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565:(Forty Hill is thus an example of inverted relief, albeit on a small scale. Inversion of relief occurs "when materials on valley floors are, or become, more resistant to erosion than the adjacent valley slopes. As erosion proceeds, the valley floor becomes a ridge bounded by newly formed valleys on each side". In the case of Forty Hill, the permeable Boyn Hill Gravel on the hill protected the otherwise easily eroded London Clay underneath from being removed, while nearby watercourses cut down into exposed London Clay).
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639:, down the Lea valley. But, in Enfield, the engineers who constructed it took the New River on a loop going west, to the north of Forty Hill, and then across Cuffley Brook near Flash Lane (and, later, across an aqueduct there). From that point, they took it south-east, through the water gap at Beggars Hollow, along the dry channel north of Clay Hill, and down to where Ladysmith Road is today. Then the New River continued on its southward course, towards Enfield Town.
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436:) lived at Forty Hill in the 1820s. Jesus Church, near Maiden's Bridge, was built in 1835 and the nearby school in 1851. Goat Lane is named after a pub established before 1794 which was replaced by a large building in mock-Elizabethan style in the 1930s; this has since been converted to flats. Some housing was built during Victorian times but most of the area consists of terraced houses and maisonettes built in the 1930s.
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602:(that is, a gap which, in this case, has been "formed through...erosion of two streams on opposite sides of a ridge, ultimately resulting in the capture of one stream by the other"). As a result, the Turkey Brook joined the Cuffley Brook, in Whitewebbs Park, thus defining the western edge of Forty Hill and isolating it from higher ground to the west.
34:
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It is not uncommon to find similar instances of inverted relief in the London area, with London Clay hills capped by valley gravel. Other examples are: Bush Hill (also capped by Boyn Hill Gravel, laid down by the River Lea), about 4 kilometres to the south-west of Forty Hill; and, in the catchment of
642:
The New River was later straightened to flow southwards continuously, to the east of Forty Hill. An aqueduct was built for the New River to cross Turkey Brook near
Maidens Bridge. This left the former course of the New River as it is today, curling through Whitewebbs Park, passing through Beggars
539:
At Boyn Hill time, the area where Forty Hill is today was actually in the bottom of the valley of the southward-flowing River Lea. The Boyn Hill gravel was deposited there, along a line linking Bulls Cross to Forty Hill, Bush Hill, Palmers Green and beyond, to the River Thames.
464:. This was altered to terminate at the A110 in Enfield Town, and the main route cut to discourage through traffic from using the narrow Maiden's Bridge. There are now no major roads crossing the area, which is by-passed by the A110 to the south and the A10 to the east.
428:. In its grounds is the older (16th or early 17th-century) Dower House. Other older buildings nearby include the early 18th century Worcester Lodge and later 18th century Elsynge House and Sparrow Hall, and the 19th century Elms and Clock House.
555:(the latter having been deposited by the Anglian ice advance about 450,000 years ago). These tributaries joined the Lea at points not far away from each other, north and south of where Forty Hall is today, at what is now an altitude of c50m.
615:
A dry, former stream channel at c30m was left, running just north of Clay Hill, from
Beggars Hollow to a point close to today's junction of Clay Hill and Baker Street. That channel now defines the southern boundary of Forty Hill.
597:
The low point between Turkey Brook and
Cuffley Brook at Beggars Hollow was breached, probably in the relatively recent geological past. The Turkey Brook thus changed its course, there to go north-east, through a
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509:
with 74 acres (0.3 km) of grounds open to the public, including a maze and themed gardens. Special events take place here throughout the year. Also nearby are
Whitewebbs Park and Clay Hill House.
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Then the River Lea moved steadily towards the east. And, as a contour map shows, the two brooks each extended eastwards with the Lea, but stayed apart. The Lea and the two brooks cut down into the
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1800:
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896:
A History of the County of
Middlesex: Volume 5: Hendon, Kingsbury, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Edmonton Enfield, Monken Hadley, South Mimms, Tottenham, pp. 239-241
870:
A History of the County of
Middlesex: Volume 5: Hendon, Kingsbury, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Edmonton Enfield, Monken Hadley, South Mimms, Tottenham, pp. 212-218
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and its grounds. It rises to a small plateau around 50 metres (160 ft) above sea level. This plateau is capped by Boyn Hill Gravel, a deposit laid down by the
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during cold climate conditions approximately 400,000 years ago, when that river lay further to the west, and at a higher altitude, than it does today.
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950:. Special Memoir for 1:50 000 Geological sheets 256 (North London), 257 (Romford), 270 (Dartford) (England and Wales). British Geological Survey.
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and Dollis Hill, where pre-Anglian gravel, laid down in the valley bottom of a long-disappeared north-flowing river which flowed through the "
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East of the junction of Turkey Brook and
Cuffley Brook, the stream is now known as Turkey Brook - and also locally as Maidens Brook.
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is a manor with gardens, both of which can be explored. It is open all year round. Many events and exhibitions are held here. The
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Later, the Lea moved further east to its present line, well away from Forty Hill, cutting down to a today's altitude of c20m at
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The route (in blue) of the former "Whitewebbs loop" of the New River (from an information board at the Flash Lane aqueduct).
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During further cold climate periods, the Lea laid down Taplow Gravel, east and south of Forty Hill. That was followed by
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public house is located on Clay Hill). The dividing line between them was thus lowered by erosion at that point.
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562:(to a today's altitude of c35m), thus defining the north, east and south sides of what was becoming Forty Hill.
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The hill which gives its name to the district lies to the north of the built-up area and is mainly occupied by
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There have been houses in the road now known as Forty Hill since at least 1572. The area includes the historic
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The brooks approached each other quite closely either side of
Beggars Hollow (close to where, today, the
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551:, flowed from higher ground to the north-west. They cut through pre-glacial sand and gravel and glacial
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was deposited along the valley bottoms in Hilly Fields, Whitewebbs Park and the grounds of Forty Hall.
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Sources for the material in this section include those listed in "Notes and
References", below.
521:
Diagram illustrating the geology, and formation as an isolated hill, of Forty Hill, Enfield, UK.
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Rose and Crown Public House, Beggars Hollow, Clay Hill, Enfield - geograph.org.uk
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Interior of the
Carpenter's Shop at Forty Hill, Enfield - exhibited 1813
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151:
946:
Ellison RA, Woods MA, Allen DJ, Forster A, Pharaoh TC, King C (2004),
33:
935:
A revised correlation of the Quaternary deposits in the British Isles
636:
931:
The Thames Valley, its tributary, valleys and their former courses
618:
567:
516:
452:
There are many bus services which serve the area. Also nearby is
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657:
196:
812:
401:, that is ' the island (of higher ground) in marsh ', from
963:, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, ISBN 0-7518-3427-0.
1000:, Pain CF & Ollier CD, Geomorphology 12 (1995) p151.
998:
Inversion of relief - a component of landscape evolution
817:
408:
with reference to the slightly rising ground above the
608:
The brooks subsequently cut down a little further and
543:
Also at Boyn Hill time, two of the Lea's tributaries,
495:
are Myddelton House Gardens (former home of botanist
345:
is a largely residential suburb in the north of the
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491:to the north of Forty Hall. Nearby to the north in
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961:Sheet 256 North London, 1:50,000 Geology Series
1358:Royal Small Arms Factory Interpretation Centre
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669:
499:, open at certain times during the year) and
8:
631:was built, it followed the 30m contour from
1801:Districts of the London Borough of Enfield
1101:
1087:
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23:
813:A Church of England church in Forty Hill
685:Neighbouring towns, villages and places.
471:
1058:"Flash Lane aqueduct historic monument"
829:
456:. The area was formerly crossed by the
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643:Hollow and following the dry channel.
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808:Graham Dalling: Forty Hill a history
693:
818:The school linked with Jesus church
513:Geology (and formation of the hill)
487:long-distance footpath follows the
587:, a partially wind-blown deposit.
56:
14:
481:Forty Hall Manor and Country Park
1762:
1751:
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1723:Grade I and II* listed buildings
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1022:", is now found on the hilltops.
838:Dictionary of London Place Names
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55:
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32:
898:. Victoria County History. 1976
872:. Victoria County History. 1976
1363:Whitewebbs Museum of Transport
434:Birkbeck, University of London
369:. Prior to 1965 it was in the
1:
920:. Chapman & Hall, London.
866:"Enfield: Growth before 1850"
759:
717:
1806:Places formerly in Middlesex
959:BGS 2006, England and Wales
918:The Quaternary of the Thames
742:
734:
454:Gordon Hill railway station
385:Forty Hill was recorded as
82:OS grid reference
21:Human settlement in England
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1791:Places in Enfield, London
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1292:
1110:London Borough of Enfield
974:"Boyn Hill Gravel Member"
691:
347:London Borough of Enfield
282:
242:
202:
43:
31:
16:Suburb in Enfield, London
432:(founder of what is now
937:. Geol Soc Spec Rep 23.
842:Oxford University Press
1474:Tube and rail stations
1338:Forty Hall and Gardens
1201:Enfield Island Village
1062:historicengland.org.uk
1033:"Taplow Gravel Member"
892:"Enfield: Social life"
624:
573:
522:
477:
325:51.665748°N 0.067274°W
180:Postcode district
116:Ceremonial county
1411:Minchenden Oak Garden
1373:Parks and open spaces
933:. In: Bowen DQ (ed),
916:Bridgland DR (1994),
836:Mills, Anthony David
622:
571:
520:
475:
824:Notes and References
330:51.665748; -0.067274
274:Enfield and Haringey
266:London Assembly
160:Sovereign state
1020:Finchley depression
929:Gibbard PL (1999),
321: /
98:London borough
1333:The Dugdale Centre
978:webapps.bgs.ac.uk/
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468:Places of interest
365:, and to the east
353:. To the north is
248:UK Parliament
192:Dialling code
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1464:Enfield Southgate
1401:Enfield Town Park
1348:Millfield Theatre
1037:webapps.bgs.ac.uk
948:Geology of London
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850:0-19-280106-6
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633:Hertfordshire
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592:Waltham Abbey
588:
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545:Cuffley Brook
541:
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504:horticultural
502:
498:
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462:Waltham Cross
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399:Fortey c.1350
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35:
25:
19:
1768:
1755:
1713:Coat of arms
1706:Other topics
1577:Enfield Town
1567:Enfield Lock
1426:Rammey Marsh
1416:Oakwood Park
1396:Durants Park
1220:
1216:Enfield Wash
1211:Enfield Town
1206:Enfield Lock
1065:. Retrieved
1061:
1052:
1040:. Retrieved
1036:
1027:
1005:
997:
993:
981:. Retrieved
977:
968:
960:
955:
947:
942:
934:
930:
925:
917:
912:
900:. Retrieved
895:
886:
874:. Retrieved
869:
837:
832:
779:Enfield Town
770:Enfield Town
750:Enfield Wash
738:
684:
650:
647:Nearby areas
641:
626:
614:
607:
604:
596:
589:
582:
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564:
557:
549:Turkey Brook
542:
538:
527:
524:
497:E. A. Bowles
489:Turkey Brook
479:
451:
438:
419:
405:
398:
394:
390:
386:
384:
359:Enfield Town
342:
341:
213:Metropolitan
18:
1647:Ponders End
1607:Hadley Wood
1597:Grange Park
1587:Gordon Hill
1527:Cockfosters
1497:Arnos Grove
1421:Pymmes Park
1328:Chickenshed
1323:Capel Manor
1311:Attractions
1286:World's End
1266:Ponders End
1241:Hadley Wood
1236:Grange Park
1231:Gordon Hill
1226:Freezywater
1171:Cockfosters
1146:Bulls Cross
1126:Arnos Grove
1012:River Brent
784:Carterhatch
728:Gordon Hill
708:Freezywater
703:Bulls Cross
560:London Clay
501:Capel Manor
493:Bulls Cross
485:London Loop
403:Old English
395:Fortee hill
391:Fortie hill
355:Bulls Cross
328: /
1785:Categories
1733:Public art
1537:Crews Hill
1487:Angel Road
1431:Trent Park
1391:Covert Way
1381:Arnos Park
1221:Forty Hill
1176:Crews Hill
1161:Chase Side
1136:Bowes Park
1131:Botany Bay
739:Forty Hill
585:Brickearth
530:Forty Hall
476:Forty Hall
422:Forty Hall
387:Fortyehill
343:Forty Hill
313:51°39′57″N
63:Forty Hill
38:Forty Hill
27:Forty Hill
1677:Southgate
1667:Southbury
1507:Brimsdown
1271:Southgate
1166:Clay Hill
1151:Bullsmoor
1141:Brimsdown
1118:Districts
788:Brimsdown
698:Clay Hill
629:New River
627:When the
600:water gap
534:River Lea
458:A105 road
448:Transport
443:thumbnail
412:marshes.
410:River Lea
381:Etymology
375:Middlesex
363:Clay Hill
316:0°04′02″W
232:Ambulance
170:Post town
1757:Category
1454:Edmonton
1181:Edmonton
902:25 March
876:25 March
844:, 2001.
610:alluvium
406:forth-ēg
185:EN1, EN2
89:TQ336981
1769:Commons
1738:Schools
1718:Council
1627:Oakwood
1251:Oakwood
1186:Enfield
1067:22 June
1042:25 June
983:25 June
507:college
416:History
351:England
297:England
174:ENFIELD
152:England
146:Country
106:Enfield
1728:People
848:
637:London
426:Elsyng
393:1619,
389:1610,
302:London
237:London
225:London
208:Police
136:London
128:Region
1069:2021
1044:2021
1010:the
985:2021
904:2008
878:2008
846:ISBN
786:and
777:and
553:till
547:and
220:Fire
373:of
197:020
1787::
1060:.
1035:.
976:.
894:.
868:.
857:^
840:.
594:.
377:.
349:,
292:UK
1102:e
1095:t
1088:v
1071:.
1046:.
987:.
906:.
880:.
852:.
677:e
670:t
663:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
