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35:
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632:. Construction began in 1626 with the building of an entrenchment in the northern part of the defense wall of the city. The original plans included construction of a castle at the site for the King to seek haven in the event of siege, but this part of the plan was dropped on account of economic constraints. Construction continued with his successor King
254:. The new Østervold would be a direct extension of Nørrevold, connecting it to Sankt Annæ Skanse, thereby increasing the area of the fortified city with approximately 40%. However, the 1630s was a time of economic crisis and both Sankt Annæ Skanse and the new course of Østervold was delayed with no major work going on during that decade. After both
336:
As part of the improvements, numerous bastions were constructed along their course. In 1781, after extensive work on the fortifications in the preceding years, the bastions were given official names according to group: The bastions in
Copenhagen were named for officers of note from the siege or other
245:
As part of his aspirations to strengthen
Copenhagen as a regional centre, Christian IV decided to expand the area of the fortified city northwards. As early as 1606, when his modernization of the fortifications began, he had purchased 200 hectares of land outside the Eastern City Gate. His intention
814:
Also in 1669, the miller Hans Hansen obtained permission to build a mill on
Gyldenløves Bastion, just south of the Western City Gate. Whether it later burned or was never built is uunknown, but in 1697 Jürgen Gosbruch, another miller, received permission to build a windmill on the same site. It was
701:
at
Peblinge Sø was expanded and another dam was constructed, which resulted in the creation of Sortedams Sø. In the beginning of the 17th century, Sankt Jørgens Sø was created, as a result of further damming. As a results of these efforts, it was now possible to flood the banks and lakes in case of
125:
in the early 17th century but was continued and completed by his successors. The new fortifications relied on the existing, medieval fortifications of the city but the fortified area was extended and a defensive ring around the city completed particularly with new edifices facing the sea. The ring
402:
The first
Christianshavns Vold, constructed around 1620, had 4 and a half bastions. In the 1670s, when Vestervold was extended to reach the sea, Christiansvold was moved and extended to match the new course of Vestervold. The new Christianshavns Vold had 5 very large bastions. Around the entire
304:
In 1868 a law finally provided for the official abolishment of the demarcation statutes and the disabandonment of the fortifications proper. In 1856–58 the city gates were dismantled. These provisions did not apply to fortifications at
Christianshavn and Kastellet. Christianshavn's ramparts were
300:
in 1848, nothing had happened and considerable work was carried out to strengthen the ramparts around the city gates in the event of a German attack. In 1852, the Line of
Demarcation was partially disabandoned but work to maintain and improve the ramparts were carried out as late as 1856–57.
384:
Originally Østervold ran from a location just east of Nørreport along today's
Gothersgade to Østerport's original location at the end of Østergade. As result of Christian IV's efforts to modernize the fortifications, the southern end of Østervold was continued around parts of Bremerholm.
369:
In connection with a modernisation of
Vestervold in the 1660s, the ramparts were extended towards the south from Vesterport all the way to the coastline and into the water on reclaimed seabed. The extension included three new bastions, two of which were located on reclaimed land.
868:(Danish: Fæstningsringen). From the ramparts were first decommissioned and purchased by the City of Copenhagen, their grounds have been dominated by parks and other recreational uses. It is still municipal policy that the Fortification Ring is maintained and developed as a
677:. The construction of new buildings in this zone required special permission. It was generally a requirement that they could easily be burnt in the event of an enermy attack. In 1852, the demarcation line was moved from Jagtvej to the eastern shoreline of The Lakes.
419:
The gates that once guarded the entrances to the City of
Copenhagen through the City Ramparts were stone buildings that had a single archway through the middle for traffic, protected by gates and portcullises. There were four gates affording access to the city.
411:. The extension included 7 new bastions, named for current members of the royal family. The last extension of Christianshavns Vold was constructed as late as 1878–82, when a rampart was constructed along the eastern margin of the newly reclaimed Refshaleø.
837:(English:Queen's Mill) was located on Rosenkrantz' Bastion in the Eastern Rampart. It was completely destroyed when the gunpowder magazine at the Eastern Rampart exploded on 31 March 1779. It was rebuilt but torn down in 1895.
697:, leading to the creation of the first lake, but after a siege of Copenhagen in 1523, it was decided to extend the entrenchments for strategic purposes, incorporating them into the defence of the city as an extra barrier. The
567:
337:
events of the early absolute era, the bastions at Christianshavn were named for powerful animals and at Kastellet. Since 1669, the bastions at Kastellet had been named for members of the royal family and the King's lands.
236:
in 1624. On the Zealand side of the harbour, north of the city, an advanced post, named Sankt Annæ Skanse (English: St. Anne's Redoubt) was constructed, on the site later to become Kastellet. This work was begun in 1627.
769:
Many of the bastions were used for the construction of wind mills. Due to their height they offered particularly good wind conditions. In the same time, a fortified city needed secure supplies, including supplies of
153:
remain intact, while the rest of the fortifications were dismantled in the years after its demise. The grounds were to a large extent laid out as parks, forming a green band around the city centre still known as the
144:
Though largely developed to a final form in the 17th century, the fortifications remained in use until the second half of the 19th century, when they finally, a long time overdue, were decommissioned. Today only the
840:
When the British besieged Copenhagen in 1807, it was feared that they would destroy the mills on the fortifications. Therefore, two extra mills were constructed on less exposed locations, one at Sølvgade and one on
197:
was dug. Due to topographical variations in the terrain, it was constructed as a series of basins, separated by dams, to solve the problem of variations in the terrain. The uppermost basin was fed by water from
388:
After the expansion of the fortified city in the 1650s, Østervold continued Nørrevold in a straight north-eastern direction, connecting the fortifications to the north side of Kastellet.
250:(English: New Copenhagen) or Sankt Annæ By (Saint Ann's Town). The plan was to change the course of Østervold, which at that time made a bend and ran along what is today Gothersgade and
1179:
312:. The fortifications at Christianshavn remained in use into the 20th century. Some areas were opened up in the late 1910s, and the last areas were not made public until 1961.
175:
Christian IV's modernization of the fortifications of Copenhagen commenced in 1606 and would take 20 years to complete. The course of the medieval fortifications was kept but
407:. From 1682 to 1692 Christianshavns Vold was extended once more, this time northwards, to guard the entrance to the harbour and protect the new base for the Royal Fleet at
1213:
529:. Vesterport was the most fortified of the city's gates. It was the gate most used for transportation of goods from Zealand. Opening to the main road which led to
475:
during the summer, arriving and departing through Nørreport, the street immediately inside the new gate was named Frederiksborggade. In 1671, during the reign of
757:
The gunpowder magazine at the Eastern Rampart exploded on two occasions. The first time was on 16 December 1658, during the Swedish siege of Copenhagen in the
262:
had been occupied by enemy forces in the first half of the 1640s and the Kingdom's very existence had been threatened, work on the fortifications was resumed.
289:
in 1807 made it clear that the city's fortifications were outdated but during the years of economic constraints that followed, no action was taken. In 1840
1218:
689:
used to be located just outside the fortifications, running along Nørrevold as well as parts of Østervold and Vestervold. They originate in a need for
305:
extended as late as 1868–1870 with a rampart along the east coast of the newly reclaimed Refshaleø, which only a few years later was rented out to the
880:
443:
It is uncertain when the new Østerport was built but it may have been as early as 1647. Its original design is unknown but in 1708 it was rebuilt by
1158:
761:. On 31 March 1779 it exploded again. Seven people were killed and 47 were injured. It was subsequently rebuilt and not decommissioned until 1872.
1208:
785:
In 1669–70 windmills were constructed on both of the bastions flanking Amager City Gate in Christianshavns Rampart, then known as the
1233:
827:(English: Large King's Mill), was built on Shacks Bastion on the other side of the Western City Gate. in 1692 a windmill was also built at
179:
was now incorporated into the complex. A large bastion in masonry was constructed on its southwestern tip and connected to Vestervold by a
1228:
891:
which is partially located on the northern part of the Christianshavn Ramparts. The area also houses a number of museums, including the
1133:
1060:
121:
underwent a comprehensive modernization and expansion in the 17th century. The project was commenced and was largely the masterplan of
993:
735:
1081:
964:
887:. The preserved parts of the fortifications at Christianshavn and Kastellet are also green and serve as parks. This also applies for
459:
lies today. Nørregade, which led to the original gate, is named for it. Due to its location, it was the gate used by travellers from
432:
lies today. When the fortified city was expanded in the late 17th century to make room for the new royal square and the district
811:
in 1783. It remained in use til the late 19th century, from 1832 supplemented by a steam mill which remained in use until 1909.
665:
Immediately outside the ramparts, there was a no-build zone, known as the Line of Demarcation (Danish: Demarkeringslinjen). The
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appointed a national defense commission which two years later recommended that the existing fortifications be decommissioned.
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859:
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The new Østervold was constructed and a new project for the fortress at Sankt Annæ Skanse, with the layout of a bastioned
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34:
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As part of Cristian IV's endeavour to improve the fortification, he planned and commenced the construction of a
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440:. While the original East Gate faced east, the new gate was very close the northernmost point of the city.
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225:. The rampart was constructed with four and a half bastions and a gate, known as Amager Gate.
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to a site just east of Nørreport, at the junction of today's Gothersgade and Øster Voldgade.
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was called in to help rebuild and extend the construction. The fortification was named
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652:("The Frederikshavn Citadel"), but it is better known as Kastellet ("the citadel").
193:
A total of 12 bastions were constructed and just outside the entire fortification a
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The grounds which used to be occupied by the fortifications are still known as the
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217:. Strategically situated in the middle of a shallow-watered, marshy area north of
158:, as well as for construction of a number of public buildings, including the new
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436:, Østerport was dismantled and a new gate built at a site close to present day
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782:. In 1800, a total of 16 windmills were found on the ramparts of Copenhagen.
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The explosion of the gunpowder magazine next to the Eastern City Gate in 1779
804:
750:, was commenced in 1688, while the second one, built to a similar design at
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629:
484:
266:
530:
971:(in Danish). Copenhagen: Selskabet for Københavns Historie. Archived from
483:. It was the tallest and finest of the city's gates with ornamentation in
186:
known as Løngangen. In the same time, Østervold was taken around parts of
306:
202:. The Western and Northern City Gates were also renovated and given tall
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The first Vesterport was erected in 1588 and later rebuilt in stone by
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479:, an older gate was replaced by a new one, built to the design of
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471:, as well as Northern Zealand. Since the royals often resided at
428:Østerport was originally located at the end of Østergade, where
194:
628:, constructed in connection with the ramparts in the form of a
690:
246:
was to redevelop this area into a new district referred to as
183:
447:
to a fairly modest design. The gate was dismantled in 1857.
823:. Some time during the 1790s, another windmill, known as
549:
Amagerport was rebuilt in 1724 and dismantled in 1857.
533:, it was also through this gate that travellers from
875:
Parks located within the Fortification Ring include
513:
metres tall and as an architectural curiosity, with
221:, the town was fortified with low earthworks facing
1136:. Selskabet for Københavns Historie. Archived from
1084:. Selskabet for Københavns Historie. Archived from
996:. Selskabet for Københavns Historie. Archived from
499:in 1668. The new gate was almost 4 metres wide and
281:
Remains of the fortifications being removed c. 1900
101:
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807:but it was destroyed in a storm and replaced by a
730:After his appointment as Naval Building Master at
746:. Construction of the first magazine, located at
228:To guard the northern entrance to the port, a
213:was laid out and incorporated as a privileged
573:Nørreport from inside the gates, painting by
285:The British bombing of Copenhagen during the
8:
1061:"Christiania - Christianiaområdets historie"
797:on the Mill Bastion was demolished in 1842.
738:was responsible for the construction of two
673:. It reached from the fortification ring to
1042:. Clara & Flemming Svendsens Hjemmeside
325:The ramparts generally consisted of large
15:
881:University of Copenhagen Botanical Garden
714:
276:
1104:
1102:
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803:on the Lion's Bastion was originally a
551:
232:was constructed on the shallow-watered
206:and a new Eastern City Gate was built.
76:Mostly dismantled, parts well-preserved
1214:17th-century establishments in Denmark
1128:
1126:
455:Nørreport was located at a site where
19:Bastioned Fortifications of Copenhagen
789:(now the Elephant's Bastion) and the
403:complex was a moat with a protecting
273:Decommissioning of the fortifications
170:
7:
965:"De bastionære fæstninger 1600-1870"
640:siege on Copenhagen (1658–1660) the
525:. The gate was renovated in 1722 by
171:Christian IV's modernization project
872:within the urban area of the city.
727:were located in the fortifications
42:with fully developed fortifications
736:Hans van Steenwinckel the Youngest
669:was introduced in 1661 after the
14:
1219:Tourist attractions in Copenhagen
685:The row of lakes today known as
597:
585:
566:
554:
162:as well as a number of museums.
126:fortification consisted of four
33:
969:Guide til Københavns Befæstning
963:Westerbeek Dahl, Bjørn (1996).
241:Expansion of the fortified city
1112:. Christianshavns Lokalarkiv -
860:Fortification Ring, Copenhagen
831:, on the old Eastern Rampart.
575:Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg
1:
907:Remains of the fortifications
487:. It was dismantled in 1857.
1209:Fortifications of Copenhagen
119:fortifications of Copenhagen
1234:17th-century fortifications
897:The Hirschsprung Collection
40:Map of Copenhagen Anno 1728
1250:
1229:17th century in Copenhagen
857:
793:(now the Lion's Bastion).
613:
579:Museum of National History
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377:
362:
344:
754:, began two years later.
438:Østerport railway station
269:, was completed in 1661.
32:
23:
935:Fæstningens Materielgård
849:The fortifications today
723:A substantial number of
650:Citadellet Frederikshavn
702:an attack on the city.
541:would normally arrive.
296:At the outbreak of the
918:Christianshavn Rampart
744:Christianshavn Rampart
720:
282:
147:Christianshavn Rampart
1063:. Kulturarvsstyrelsen
791:Bastion at the Church
718:
671:Assault on Copenhagen
616:Kastellet, Copenhagen
310:Burmeister & Wain
280:
1182:. Københavns Kommune
889:Freetown Christiania
656:Outside the ramparts
521:to support the main
473:Frederiksborg Palace
398:Christianshavns Vold
392:Christianshavns Vold
287:Battle of Copenhagen
160:Copenhagen City Hall
1021:. Copenhagen Portal
825:Store Kongens Mølle
759:Second Northern War
740:gunpowder magazines
725:gunpowder magazines
711:Gunpowder magazines
351:Nørrevold ran from
298:First Schleswig War
137:as well as various
866:Fortification Ring
854:Fortification Ring
778:, in the event of
721:
283:
209:From 1618 to 1623
156:Fortification Ring
1180:"Fæstningsringen"
1159:"Fæstningsringen"
835:Dronningens Mølle
481:Lambert van Haven
457:Nørreport station
434:Saint Anne's Town
190:to meet the sea.
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1224:Forts in Denmark
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1110:"Løvens Bastion"
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1019:"Kongens Nytorv"
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994:"Kongens Nytorv"
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748:Vilhelms Bastion
667:demarcation line
661:Demarcation line
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333:in front of it.
149:and the citadel
58:Site information
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133:and an annexed
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1184:. Retrieved
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1163:. Retrieved
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1142:. Retrieved
1138:the original
1134:"Voldmøller"
1114:. Retrieved
1090:. Retrieved
1086:the original
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821:Lusse Møllen
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787:Mill Bastion
786:
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684:
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636:. After the
619:
548:
527:Frederick IV
497:Frederik III
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405:counterscarp
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248:Ny København
244:
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208:
200:Peblingesøen
192:
174:
143:
123:Christian IV
118:
116:
81:Site history
63:Open to
1161:. Gyldendal
901:Lille Mølle
877:Østre Anlæg
829:Gothersgade
800:Little Mill
646:Henrik Rüse
477:Christian V
215:market town
177:Slotsholmen
94:In use
1203:Categories
1186:2009-11-04
1165:2009-11-04
1144:2010-07-28
1116:2009-04-08
1092:2010-01-07
1067:2010-01-04
1046:2010-01-07
1025:2009-08-25
1004:2009-08-25
979:2009-11-04
941:References
870:green band
817:Luciemølle
809:smock mill
706:Other uses
695:watermills
693:water for
604:Amagerport
592:Vesterport
545:Amagerport
491:Vesterport
415:City gates
365:Vestervold
359:Vestervold
327:earthworks
230:blockhouse
188:Bremerholm
106:earthworks
26:Copenhagen
1082:"Nyboder"
1040:"Nyboder"
913:Kastellet
815:known as
805:post mill
765:Windmills
681:The Lakes
644:engineer
630:pentagram
626:Kastellet
624:known as
610:Kastellet
561:Østerport
485:sandstone
451:Nørreport
424:Østerport
380:Østervold
374:Østervold
347:Nørrevold
341:Nørrevold
267:pentagram
234:Refshaleø
151:Kastellet
128:bastioned
102:Materials
73:Condition
929:See also
517:used as
469:Elsinore
321:Ramparts
307:shipyard
139:outworks
131:ramparts
742:at the
675:Jagtvej
638:Swedish
622:citadel
535:Jutland
523:cornice
519:columns
508:⁄
329:with a
256:Jutland
181:vaulted
166:History
135:citadel
110:masonry
89:1606-26
52:Citadel
843:Nyholm
732:Holmen
691:dammed
687:Søerne
531:Korsør
465:Sweden
461:Norway
409:Nyholm
260:Scania
223:Amager
219:Amager
204:spires
780:siege
772:flour
699:levee
642:Dutch
539:Funen
331:ditch
97:-1870
86:Built
899:and
883:and
774:and
537:and
463:and
258:and
195:moat
117:The
48:Type
819:or
184:dam
68:Yes
1205::
1125:^
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510:2
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503:+
501:4
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