4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)

2414:, Gama's spice naus and escort caravels sail in a line end-to-end, concentrating all their immense firepower as they pass against the twenty large Arab ships of Cojambar, before they can get organized, sinking a number of them and doing immense damage to the remainder. Although the Arab squadron is out of commission too soon, Coja Casem nonetheless proceeds forward with his fleet of Malabari sambuks, hoping to use their speed to outmaneuver the guns of the heavy-laden naus and reach for the grapple. But Gama sends the escort caravels under Vicente Sodré to intercept them in their tracks, while the cargo naus hurry on toward Cannanore. Although the caravels are outnumbered, it is not much of a battle. The fight is essentially over when Pero Rafael and Gil Matoso quickly board and capture Coja Casem's flagship (oddly, found with a lot of women and children on board). The Calicut fleet breaks up and rushes back to port. The pursuing caravels capture a number of sambuks, which they proceed to tow and set on fire before 1331:(p. 192), mildly corroborated by other chroniclers and the anonymous Portuguese eyewitness and Matteo da Bergamo) it is Vasco da Gama himself, and not Aguiar, who goes to Sofala. According to this alternative account, Gama did not go to Mozambique immediately after the Cape crossing; rather, most of the fleet met at some unnamed bay just a few leagues north of Sofala (possibly the 'Rio dos Boms Sinaes'); Gama ordered Vicente Sodré with the main fleet ahead to Mozambique Island, while he remained behind The construction of the new caravel was thus overseen by Sodré, not Gama. After accounting for all the ships and sending them on to Mozambique, Vasco da Gama himself sailed south with four ships to Sofala, conducted some trade and opened the first contact with the Sofalese ruler. That would mean Gama was the last to arrive in Mozambique. In this alternative account, the lost ship of Mendonça (or Fernandes) was one of the four that went with Gama to Sofala, and capsized while exiting the Sofala banks. 1420:

or Ancone or Enconij by the chroniclers ) finally persuades the emir to take up the Portuguese offer. Emir Ibrahim is ferried to the flagship and climbs aboard. After minimal opening cordialities, and ostentatious proclamations of friendship, Gama lays down his price: a treaty with Portugal has to be paid for with a hefty cash tribute to the King of Portugal. The emir is dismayed. Declaring tribute to be a dishonor, he refuses. Gama threatens to level the city and lay it to fire and waste. Emir Ibrahim, effectively captive on board, reluctantly agrees, and signs a treaty making Kilwa tributary to Portugal. Leaving the Kilwan nobleman and advisor Muhammad Arcone aboard as a hostage, the emir returns to shore to make the arrangements.

400: 1953:(dressed as a Christian friar) on a boat to Gama. The Brahmin reports that the Zamorin had arrested twelve of those responsible for the 1500 riot, and offers a peace and friendship treaty and the opening of a discussion of the restoration of the trade goods seized from the Portuguese factory, albeit noting that the Zamorin has also suffered property damages from Portuguese actions and that he intends to deduct it from the final account. Gama is angered, feeling that the Zamorin has changed his tone from his earlier messages, and demands the property taken from the factory be restored in full and brought to his ship, and that all Muslim merchants must be expelled from the Calicut, before any discussion about a treaty begins. 1428: 1961:, etc.) than the Portuguese lost in the 1500 riot. Despite being the net sufferer and the clamor of his citizens for revenge, the Zamorin is prepared to forgive and forget and start anew. The Zamorin also replies that Calicut is a free port and he has no intention of expelling 'the Moors'. Moreover, the Zamorin orders Gama to release his 'hostages', that he will not subject himself to negotiation conditions and that if Gama is unhappy with his offer, then he should leave Calicut harbor at once, for the Zamorin has not given him permission to anchor there, or at any other port in India. 972: 2674:), on the boundaries of the Cochinese state. He demanded that the Raja Trimumpara of Cochin hand his Portuguese guests over to him. But Trimumpara refused and his son Narayan repels two Calicut assaults. By bribery and deceit, the Zamorin manages to detach a lot of Cochin's army, overwhelms the defenses and kills prince Narayan at a battle near the Edapalli ford. The Trimumpara Raja and his Portuguese guests (factor Diogo Fernandes Correia and his assistants), accompanied by a small loyal 445:

promise to Cabral and could not break it. On this hint, Gama produced a royal letter (issued by Manuel back in 1500, and reiterated in October 1501), promising Gama a determining role in any future India expedition, and demanded command of the expedition for himself. The king was caught between two commitments – honoring the letter to Gama, or his appointment to Cabral. Hearing of the king's quandary, Cabral voluntarily withdrew his name to graciously allow Manuel I to honor his letter.

3692:), who had gone on to rule without a sultan. To maintain constitutional propriety, Emir Ibrahim claimed to rule in the name of a mysterious descendant of some earlier sultan, who (quite conveniently) nobody had seen or heard of for over a decade. It is known that Isuf of Sofala, a loyalist of the late sultan al-Fudail, refused to recognize Emir Ibrahim's usurpation, which may help explain why he agreed so readily to Aguiar's proposal to enter into an alliance with the Portuguese. 4430:, to somebody else). Of the five caravels, we know Campo's was still stuck in Africa, and that Fernandes, Bardaças, Rafael and Perestrello brought their own caravels to India. Supposing Fernandes to have been lost in India (as hinted elsewhere), and as Bardaças and Rafael are listed as squadron captains in other lists, that leaves us to suppose that Diogo Pires must have taken over Perestrello's caravel at some point. But this is all conjectural 1968:, declaring that the Zamorin's permission means nothing to him, that he has until noon the next day to deliver the Portuguese factory goods to his ship. Gama uses this overnight interlude to send his boats out to sound the harbor of Calicut to find optimal firing positions. That same night, Calicut forces set about frantically digging entrenchments, erecting a protective timber palisade and laying cannon along the harbor shore. 201: 2250:

cat-and-mouse chases with small Calicut fishing ships that dared venture out. At one point, Sodré gave a couple of fishing boats chase into a side-channel, and sailed into a trap – forty armed Calicut paraus quickly surrounded him. A lucky cannon shot on the lead ship broke up the ambush, allowing Sodré to extricate himself from there quickly. He sailed out and raced back to Cannanore to pick up the rest of his patrol.

2246:, plus one caravel, to carry the Brahmin and the Nair back to Calicut, to finalize the peace treaty with the Zamorin. Gama leaves the rest of the 4th Armada in Cochin under D. Luis Coutinho. (Rumors of the imminent peace with Calicut angers the merchants of Cochin, who feel they will be short-changed by any agreement with Calicut; Coutinho has a difficult time securing the continued purchasing and loading of spices). 1368: 3902:(pp. 289–291). Eyewitnesses Thomé Lopes and Matteo Bergamo are curiously silent, although it is possible that they did not participate or had been sent on ahead. The Flemish sailor, however, relates (p. 62) that they reached "Oan" (Onor?), seized 400 ships and killed their crews (attack on Onor harbor?), then went on to defeat a king who is said to own 8,000 horses and 700 war elephants (a reference to the 3636:

no mention of whom went where. He only reports the Sofalese "refused to trade" and lived in great fear of 'paepians' (Bantus?). He doesn't report entering the city (indeed, implied the city was hidden). Barros (p. 28) mentions only that Gama went to Sofala with four ships and did a little trading, but doesn't report any treaty. Castanheda (p. 130) reports Gama did "establish friendship" with the ruler.

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their range and power too weak, to provide an effective reply. The bombardment continues until nightfall. That night, the corpses of the hung Malabaris are taken from masts, their feet and hands severed off and sent by a small boat to the beach, with an insulting message to the Zamorin, including a demand that the Zamorin reimburse the Portuguese for the powder and shot expended on destroying his city.

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will with the hostage Muhammad Arcone, given that his poor counsel had proven him unworthy. The angry Gama throws Arcone into a long-boat, without water or shade, to die of heat and exposure. Nonetheless, Muhammad Arcone is a wealthy man in his own right, and servants from his household offer Gama a substantial ransom to release him. Knowing the hostage is otherwise worthless to him, Gama consents.

3121:(= Rui de Castanheda) and Antão Vaz (= António do Campo). Variations of the second square are, as mentioned, Fernam d'Atouguia (instead of Vicente Sodré) and Pêro Rafael (instead of Brás Sodré). But it is the composition of the third squad (p. 288) that Correia really parts ways: only Estevão da Gama is named properly; the other four are given as Vasco Fernandes Tinoco, João Fernandes de Mello, 2305: 1021:, clerk of the ship of Giovanni Buonagrazia in the third squadron; (5) two letters dispatched from Mozambique in April 1503 by an Italian agent Matteo da Bergamo, who, by deduction, was travelling on T. Carmona's ship (6) letters dispatched from Lisbon by Italian agents Francesco Corbinelli and Giovanni Francesco Affaitati drawn from interviews with the newly returning crews in August 1503. 801:. and should be suspected as unreliable. As usual, Correia's list of captains differs significantly from the others. In Correia, neither of the Sodré brothers command their own ships – indeed Correia asserts Vicente Sodré was carried as a passenger aboard Vasco da Gama's flagship, with the result that the lead ship of the second squadron was captained by a certain Fernão d'Atouguia (of the 237: 2258:, inside the harbor and lowers a skiff to take the Brahmin to shore, to meet the Zamorin and arrange for the delivery of the compensation payment, retaining the Brahmin's two relatives and the Nair on board as hostages. Three days are spent waiting, the Brahmin shuttling back and forth between the ship and the shore repeatedly to report and consult on the progress of the negotiations. 1481:, just in time to be met by Pedro Afonso de Aguiar (from Sofala), who reports to him the results of the Sofala treaty. Gama's fleet does not actually dock in Malindi – they intended to, but miss it, landing a few leagues ahead, unable to turn back because of the weather (although they manage to get some supplies and exchange messages with Malindi emissaries that row out to them). 161: 120: 2756:. It is tempting to cast the Gama-Cabral quarrel to be one between the rival orders, i.e. that Cabral was the 'candidate' of Order of Christ, Gama of Santiago. That may have a kernel of truth as far as explaining Cabral's appointment to the 2nd Armada. But for the 4th Armada, the principal opposition to Cabral's new appointment actually came from Gama's uncle, 1474:, just in time to reconnect the main armada of Vasco da Gama, preparing to depart from Kilwa harbor. At that moment (July 22 actually), the remaining two ships of the third squad (Vasconcellos, Buonagrazia) finally arrive in Mozambique Island. Taking note of the notes and itinerary left behind, they set sail for Malindi, hoping to catch the main fleet there. 839: 2227:, accompanied by his son and nephew, shows up Cochin and requests permission from Vasco da Gama to take passage on the 4th Armada to Portugal. At first the Brahmin claims he seeks to learn more about Christian religion in Europe, but eventually reveals he is in fact a plenipotentiary ambassador of the Zamorin, and that he hopes to speak directly with King 832: 4426:

Correia's naveta and B. Sodré took over that of 'Ruy da Cunha' (= Ruy de Castanheda). Correia states that Ataíde took over the naveta of "João Fernandes de Mello", a name that doesn't appear on any list, thus leaving us to suppose he means the last remaining naveta, that of Francisco da Cunha 'Marecos' (Ataíde passing his own large nau, the

926:. But in some accounts, his name is given as 'Álvaro de Ataíde' a native of the Algarve, thus possibly Vasco da Gama's new brother-in-law (Gama had recently married Catarina de Ataíde in 1500 or 1501; she had a brother by that name). Lopo Mendes de Vasconcellos was a soon-to-be brother-in-law (betrothed to Teresa da Gama, Vasco's sister). 1525: 2278:. Gama immediately orders the cables cut and the flames of the drifting parau only just miss them. Throughout all this, some of the Portuguese sailors are desperately trying to cut the cables on the anchor – a process that took time, as Gama had ordered it down with an iron chain. But eventually the anchor is cut, and the 3547:) and the 'nave de Ruy Mendes' (de Brito, i.e. Buonagrazia's ship, carrying T. Lopes) was separated from the 'fior de la mar' (E. da Gama), the 'nave de Bartolomeo' (Marchionni, i.e. Lopo Dias) and 'noi' ('us', by elimination, Thomaz de Carmona evidently). Lopes (Port. p. 160) confirms being left alone with the 952:. Both were likely privately outfitted by Italian consortiums (although Buonagrazia's ship is identified as formally belonging to Ruy Mendes de Brito, a gentleman of the royal chamber, he might be a mere figurehead of an underlying foreign investment group) Lopo Dias is identified by Barros as an employee of D. 3815:

Correia (p. 288) is the only one of the principal chroniclers who mentions arriving in Dabul. This is corroborated by the eyewitness Matteo da Bergamo (p. 113), who cites alighting at "Bul" or "abul" on August 11 (a very quick crossing, if the date is to be believed) and remained in the environs for

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Bergamo (p. 111). Also asserted by Gois (p. 89). However Correia (p. 287) and Barros (p. 32) say Estêvão da Gama's squad only met with the main fleet in the Indian Ocean crossing, after Malindi. Evidently they might be confusing Estêvão's trio (who met in Kilwa) with the Vasconcelos-Buonagrazia pair

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Castanheda's captains list is as above, with the following variations: in the first squad he says tens ships but lists eleven captains, adding Pêro de Ataíde to the first squad. This opens up a slot to include Pêro Rafael in the second squadron. Castanheda adds a sixth name to the second squadron –

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Arriving in Cannanore, Gama leaves Cabral's old factor Gonçalo Gil Barbosa, and two assistants, Bastião Álvares and Diogo Nunes. With the permission of the Kolithiri Raja of Cannanore, Gama erects a small palisade around the factory. Some 200 armed men (others report merely 20) are to remain with the

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was not as easy to intimidate as they had expected. Despite the terror actions, the bombardment and the naval blockade, the Zamorin steadfastly refused to capitulate to Vasco da Gama's terms. On the contrary, the hiring of an Arab privateer fleet demonstrated a certain resourcefulness and willingness

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Gama concludes negotiates a new commercial treaty with the ruler of Cochin, this time with a fixed-price schedule, like at Cannanore. Diogo Fernandes Correia, the new designated factor for Cochin, relieves Cabral's factor Gonçalo Gil Barbosa (now slated to be transferred to Cannanore). They promptly

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November 2, 1502 – The city bombardment resumes the next morning. The mostly poor dwellings on the shore having been razed the previous day, the Portuguese cannons now have a clear view of central city and the statelier homes of the richer citizens of Calicut and bring their larger ordnance to bear.

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by their necks from the shipmasts, allocating a few to each ship. Calicut crowds approach the beach to watch the grisly spectacle. Then the armada advances into the harbor and opens fire. The bombardment is principally aimed at clearing the beach and trenches. The Malabari shore cannons are too few,

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While awaiting the Zamorin's reply, Gama seizes a nearby idling zambuq and some fishing boats that had unwisely ventured into Calicut harbor, taking some fifty fisherman captive. This action evidently angers the Zamorin, who sends a stern reply to Gama, noting that Gama had already taken severalfold

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of Calicut sent back a string of messengers to Cannanore (and along the way to Calicut), each delivering promises that the Zamorin was willing to settle matters with Gama, and compensate the Portuguese for the loss of their factory goods. On the other hand, Gama also receives a message from Gonçalo

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The negotiation for the commercial treaty did not go smoothly, particularly the fixed price clause. The Kolathiri Raja protested that he had no power over market prices nor the right to dictate how private merchants disposed of their property. Gama had to resort to feints, threats and then sailed out

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had tried, and failed, to secure a treaty with Kilwa back in 1500. Gama decided to try again – and was determined not to take no for answer. But, mindful of the lesson at Calicut, Gama also wanted to add a touch of intimidation, to show off his heavily armed fleet and impress upon the Sultan of Kilwa

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See Lopes (Port: p. 171). Also insinuated by Barros (pp. 32–33). Earlier (p. 170), Lopes mentioned Buonagrazia parted company from Vasconcellos at Malindi. This is corroborated in Bergamo (p. 114), who asserts that only Buonagrazia met them in Anjediva, while the 'San Giuliano' (i.e. Vasconcellos's

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of 'Ruy e Figaretto' ('Ruy de Figueiredo') and the ship of "Giovan d'Anfonsechebran" ('João da Fonseca') had gone to Sofala and traded goods for 2500 meticals. The Flemish sailor (pp. 60–61) reports they alighted at Sofala ('Scafal') first and sailed to Mozambique ('Miskebije') later, although makes

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According to Correia (pp. 267–268), Gama felt the destruction of the Calicut factory was ultimately his fault, because, on his first expedition in 1497–1499, he had allowed the Zamorin's offenses to go unpunished, which only encouraged him to do even greater injury to Cabral. Thus, the punishment of

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The Trimumpara Raja of Cochin urges Gama to avoid the fleet and just set sail for Portugal at once. But Vasco da Gama refuses to revise his plans. He needs to return to Cannanore to deposit the factor Barbosa there and pick up a cargo of ginger he had ordered. And he was itching for revenge for the

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After the ambush, Gama, escorted by Sodré's patrol returns to Cochin. Although the Portuguese were aware that the Zamorin had ordered his Malabari vassals to assemble an armada in Calicut, Gama seems to have been confident that the coastal patrol was keeping a lid on it, perhaps not quite realizing

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It is a narrow escape. Before leaving Calicut, Gama orders the three hostages – the son & nephew of the Brahmin and the Nair – strung up by their necks on the main mast, in full view of the city of Calicut. He dispatches their corpses on a raft to the shore, pinned with a note swearing revenge

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system was first introduced. Henceforth, every merchant ship along the Malabar coast had to present a certificate signed by a Portuguese factor (in Cannanore, Cochin, etc.), or else be subject to attack and seizure by a Portuguese patrol. This licensing system would be subsequently adopted later on

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states, "I will never forget for the rest of my days". The pilgrim ship thoroughly plundered, on Gama's orders, the passengers are locked in the hold and the ship burnt and sunk by artillery. It takes several days to finally go down completely. Portuguese soldiers row around the waters on longboats

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The 16th-century chroniclers seem to agree that King Manuel I wanted to deprive Cabral of command, and that the Sodré appointment and/or the Gama letter was just a ploy by the king to wiggle out of appointing Cabral. But some later authors have interpreted the accounts differently, that King Manuel

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gesture to palliate his faction rather than an earnest offer. In other words, the king never had any intention of letting Cabral lead the expedition, that the onerous conditions were introduced knowing Cabral would find them unacceptable. That these conditions were only revealed at the last minute,

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separate lists of the patrol captains. His first list (p. 301) 1. Vicente Sodré, 2. Brás Sodré, 3. Pêro de Ataíde on navetas and 4. Fernão Rodrigues Bardaças, 5. António Fernandes Roxo and 6. Antão Vaz (=?) on caravels. During the battle of Calicut, Correia (p. 329) states Sodré led a squadron of

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Gois (p. 89), Castanheda (p. 132). Barros (p. 38), although only a two pages earlier, Barros also takes care to point out that there were 50 children aboard and later on Barros (p. 43) diminishes even the merciful aspect of this, by claiming that Gama took the 20 children as an "act of vengeance",

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Barros (p. 36) estimates 270 'fighting men', many women and 50 children were aboard. Gois (p. 89) says 'more than 300', Castanheda (p. 131) says 300 men, plus many women and children; Correia (p. 293) puts the death toll at a very high 700. Among the eyewitnesses, the anonymous Flemish sailor (p.

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Subrahmanyam (1997: 201) says Nova actually left these letters in Kilwa, where Gama picked them up. This is weakly corroborated in Lopes (Port: p. 168), who suggests that Nova's letters were left in Kilwa, picked up by Gama, then sent by messenger to Malindi with Gama's instructions, and that Lopes

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lagoon. Vypin's natural defenses and the deteriorating weather prevent the Zamorin from launching assault boats and seizing the island. Frustrated, the Zamorin burns down the city of Cochin. The siege will drag on for several months, until Francisco de Albuquerque, leading the remnant of the Sodré

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island sometime in the summer of 1503, where they are forced to stop to repair their crippled ships. Four days after arriving in Angediva, a fifth ship, the caravel of António do Campo (who having missed the previous year's monsoon, was forced to stay in East Africa throughout all this) arrives in

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upriver to the town to investigate. Surveying the Batecala docks, Estêvão spies several Arab merchant ships and prepares for hostilities. But his attention is soon drawn to a small group of men in ornate robes, rushing down to the docks, frantically calling to him. It is an embassy from the raja of

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Sensing a trap, Emir Ibrahim first asks for a safe-conduct (which da Gama promptly gives him), but fearing treachery, the emir changes his mind, and refuses to go aboard. However, after much discussion, one of his advisors, a certain wealthy nobleman Muhammad ibn Rukn ad Din (called Muhammad Arcone

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give their own variations. Doubtless, the captain lists are complicated by the fact that there were some rearrangements of the fleet in Africa and India, and captains were shuffled around – at some point, both Vicente and Brás Sodré was definitely given command of a ship of his own. The chronicles

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Castanheda (p. 134) reports a squadron of six ships and their captain names as given above. Later, Castanheda (p. 140) reports second list, which repeats aforesaid names, but notes that Fernão Rodrigues Bardaças was in place of "D. Antonio Fernandes q se perdeo" (p. 140). The loss of Fernandes's

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Barros (v. 2, p. 32), Gois (p. 89). Correia (p. 284) suggests the sultan rowed out to their anchorage to meet them. Eyewitness Matteo da Bergamo (p. 112) estimates they anchored some 5 leagues beyond Malindi. This is confirmed by Lopes (pp. 167–168). The anonymous Fleming says they missed Malindi

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The eyewitness accounts introduce a few personal names not seen on the chroniclers's list. It is highly probable that most of these names refer not to captains, but rather to the owners of their respective ships, e.g. when Matteo da Bergamo refers to the "nave de Ruy Mendes", he doubtlessly means

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If the battle of Calicut impressed something on Vasco da Gama, it was precisely that the Portuguese in India were living on borrowed time, that it was going to take more resources than he had to bring the Zamorin to heel and secure continued Portuguese access to the spice markets. And that was the

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Early February, 1503, After a final audience with Raja Trimumpara, taking aboard his ambassador to the Lisbon court, leaving Diogo Fernandes Correia as factor in Cochin, and taking Cabral's old factor Gonçalo Gil Barbosa, to serve as factor in Cannanore, Gama's fleet (around ten fully laden ships)

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in Lisbon, and negotiate a permanent peace treaty between Portugal and Calicut, as (in the Zamorin's estimation) the Portuguese armada captains, coming and going every year, do not seem empowered to negotiate durable treaties. Gama assures him he is fully empowered by the king, at which point the

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in Calicut. Matoso chases the pilgrim ship down, which surrenders rather quickly, probably imagining that its master had enough money to ransom it off. But Vasco da Gama shrugs off all the offers. As the Portuguese crew plunder the ship and transfer its cargo, it quickly becomes evident that Gama

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According to Pêro de Ataíde's 1504 letter to King Manuel I (pp. 262–263), Brás Sodré took items from plunder despite "being told there and then by your clerk that such items had not yet been recorded in the your lordship's book" and, in his takings, "nobody dared grab his hand because his brother

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Barros (p. 48). However, prior to this, Lopes (p. 183) suggests that Gama was very suspicious of Paio Rodrigues, and even believed that Paio was feeding arguments to the Kolathiri Raja and encouraging his resistance to Gama's proposals. Bergamo (p. 102) also reports trouble negotiating prices in

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By contrast, the 19th-century history by Cardinal Francisco de São Luiz Saraiva (1849: 211) whitewashes the incident, almost making it seem like an accident, or the result of the 'wickedness of the Moors'. He states that it was the killing of a Portuguese ship-boy in the course of plundering the

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island. This is highly unlikely; Socotra had yet to be discovered, it was still quite a way from Malindi, and could not have been reached in time for an Indian Ocean crossing. It seems evident, from the awelike wonder of his account, that this is the Flemish sailor's first journey to India, that

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The eyewitness accounts introduce a few personal names not seen on the chroniclers's list. It is highly probable that most of these names refer not to captains, but rather to the owners of their respective ships, e.g. when Bergamo refers to the "nave de Ruy Mendes", he doubtlessly means the ship

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The hiring of Cojambar was also a foreboding. The Zamorin clearly understood he had to appeal to foreigners to help close the technical gap between Indian and Portuguese forces. Surely it would only be a matter of time before the Zamorin got his hands on Arab, Turkish and Venetian technology, and

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Late January, 1503 – The Trimumpara Raja of Cochin adds some more disturbing intelligence: the Zamorin has hired the services of a Red Sea Arab privateer 'Cojambar' (Khoja Ambar), and several large ships have slipped past the Portuguese blockade and were now in Calicut, joining the fighting fleet

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is a little more open in his disapproval. He notes that several of the Portuguese captains were appalled by Gama's decision and tried to persuade him against it (if only because they would forego a hefty ransom). Correia gives a heart-rending account of the desperate and valiant resistance of the

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mid-July, 1502 – After a few days of lingering in Kilwa harbor and no sign of the emir's promised tribute, Gama dispatches a messenger to see what the delay is. Emir Ibrahim sends a message back declining to dispatch the tribute, and telling the Portuguese captain-major that he can do whatever he

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to intimidate the Zamorin into compliance. The Armada would then demand that the Zamorin replace the damaged factory of the 2nd Armada, that he expel all Arabs from the Calicut region as punishment for their involvement in the aforementioned massacre, and that he sign a trade treaty regarding the

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habit taken from one of the Portuguese friars killed in the Calicut massacre of 1500. If so, then this was rather undiplomatic of the Zamorin, and probably didn't help Gama's mood. However, neither Barros nor the eyewitnesses (Lopes, Bergamo) mention his attire. Curiously, Correia (p. 300) also

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Barros's list is as above. For the second squad, he assigns ships to Vicente Sodré and Braz Sodré (making no mention of d'Atougoia or Pêro Rafael). He names d'Ataíde as 'Álvaro' rather than 'Pêro'. Barros avers that Antonio Fernandes might have only been given a ship only in Mozambique. Barros

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Ltd (BWR) and archaeologically excavated in a series of subsequent expeditions in the years 2013, 2014 and 2015 jointly conducted and managed by David L. Mearns of BWR and Oman's Ministry of Heritage and Culture. The findings and conclusions of the project were made public by the MHC in a press

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tells a slightly different story – he does not mention Sodré's command, but rather relates how King Manuel I summoned Vasco da Gama a mere three days before the scheduled departure date and expressed his "disappointment and mistrust" of Cabral's "dubious fortune" at sea., but that he had made a

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and 6. João Lopes Perestrelo. As far as ship names, Correia had provided an original list of ships at departure (p. 266), where he identifies four navetas and five caravels. One naveta is known to have been lost at Sofala. Correia (p. 301) explicitly states that V. Sodré took Diogo Fernandes

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list makes note of Coutinho's nickname ('Ramiro') and Gil Fernandes's surname ('de Sousa'). It refers to Álvaro d'Ataide (not Pêro) and to Thomaz de 'Cremona' (rather than Carmona). It makes no mention of Pêro Rafael. Also gives ship composition, noting there were five caravels (Bardaças, A.

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Sometime during the course of this siege, the two Italian military engineers (and probable Venetian agents) that had come as passengers on Gama's ships - known only as João Maria (Gianmaria) and Pêro António (Pierantonio) – escaped Cochin and made their way to the Zamorin' camp, offering their

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of Calicut refused to accede to Portuguese demands, arguing that the violent exactions of the armada exceeded any claims they might have for compensation. The 4th Armada left without bringing the Zamorin to terms and leaving matters unresolved. Before departing, the armada established a crown

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s high sides do not allow the Portuguese to respond with artillery – the ship's cannons are mounted too high and the paraus are too close for an angle of shot, so the crew turns desperately to crossbows, musket fire and heaving rocks to keep them at bay. Days before the encounter, Gama had

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and his brother Brás Sodré, with some 200 soldiers (mainly crossbowmen), to maintain the blockade on Calicut harbor, and patrol the coast preying on Calicut shipping. The exact composition of the patrol squadron differs in the sources, and it seems there is some reshuffling of captains in the

1358:

fame), with instructions to take any goods from the Sofalese trade. According to Correia, Gama was unwilling to wait around for the results of Aguiar's mission to Sofala, and set sail out of Mozambique before Aguiar's returned from Sofala. As a result, Aguiar was forced to leave the Sofalese

417:, opposed Cabral's appointment, on the grounds that it was Cabral's 'incompetence' that had created this unhappy situation to begin with. However, Cabral had his own political supporters that could not be ignored. The king tried to compromise by offering Cabral the position of captain-major ( 3710:

Barros (p. 115) asserts 500 meticals, but this is likely an error. The anonymous Fleming and Matteo da Bergamo both report a tribute of 1500 meticals, and this is corroborated in a later letter from King Manuel to Vasco da Gama. Gois (p. 89) and Castanheda (p. 131) report 2,000 meticals.

4202:

Góis (p. 90), Castanheda (p. 133). However, Bergamo (p. 116) doesn't report fisherman, but says 38 prisoners were taken captive from a zambuq. Lopes (p. 187) says only four fishermen and an empty zambuq were taken; the bulk of the prisoners were from a zambuq captured earlier in Pandarane

3715:

is worth 1 Venetian ducat (estimate of Cadamosto), 1.33 ducats (estimate of Thome Lopes, p. 164), 2.75 ducats (Corbinelli), 9 sous & 4 deniers of Flemish money (estimate of anonymous Fleming, p. P55/61); 420 Portuguese reales (Barros estimate, p. 115), 500 reals (estimate of Correia p.

2249:

Gama is taking only a light escort, but he imagines Vicente Sodré is in the vicinity and will provide additional security. However, as it happens, Vicente Sodré had left Calicut a few days earlier. He had been maintaining a continuous blockade on Calicut harbor, and engaging in repeated

2520:

Vasco da Gama's main fleet arrives in Lisbon in September, 1503. Gama delivers his report, noting his failure to bring the Zamorin of Calicut to terms, and urging the immediate outfitting of a strong fleet to establish strong permanent Portuguese garrisons to protect the allied cities of

4510:

The 1503 letter of Diogo Fernandes Correia (p. 211), the Portuguese factor of Cochin notes how Vasco da Gama promised the King of Cochin "that he would leave him Vicente Sodré to guard this port and coast; after his departure, the coast was abandoned by our armed ships, and the King of

1829: 2482:, realizing the vulnerability of Cochin and Cannanore, invokes rank as captain-major of the armada and orders Sodré to set that mission aside, and maintain his patrol on the Indian coast, to defend the Portuguese factories and their Indian allies against any reaction by the Zamorin. 1227: 3788:

picked up both together. Correia (p. 284) suggests the sultan of Malindi himself delivered the Nova news to Gama, when he sailed out to meet them at their anchorage. Barros (p. 29) suggests Gama picked up Nova's letter much earlier, from the hand of the Sheikh of Mozambique.

1692:

Estêvão brings the embassy to his cousin. Evidently hearing of the fate of Onor, the embassy offers to submit to the Portuguese. Vasco da Gama agrees to leave Batecala in peace in return for a yearly tribute of 1,000 bags of plain rice and 500 bags of quality rice (probably

4207:). Barros (p. 46) reports only seizures of handfuls of Malabari prisoners from small boats here and there, that had come to the Portuguese ships to trade or deliver messages along the way. Correia (p. 301) reports no prisoners taken at this point, but only later, from a 1980:

The city is relentlessly bombarded all morning – some 400 large rounds and an indeterminate number from the smaller caliber guns At noon, when the Portuguese pause for lunch, a small group of Malabari vessels tries to attack the idling squad, but are quickly seen off.

4031:

Correia (p. 249) famously ends his account with the story of how one of the pilgrim survivors, swimming in the water, grabbed a loose spear, threw it and killed one of the Portuguese soldiers on the longboats. "And for this seeming to be a great thing, I wrote it here."

2918:

Gois's captains list is as above, with the following modifications: in the first squad, Gil Fernandes is referred to as 'Luis Fernandes'; Diogo Fernandes Correa is omitted, replaced by a certain 'Luis Pires'. In the second squad, he adds Pêro Rafael and drops Antonio

1246:

back in 1498). The Mozambique ruler immediately offers his pardon for that affair and puts supplies at the disposal of the tempest-tossed Portuguese. Vasco da Gama remains in Mozambique for a while, waiting for the rest of the battered fleet to trickle in, one by one.

2561:

March, 1503 – As soon as Vasco da Gama's 4th Armada leaves India, as predicted, Raja Trimumpara of Cochin receives intelligence that the Zamorin of Calicut is at this very moment preparing a landward invasion of Cochin. Portuguese factor Diogo Fernandes Correia urges

1503:

August 2, 1502 – The remaining two ships of the third squadron (Lopo Mendes de Vasconcelos and Giovanni Buonagrazia) arrive in Malindi, just a few days after Gama's departure. They are well received by the Sultan of Malindi. They pick up a few letters left with

2445:

In the meantime, his priority was to do everything he could to maintain the Portuguese toe in India - that is, to protect the Portuguese factories and Indian allies of Cochin and Cannanore, from the Zamorin's inevitable revenge the moment the 4th Armada left.

4491:

Barros (p. 71). Lopes (pp. 202–203) says 70 or 80, that the Portuguese initially thought were just local fishermen and ignored them; the alarm was rung only when they noticed the paraus were to each other in pairs, as customarily necessary for mounting naval

3145:

suggests that Saldanha was aboard this one as a passenger.) Evidently, Correia mixes up the third squadrons of two different armadas (it would be simply impossible for Saldanha, Ravasco and Peteira to return to Portugal on time to depart again on the next

2617:

islands (off the coast of Oman). The local inhabitants warned them that a seasonal tempest was forming and that they had better move their ships to a safer shelter on the southern side of the island. Four patrol captains moved their ships accordingly, but

3394:

by Ruy Mendes de Brito and captained by Buonagrazia. Similarly we can deduce the "nave de Bartolomeo" as being the ship captained by Lopo Dias, owned by Braganza-Marchionni. More uncertain are three other ships: the "ship of João da Fonseca" (likely the

3083:

as Luis Coutinho's ship. As we do not have access to Brito Rebelo's article or documents, we will maintain the original assignment of ship names as given in Gaspar Correia, although it is almost certainly incorrect. On a side note, eyewitness accounts of

2184:. Gama declines politely, noting that he cannot do anything without the permission of his Cochinese hosts. As a result, the queen-regent dispatches a messenger to the prince of Cochin. Trimumpara Raja prevaricates at first, fearing that competition from 4586:

Ataíde (p.263) says that upon reaching the beach, Brás Sodré laid the blame on his Muslim pilots and executed them on the spot. Ataíde evades saying exactly what happened to Brás Sodré after that, only that "many things transpired" ("se pasaram muitas

1634:) finally catch up with the rest of the armada. Save for the ship of Campo (still stuck in Africa) and Serrão (on patrol around the Mozambique factory), all the Portuguese fleet (18 ships out of the 20 that left Lisbon) are together and accounted for. 3734:

According to Bergamo (p. 111), the squadron had royal instructions to go trade in Sofala. But Estêvão da Gama set that aside, evidently feeling it more important to connect with the main fleet – perhaps hoping that Vasconcellos-Buonagrazia might be

2571:

and orders the coastal patrol to follow him out to the Red Sea. It is said that at least two of the captains of the coastal patrol refuse Sodré's orders, and willingly surrender the command of their ships rather than disobey Gama's original orders.

1458:

banks. The two squads do not reconnect with each other. Estêvão da Gama's trio, following the itinerary left in Mozambique by his cousin, heads off to Kilwa Alone idling before Sofala, Vasconcellos and Buonagrazia proceed north to the mouth of the

1163:

April–May, 1502 Violent storms at the Cape separates the fifteen ships of Vasco da Gama's fleet. Each captain is forced to figure out his own passage around the Cape, and make his own way towards the pre-arranged rendez-vous point on the other side.

2826:

Correia is clear that Manuel I hoped Gama would invoke the letter, "ElRey dissimulou o muyto prazer do seu coracao" (Correia, p. 267). Castanheda (p. 130) states only that Cabral was deprived of command "por algũs justos respeitos" ('for some just

4744:

Primo volume delle navigationi et viaggi nel qua si contine la descrittione dell'Africa, et del paese del Prete Ianni, on varii viaggi, dal mar Rosso a Calicut,& infin all'isole Molucche, dove nascono le Spetierie et la navigatione attorno il

1987:

Calicut. But Gama, still hopeful the Zamorin might come to terms, turns down their request, believing a sack would only escalate matters to the point of no return. So, the next morning, vengeance satisfied, Gama sets sail out of Calicut harbor.

3527:(Port: p. 160) reports seeing an unknown island on May 18th, and gives its position – albeit in relation to other islands which are also not clear (e.g. 'Island of the Red Parrots' = Brazil?). Sailing on a different ship in the same squadron, 3459:

3026:

Drawing from Lisbon archival documents originally published by Brito Rebello (1898), Subrahmanyam (1997: p. 192) gives different names to some of the ships. He notes that the four ships designated to remain in India on patrol were the

2398:

the previous year, the Zamorin might have calculated that the addition of the large ships and more experienced captains might tip the balance – particularly against the heavily loaded and less-maneuverable large naus of the 4th Armada.

2215:, a symbolic command staff, but notes that he personally cannot do much, as he will be leaving soon. But he promises that the community can call on the Portuguese naval patrol of Vicente Sodré at any time, should they need anything. 4089:

Correia (p. 294). Gois (p. 90), Castanheda (p. 132) and Barros (p. 39) mention the scaffold but not the oath. Eyewitness Lopes (p. 181) says it was not a personal oath, but part of the royal instructions given to Gama by King Manuel

2566:

to keep the caravel patrol squadron close to Cochin. But Vicente Sodré, eager for the easy plunder of the Arab Red Sea shipping, dismisses the rumors, Correia reminds him of Gama's orders, to no avail – Sodré pulls out his old royal

4751:[Translated 1812 into Portuguese as "Navegação as Indias Orientaes, escrita em Portuguez por Thomé Lopes, traduzida da lingua Portugueza para a Italiana, e novamente do Italiano para o Portuguez", by Academia Real das Sciencias in 1742:

intends to burn the ship with all its passengers – men, women and children – on board. When Gama proves deaf to their pleas for mercy, the passengers frantically attack the Portuguese men-at-arms with their bare hands, to no avail.

2188:'s more amply-supplied markets will hurt his own. But Cochin's slender supply is worrying the Portuguese factors. At length, an agreement is reached between all parties: Gama is to dispatch only two ships to load up with spices at 1324:). An audience is arranged and Aguiar draws up a commercial and alliance treaty between Portugal and Sofala. Matters settled and gifts exchanged, Aguiar takes aboard a Sofalese ambassador to meet Vasco da Gama back in Mozambique. 3208:(1563) is a veritable mess. It gives nineteen ships, of which only nine captain names match the conventional list. Of the remaining ten, some replicate or echo Correia, e.g. Antão Vaz (instead of Campo), Francisco Marecos (in 1582:, but arrives too late (mid-September). The fleet having already left for India, and the monsoon winds preventing Campo's own crossing to India. António do Campo will remain behind on the East African coast until next April. 4395:(p.n192) reports six naus and a caravel were left with Vicente Sodré. The anonymous Flemish sailor doesn't report a patrol squadron. Subrahmanyam (1997: p. 224) says that they left five ships – three naus and two caravels. 2632:

conference in Muscat on 15 March 2016, on the same date that a project specific website was launched and an interim report by Mearns, Parham and Frohlich was published in the International Journal of Nautical Archaeology.

4341:

Correia (p. 302). The other chronicles don't report the capture of the rice convoy. However, Bergamo (p. 117) and the Flemish sailor (p. 63) do report capturing a large ship after the bombardment and quartering its

2610:. In Ataíde's account, Brás Sodré appears as the villain of the story. Already unhappy at the decision to abandon their comrades in India, the patrol captains quarreled with the Sodré brothers and nearly mutinied. 1095:, had finally located Sofala the previous year, but he only saw it from afar and did not go ashore. It seems that every ship in this armada was issued explicit royal instructions to try to trade for gold in Sofala. 3472:

by Bergamo, but not on Correia's list) and the ship of "Fernando Lourenço" (= ?). The eyewitness accounts certainly seem to suggest a higher degree of private participation in this fleet than the chroniclers

3403:

2286:

reaches the mouth of the harbor just as Vicente Sodré arrives back from Cannanore with three caravels. Seeing the ambush is foiled, the Calicut boats turn around and slip back into the side-channels of the harbor.

3573:?) that ran aground near the Sofala banks. Both Matteo da Bergamo and the anonymous Portuguese eyewitness says it was the ship of 'João da Fonseca' (not on usual captain lists, probably the ship's owner's name). 526:

The exact composition of the three squadrons differs in the various accounts. The following list of ships should not be regarded as authoritative, but a tentative list compiled from various conflicting accounts.

1395:

was the formal overlord of Mozambique and Sofala. If the fledgling Portuguese trade presence in those East African towns was to remain unmolested, then the Portuguese must secure Kilwa's consent. Cabral and the

2798:"El Rey tinha desgosto e disconfianca da duvidosa fortuna de Pedralvarez Cabral" (Correia, p. 267) Interjecting, the queen 'helpfully' pointed out that such ill-fortune did not seem to afflict Vasco da Gama. 4052:

62) says 380 men, plus many women and children, while the anonymous Portuguese sailor and Matteo da Bergamo (p. 114) put it at 200 men, while Lopes (p. 175) says 240 men without counting women and children.

2253:

Gama arrives in Calicut harbor during this absence, unaware of any of this. Seeing no sign of Sodré, Gama orders the escort caravel to go towards Cannanore to find him. He anchors his own ship, the large

3340:(Vasco da Gama's wife) is from the latter. This has not prevented some chroniclers from assuming that Pêro de Ataíde was a relative of Gama's (e.g. Correia, p. 301). One possible resolution is that the 1862:

Gama presents the raja with royal letters and munificent gifts (a jeweled sword, a brocaded armchair) and discussions immediately begin. A commercial treaty is negotiated, establishing a Portuguese crown

2626:

and Brás Sodré. Vicente went down with his ship, Brás survived to make it ashore, although he would die soon after in mysterious circumstances The wreck site of the ships was discovered in May 1998 by

1230:

Approximate route of the 4th India Armada (1502) along the African coast, purple = route of main fleet (Vasco da Gama); green = side-trip of Pedro Afonso de Aguiar, blue = deviation of Antão Vaz do Campo

2236:

of the Zamorin's household, with a concrete offer to compensate the Portuguese for the goods lost in the Calicut factory. It seems a fair offer, so Gama decides to personally finalize the arrangement.

1535:

The last missing ship – António do Campo's caravel from the first squadron – will not make it across to India this year. As already alluded to earlier, the caravel of António do Campo ('Antão Vaz' in

1673:(Goese Jew and translator) that Onor is a corsair's nest, Vasco da Gama orders an attack on the city. Portuguese landing crews attack the harbor, plundering and setting fire to the ships and docks. 1772:

openly condemns the act, claiming Gama acted "with great cruelty and without any mercy whatsoever". The chroniclers do not shy away from describing the event and their unease is evident. Although

3344:

nau was indeed taken by Gama's brother-in-law Álvaro de Ataíde to India and back and that Pêro de Ataíde went as a passenger, and was only given a ship in India, when the coastal patrol was formed.

1308:), Aguiar leads the first Portuguese ships into Sofala harbor. Aguiar goes ashore, initiates some trade in the local markets while seeking out the local ruler, the sultan or shiekh Isuf of Sofala ( 3877:

The Flemish sailor (p. 62) reports 300 sick and injured at Anjediva. Bergamo (p. 101) estimates deaths on the entire fleet at this stage was 60–70 sailors and ship-boys, which he considers lucky.

3701:

It is 'Masamede Arcone' in Correia (p. 278), 'Mahomet Ancon' in Osório (p. 194), 'Mahamade Enconij' in Barros (p. 32), 'Masamede Enconij' in Góis (p. 89), 'Masamede Alconez' in Castanheda (p. 131)

2261:

All seemed to be going well, but in the early morning hours of the fourth day, however, a hundred armed zambuks and paraus swarm into the harbor from the nearby channels and quickly surround the

948:

There was significant private participation in the fleet. Two ships went out under Italian captains – Tomásio da Cremona ('Thomas de Carmona') and Giovanni Buonagrazia ('João da Bonagracia') of

1610:. Expecting trouble, the fighting ships hoist up their lateen sails and load up their cannon. But no one comes out to challenge them, so they begin coasting south along the Indian coast towards 437:

just before the fleet's departure, lends credence to the theory, i.e. the monarch did not want to give Cabral time to reconsider or allow opposition to mount against Gama's rapid appointment.

429:, and leading opponent of Cabral). Finding this condition an unacceptable affront, Cabral withdrew his name in a huff. Manuel I immediately appointed Vasco da Gama himself as captain-major. 1808:

hover around 300. Portuguese chroniclers are eager to report that 20 children were spared this fate, and brought back by the 4th Armada to Lisbon, where they will be baptized and raised as

2326: 258: 174: 133: 4009:

Barros (p. 34), Góis (p. 89), Osório (p. 195). By contrast, Correia (p. 300) asserts it was really Calicut-owned. Modern historian Bouchon (1975: 62) suggests it might actually have been

1887:

at the beginning of the year. After Gama stormed off and ordered sail out of the city, Paio Rodrigues mediated between the Kolathiri Raja and the Captain-Major and finalized the treaty

1855:

Raja of Cannanore invites Gama to come ashore for an elaborate reception, but Gama replies that he swore a personal oath not to set his foot on Indian soil again until his vengeance on

1757:

is an act that will instantly cement Gama's cruel and fearsome reputation, and generate a great deal of hatred for the Portuguese in India. Gama defended his act as "vengeance" for the

2702:) were traditionally ceremonially esconsed as lords of the sea and overlords of all the Malabari states. The sacred stone had originally been housed at the ancient Malabari capital of 3946:

Lopes (p. 175) and Barros (p. 34) suggest this. Correia (p. 292) just calls him a rich man of Calicut, later on (p. 300) identifying him as the brother of Calicut noble 'Coja Casem'.

2937:). Castanheda fits the six captains into five ships by noting that António Fernandes was given a ship only after arrival in India. He does not name the captains of the third squad. 341:, had arrived in Portugal in the summer of 1501 in a terrible shape. Ship and human losses were tremendous, its mission objectives failed. They had failed to establish a factory in 2232:

Brahmin then offers to mediate a peace treaty between Gama and the Zamorin. Gama agrees, and the Brahmin returns to Calicut, coming back to Cochin shortly after accompanied by a

4929:

Brito Rebelo, J.I. (1898) "Navegadores e exploradores portuguezes até o XVI século (Documentos para a sua historia: Vasco da Gama, sua família, suas viagens, seus companheiros",

4725:

Two Italian letters from Mozambique written Apr. 1503, pub. in 1902, Prospero Peragallo, ed., "Viaggio di Matteo da Bergamo in India sulla flotta di Vasco da Gama (1502–1503)",

3618:

Barros (p. 28) and Gois (p. 89) identify Sodré. Castanheda (pp. 130–131) says it was Pedro Afonso de Aguiar that led the fleet to Mozambique while Gama took four naus to Sofala.

1905:

October 25, 1502 – Fleet departs Cannanore. Chroniclers differ a little on the subsequent sequence of events. While still in Cannanore, Gama had sent Pedro Afonso de Aguiar to

523:, with instructions to catch up to the main fleet along the way. (Whatever the mechanics behind the appointment, the 4th Armada certainly turned out to be a Gama family affair!) 2622:

and Brás Sodré refused (the ongoing quarrel over the spoils may have been a factor in this decision.) As the locals predicted, the tempest came, destroyed and sunk the ships of

2639:

as their new commander, set back for India. However, contrary winds make it a difficult journey, and they inch back only painfully and slowly. The battered patrol hobbles into

4071:

Bergamo (pp. 101, 114). Later on in his account, Thome Lopes does insinuate the presence of children from the Mecca nau. ("algums mancebos que vinhão na náu de Meca", p. 196)

895:

are unknown, but also presumed to be quite sizeable (that is, 250t or greater). These large ships were designated to return with spice cargo back to Lisbon. The smaller naus(

3051:

are one and the same ship). There are an additional seven ships named in the archives, with the only clear assignments being that Francisco da Cunha was the captain of the

1983:

November 3, 1502 – Barros reports that the two-day bombardment had sufficiently crippled the city that several of the captains urge Gama to authorize a landing of troops to

4738:

original Portuguese version lost; Italian translation first pub. 1550 as "Navigatione verso l'Indie orientali scritta per Thomé Lopez, scrivano de una nave Portoghesa", in

2425:, once again demonstrated the critical importance of the technical superiority of Portuguese ships and naval artillery. But it also demonstrated to the Portuguese that the 2410:

Gama and Sodré spot the Calicut fleet of Coja Casem and Arab privateer Cojambar, near the coast, out of Calicut harbor. In one of the first recorded instances of a naval

3104:

of 'Ruy de Figueiredo' (Castanheda? Or a ship's owner's name?). Doubtlessly Correia's list uses some nicknames, rather than official names, of several of the ships.

1013:

The 4th Armada is unusually blessed with multiple eyewitness accounts to supplement the standard chronicles: (1) an account by an anonymous Flemish sailor aboard the

421:), but letting it be clearly understood that his command of the fleet would not be absolute, that at least one squadron would be placed under the separate command of 5061: 4154:

Thomé Lopes (pp. 184–186). According to Lopes, Barbosa claims the Trimumpara Raja of Cochin showed him the letter and his own reply, refusing the Zamorin's request.

3138: 2649: 2533: 3362:

Lopes (Port: p. 173). It was not uncommon for foreign financiers to draft a well-connected high noble to place his name at the head of their financial consortium.

2390:) and an innumerable number of smaller oar-powered paraus, carrying several thousand armed men. Although a large Calicut fleet had failed against the much smaller 503:

The 4th Armada was composed of 20 ships and between 800 and 1800 men. The Armada was originally envisaged as two squadrons – 15 ships under the admiral to head to

2695:. Expert gun-founders, the Italians will teach Calicut to found large European guns and help close the technological gap between Indian and Portuguese artillery. 2541: 1897:

other Portuguese-controlled coasts (e.g. East Africa, Malacca, Brazil), with differing degrees of success. It will be largely maintained until the 18th century.

4550:, hitherto unknown and uncharted by the Portuguese. That is possible, although it seems to have escaped notice otherwise. It is customary to credit the captain 4409:

eight ships (2 navetas and five caravels), but doesn't give names. Correia's second list (p. 337) keeps the navetas as stated, but names as caravel captains 4.

2153:, Kochi) with the bulk of the armada. He is received by Trimumpara ruler of Cochin, not without a touch of anxiety. But cordialities soon set that to rest. The 180: 139: 3212:

to F. da Cunha), Vasco Tinoco, "Diogo" Fernandes de Melo, Pêro de Mendonça, João Serrão, Fernão d'Atouguia, Diniz Rodrigues, and two ships with no name at all.

968:

in conjunction with the mysterious Lisbon merchant-woman Catarina Dias de Aguiar Eyewitness accounts suggest three more ships were also privately outfitted.

511:. As it turns out, not all ships were ready by the launch date, so the armada was re-arranged into three squadrons, the first two squadrons (10 under admiral 399: 1571:) river to the north. Being told by the local inhabitants that the Espírito Santo 'river' was sourced from a great lake deep in the interior, Campo names it 4370:

Osório (pp. 195–196, again p. 207) says Sodré was left with six ships. The captains names are given later (pp. 226–227) and are identical to the list above

1718:

September 29, 1502 – After prowling around Mt. d'Eli for nearly a month with little success (they captured only one minor ship), captain Gil Matoso (on the

3560:

Correia (p. 272). However, Barros (p. 29) and Gois (p. 89) says Gama met a different sheikh of Mozambique, not the sheikh 'Zacoeja' from the first voyage.

2192:, and promises not to set up a permanent factory in that city. The two ships, carrying temporary factor João de Sá Pereira, the first Portuguese to enter 1435:

July 20, 1502 – His vengeance on Muhammad Arcone's bad counsel satisfied, the Emir Ibrahim of Kilwa finally decides to send some tribute – some 1500 gold

5269: 5254: 4849: 3764:

and ended up at 'Cape of St. Mary' ('cape sinte maria'), between the lands of Arabia and Prester John, which the editor chose to identify as Ras Mory on

2929: 2158: 1914: 1848: 1758: 1397: 1305: 1092: 1044: 1030: 996: 923: 334: 59: 4278:

only deployed some 10 cannon; Bergamo (p. 117) reports only 5 or 6, "le quale non erano molto grosse, ma tiraveno tanto bene como le nostre" (p. 117).

1199:; despite the timing, the returning fleet will not encounter any of the ships of the outward armada. But they will pick up letters Nova left behind in 5024:

The Portuguese in South Africa: with a description of the native races between the River Zambesi and the Cape of Good Hope during the sixteenth century

4909:

Relação das Náos e Armadas da India com os Sucessos dellas que se puderam Saber, para Noticia e Instrucção dos Curiozos, e Amantes da Historia da India

1871:

of Cannanore in anger. Barros credits the role of Paio Rodrigues, the Portuguese factor (private, not crown, an employee of the private employee of D.

1701:

trade is to be carried at this port, and that no ship be allowed to travel between Batecala and Calicut. The treaty is set down in writing and signed.

1010:

agents – that would play a sinister role in India. They were known by their Portuguese names as João Maria (Gianmaria) and Pêro António (Pierantonio).

5473: 2274:. In the heat of the fighting, Malabari sappers row up to the tied parau, fill it with tinder, set it afire, and direct the flaming ship towards the 1017:

in the second squadron, (2) an account by anonymous Portuguese sailor; (3) a brief account by an anonymous German sailor; (4) a detailed account by

5096: 5042: 2514: 2505:

parts company from the rest. Estêvão da Gama, making his way back to Lisbon by himself, is said to have stumbled upon the South Atlantic islands of

2422: 2391: 1884: 1509: 1243: 1188: 377: 2407:

finally leaves Cochin. They are soon joined by Sodré's caravel squadron, and set sail warily towards Cannanore, guns ready for the Calicut ambush.

1859:

was sated. As a result, the rajah orders a wooden scaffold to be built over the seashore, where they can meet in person without violating the vow.

5365: 4622: 2282:

begins to sail away. As distance is gained from the zambuks and paraus, the ship's cannons can now come into play and fire on the pursuers. The

1285:(Maputo). Campo will not rejoin the 4th Armada on time for the Indian Ocean crossing, and thus remain stuck in Africa until next year. See below. 4911:(Codex Add. 20902 of the British Library), Transcribed & reprinted in 1985, by M.H. Maldonado, Biblioteca Geral da Universidade de Coimbra. 468:. (Evidently, Manuel must have reckoned that if Castile had an 'Admiral of the Seas' running around, then surely Portugal should have one too.) 5483: 2380:

under the command of Calicut admiral 'Coja Casem' (Khoja Kassein). The assembled Calicut fleet is estimated at 20 large ships, 40 gun-mounted

1578:

Having been forced to linger at Delagoa for repairs, António do Campo hurries north to try to make junction with the rest of the 4th Armada at

1180: 814:

report that the fleet also carried pre-fabricated lumber and fittings with instructions to assemble a new caravel upon arrival in East Africa.

1160:– finally sets out from Lisbon. Charting its own course, the third squadron will only catch up with the main body of the 4th Armada in India. 5453: 4042:

ship that "scandalized" Gama and prompted a fight, in which the ship was sunk, the Portuguese managing to save only 20 of 300 people aboard.

3371:

Indeed, Matteo da Bergamo (p. 111) seems to refer to Lopo Dias's ship as the "nave de Bartolomeo", almost surely a reference to Marchionni.

3417:, who would depart overland for India in late 1502, would come into contact with these two Italian engineers in Calicut in 1505. In his 1761:

of 1500, arguing that the ship's owner, as a prominent person in Calicut, was 'doubtlessly' responsible for the sinister counsel to the

1277:

Although not mentioned in all sources, the caravel of António do Campo ('Antão Vaz' in Correia), is said to have been badly battered at

937:, a high nobleman of considerable rank in the Portuguese court. Diogo Fernandes Correia (archaically, Corrêa) was pre-designated by the 391:

ordered a new fleet to be assembled, the 4th India Armada, armed to the teeth, with the explicit objective of bringing Calicut to heel.

4912: 2954:

Fernandes, Cremona, Dias and Bonagracia), the remainder naus. A side gloss reproduces the list originally given by Barros (see above).

1450:

c. July 15, 1502, In the meantime, part of the third squadron, the trio that held with Estêvão da Gama (Gama, Dias, Carmona) arrive at

1214:) and the ships of Lopo Dias and Thomaz de Carmona (with Bergamo on board) hold together as a trio, while Lopo Mendes de Vasconcellos ( 4791:"Lettera di Francesco Corbinelli da Lisbona, Aug 22, 1503" [French trans. in P. Teyssier & P. Valentin translators, J. Aubin, ed., 2575:

The composition of the patrol that set out to the Red Sea varies in different accounts. One arrangement is that it was six ships: 1.

2418:. The long-prepared ambush has been foiled. Danger dispelled, the caravels proceed to Cannanore to make junction with the main fleet. 3910:, suzerain of Onor and Batecala?). Colorful confusion aside, the Fleming seems to corroborate Correia's account of some action here. 2666:

April 1503 – Not long after the Sodré patrol departed for the Red Sea, the Zamorin of Calicut arrived with his 50,000-strong army at

2602:, to catch more prizes. About five Arab merchant ships are seized by the patrol there but, according to the account written later by 1867:

in Cannanore, and arranging a fixed-price schedule, which the Raja personally guarantees, for the sale of spices to the Portuguese.

5488: 5458: 5309: 2753: 2352: 1997:. Merchant ships in Indian ports hurriedly leave the area or go into concealment. All shipping along the coast essentially freezes. 320: 302: 284: 188: 147: 4753:

Collecção de noticias para a historia e geografia das nações ultramarinas: que vivem nos dominios portuguezes, ou lhes são visinhas

4172:

tied to a stick as a sign of peace", a rare indication that this apparent European military convention was not unfamiliar in India.

2968: 2698:

The Zamorin of Calicut, before burning down Cochin, removed an ancient sacred stone, upon which the ancient Kings of Malabar (see

1346:, with some ten assistants, to capitalize on the results of the Sofala trade mission. The new caravel finished, Gama christens it 4809: 1234:

c. June 10, 1502 – Chronicles differ on what exactly happens after the first squadrons double the Cape. Following the account of

3964:"che in tutti i di di mia vita mi ricordero" (Lopes, Ital: p. 147) "de que me lembrarei toda a minha vida" (Lopes, Port: p. 177) 3725:

The Portuguese account of events up to here seems to correspond quite well with a contemporary Kilwan account. See Strong (1895)

3627:

Matteo da Bergamo (p. 111), who wasn't there, reports that he was later told that Vasco da Gama, and three additional ships the

3591:

Correia (p. 272), Barros (p. 28) and Gois (p. 88) reports the ships were already carrying timber from Portugal for that purpose.

1711:

Late August/Early September 1502 – Business in Batecala done, Vasco da Gama sets sail towards Cannanore. They anchor in around

987:(the Goese Jew brought by Gama's first journey, who had also served as translator in the Cabral armada), an ambassador from the 4777:"Carta de Diogo Fernandes Corrêa a Afonso de Albuquerque, Dezembro 25, 1503", as published in Bulhão Pato, R.A. editor, 1898, 1047:. As they did not have enough manpower to conquer Calicut outright, the armada planned to use their first squadron to set up a 5350: 5345: 2180:), on behalf of her young son, the raja Govardhana Martanda. The queen invites the Portuguese fleet to load up with spices at 4869: 4782: 4756: 4287:

Lopes (p. 190). The severing of the hands-and-feet is confirmed by Bergamo (p. 117) and the anonymous Flemish sailor (p. 63).

3014: 2330: 2010:

process. The following is only one possible list, compiled from different sources, and should not be taken as authoritative:

1780:

reiterate Gama's justification of the act as revenge for Cabral, they do not seem to embrace it themselves. Indeed, Barros,

262: 4421:, a factor. Correia's third list (p. 349) gives the navetas as stated, but the caravels as 4. Fernão Rodrigues Bardaças, 5. 2498: 1685: 1516:

a few months earlier, reporting the latest Indian news. They do not stay long, but immediately set sail after Gama's fleet.

1427: 1288:

According to Correia, while repairing on Mozambique Island, Vasco da Gama dispatches Pedro Afonso de Aguiar (captain of the

1157: 911: 858: 607: 520: 519:) to head out at once, and the five remaining ships to go out a little while later as a third squadron under Gama's cousin, 1715:, the common touch-point for ships on the Jedda-Calicut route, evidently intending to catch some prizes before proceeding. 1087:

gold trade. The Portuguese crown had been eager to tap that gold source, but all prior armadas had failed to find it until

838: 5463: 4842: 2122: 1777: 971: 831: 766: 2606:, the Sodré brothers set about claiming a disproportionate share of the plunder for themselves, including embezzling the 1242:, the pre-arranged meeting point. Gama is immediately recognized by the local sheikh (with whom Gama had a tussle on his 5284: 5089: 4623:"A Portuguese East Indiaman from the 1502–1503 Fleet of Vasco da Gama off Al Hallaniyah Island, Oman: an interim report" 2971:. Couto's list is as in Barros, with a couple of apparent transcription errors – d'Ataíde is mistakenly given as Álvaro 1359:

ambassador in Mozambique (letting him find his own way back home) and set sail for Malindi, hoping to catch Gama there.

2687:

patrol, hurrying down from Angediva, arrived in Cochin in August–September, and forced the Calicut forces to withdraw.

5279: 4824:

Décadas da Ásia: Dos feitos, que os Portuguezes fizeram no descubrimento, e conquista, dos mares, e terras do Oriente.

4804:"Lettere di Zuan Francesco di l'Afaitada, data a Lisbona a di 19 avosto, 1503", repr. 1881 in Frederico Stefani, ed., 1454:, half-famished and heavily damaged. At that same time, the remaining pair (Vasconcellos, Buonagrazia) alight at the 1175:, Estevão da Gama's third squadron reportedly spots an island in the south Atlantic. Uncertain which one – could be a 384:

had already departed, a commercial expedition unequipped to deal with the hostile turn of events in the Indian Ocean.

2315: 1684:), south of Onor. Perceiving what he considers hostile gestures from shore, the captain-major dispatches his cousin, 460:("Admiral of the Seas of Arabia, Persia, India and all the Orient") - an overwrought title reminiscent of the ornate 247: 2644:

Anjediva and joins the patrol. They are still repairing at Angediva when the ships of Francisco de Albuquerque and

1820:

and the anonymous Flemish sailor make no mention of this small mercy, although Matteo de Bergamo does point it out.

5383: 4554:

for finding Socotra a year later, in the winter of 1503–04, and communicating its location to the Portuguese crown.

2749: 1789: 432:

The intrigues behind the appointment have been variously told. By some accounts, the initial offer to Cabral was a

4801: 4764:"Carta de Pero de Atayde a El-rei D. Manuel, Fevereiro 20, 1504", as published in Bulhão Pato, R.A. editor, 1898, 4563:"Carta de Pero de Atayde a El-rei D. Manuel, Fevereiro 20, 1504", as published in Bulhão Pato, R.A. editor, 1898, 2334: 2319: 266: 251: 5478: 5427: 5398: 5375: 5337: 5246: 5231: 5203: 5185: 5145: 5137: 5105: 4739: 4062:

because some Arabs had earlier abducted a Portuguese Christian boy, and taken him to Mecca to be raised a Muslim.

2720: 2545: 3845:

Correia, p. 288. Although not there, Lopes (p. 171) reports from hearsay some of Gama's adventures around Dabul.

1792:, who was in no way responsible for the events in Calicut, thus subtly suggesting Gama may have made a mistake. 1300:

gold trade. Sofala had been missed by all prior armadas, but not this time. Following up on the scout report of

999:

back to Lisbon (the other Cochinese hostage elected to stay in Lisbon, dispatching a letter to Trimumpara Raja,

5360: 5051: 4950: 2715: 2366: 1801:

passes over the incident in silence, evidently feeling it detrimental to the heroic portrait of Vasco da Gama.

476: 51: 5264: 4832: 3043:, with the note that the latter was Vicente Sodré's patrol ship (Correia (p. 291) seems to insinuate that the 1676:

The day after the raid on Onor, the 4th Armada arrives at the mouth of the river that leads up to the city of

805:?) and the fifth ship by Pêro Rafael (a name that appears on several other lists). The anonymous lists of the 4774: 3483: 5082: 4875: 4551: 3430: 3126: 2934: 2661: 1910: 1184: 1146: 782: 410: 338: 449:

I was wholly behind Cabral, but was forced to yield to the unsavory machinations of the Gama-Sodré family.

5468: 5226: 4990:

O Descobridor do Brazil, Pedro Alvares Cabral: memoria apresentada á Academia real das sciencias de Lisboa

4788: 4700:

Calcoen, a Dutch narrative of the second voyage of Vasco da Gama to Calicut, printed at Antwerp circa 1504

3320:

unnconnected 16th-century Portuguese noble families which happened to have the same name – the Ataídes of

3130: 3122: 2200: 1864: 1813: 1335: 1134:

falls ill and dies here. Gama transfers the experienced captain Pedro Afonso de Aguiar from the small nau

480: 3676:

al-Fudail had been recently (c. 1499) deposed and murdered by his chief minister, Emir Ibrahim (known as

3270:

are one and the same ship, although confusingly assigns it to Aguiar who was earlier identified with the

1187:(further south), but does not stop to investigate. (By coincidence, that very same month, the returning 5216: 3337: 3195:

switch captains. It also depicts João Serrão, although noting he was only given the ship in Mozambique.

3134: 2739:

Chroniclers are generally unanimous about the avenging nature of the expedition, e.g. Castanheda, p. 130

2628: 2537: 1876: 1470:

On July 23, 1502, part of the third squad (Estêvão da Gama, Lopo Dias and Thomas de Carmona) arrived in

957: 85:. Once in India, the armada set about attacking Calicut shipping and disrupting trade along much of the 4899: 4722: 4384: 3769:

these locations are not familiar at all to him, and he is probably filling in the blanks imaginatively.

3540: 3528: 3234: 3089: 2877:

doesn't list ship names, but later in the narrative (e.g. p. 38) refers to some of them, e.g. confirms

2130: 1872: 1785: 1328: 1080: 953: 879:), the largest ship of that kind yet built. The exact sizes of the other large carracks – the flagship 4748: 5422: 5388: 5259: 5211: 4761: 4637: 3689: 3414: 3333: 3262:

is not on Correia's original list. But later in the narrative, Correia (p. 291) insinuates that the

2636: 2603: 2580: 2467: 2228: 2126: 2063: 1798: 1781: 1575:(River of the Lagoon), from which we get the name by which Maputo Bay was long known: 'Delagoa Bay'. 1145:

Early March, 1502 – The 4th Armada sails southwest from Africa and may make a brief watering stop at

919: 903:(40–80t), went out as armed fighting ships, to remain as naval patrol vessels in India if necessary. 627: 465: 388: 43: 3113:

Among other variations given in Gaspar Correia's (p. 266) list, in the first squadron are Francisco

1590:

mid-August, 1502 – After its Indian Ocean crossing, the 4th Armada alights near the opulent port of

5236: 4305:

Lopes (p. 191); Bergamo (p. 117) estimates 300 large rounds and an infinite number of smaller ones.

2161:

the previous year is delivered, along with the letter of the other Nair who stayed back in Lisbon.

1662: 965: 589: 3468:, the one that foundered on the Sofala banks), the "ship of Ruy de Figueiredo" (identified as the 1971:

November 1, 1502 – At noon, having received no reply, Gama orders that his Malabari prisoners be

5406: 5314: 5193: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 4936:

Bouchon, G. (1975) Mamale de Cananor: Un adversaire de l'Inde portugaise, 1507–1528, Paris: Droz.

3442: 3434: 2989: 2490:

Late February, 1503 Vasco da Gama sets sail with his ten (or twelve) laden ships back to Lisbon.

1658: 1607: 1544: 1355: 1007: 461: 3816:

five days. The Flemish sailor (p. 62) says they arrived on Aug 21 at the large trading city of

2933:

a certain "Diogo Pires" (a man of that name is mentioned later commanding a caravel during the

1957:

times more property from Calicut ships, and slaughtered ten times more of his citizens (on the

1006:

There were two Italian passengers on the armada – both military engineers, and probably secret

475:

was introduced - that is, the 5% tax on profits of private trading by captains and officers of

5274: 5010: 4886: 4819: 4796: 4769: 4710:

European Expansion 1494–1519: the voyages of discovery in the Bratislava manuscript Lyc. 515/8

4380: 4361:

Góis (p. 90) states six ships, and later (p. 92) lists the captain names as given in the list.

4010: 3907: 3681: 3426: 3321: 3002: 2494: 2373: 2168:

While conducting business at Cochin, Vasco da Gama receives a letter from the queen-regent of

2165:

set about their business of buying spices and loading ships in Cochin for the return journey.

1773: 1555:

river to the south, the Espirito Santo 'river' to the west (actually an estuary formed by the

1451: 1351: 1339: 1321: 1313: 1239: 1207: 1206:

June 7, 1502 – The third squadron of Estevão da Gama is caught in a terrible storm around the

1150: 1000: 934: 922:, to be the same person nicknamed 'o Inferno' ('Hell'), a notable veteran captain of Cabral's 802: 758: 750: 4827: 4730: 4163:

Correia (p. 300), Góis (p. 90), Castanheda (p. 133), Osório (p. 196) say he was dressed in a

2915: 2873: 1003:

relating the useful role he might serve Cochin by remaining behind in the Portuguese court.)

4993: 4894: 4703: 4645: 4208: 2757: 2623: 2619: 2576: 2563: 2459: 2372:

that smaller ships throughout the region could make their way to Calicut unmolested via the

2208: 2034: 2006: 1828: 1666: 1108: 1052: 915: 594: 516: 453: 422: 99: 3429:). This identification is followed up in some chronicles (e.g. Osório, p. 223). However, 1697:). Batecala is also to agree to the exclusion of the Arab merchants from the city, that no 4479: 3673: 3399:, that foundered on the Sofala banks), the "ship of Ruy de Figueiredo" (identified as the 3129:. But the latter two (Ravasco & 'Peteira') were members of the third squadron led by 2640: 1735: 1599: 1409: 1392: 1372: 1301: 1142:, and elevates one of his own companions, Pêro de Mendonça, to captain Aguiar's old ship. 1088: 1083:

during his overland expedition back in 1487, and he identified it as the end-point of the

456:

on January 30, 1502, King Manuel I bestowed upon Vasco da Gama the newly created title of

2510: 2395: 1880: 1513: 1274:, Gama orders the construction of a whole new caravel from scratch on Mozambique Island. 1192: 1130:)) to take water. It is reported in one chronicle that Fernan d'Atouguia, captain of the 381: 4955:

The Portuguese in India, being a history of the rise and decline of their eastern empire

4641: 3096:(which Lopes, p. 189, identifies as one of the three largest in the fleet, p. 189), the 1262:. However the crew is safely rescued by the passing ships of Francisco da Cunha Mareco ( 1226: 4854: 4735: 4392: 4220:

Lopes (p. 188) estimates Calicut had 4,000 to 5,000 wealthy Muslim merchant households.

3899: 3524: 3230: 3085: 2706:, but had since been moved to Cochin. The Zamorin now moved it once more, to Edapalli. 2645: 2411: 2242: 2134: 1909:

in advance, with the warning that he had come to settle scores for the mistreatment of

1847:, Kannur), and delivers the Cannanore ambassador that had gone to Lisbon with Cabral's 1817: 1793: 1769: 1746: 1738: 1670: 1627: 1540: 1536: 1471: 1405: 1380: 1343: 1278: 1255: 1235: 1018: 984: 863: 794: 778: 602: 441: 82: 54:, was Gama's second trip to India, and was designed as a punitive expedition targeting 2005:

Before leaving Calicut, Gama assembles a squadron of five or six fighting ships under

1063:. This would severely disrupt Calicut's trade and therefore its economic lifeline – a 960:

consortium, so there is reason to presume Dias's ship was outfitted the same way. The

200: 5447: 5221: 3543:(p. 111) reports that the 'Galiana' (evidently Bergamo's nickname for Vasconcellos's 2699: 2479: 1994: 1935: 1832: 1712: 1464: 1334:

Late June, 1502 – Vasco da Gama makes arrangements to leave Mozambique. A Portuguese

1104: 1064: 938: 907: 577: 512: 426: 414: 403: 366: 86: 47: 2789:

Barros (p. 22): "como elle era homem de muitos primores ácerca de pontos de honra" .

2438:

more substantial support from these great powers than just a Red Sea pirate or two?

1484:

On July 29, 1502, Vasco da Gama's fleet departed its anchorage near Malindi for its

5126: 4547: 3325: 2595: 2506: 2471: 1698: 1568: 1560: 1552: 1485: 1439:– to satisfy the Portuguese captain-major. Vasco da Gama, anxious not to miss the 1367: 1196: 1056: 103: 17: 4443:

is reported only in Correia (p. ?). The other chroniclers do not mention it.

3531:(p. 99) also reports seeing an unknown island on May 18th on the outgoing journey. 1547:

aimlessly southwest. Campo's caravel is said to have alighted at Delagoa Bay (now

1254:, captained by the novice Pêro de Mendonça, which captured by bad currents around 2863:

Barros (p. 268) says 1800 soldiers; Gaspar Correia (p. 269) says 800 men-at-arms.

2635:

In the aftermath, the four remaining ships of the coastal patrol, who elected of

1993:

The violent treatment meted out by Vasco da Gama sends shockwaves throughout the

5432: 5074: 4924:

Voyages de Vasco de Gama: relations des expéditions de 1497–1499 & 1502–1503

4793:

Voyages de Vasco de Gama: relations des expéditions de 1497–1499 & 1502–1503

3903: 2614: 2607: 2304: 2133:

Other sources are not so explicit. The ship names are tentatively deduced from

1564: 1388: 1282: 1072: 350: 236: 4941:

An Account Of The Countries Bordering On The Indian Ocean And Their Inhabitants

3159:

tends to follow the conventional list, but assign ship names differently, e.g.

1835:

of India, c. 1500, showing the path of Vasco da Gama's 4th India Armada in 1502

956:, who had privately outfitted ships in earlier armadas in conjunction with the 5355: 5323: 4211:

rice convoy unlucky enough to show up in Calicut harbor after the bombardment.

4169: 4164: 3569:

Correia (p. 272). Castanheda (p. 131) suggests it was Antonio Fernandes Roxo (

2703: 2204: 1689:

Batecala, requesting an immediate audience with the Portuguese captain-major.

1548: 1529: 1404:

On July 12, 1502, Gama's large, menacing armada arrived at the island-city of

1297: 1176: 1172: 1084: 551: 346: 70: 2145:

November 3, 1502, His blockade of Calicut in place, Vasco da Gama arrives in

1964:

October 31, 1502 – Infuriated by the reply, Gama sends out a strongly worded

1941:

October 29, 1502 – Gama's large armada finally arrives before the harbor of

4650: 4512: 4453: 4388: 4275: 4204: 2692: 2430: 2415: 1965: 1942: 1931: 1906: 1856: 1852: 1731: 1730:, is identified as belonging to a certain al-Fanqi, one of wealthier men of 1646: 1505: 1103:

February 10, 1502, Two squadrons of the 4th Armada – 10 ships under admiral

1040: 988: 354: 55: 5005:

Strong, S. Arthur (1895) "The History of Kilwa, edited from an Arabic MS",

3898:

The attack on Onor and Batecala are not reported by any chronicler, except

1524: 1375:

held formal sway from Malindi in the north, to Cape Correntes in the south.

1203:, probably describing his outgoing journey and the latest news from India) 4383:

doesn't give a list of captain names nor is clear on the number of ships.

1218:) and the ship of Buonagrazia (with Lopes on board) form a separate pair. 3937:

Bergamo (p.101). This was probably the zambuco reported by Lopes (p. 173)

3438: 2683: 2671: 2493:

The return journey is quick and relatively smooth, with only one stop in

1650: 1638: 1623: 1556: 1048: 949: 900: 857:

The most famous ship in the 4th Armada was arguably the one commanded by

484: 74: 35: 4779:

Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam

4766:

Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam

4708:

account first pub. 1986 in M. Krasa, J. Polisensky and P. Ratkos, ed.,

4565:

Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam

2889:

for Lopo Mendes de Vasconcellos and identifies Gil Matoso's ship as the

1722:), spots a large merchant ship carrying Muslim pilgrims returning from 1043:; The armada was to avenge the Zamorin's mistreatment of Cabral and the 995:

and one of two noble Cochinese hostages taken inadvertently by Cabral's

4543: 3829: 3825: 3765: 3329: 2748:

Subrahmanyam (1997: p. 177) notes that Cabral was a knight of Manuel's

2599: 2587: 2540:. But his recommendation will guide the formation of the next one, the 2475: 2458:

More troubling, however, is the India patrol squadron. Back in Lisbon,

2426: 2224: 2212: 2087: 1984: 1972: 1950: 1927: 1918: 1762: 1694: 1677: 1669:, at which point the pirate boats slip into harbor of Onor. Assured by 1579: 1478: 1440: 1200: 1168: 1156:

April 1, 1502, The third squadron of the 4th Armada – five ships under

1060: 1036: 945:(replacing the factor Gonçalo Gil Barbosa that Cabral had left there). 872: 508: 90: 66: 65:

Along the way, in East Africa, the 4th Armada established a Portuguese

4598:"Vasco da Gama shipwreck Esmeralda near Oman from Vasco da Gama fleet" 4482:); Lopes says the compensation was to be half in cash, half in spices. 4452:

Barros (p. 62). Lopes (p. 196) says the Christian community were from

2979:

de Vasconcellos. The Italian Bonagracia referred to as 'Buena Gracia'.

1551:). The hitherto unknown capacious bay is watered by three rivers: the 1035:

The principal mission of the 4th Armada was to settle scores with the

4440: 3821: 3711:

Peragallo (1902: p. 99) provides different estimates of its worth: a

3246:

e.g. Lopes (p. 189) explicitly names four ships – the flagship, the

2526: 2522: 2382: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2169: 2146: 1938:

instructing them to close their ports and markets to the Portuguese.

1923: 1892: 1840: 1642: 1611: 1591: 1455: 1293: 1259: 1076: 992: 942: 488: 362: 342: 95: 78: 39: 4847:

História do descobrimento & conquista da Índia pelos portugueses

3991:"com muita crueldade, e sem comiserção alguma" (Lopes, Port: p. 179) 3824:), and colorfully goes on to claim it lay in the Biblical lands of ' 1238:(p. 272), Vasco da Gama was among the first ships to arrive in 1626:

island. The next day, the ships of Giovanni Buonagrazia (carrying

353:, and, more worrisomely, opened hostilities with the city-state of 5122: 3833: 3422: 2765: 2679: 2591: 2199:

November 19, 1502 – While at Cochin, Gama receives a message from

1827: 1809: 1723: 1598:). These are the territorial waters of the powerful Muslim sultan 1523: 1401:

the consequences of interfering or turning back on any agreement.

1225: 1183:(islets off the Brazilian coast) or even as far as the islands of 1127: 964:

is said to have been privately outfitted by the powerful nobleman

504: 398: 370: 4524:

Proposed in (Castanheda, p. 134; Gois, p. 98; Osório, pp. 226–227

2536:, which had already departed in April, 1503 under the command of 507:, 5 under the vice-admiral designated to patrol the mouth of the 5117: 4597: 3035:(caravel of Fernão Rodrigues Bardaças?) and two new names, the 2675: 2583:, 4. Pêro Rafael, 5. Diogo Pires, 6. Fernão Rodrigues Bardaças. 2470:

instructing him to lead a patrol of five or six caravels in the

2387: 2233: 2154: 1350:

and places it, together with some 30 crew, under the command of

1119: 929:

Among the remaining captains, the most significant was probably

458:

Almirante dos mares de Arabia, Persia, India e de todo o Oriente

5078: 2270:

captured a large parau, which was now tied to the stern of the

1149:(Brazil), before heading across the south Atlantic towards the 1071:

Additionally, 4th Armada was instructed to open trade with the

2963:

Couto, "De todas as armadas, &c.", in Barros & Couto,

2298: 2196:, will load up quickly, and return to Cochin within ten days. 2074:

naveta previously commanded by Francisco da Cunha 'Marecos'?

2044:

naveta previously commanded by factor Diogo Fernandes Correia

1934:

had also dispatched a circular letter to all the lords of the

1595: 1539:) is said to have been caught up and battered by bad winds at 918:

and Brás Sodré took the leadership positions. We have assumed

816: 471:

On a side note, this was the first India armada for which the

230: 195: 154: 113: 2776: 2774: 2240:

January 5, 1503 – Vasco da Gama takes his cousin's ship, the

2474:, and prey on the rich Arab prizes going in and out of the 2434:

to continue fighting and take the fight to the Portuguese.

1890:

Correia points out this is the treaty where the Portuguese

4891:

Chrónica do Felicíssimo Rei D. Manuel, da Gloriosa Memoria

4567:. Lisbon: Academia Real de Sciencias, vol. 2, pp. 262–268 3836:"where is buried Mahomet the devil of the pagans" (p. 62). 2012: 1839:

October 18, 1502 – Vasco da Gama's armada finally reaches

1114:

Late February, 1502 – Fleet anchors in Senegal (either at

529: 4868:, first pub. 1858–64, Lisbon: Academia Real de Sciencias 4387:(p. 117) reports Gama leaving six patrol ships, three at 3854:

Bergamo (p. 113) says they arrived at Anjediva on Aug. 18

3600:

Theal (1896: 95–96); also Barros (p. 33), Osório (p. 194)

3484:"Vasco Da Gama's 4th Armada to India – interesting facts" 2678:

guard, abandon Cochin city and flee across the harbor to

2544:, set to sail in the Spring of 1504 under the command of 2207:

offering to place themselves under the protection of the

2121:

The patrol squadron captains are taken from the lists in

1657:), on the frontline between the warring states of Muslim 698:(Giovanni Buonagrazia (João da Bonagracia, cv) – Italian 3868:) was only met later, waiting for them near Mount d'Eli. 3421:, Varthema gives their names and characterizes them as ' 3141:

the next year (1503)! (adding to the confusion, Correia

2497:. It is caught in a slight storm around the Cape, where 1926:, warning him that it was all a tactical ruse, that the 479:, earmarked for the construction and maintenance of the 4542:

Barros (p. 88) claims that the Sodré patrol watered on

4352:

ship on the Indian coast is hinted in other chronicles.

2115:

caravel previously commanded by João Lopes Perestrello

1879:

consortium), that had been left behind in Cannanore by

1726:(or going to it, chronicles contradict). The ship, the 452:

Just before his departure, in a solemn ceremony at the

413:. But various factions in the Portuguese court and the 361:, Kozhikode), the principal commercial entrepôt of the 212: 4698:

Calcoen (Flemish account), first pub. 1504, Antwerp ,

3582:

Slightly different names are given in Correia (p. 272)

2532:

Gama arrives too late to affect the outfitting of the

2421:

The Battle of Calicut, like the previous year's naval

4947:), 2005 reprint, New Delhi: Asian Education Services. 4893:(As reprinted in 1749, Lisbon: M. Manescal da Costa) 4971:, 2004 reprint, New Delhi: Asian Education Services. 4715:

account first pub. 1939 in Christine von Rohr, ed.,

1949:, Kozhikode). The Zamorin dispatches an emissary, a 5415: 5397: 5374: 5336: 5293: 5245: 5202: 5184: 5136: 5000:

Os Portuguezes em Africa, Asia, America, e Occeania

4717:

Neue Quellen zur zweiten Indienfahrt Vasco da Gamas

1467:), where they put in for repairs and recuperation. 1079:. Sofala had been secretly visited by the explorer 1051:in Calicut harbor, while the second squadron under 2897:) and Pedro Afonso de Aguiar's ship in India (the 2808:the Zamorin should be his (Gama's) responsibility. 2211:. Gama accepts their gift of a red silver-tipped 2137:, who, as usual, deviates in naming the captains. 1641:island, the armada spots three boats belonging to 42:in February, 1502. Assembled on the order of King 5300: 5270:Pakistan International Airlines Flight 740 (1979) 4256:Bergamo (p. 117); Lopes (p. 189); Barros (p. 52). 3885: 3883: 3510: 3508: 2057:naveta previously commanded by Rui da Castanheda 1045:massacre of the Portuguese in the Calicut factory 5031:The Rise of Portuguese Power in India, 1497–1550 3092:introduce more ship names not on the list – the 1431:The Custódia de Belém, forged from Kilwa tribute 4962:Foundations of the Portuguese empire, 1415–1580 4960:Diffie, Bailey W., and George D. Winius (1977) 4189: 4187: 3294:might be merely Correia's mis-transcription of 3117:(prob. nickname of Francisco da Cunha), Rui da 2992:. Faria e Sousa follows Barros's list exactly. 4985:, 2 vols, Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciencias. 4964:Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press 4781:. Lisbon: Academia Real de Sciencias, vol. 2 4768:. Lisbon: Academia Real de Sciencias, vol. 2 3654:Correia (p. 275) Barros (p. 29), Gois (p. 89). 2590:, where it captures a great merchant ship off 1768:Of the eyewitnesses, all mention it, but only 1210:and splits into two groups – Estevão da Gama ( 749:This list of captains is principally based on 652:18. (Thomaz de Carmona/Cremona, cv) – Italian 102:, the first permanent Portuguese fleet in the 73:, made contact and opened trade with the gold 5090: 4630:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 3067:) and Pedro Afonso de Aguiar is assigned the 3017:. Also as translated in Stanley, 1869 p. 281. 2817:Correia (p. 268); Subrahmanyam (1997: p. 191) 1059:and cut off all further Arab shipping in the 409:The command of the 4th Armada was offered to 8: 5019:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 4727:Bollettino della Società geografica italiana 4474:Barros (p. 68) says the Nair offered 20,000 1922:Gil Barbosa, the Portuguese crown factor in 1543:and forced to drift with the current of the 1416:, to negotiate a treaty of peace and trade. 1258:, ends up running aground near the banks of 4998:Saraiva, Cardinal Francisco de S.L. (1849) 2760:, a leading figure of the Order of Christ, 2333:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1477:Late July, 1502 – Vasco da Gama arrives in 1270:). With surfeit of crew from the capsized 365:spice trade and dominant city-state on the 265:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 189:Learn how and when to remove these messages 148:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5097: 5083: 5075: 5036: 4515:came here and did what you already know." 3316:Aubin (1995: p. 16) notes that there were 3258:as much larger than all the others. The 2752:, while Vasco da Gama was a knight of the 1915:overrunning of the Calicut factory in 1500 1222:Contact with Sofala, Factory in Mozambique 1031:2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500) 4649: 2613:In late April, the patrol anchored in at 2509:(already discovered the previous year by 2353:Learn how and when to remove this message 1622:c. August 20, 1502 Gama's fleet reaches 1167:May, 1502 After making watering stops in 321:Learn how and when to remove this message 303:Learn how and when to remove this message 285:Learn how and when to remove this message 4978:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. 3973:Correia (pp. 293–294); Lopes (pp. 177ff) 3187:(for Vasconcelos). Note that means the 3059:), Rui de Castanheda is assigned to the 2764:of their spiritual home, the citadel of 1665:. They give chase unto the mouth of the 1426: 1412:, Emir Ibrahim, inviting him aboard the 1366: 1292:) and two caravels south to the city of 970: 376:By the time this news was received, the 5366:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj 4413:(=?) 5. António Fernandes Roxo and 6. 2732: 2442:message he would bring back to Lisbon. 1443:winds to India, takes what he can get. 5310:1695 Capture of the Grand Mughal Fleet 5017:The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama 4795:. Paris: Chandeigne. pp. 353–355 4000:Barros (pp. 34, 43) Castanheda, p. 132 2836:e.g. Sanches de Baena (1897: pp. 46ff) 2594:. The patrol then sails west into the 2586:Vicente Sodré first sets out north to 1488:crossing. He was missing three ships: 983:Aboard the ships, as passengers, were 58:to avenge the numerous defeats of the 4981:Quintella, Ignaco da Costa (1839–40) 4939:Dames, M.L. (1918) "Introduction" in 3645:Correia (p. 275). Castanheda (p. 131) 1250:The only known loss is the small nau 98:and left behind a small patrol under 50:, it was the fourth of some thirteen 27:Expedition commanded by Vasco da Gama 7: 5007:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 4988:Visconde de Sanches da Baena (1897) 3437:) identifies them as "Christians of 3229:list and the eyewitness accounts of 2652:, arrives in India in August, 1503. 2331:adding citations to reliable sources 1745:October 3, 1502 – a day, eyewitness 906:The Gama clan dominated the fleet – 849:Second Squadron (Vicente Sodré) and 743:(António do Campo or Antão Vaz, cv) 716:(Francisco da Cunha 'Marecos', nta) 557:+ 4 navetas (nta) + 2 caravels (cv)) 263:adding citations to reliable sources 5285:Turkish Airlines Flight 5904 (1999) 4145:Bergamo (p. 102); Barros, pp. 47–48 3955:Lopes (pp. 174–175), Barros (p. 35) 3806:Barros (p. 33), Theal (1896: p. 96) 3353:Lopes (Ital.: p. 147, Port: p. 174) 3278:list has them separate, assigning 2975:, and Lopo Mendes is given as Lopo 1630:) and Lopo Mendes de Vasconcellos ( 46:and placed under the command of D. 5280:Nigeria Airways Flight 2120 (1991) 4391:, and another three to Cannanore. 4203:('Pantalyini Kollam', now part of 2157:hostage taken accidentally by the 1387:). The dominant city-state on the 725:(Rui de Castanheda/da Cunha, nta) 515:, 5 under his uncle, vice-admiral 25: 4976:Life and travels of Vasco Da Gama 4577:consented to everything he did". 3100:(possibly Gil Matoso's?) and the 1804:Estimates of those killed on the 1266:) and Fernão Rodrigues Bardaças ( 851:Third Squadron (Estêvão da Gama) 793:. The list of ship names is from 170:This section has multiple issues. 129:This article has multiple issues. 5474:16th century in Portuguese India 5138:Crushes and crowd-related issues 4922:Aubin, J. (1995) "Preface", in 4238:Lopes (p. 189); Bergamo (p. 116) 4136:Diffie and Winius (1977: p. 321) 3820:(evidently confusing Dabul with 3336:'O Inferno' is from the first. 3079:as Vasco da Gama's ship and the 2303: 1913:and to get compensation for the 1750:mercilessly spearing survivors. 1508:Luiz da Moura in Malindi by the 1327:In other accounts, (principally 837: 830: 649:Fernão Rodrigues 'Bardaças', cv) 544:Third Squadron (Estêvão da Gama) 235: 199: 159: 118: 4621:Mearns, David (14 March 2016). 1788:claim the ship belonged to the 1107:and 5 ships under vice-admiral 691:(Pêro Rafael or Brás Sodré, cv) 539:Second Squadron (Vicente Sodré) 178:or discuss these issues on the 137:or discuss these issues on the 4712:. Prague: Charles University. 4265:Lopes (p. 190), Barros (p. 51) 3441:" who "made this trip for the 3031:(caravel of Pêro de Ataíde?), 2872:Barros, Dec. I, Bk VI, c. 2, 1068:supply of spice to Portugal. 846:First squadron (Vasco da Gama) 707:(Pedro Afonso de Aguiar, nta) 684:(Diogo Fernandes Correia, nta) 637:(Lopo Mendes de Vasconcellos) 534:First Squadron (Vasco da Gama) 1: 5484:1502 in the Portuguese Empire 5106:Incidents related to the Hajj 5064:(Afonso de Albuquerque, 1503) 4858: 4168:notes the Brahmin carried a " 3157:Memorias das Armadas da India 2967:, Dec. X, Pt.1, Bk.1, c. 16, 2462:had been given a commission ( 1281:, and drifted backwards into 734:(João Lopes Perestrello, cv) 673:Ship of Bartolomeo Marchionni 5454:Maritime history of Portugal 5265:Loftleiðir Flight 001 (1978) 4983:Annaes da Marinha Portugueza 4931:Revista de Educação e Ensino 4802:Giovanni Francesco Affaitati 4682:Whiteway (1899: pp. 95, 251) 3290:to Aguiar; insinuating that 3061:São Pantaleão de Batecabello 2780:Subrahmanyam (1997: p. 191). 2223:January 3, 1503 – A wealthy 2079:4. Fernão Rodrigues Bardaças 1707:Massacre of the pilgrim ship 1618:Actions at Onor and Batecala 1567:rivers) and the Maniça (now 1342:, with Gonçalo Baixo as the 1304:from the previous year (see 668:(António Fernandes Roxo, cv) 5260:Martinair Flight 138 (1974) 4943:, Vol. 1 (Engl. transl. of 3928:Subrahmanyam (1997: p. 100) 1734:and said by some to be the 1091:, commanding a ship of the 819:The 4th India Armada (1502) 696:Ship of Rui Mendes de Brito 495:would continue until 1522. 32:4th Portuguese India Armada 5505: 5351:1863–1875 cholera pandemic 5346:1817–1824 cholera pandemic 5009:, Vol., pp. 385–431. 4945:Livro de Duarte de Barbosa 4843:Fernão Lopes de Castanheda 4404:Correia actually provides 3380:Subrahmanyam, 1997: p. 237 3286:to Francisco da Cunha and 3206:Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu 3204:The list in the anonymous 3075:). Subrahmanyam confirms 2682:, a barrier island of the 2659: 2364: 2105: 2092: 2077: 2060: 2047: 2031: 1371:East Africa, c. 1500. The 1028: 977:Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu 933:Luís Coutinho, son of the 844: 811:Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu 737: 728: 719: 710: 701: 678: 655: 640: 613: 570: 548: 81:and extorted tribute from 5146:1990 Mecca tunnel tragedy 5112: 5058: 5049: 5039: 5033:. Westminster: Constable. 4806:I diarii di Marino Sanuto 4740:Giovanni Battista Ramusio 4274:Lopes (p. 191) estimates 3175:(for R. de Castanheda), 3127:Diogo Fernandes 'Peteira' 2901:according to Correia) as 2721:First Luso-Malabarese War 2546:Lopo Soares de Albergaria 1816:. Among the eyewitnesses 975:4th Armada of 1502 (from 567:5 ships (2 naus + 3 cvs) 5489:1502 in Portuguese India 5459:Portuguese India Armadas 5361:MERS-related coronavirus 5275:Saudia Flight 163 (1980) 5015:Subrahmanyam, S. (1997) 4957:. 2 vols, London: Allen. 3502:Matteo Bergamo (p. 111). 2716:Portuguese India Armadas 2691:services to the army of 2557:Fate of the Sodré patrol 2367:Battle of Calicut (1502) 2219:Ambush in Calicut harbor 1797:doomed passengers. Poet 1195:discovers the island of 661:(Gil Fernandes de Sousa) 477:Portuguese India Armadas 52:Portuguese India Armadas 5052:Portuguese India Armada 5029:Whiteway, R. S. (1899) 4876:Manuel de Faria e Sousa 4775:Diogo Fernandes Correia 4651:10.1111/1095-9270.12175 4552:Diogo Fernandes Pereira 3797:Theal (1896: pp. 95–96) 3523:In his on-board diary, 3413:The Italian adventurer 3133:that was sent out with 2935:Battle of Cochin (1504) 2662:Battle of Cochin (1504) 2295:Naval Battle of Calicut 1379:Gama had gone first to 1185:Trindade and Martim Vaz 1111:– set out from Lisbon. 38:fleet that sailed from 5255:Royal Jordanian (1973) 4602:esmeraldashipwreck.com 4415:João Lopes Perestrello 3631:(of Gil Matoso?), the 3069:São Pantaleão do Porto 2648:, the vanguard of the 2598:, at the mouth of the 1901:Bombardment of Calicut 1836: 1814:Nossa Senhora de Belém 1532: 1432: 1376: 1296:, the entrepot of the 1231: 980: 867:(sometimes spelled as 597:or Fernão d'Atouguia?) 406: 5204:Protests and violence 4719:, Leipzig: Koehler. 3225:is identified in the 3183:(for E. da Gama) and 3135:Afonso de Albuquerque 2988:Faria e Sousa, 1666, 2656:First Siege of Cochin 2629:Blue Water Recoveries 2538:Afonso de Albuquerque 1917:. In response, the 1831: 1527: 1430: 1370: 1229: 974: 626:(Álvaro de Ataíde or 402: 5464:Portuguese in Kerala 5423:Stoning of the Devil 5384:2006 hostel collapse 5232:1926 mahmal incident 5045:(João da Nova, 1501) 4926:. Paris: Chandeigne. 4789:Francesco Corbinelli 4332:Correia, pp. 300–302 4127:Correia, pp. 297–298 3919:Correia, pp. 290–291 3778:Lopes (port: p. 166) 3415:Ludovico de Varthema 3123:Rui Lourenço Ravasco 2893:(p. 38, rather than 2579:, 2. Brás Sodré, 3. 2468:Manuel I of Portugal 2327:improve this section 2229:Manuel I of Portugal 2203:community of nearby 1824:Factory in Cannanore 1649:who operates out of 1520:Campo in Delagoa Bay 1408:. Gama sent for the 824:Memorias das Armadas 807:Memorias das Armadas 466:Christopher Columbus 411:Pedro Álvares Cabral 389:Manuel I of Portugal 345:, the outlet of the 339:Pedro Álvares Cabral 259:improve this section 44:Manuel I of Portugal 5389:2015 crane collapse 5022:Theal, G.M. (1896) 4974:Madan, K.D. (1998) 4904:De rebus Emmanuelis 4642:2016IJNAr..45..331M 4546:, an island in the 4439:This expedition to 4314:Lopes (pp. 191–192) 3745:(who met in India). 3425:' (Varthema, 1510: 3324:and the Ataídes of 3307:e.g. Barros (p. 21) 3179:(for F. da Cunha), 3131:António de Saldanha 2949:(p. 13). The main 2450:Return to Cannanore 2423:battle of Cannanore 1765:that led up to it. 1753:The sinking of the 1181:Penedo de São Pedro 997:Second India Armada 826: 550:10 ships (4 large " 481:Jerónimos Monastery 395:Appointment of Gama 335:Second India Armada 62:two years earlier. 18:Fourth India Armada 5407:2024 Hajj disaster 4833:Luís Vaz de Camões 4808:, Venice, vol. 5, 4729:, pp. 92–129 4694:Primary accounts: 3443:Republic of Venice 3338:Catarina de Ataíde 3167:(for Gil Matoso), 2001:The Coastal Patrol 1873:Álvaro of Braganza 1837: 1545:Mozambique Channel 1533: 1461:Rio de Bons Sinaes 1433: 1377: 1363:Extortion of Kilwa 1338:is established on 1232: 1147:Cape St. Augustine 981: 954:Álvaro of Braganza 941:as the factor for 817: 644:São Miguel/Gabriel 619:(D. Luís Coutinho) 407: 387:As a result, King 211:. You can help by 5441: 5440: 5227:1757 caravan raid 5222:930 sack of Mecca 5070: 5069: 5059:Succeeded by 5002:, Lisbon: Borges. 4967:Logan, W. (1887) 4723:Matteo da Bergamo 4417:and possibly 7. 4385:Matteo da Bergamo 3908:Narasimha Raya II 3541:Matteo da Bergamo 3529:Matteo da Bergamo 3235:Matteo da Bergamo 3090:Matteo da Bergamo 3001:Quintella, 1839: 2754:Order of Santiago 2495:Mozambique Island 2374:Kerala backwaters 2363: 2362: 2355: 2119: 2118: 1528:Delagoa Bay, now 1452:Mozambique Island 1340:Mozambique Island 1240:Mozambique Island 1151:Cape of Good Hope 1138:to the large nau 1055:would patrol the 935:Count of Marialva 855: 854: 791:Annaes da Marinha 747: 746: 331: 330: 323: 313: 312: 305: 295: 294: 287: 229: 228: 193: 152: 89:. But the ruling 16:(Redirected from 5496: 5479:1502 in Portugal 5247:Airplane crashes 5217:924 caravan raid 5099: 5092: 5085: 5076: 5040:Preceded by 5037: 4863: 4860: 4683: 4680: 4674: 4671: 4665: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4627: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4594: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4561: 4555: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4525: 4522: 4516: 4508: 4502: 4499: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4478:(1 pardao = 370 4472: 4466: 4463: 4457: 4450: 4444: 4437: 4431: 4402: 4396: 4377: 4371: 4368: 4362: 4359: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4315: 4312: 4306: 4303: 4297: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4279: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4257: 4254: 4248: 4245: 4239: 4236: 4230: 4227: 4221: 4218: 4212: 4200: 4194: 4191: 4182: 4179: 4173: 4161: 4155: 4152: 4146: 4143: 4137: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4106: 4100: 4097: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4014: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3992: 3989: 3983: 3980: 3974: 3971: 3965: 3962: 3956: 3953: 3947: 3944: 3938: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3911: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3878: 3875: 3869: 3861: 3855: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3837: 3832:', not far from 3813: 3807: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3776: 3770: 3761: 3755: 3752: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3717: 3708: 3702: 3699: 3693: 3670: 3664: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3637: 3625: 3619: 3616: 3610: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3592: 3589: 3583: 3580: 3574: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3552: 3538: 3532: 3521: 3515: 3512: 3503: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3490: 3480: 3474: 3452: 3446: 3411: 3405: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3372: 3369: 3363: 3360: 3354: 3351: 3345: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3299: 3282:to V. Sodré and 3244: 3238: 3219: 3213: 3202: 3196: 3163:(for V. Sodre), 3153: 3147: 3111: 3105: 3024: 3018: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2986: 2980: 2961: 2955: 2944: 2938: 2926: 2920: 2912: 2906: 2870: 2864: 2861: 2855: 2852: 2846: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2796: 2790: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2769: 2746: 2740: 2737: 2358: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2338: 2307: 2299: 2291:on the Zamorin. 2209:King of Portugal 2201:Syrian Christian 2013: 1759:Calicut massacre 1667:Sharavathi River 1306:2nd India Armada 1093:2nd India Armada 1001:prince of Cochin 966:Tristão da Cunha 841: 834: 827: 789:and Quintella's 775:Relação das Náos 675:(Lopo Dias, cv) 530: 473:vintena de Belém 454:Lisbon Cathedral 378:3rd India Armada 326: 319: 308: 301: 290: 283: 279: 276: 270: 239: 231: 224: 221: 203: 196: 185: 163: 162: 155: 144: 122: 121: 114: 21: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5428:Other incidents 5411: 5393: 5370: 5332: 5289: 5241: 5198: 5180: 5132: 5131: 5108: 5103: 5072: 5066: 5063: 5055: 5047: 5044: 5026:. London Unwin. 4900:Jerónimo Osório 4880:Asia Portuguesa 4866:Lendas da Índia 4861: 4692: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4663: 4659: 4625: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4606: 4604: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4571: 4562: 4558: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4486: 4473: 4469: 4465:Barros (p. 67). 4464: 4460: 4451: 4447: 4438: 4434: 4403: 4399: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4296:Lopes. (p. 191) 4295: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4185: 4181:Barros (p. 49). 4180: 4176: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4026: 4022:Correia, p. 293 4021: 4017: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3982:Correia, p. 292 3981: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3897: 3893: 3889:Correia, p. 289 3888: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3762: 3758: 3754:Correia, p. 284 3753: 3749: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3671: 3667: 3663:Correia, p. 275 3662: 3658: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3609:Correia, p. 272 3608: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3539: 3535: 3522: 3518: 3514:Correia, p. 271 3513: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3453: 3449: 3412: 3408: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3245: 3241: 3220: 3216: 3203: 3199: 3154: 3150: 3112: 3108: 3025: 3021: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2987: 2983: 2965:Decadas da Asia 2962: 2958: 2945: 2941: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2909: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2854:Correia, p. 270 2853: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2772: 2750:Order of Christ 2747: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2712: 2664: 2658: 2559: 2554: 2499:Estêvão da Gama 2488: 2452: 2369: 2359: 2348: 2342: 2339: 2324: 2308: 2297: 2221: 2143: 2003: 1903: 1826: 1790:Sultan of Egypt 1709: 1686:Estêvão da Gama 1620: 1588: 1522: 1510:returning fleet 1393:Kilwa Sultanate 1373:Kilwa Sultanate 1365: 1302:Sancho de Tovar 1224: 1158:Estêvão da Gama 1101: 1099:Outward Journey 1089:Sancho de Tovar 1081:Pêro da Covilhã 1033: 1027: 914:and his uncles 912:Estêvão da Gama 899:, 80–120t) and 871:), a 400 tonne 859:Estevão da Gama 850: 821: 799:Lendas da Índia 608:Estevão da Gama 521:Estêvão da Gama 501: 464:title borne by 397: 337:, commanded by 327: 316: 315: 314: 309: 298: 297: 296: 291: 280: 274: 271: 256: 240: 225: 219: 216: 209:needs expansion 164: 160: 123: 119: 112: 69:in present-day 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5502: 5500: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5446: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5403: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5380: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5342: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5321: 5312: 5307: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5251: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5208: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5190: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5142: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5102: 5101: 5094: 5087: 5079: 5068: 5067: 5060: 5057: 5048: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5003: 4996: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4969:Malabar Manual 4965: 4958: 4948: 4937: 4934: 4927: 4916: 4915: 4906: 4897: 4887:Damião de Goes 4883: 4873: 4855:Gaspar Correia 4852: 4840: 4830: 4828:Dec. I, Lib 6. 4820:João de Barros 4813: 4812: 4799: 4786: 4772: 4762:Pêro de Ataíde 4759: 4733: 4720: 4713: 4706: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4675: 4666: 4657: 4636:(2): 331–350. 4613: 4589: 4579: 4569: 4556: 4535: 4526: 4517: 4503: 4494: 4484: 4467: 4458: 4445: 4432: 4419:Gomes Ferreira 4411:Ruy de Medanha 4397: 4381:João de Barros 4372: 4363: 4354: 4344: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4307: 4298: 4289: 4280: 4267: 4258: 4249: 4240: 4231: 4222: 4213: 4195: 4193:Barros (p. 49) 4183: 4174: 4156: 4147: 4138: 4129: 4120: 4110: 4101: 4092: 4082: 4073: 4064: 4054: 4044: 4034: 4024: 4015: 4002: 3993: 3984: 3975: 3966: 3957: 3948: 3939: 3930: 3921: 3912: 3900:Gaspar Correia 3891: 3879: 3870: 3856: 3847: 3838: 3808: 3799: 3790: 3780: 3771: 3756: 3747: 3737: 3727: 3718: 3703: 3694: 3665: 3656: 3647: 3638: 3620: 3611: 3602: 3593: 3584: 3575: 3562: 3553: 3533: 3516: 3504: 3495: 3475: 3447: 3406: 3382: 3373: 3364: 3355: 3346: 3334:Pêro de Ataíde 3309: 3300: 3239: 3223:Frol de la Mar 3214: 3197: 3181:Frol de la Mar 3171:(for Aguiar), 3148: 3106: 3019: 3006: 2994: 2981: 2956: 2939: 2921: 2907: 2885:for Coutinho, 2865: 2856: 2847: 2838: 2829: 2819: 2810: 2800: 2791: 2782: 2770: 2741: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2718: 2711: 2708: 2657: 2654: 2646:Nicolau Coelho 2637:Pêro de Ataíde 2604:Pêro de Ataíde 2581:Pêro de Ataíde 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2503:Flor da la Mar 2487: 2484: 2451: 2448: 2412:line of battle 2365:Main article: 2361: 2360: 2311: 2309: 2302: 2296: 2293: 2263:Flor de la Mar 2256:Flor de la Mar 2243:Frol de la Mar 2220: 2217: 2142: 2139: 2135:Gaspar Correia 2117: 2116: 2113: 2108: 2107:6. Diogo Pires 2104: 2103: 2100: 2095: 2094:5. Pêro Rafael 2091: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2066: 2064:Pêro de Ataíde 2059: 2058: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2037: 2030: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2002: 1999: 1902: 1899: 1825: 1822: 1799:Luís de Camões 1794:Gaspar Correia 1708: 1705: 1671:Gaspar da Gama 1619: 1616: 1587: 1584: 1541:Cape Correntes 1521: 1518: 1364: 1361: 1279:Cape Correntes 1256:Cape Correntes 1236:Gaspar Correia 1223: 1220: 1179:island or the 1100: 1097: 1075:city-state of 1049:naval blockade 1026: 1023: 985:Gaspar da Gama 920:Pêro de Ataíde 869:Frol de la Mar 864:Flor de la Mar 853: 852: 847: 843: 842: 835: 795:Gaspar Correia 759:Damião de Gois 751:João de Barros 745: 744: 741:Salta na Palha 736: 735: 727: 726: 718: 717: 709: 708: 700: 699: 692: 685: 677: 676: 669: 662: 654: 653: 650: 647: 639: 638: 631: 628:Pêro de Ataíde 620: 612: 611: 603:Flor de la Mar 598: 581: 569: 568: 565: 558: 547: 546: 541: 536: 500: 497: 442:Gaspar Correia 396: 393: 349:gold trade in 329: 328: 311: 310: 293: 292: 243: 241: 234: 227: 226: 206: 204: 194: 168: 167: 165: 158: 153: 127: 126: 124: 117: 111: 108: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5501: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5469:1502 in India 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5327: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5238: 5237:1987 incident 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5176:2015 stampede 5174: 5172: 5171:2006 stampede 5169: 5167: 5166:2004 stampede 5164: 5162: 5161:2001 stampede 5159: 5157: 5156:1998 stampede 5154: 5152: 5151:1994 stampede 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5100: 5095: 5093: 5088: 5086: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5073: 5065: 5054: 5053: 5046: 5038: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5021: 5018: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5001: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4966: 4963: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4951:Danvers, F.C. 4949: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4881: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4850:Lib 1, Ch. 44 4848: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4757:Vol. 2, Pt. 5 4754: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4689: 4679: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4661: 4658: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4617: 4614: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4583: 4580: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4536: 4530: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4504: 4501:Lopes, p. 204 4498: 4495: 4488: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4468: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4449: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4348: 4345: 4338: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4323:Barros, p. 53 4320: 4317: 4311: 4308: 4302: 4299: 4293: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4262: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4247:Barros, p. 51 4244: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4229:Lopes (p.188) 4226: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4196: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4142: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4114: 4111: 4108:Barros, p. 46 4105: 4102: 4099:Barros, p. 44 4096: 4093: 4086: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4058: 4055: 4048: 4045: 4038: 4035: 4028: 4025: 4019: 4016: 4012: 4006: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3988: 3985: 3979: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3934: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3857: 3851: 3848: 3842: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3784: 3781: 3775: 3772: 3767: 3760: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3741: 3738: 3731: 3728: 3722: 3719: 3714: 3707: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3678:Mir Habrahemo 3675: 3669: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3634: 3633:Santo António 3630: 3624: 3621: 3615: 3612: 3606: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3588: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3485: 3479: 3476: 3471: 3470:Santo António 3467: 3463: 3458: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3431:Faria e Sousa 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3402: 3401:Santo António 3398: 3393: 3386: 3383: 3377: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3359: 3356: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3288:.S. Pantaleão 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3233:(p. 169) and 3232: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3102:Santo António 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3071:(rather than 3070: 3066: 3063:(rather than 3062: 3058: 3055:(rather than 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2925: 2922: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2903:São Pantaleão 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2869: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2845:Barros, p. 24 2842: 2839: 2833: 2830: 2823: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2804: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2758:Vicente Sodré 2755: 2751: 2745: 2742: 2736: 2733: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2700:Chera Dynasty 2696: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2630: 2625: 2624:Vicente Sodré 2621: 2620:Vicente Sodré 2616: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2577:Vicente Sodré 2573: 2570: 2565: 2564:Vicente Sodré 2556: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2486:Return voyage 2485: 2483: 2481: 2480:Vasco da Gama 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2460:Vicente Sodré 2456: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2377: 2375: 2368: 2357: 2354: 2346: 2343:February 2013 2336: 2332: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2317: 2312:This section 2310: 2306: 2301: 2300: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2251: 2247: 2245: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049:2. Brás Sodré 2048: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2035:Vicente Sodré 2032: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2007:Vicente Sodré 2000: 1998: 1996: 1995:Malabar coast 1991: 1989: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1962: 1960: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1936:Malabar Coast 1933: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1868: 1866: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1834: 1833:Malabar Coast 1830: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1748: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1586:Gama in India 1585: 1583: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1531: 1526: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1465:Zambezi River 1462: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1374: 1369: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1245: 1244:first journey 1241: 1237: 1228: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1120:Sali Portudal 1117: 1112: 1110: 1109:Vicente Sodré 1106: 1105:Vasco da Gama 1098: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1066: 1065:show of force 1062: 1058: 1054: 1053:Vicente Sodré 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1032: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 978: 973: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 946: 944: 940: 939:Casa da India 936: 932: 927: 925: 924:Second Armada 921: 917: 916:Vicente Sodré 913: 910:, his cousin 909: 908:Vasco da Gama 904: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 865: 860: 848: 845: 840: 836: 833: 829: 828: 825: 820: 815: 812: 808: 804: 803:Ataíde family 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 783:Faria e Sousa 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 742: 738: 733: 729: 724: 720: 715: 711: 706: 702: 697: 693: 690: 686: 683: 679: 674: 670: 667: 663: 660: 656: 651: 648: 645: 641: 636: 632: 629: 625: 621: 618: 614: 609: 605: 604: 599: 596: 595:Vicente Sodré 592: 591: 586: 582: 579: 578:Vasco da Gama 575: 571: 566: 563: 559: 556: 554: 549: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 531: 528: 524: 522: 518: 517:Vicente Sodré 514: 513:Vasco da Gama 510: 506: 498: 496: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 469: 467: 463: 459: 455: 450: 446: 443: 438: 435: 430: 428: 427:Vasco da Gama 425:(an uncle of 424: 423:Vicente Sodré 420: 416: 415:Casa da India 412: 405: 404:Vasco da Gama 401: 394: 392: 390: 385: 383: 379: 374: 372: 368: 367:Malabar coast 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 325: 322: 307: 304: 289: 286: 278: 268: 264: 260: 254: 253: 249: 244:This section 242: 238: 233: 232: 223: 214: 210: 207:This section 205: 202: 198: 197: 192: 190: 183: 182: 177: 176: 171: 166: 157: 156: 151: 149: 142: 141: 136: 135: 130: 125: 116: 115: 109: 107: 105: 101: 100:Vicente Sodré 97: 92: 88: 87:Malabar Coast 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 63: 61: 57: 53: 49: 48:Vasco da Gama 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5376:Construction 5325: 5316: 5305:ship sinking 5302: 5127:Saudi Arabia 5071: 5050: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5006: 4999: 4989: 4982: 4975: 4968: 4961: 4954: 4944: 4940: 4930: 4923: 4917: 4908: 4903: 4890: 4879: 4865: 4862: 1550s 4846: 4845:(1551–1560) 4836: 4823: 4815:Chronicles: 4814: 4805: 4792: 4778: 4770:pp. 262–268. 4765: 4752: 4743: 4726: 4716: 4709: 4699: 4693: 4678: 4673:Gois (p. 97) 4669: 4660: 4633: 4629: 4616: 4605:. Retrieved 4601: 4592: 4582: 4572: 4564: 4559: 4548:Gulf of Aden 4538: 4529: 4520: 4506: 4497: 4487: 4475: 4470: 4461: 4448: 4435: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4375: 4366: 4357: 4347: 4337: 4328: 4319: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4270: 4261: 4252: 4243: 4234: 4225: 4216: 4198: 4177: 4159: 4150: 4141: 4132: 4123: 4113: 4104: 4095: 4085: 4080:Gois (p. 90) 4076: 4067: 4057: 4047: 4037: 4027: 4018: 4005: 3996: 3987: 3978: 3969: 3960: 3951: 3942: 3933: 3924: 3915: 3894: 3873: 3865: 3859: 3850: 3841: 3817: 3811: 3802: 3793: 3783: 3774: 3759: 3750: 3740: 3730: 3721: 3712: 3706: 3697: 3685: 3677: 3674:Kilwa sultan 3668: 3659: 3650: 3641: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3614: 3605: 3596: 3587: 3578: 3570: 3565: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3536: 3519: 3498: 3487:. 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Pantaleão 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3142: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3080: 3077:São Jerónimo 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3009: 2997: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2964: 2959: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2928:Castanheda, 2924: 2910: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2879:São Jeronimo 2878: 2868: 2859: 2850: 2841: 2832: 2822: 2813: 2803: 2794: 2785: 2761: 2744: 2735: 2697: 2689: 2667: 2665: 2634: 2612: 2596:Gulf of Aden 2585: 2574: 2568: 2560: 2531: 2519: 2515:Third Armada 2511:João da Nova 2507:Saint Helena 2502: 2492: 2489: 2472:Gulf of Aden 2463: 2457: 2453: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2420: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2396:João da Nova 2381: 2378: 2370: 2349: 2340: 2325:Please help 2313: 2289: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2260: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2241: 2239: 2222: 2198: 2173: 2167: 2163: 2150: 2144: 2120: 2110: 2097: 2082: 2068: 2052: 2039: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2004: 1992: 1990: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1963: 1958: 1955: 1946: 1940: 1904: 1891: 1889: 1885:Third Armada 1881:João da Nova 1869: 1861: 1844: 1838: 1805: 1803: 1767: 1754: 1752: 1744: 1727: 1719: 1717: 1710: 1703: 1691: 1681: 1675: 1654: 1645:, the Hindu 1636: 1631: 1621: 1603: 1589: 1577: 1573:Rio da Lagoa 1572: 1534: 1514:João da Nova 1502: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1486:Indian Ocean 1483: 1476: 1469: 1460: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1436: 1434: 1422: 1418: 1414:São Jeronimo 1413: 1403: 1389:East African 1384: 1378: 1347: 1333: 1326: 1317: 1309: 1289: 1287: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1251: 1249: 1233: 1215: 1211: 1205: 1197:Saint Helena 1193:João da Nova 1189:Third Armada 1166: 1162: 1155: 1144: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1123: 1116:Porto de Ale 1115: 1113: 1102: 1073:East African 1070: 1057:Gulf of Aden 1034: 1014: 1012: 1005: 982: 976: 961: 947: 930: 928: 905: 896: 892: 888: 884: 881:São Jerónimo 880: 876: 868: 862: 856: 823: 818: 810: 806: 798: 790: 786: 774: 770: 762: 754: 748: 740: 731: 722: 713: 704: 695: 688: 681: 672: 665: 658: 646:(Gil Matoso) 643: 634: 623: 616: 601: 588: 584: 574:São Jerónimo 573: 561: 552: 543: 538: 533: 525: 502: 492: 487:district of 472: 470: 457: 451: 447: 439: 433: 431: 418: 408: 386: 382:João da Nova 375: 358: 332: 317: 299: 281: 275:January 2012 272: 257:Please help 245: 220:January 2024 217: 213:adding to it 208: 186: 179: 173: 172:Please help 169: 145: 138: 132: 131:Please help 128: 104:Indian Ocean 64: 31: 29: 5433:MosqueMeToo 5317:SS Sardinia 5062:5th Armada 5043:3rd Armada 4918:Secondary: 4837:Os Lusíadas 4783:pp. 211–213 4736:Thomé Lopes 4664:Goia, p. 99 4533:Gois, p. 98 4423:Pêro Rafael 4393:Thomé Lopes 4379:Chronicler 3904:Vijaynagara 3672:The actual 3629:Sao Gabriel 3525:Thomé Lopes 3462:Santa Elena 3397:Santa Elena 3272:Santa Elena 3268:Leitoa Nova 3231:Thomé Lopes 3193:Batecabello 3177:Leitoa Nova 3173:Batecabello 3098:São Gabriel 3086:Thomé Lopes 3073:Santa Elena 3033:Santa Marta 3003:pp. 267–268 2969:pp. 118–119 2891:São Gabriel 2615:Kuria Muria 2608:royal fifth 2083:Santa Marta 1818:Thomé Lopes 1770:Thomé Lopes 1747:Thomé Lopes 1720:São Gabriel 1713:Mount d'Eli 1663:Vijayanagar 1628:Thomé Lopes 1498:Buonagrazia 1494:Vasconcelos 1410:Kilwa ruler 1354:(of future 1352:João Serrão 1283:Delagoa Bay 1272:Santa Elena 1268:Santa Marta 1252:Santa Elena 1140:Leitoa Nova 1136:Santa Elena 1132:Leitoa Nova 1025:The mission 1019:Thomé Lopes 1015:Leitoa Nova 962:Leitoa Nova 705:Santa Elena 659:Batecabello 585:Leitoa Nova 560:5 ships (2 440:Chronicler 419:capitão-mor 351:East Africa 94:factory in 5448:Categories 5356:Hajj cough 4992:. Lisbon 4889:(1566–67) 4822:(1552–59) 4810:pp. 130ff. 4747:, Venice. 4702:. London. 4607:2018-10-17 4209:Coromandel 4170:white flag 4165:Franciscan 4118:Cannanore. 3489:2024-01-27 3419:Itinerario 3165:S. Gabriel 3139:5th Armada 3015:pp. 266ff. 2919:Fernandes. 2881:for Gama, 2827:reasons'). 2704:Cranganore 2660:See also: 2650:5th Armada 2542:6th Armada 2534:5th Armada 2466:) by king 2392:3rd Armada 2205:Cranganore 2159:2nd Armada 2123:Castanheda 2040:São Rafael 1877:Marchionni 1849:2nd Armada 1778:Castanheda 1661:and Hindu 1594:(north of 1549:Maputo Bay 1530:Maputo Bay 1398:2nd Armada 1298:Monomatapa 1177:Cape Verde 1173:Cape Verde 1124:Bezeguiche 1085:Monomatapa 1029:See also: 958:Marchionni 767:Castanheda 682:São Rafael 630:'Inferno') 564:s + 3 cvs) 347:Monomatapa 175:improve it 134:improve it 110:Background 71:Mozambique 60:2nd Armada 36:Portuguese 5212:692 siege 5194:1997 fire 4882:, Vol. 1. 4835:, (1572) 4587:couzas"). 4454:Mangalore 4428:São Paulo 4205:Koyilandy 3390:the ship 3342:São Paulo 3280:Esmeralda 3264:Esmeralda 3260:Esmeralda 3256:Esmeralda 3237:(p. 111). 3161:Esmeralda 3094:Esmeralda 3065:Vera Cruz 3049:Esmeralda 3041:Esmeralda 3037:São Pedro 3029:São Paulo 3013:Correia, 2874:pp. 21ff. 2569:regimento 2552:Aftermath 2527:Cannanore 2464:regimento 2455:factory. 2314:does not 2053:Vera Cruz 1973:strung up 1966:ultimatum 1853:Kolathiri 1841:Cannanore 1647:privateer 1600:Adil Shah 1506:degredado 993:Cannanore 989:Kolathiri 893:Esmeralda 781:'s list, 723:Vera Cruz 624:São Paulo 590:Esmeralda 499:The Fleet 462:Castilian 434:pro forma 246:does not 181:talk page 140:talk page 96:Cannanore 4011:Gujarati 3906:emperor 3439:Slavonia 3423:Milanese 3322:Atouguia 3276:Memorias 3254:and the 3252:Lionarda 3227:Memorias 3210:addition 3146:armada). 3081:Lionarda 2883:Lionarda 2710:See also 2684:Vembanad 2672:Edapalli 2641:Angediva 2403:ambush. 2102:caravel 1947:Calecute 1875:and the 1682:Batecala 1651:Honnavar 1639:Anjediva 1624:Anjediva 1604:Hidalcão 1569:Incomati 1557:Umbeluzi 1437:meticals 1356:Magellan 1126:(Bay of 1008:Venetian 991:Raja of 950:Florence 901:caravels 887:and the 885:Lionarda 771:História 763:Chronica 666:Estrella 617:Lionarda 359:Calecute 75:entrepot 5416:Related 5338:Disease 5326:SS Asia 4953:(1894) 4933:, v. 13 4902:(1586) 4878:(1666) 4742:, ed., 4690:Sources 4638:Bibcode 4544:Socotra 4513:Calicut 4476:pardaos 4389:Calicut 4276:Calicut 3830:Babylon 3828:' and ' 3826:Chaldea 3818:Camabem 3766:Socotra 3713:metical 3686:Abraemo 3473:reveal. 3433:(1666: 3404:reveal. 3330:Algarve 3274:! (the 3115:Marecos 2977:Martins 2951:Relação 2947:Relação 2905:(p. 42) 2762:alcaide 2693:Calicut 2668:Repelim 2600:Red Sea 2588:Gujarat 2476:Red Sea 2431:Calicut 2427:Zamorin 2416:Calicut 2386:(large 2383:sambuks 2335:removed 2320:sources 2265:. The 2225:Brahmin 2213:sceptre 2111:Fradeza 2098:Garrida 2088:caravel 2017:Captain 1951:Brahmin 1943:Calicut 1932:Calicut 1928:Zamorin 1919:Zamorin 1907:Calicut 1865:factory 1857:Calicut 1845:Canonor 1812:at the 1763:Zamorin 1732:Calicut 1695:Basmati 1678:Bhatkal 1659:Bijapur 1637:Around 1608:Bijapur 1580:Malindi 1537:Correia 1479:Malindi 1441:monsoon 1391:coast, 1348:Pomposa 1336:factory 1201:Malindi 1169:Madeira 1061:Red Sea 1041:Calicut 1037:Zamorin 897:navetas 873:carrack 755:Décadas 732:Fradeza 689:Garrida 509:Red Sea 493:vintena 491:. The 483:in the 355:Calicut 267:removed 252:sources 91:Zamorin 67:factory 56:Calicut 5011:online 4994:online 4913:online 4895:online 4870:Vol. 1 4797:online 4749:online 4745:mondo. 4731:online 4704:online 4441:Quilon 3866:Julioa 3822:Cambay 3735:there. 3682:Barros 3571:Bretoa 3545:Julioa 3466:Bretoa 3427:p. 260 3296:Leitoa 3292:Bretoa 3284:Leitoa 3250:, the 3189:Leitoa 3057:Bretoa 3053:Leitoa 3045:Leitoa 2930:p. 130 2914:Gois, 2899:Leitoa 2895:Miguel 2887:Juiloa 2523:Cochin 2478:. But 2194:Quilon 2190:Quilon 2186:Quilon 2182:Quilon 2178:Kollam 2174:Coulão 2170:Quilon 2147:Cochin 2141:Cochin 2131:Osório 2069:Bretoa 1924:Cochin 1911:Cabral 1893:cartaz 1851:. The 1810:friars 1786:Osório 1774:Barros 1739:factor 1736:Meccan 1699:pepper 1643:Timoja 1632:Juiloa 1612:Kerala 1561:Matola 1553:Maputo 1456:Sofala 1385:Quiloa 1344:factor 1329:Osório 1314:Barros 1294:Sofala 1290:Leitoa 1264:Bretoa 1260:Sofala 1077:Sofala 943:Cochin 889:Leitoa 861:, the 773:, the 714:Bretoa 489:Lisbon 380:under 363:Kerala 343:Sofala 79:Sofala 40:Lisbon 34:was a 5324:1930 5315:1908 5301:1502 5186:Fires 5123:Mecca 5056:1502 4626:(PDF) 4492:guns. 4480:reais 4406:three 4342:crew. 3834:Mecca 3716:274). 3549:Julia 3457:owned 3435:p. 57 3392:owned 3326:Alvor 3185:Julia 3119:Cunha 2990:p. 52 2973:Sodré 2916:p. 88 2766:Tomar 2727:Notes 2680:Vypin 2592:Chaul 2388:dhows 2267:Flor' 2151:Cohim 2027:Notes 1724:Mecca 1606:) of 1592:Dabul 1565:Tembe 1490:Campo 1472:Kilwa 1406:Kilwa 1381:Kilwa 1216:Julia 1128:Dakar 1122:) or 822:From 779:Couto 635:Julia 505:India 485:Belém 371:India 83:Kilwa 5399:Heat 5328:fire 5319:fire 5303:Miri 5294:Ship 5118:Hajj 3690:Góis 3332:). 3266:and 3248:Flor 3221:The 3191:and 3155:The 3143:also 3125:and 3088:and 3047:and 3039:and 2676:Nair 2525:and 2318:any 2316:cite 2284:Flor 2280:Flor 2276:Flor 2272:Flor 2234:Nair 2155:Nair 2129:and 2127:Góis 2022:Ship 1985:sack 1959:Miri 1806:Miri 1784:and 1782:Góis 1776:and 1755:Miri 1728:Miri 1655:Onor 1563:and 1496:and 1322:Goes 1318:Çufe 1310:Yçuf 1212:Flor 1208:Cape 1171:and 809:and 787:Asia 739:10. 694:20. 687:15. 671:19. 664:14. 633:17. 622:12. 600:16. 583:11. 333:The 250:any 248:cite 30:The 4646:doi 3688:in 3680:in 3464:or 3318:two 3137:'s 2517:). 2513:'s 2501:'s 2429:of 2394:of 2329:by 2062:3. 2033:1. 1930:of 1883:'s 1596:Goa 1512:of 1320:in 1312:in 1191:of 1039:of 931:Dom 877:nau 797:'s 785:'s 769:'s 761:'s 753:'s 730:9. 721:8. 712:7. 703:6. 680:5. 657:4. 642:3. 615:2. 572:1. 562:nau 553:nau 369:of 261:by 215:. 77:of 5450:: 5125:, 4872:; 4864:) 4859:c. 4839:. 4826:. 4755:, 4644:. 4634:46 4632:. 4628:. 4600:. 4186:^ 4090:I. 3882:^ 3684:, 3507:^ 3445:". 3298:). 2773:^ 2548:. 2529:. 2376:. 2176:, 2125:, 1614:. 1559:, 1500:. 1492:, 1316:; 1153:. 883:, 777:, 765:, 757:, 610:) 373:. 184:. 143:. 106:. 5098:e 5091:t 5084:v 4885:* 4857:( 4785:. 4654:. 4648:: 4640:: 4610:. 4456:. 4013:. 3551:. 3492:. 3328:( 2768:. 2670:( 2356:) 2350:( 2345:) 2341:( 2337:. 2323:. 2172:( 2149:( 2071:? 1945:( 1843:( 1680:( 1653:( 1602:( 1463:( 1383:( 1118:( 979:) 891:/ 875:( 606:( 593:( 587:/ 580:) 576:( 555:s 357:( 324:) 318:( 306:) 300:( 288:) 282:( 277:) 273:( 269:. 255:. 222:) 218:( 191:) 187:( 150:) 146:( 20:)

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Knowledge (XXG)

4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)

Index