's Centre for Health Matters: Forgotten Australians"
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
16:
Children who were in care in Australia in the 20th century
1893:
On their own: Britain's Child Migrants: museum exhibition
1699:
Orphanage survivors: a true story of St John's, Thurgoona
1005:, Jasmin Ebbels, Women's Centre for Health Matters, 2011"
299:
dependence, homelessness, unemployment and imprisonment.
417:(2004–2008; "the Mullighan Inquiry", after Commissioner
204:
groups of children were cared for by 'cottage parents'.
1799:"Inside: Life Inside Children's Homes and Institutions
1084:
1082:
1033:(2005) – Chapter 3: Out-of-home care – Foster Children
424:
All the reports considered the nature and severity of
126:, inquiring into child migrants, and the 1997 report,
1876:
Inside: Life Inside Children's Homes and Institutions
1762:"Forgotten Australians: Our History – Oral Histories"
1047:, Australian Foster Care Association (2001), pp.11–12
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
1031:
Protecting Vulnerable Children: A National Challenge
1599:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 29 July 2009
1256:"Malcolm Turnbull apology to Forgotten Australians"
571:. Care Leavers Network of Australia. Archived from
247:and deprivation of food, education and healthcare.
60:which reported on an inquiry into child migrants.
929:, National Museum of Australia, Volume 7 Number 1
923:Inside: Life in Children's Homes and Institutions
603:"'Wardies and Homies': The Forgotten Australians"
499:Protecting Victoria’s Vulnerable Children Inquiry
1508:"Care Leavers Australia Network (CLAN): Redress"
1101:
1099:
916:
914:
818:"CLAN submission to the child migration inquiry"
773:Dow, Coral; Phillips, Janet (11 November 2009).
162:were removed from their families as part of the
596:
594:
592:
590:
1657:. Milsons Point, NSW: Random House Australia.
1646:Forgotten Australians tell their own stories:
166:policies of the time, and British and Maltese
160:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children
1870:Not for One But for all Forgotten Australians
1681:. North Sydney, NSW: Random House Australia.
656:"Inquiry into Children in Institutional Care"
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
517:
515:
8:
1276:"National Apology for Forgotten Australians"
1198:"Care Leavers Network Australia: About CLAN"
684:Commonwealth of Australia (30 August 2004).
542:(Second ed.). June 2010. Archived from
415:Children in State Care Commission of Inquiry
147:Why children were placed in out-of-home care
1375:"Forde Foundation: About the Forde Inquiry"
277:harsh and sometimes humiliating punishment.
1723:. North Fremantle, W.A.: Fremantle Press.
271:lack of healthy food and adequate clothing
259:by 'carers' or other children and visitors
1748:(Interview). Interviewed by Mike Sexton.
152:placed in some form of out-of-home care.
540:Alliance for Forgotten Australians (AFA)
874:. Forgotten Australians. Archived from
856:. Parliament of Australia. August 2004.
838:. Parliament of Australia. August 2004.
747:. Forgotten Australians. Archived from
511:
466:, founder of the child migration scheme
1702:. Albury, NSW: Howard Campbell Jones.
1793:. Alliance for Forgotten Australians.
1294:"Apology for 'forgotten Australians'"
800:Care Leavers Australia Network (CLAN)
7:
867:Thompson, Dr Alana (November 2011).
450:, place in WA where abuse took place
1904:Australian National Maritime Museum
1790:Forgotten Australians: Life Stories
1738:Rachel, Romero (5 September 2014).
1324:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
740:Murray, Andrew (10 December 2010).
124:Lost Innocents: Righting the Record
58:Lost Innocents: Righting the Record
454:Congregation of Christian Brothers
365:and then Leader of the Opposition
262:inadequate medical and dental care
91:Who are the forgotten Australians?
14:
954:You Can't Forget Things Like That
118:from Britain, Ireland and Malta.
1696:Jones, Howard Campbell (2010).
1466:. Government of South Australia
339:Impact on partners and children
1878:, National Museum of Australia
1850:. Australia. 16 October 2009.
102:orphanage or children's home.
56:children, and the 2001 report
1:
1781:National Library of Australia
1238:National Library of Australia
1919:Find & Connect Australia
1902:A collaboration between the
1822:. Migration Heritage Centre.
1807:National Museum of Australia
854:Forgotten Australians Report
836:Forgotten Australians Report
804:National Museum of Australia
642:National Museum of Australia
192:Since the early days of the
170:brought to Australian under
1939:Social history of Australia
1777:(Link to online interviews)
411:South Australian Government
194:British colony in Australia
68:Prime Minister Kevin Rudd.
43:Australian Senate committee
1965:
1934:Child welfare in Australia
1908:National Museums Liverpool
1651:Bird, Carmel, ed. (1998).
820:. Parliament of Australia.
18:
1829:The Forgotten Australians
1717:Penglase, Joanna (2009).
1299:The Sydney Morning Herald
905:State Library of Victoria
268:extreme physical hardship
52:report, which focused on
1464:"Children in State Care"
471:The Leaving of Liverpool
274:inadequate accommodation
19:Not to be confused with
1898:29 October 2012 at the
832:"Terms of Reference: 2"
779:Parliament of Australia
660:Parliament of Australia
488:, British social worker
323:Poor education outcomes
172:child migration schemes
925:, by Alele Chynoweth,
249:
136:
39:Indigenous Australians
1944:Adoption in Australia
1847:The Long Journey Home
1766:Australian Government
1236:. Canberra: Pandora,
1233:Australian Parliament
1133:Forgotten Australians
1090:Forgotten Australians
1073:Forgotten Australians
1059:Forgotten Australians
725:Forgotten Australians
479:The Long Journey Home
393:Queensland Government
255:physical assault and
244:
140:Forgotten Australians
132:
116:former child migrants
27:Forgotten Australians
1832:. 16 November 2010.
1244:on 16 November 2009.
1226:(16 November 2009).
493:Oranges and Sunshine
21:The Forgotten People
1949:Institutional abuse
1914:Wings for Survivors
1625:on 25 November 2009
1590:"WA Redress Scheme"
1540:on 18 November 2012
1514:on 25 November 2009
1326:. 16 November 2009.
1302:. 16 November 2009.
1282:. 16 November 2009.
1264:. 16 November 2009.
806:. 14 February 2012.
723:"Appendix 5 to the
686:"Executive Summary"
464:Kingsley Fairbridge
459:Institutional abuse
601:Penglase, Joanna.
486:Margaret Humphreys
290:Common experiences
188:Institutional care
128:Bringing them Home
112:Stolen Generations
110:children from the
49:Bringing Them Home
1730:978-1-920731-66-3
1709:978-0-9808440-0-9
1688:978-1-74166-684-7
963:978-0-642-27827-2
796:(Audio on demand)
282:Long-term impacts
1956:
1859:
1841:
1823:
1811:
1801:exhibition blog"
1794:
1784:
1778:
1769:
1757:
1734:
1713:
1692:
1668:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1621:. Archived from
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1566:. Archived from
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1536:. Archived from
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1510:. Archived from
1504:
1498:
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1487:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1460:
1454:
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1451:
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1386:
1377:. Archived from
1371:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1344:on 11 April 2013
1340:. Archived from
1334:
1328:
1327:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1252:
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1245:
1240:. Archived from
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1200:. Archived from
1194:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1167:on 10 April 2013
1163:. Archived from
1157:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1109:. Archived from
1103:
1094:
1086:
1077:
1069:
1063:
1055:
1049:
1041:
1035:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1011:on 10 April 2013
1007:. Archived from
997:
991:
990:
988:
986:
981:on 21 April 2014
977:. Archived from
971:
965:
950:
931:
918:
909:
908:
897:
891:
890:
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886:
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873:
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839:
828:
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797:
789:
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782:
781:background note.
770:
764:
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746:
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719:
713:
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681:
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619:
618:
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614:
609:on 21 April 2013
605:. Archived from
598:
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584:
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565:
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367:Malcolm Turnbull
357:National apology
303:Loss of identity
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1673:Hill, David
1629:15 November
1603:15 November
1574:12 February
1544:12 February
1518:15 November
1470:15 November
1448:15 November
1427:15 November
1406:12 February
1385:15 November
1348:12 February
1224:Rudd, Kevin
1208:12 February
1171:12 February
1117:20 November
1015:12 February
985:12 February
885:12 February
758:12 February
613:12 February
579:12 February
553:12 February
473:(TV series)
224:Foster care
219:Foster care
176:state wards
85:child abuse
77:emotionally
1928:Categories
569:"Our name"
506:References
363:Kevin Rudd
201:orphanages
108:Indigenous
73:physically
54:Aboriginal
352:Apologies
234:Treatment
138:The term
1896:Archived
1675:(2007).
1319:The Drum
1280:ABC News
441:See also
333:numeracy
329:literacy
309:identity
81:sexually
1838:SBS One
729:. 2004.
448:Bindoon
1856:ABC TV
1754:ABC TV
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426:abuse
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959:ISBN
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709:2022
696:ISBN
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409:The
391:The
331:and
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1834:SBS
413:'s
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