183:
197:
272:
677:
744:
1068:
702:
52:
1441:, which was freeing controls on prices and a ten percent increase in that of gasoline, which in Venezuela is sacrosantly very low. The increase in petrol price fed into a 30 percent increase in fares for public transport In February 1989, barely into his second term, Pérez faced a series of widespread protests and lootings, which started in
1545:. He re-imposed exchange controls, which Pérez's administration had lifted as part of a general financial liberalisation (unaccompanied by effective regulation, which contributed to the banking crisis). The economy had suffered under the falling oil price, which led to a collapse in government revenues. The steel corporation
1492:
in power once Perez was captured and assassinated. They almost had him cornered in the presidential palace, but he managed to escape to the presidential residence and from there, loyal troops cornerered Chávez and arrested him. In exchange for prompting his co-conspirators to lay down their arms,
1239:. The administration also introduced a new constitution in 1961, dividing the government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches; pursued agricultural reform; and promoted an international doctrine in which Venezuela only recognised governments elected by popular vote.
1493:
Chávez, fully uniformed and unbowed, was allowed to speak on television to the entire nation in a moment that granted him a place on the nation's political stage. On 27 November 1992, higher-ranked officers tried to overthrow Pérez but the conspiracy was easily put down.
258:
260:
257:
255:
254:
256:
259:
1549:
was privatized, and the economy continued to plummet. Fulfilling an election promise, Caldera released Chávez and pardoned all the military and civilian conspirators during the Andrés Pérez administration. The economic crisis continued, and by the
1235:, back to power under its leader Rómulo Betancourt. Betancourt's government halted grants to multinational oil companies, created a Venezuelan oil corporation, and helped establish OPEC in 1960, an initiative led by Development Minister
1487:
was a lieutenant-colonel, but other generals were also involved in the coup attempt. The plan involved members of the military overwhelming military locations and communication installations and then establishing
1335:
that had begun the previous year and had increased the global price of oil from $ 3 per barrel to nearly $ 12 per barrel. Venezuela nationalised its iron industry in 1975 and its oil industry the following year.
253:
1501:
Pérez's downfall came when a legal process was begun to force to him reveal how he had used a secret but legal presidential fund, which he resolutely resisted. With the
Supreme Court and
1190:(OPEC). The 1980s in particular were characterised by the flowering of art and culture and by the artistic development of the nation, especially in television. Pioneering media like
1182:
This period was characterised by the alternation of political power established in the Punto Fijo Pact; by the nationalisation of the oil industry in 1976 and the creation of
1567:
252:
1964:
1259:
1096:
1390:
1323:
1243:
1292:
was elected to succeed
Betancourt as president. Leoni's government became known for public works and cultural development, but was confronted with continuous
1035:
1399:
Pérez was elected again in 1988 and, looking to solve the recession, adopted economic measures that set off major protests, the biggest of which was the
1480:
1214:
1050:
1030:
2211:
1017:
797:
578:
2201:
1255:
952:
69:
1505:
ranged against him, Pérez was imprisoned, for a while in a detention center, and then under house arrest. He handed the presidency in 1993 to
886:
2182:
1635:
1551:
1510:
1502:
1470:
1466:
1140:
1008:
1003:
196:
182:
873:
778:
773:
1143:. These were free enough to produce results unacceptable to the government, leading them to be falsified and to one of the three leaders,
1373:
did little to counter the crisis. Corruption increased, and the Caldas
Corvettes crisis in 1987, sparked by a sovereignty dispute in the
1702:
1522:
841:
35:
2039:
942:
2206:
1345:
1283:
1089:
1040:
784:
271:
1186:, the national oil and gas company; and by the rise of new social elites. Internationally, Venezuela became a founding member of the
1980:
1599:
1542:
937:
758:
135:
116:
1538:. Petkoff had seen the futility of trying again and backed Caldera. Caldera resulted winner . Abstentions reached a record of 40%.
1378:
1148:
1128:
978:
947:
88:
2073:
1595:
1156:
2216:
2016:
932:
848:
833:
95:
73:
1643:
1160:
1082:
723:
1506:
1423:
467:
1972:
1591:
1349:
1172:
906:
891:
858:
1779:
102:
1358:
1168:
901:
863:
853:
695:
1279:
1236:
1554:
the traditional political parties had become unpopular; an initial front-runner for the presidency in late 1997 was
743:
2106:
1750:
1224:
1144:
828:
682:
371:
84:
62:
1734:
1714:
1571:
1563:
1434:
1429:
Despite initially rejecting liberalization policies, his economic agenda was later focused on cutting subsidies,
881:
596:
565:
202:
1328:
455:
419:
1902:
911:
27:
This article is about the history of
Venezuela from 1953–1999. For the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, see
1438:
1263:
613:
340:
1509:, a politician from his party and historian who had been his presidential secretary. Velázquez oversaw the
1311:
1152:
352:
241:
1403:
wave of 1989. The same year, Venezuela held its first direct elections of governors and regional mayors.
1685:
1415:
1196:
1120:
581:
508:
344:
329:
1362:
636:
34:
This article is about the fourth
Republic of Venezuela. For the first, second and third Republics, see
1800:
1679:
1673:
1531:
1354:
732:
431:
383:
218:
1314:
in 1970. Additionally, a truce with the guerrillas allowed their reintegration into political life.
1836:
1651:
1607:
1587:
1562:
gained popularity amid the financial turmoil and was elected president in 1998. His administration
1055:
916:
337:
305:
109:
1457:
and led to a large number of deaths, ranging from the official estimate of 277 dead to over 2000.
1454:
1422:
served as acting president for about two weeks, at which point the historian and parliamentarian
1247:
1045:
957:
823:
763:
295:
2178:
2141:
2081:
2047:
1976:
1877:
1844:
1808:
1662:
The 1980s and 1990s were also a golden age of television in
Venezuela. A number of Venezuelan
1535:
1374:
1303:
1293:
188:
1746:
1726:
1692:
1631:
1232:
1132:
1072:
962:
334:
228:
163:
17:
1618:
Significant advances in the medical sciences took place during the Punto Fijo pact period.
2133:
1932:
1332:
1251:
1228:
983:
925:
309:
1602:. Over the years, some territories have been elevated to the status of states, including
993:
1742:
1738:
1619:
1559:
1527:
1489:
1484:
1419:
1407:
1370:
1299:
1176:
1025:
491:
479:
443:
407:
2195:
2170:
1730:
1719:
1647:
1627:
1603:
1555:
1430:
1366:
1289:
988:
768:
648:
395:
1231:. The ensuing elections brought Acción Democrática, which had been the ruling party
1937:
1541:
Caldera assumed the presidency for the second time in 1994 and had to confront the
1267:
505:
1357:
was elected to the presidency in 1979, with the country in deep debt and bound by
1151:, which saw the advent of democracy with a transitional government under Admiral
251:
1965:"Neoliberalism, the erosion of consensus and the rise of a new popular movement"
1136:
1127:. Venezuela saw ten years of military dictatorship from 1948 to 1958. After the
896:
530:
517:
322:
51:
1663:
1639:
2145:
2085:
2051:
1881:
1848:
1812:
1928:
1575:
1254:. Around the same time, the left-wingers excluded from the Punto Fijo Pact (
1242:
The new order had its opponents. On 24 June 1960, Betancourt was injured in
1124:
816:
28:
2017:"Libro devela sangriento objetivo de la intentona golpista de Hugo Chávez"
2019:[Book reveals bloody putsch goal of Hugo Chávez]. El Nuevo Herald
1869:
1450:
1442:
1400:
1394:
1139:
of military personnel controlled the government until 1952, when it held
998:
643:
1668:
1623:
1530:
campaigned for the presidency and brand-new political movement, called
1476:
1446:
1147:, assuming the Presidency. His government was brought to an end by the
317:
285:
1708:
1307:
1546:
1183:
1164:
1697:
1227:
into exile, Venezuela's three main political parties signed the
1191:
1187:
1610:
in 1992. Each state has a governor and a legislative assembly.
1159:. Prior to the elections, three of the main political parties,
1369:, unleashing an economic crisis. The subsequent government of
45:
2107:"Renowned Venezuelan expert on leprosy Jacinto Convit dies"
1119:, was a democratic republic first established in 1953, and
1903:"Colombia and Venezuela: The Border Dispute Over the Gulf"
1302:
won the next election. Before he took office in 1969, the
2040:"Venezuelans Elect An Ex-Coup Leader As Their President"
1340:
Herrera
Campins and Lusinchi administrations (1979–1989)
1837:"Rafael Caldera, Ex-President of Venezuela, Dies at 93"
1725:
1933:"A beacon of hope for the rebirth of Bolívar's dream"
1969:
Venezuela: The
Revolution Unfolding In Latin America
642:
632:
612:
602:
595:
575:
562:
552:
540:
527:
514:
501:
485:
473:
461:
449:
437:
425:
413:
401:
389:
377:
365:
351:
328:
316:
301:
291:
278:
150:
76:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2134:"Dr. Baruj Benacerraf, Nobel Laureate, Dies at 90"
2074:"Venezuelans Give Chavez All the Powers He Wanted"
1188:Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
1586:The constitution of 1961 divided Venezuela into
1453:. The response resulted in the declaration of a
1361:demands. In 1983, the Venezuelan currency, the
1310:. The border controversy was resolved with the
1194:made Venezuela famous with soap operas such as
1753:also became known on the international scene.
1262:) began an insurgency that was backed by the
1090:
216:
155:
8:
2015:Maria Delgado, Antonio (16 February 2015).
1574:ended the bipartisanship, establishing the
1385:Second Carlos Andrés Pérez term (1989–1993)
1650:and contributed to the development of the
1377:, generated one of the biggest moments of
1318:First Carlos Andrés Pérez term (1974–1979)
1097:
1083:
717:
270:
147:
1517:Second Caldera administration (1994–1999)
136:Learn how and when to remove this message
1572:adoption of the new constitution in 1999
1479:officers started plotting seriously and
1391:Second Presidency of Carlos Andrés Pérez
1274:Leoni and first Caldera term (1964–1974)
1958:
1956:
1870:"The weakening of the "strong bolívar""
1762:
1365:, was devalued on what became known as
1324:First Presidency of Carlos Andrés Pérez
808:
750:
731:
720:
594:
526:
290:
2038:Schemo, Diana Jean (7 December 1998).
2002:
1379:tension between Venezuela and Colombia
1215:Second Presidency of Rómulo Betancourt
1051:Death and state funeral of Hugo Chávez
1831:
1829:
1636:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1471:November 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt
1467:February 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt
1209:Betancourt administration (1959–1964)
601:
574:
561:
551:
547:
513:
484:
472:
460:
448:
436:
424:
412:
400:
388:
376:
364:
360:
350:
7:
1171:, with the notable exclusion of the
1113:, also sometimes referred to as the
74:adding citations to reliable sources
1801:"VENEZUELA: Trujillo's Murder Plot"
1523:Second Presidency of Rafael Caldera
1437:. Naím began at the lowest rung of
1260:Armed Forces of National Liberation
842:American Confederation of Venezuela
36:American Confederation of Venezuela
2072:Rohter, Larry (16 December 1999).
1346:Presidency of Luis Herrera Campins
1284:First Presidency of Rafael Caldera
1133:three-year experiment in democracy
25:
2132:Gellene, Denise (2 August 2011).
1543:Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994
1975:: Resistance Books. p. 10.
1666:became popular internationally:
1576:Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
1223:on 23 January 1958 sent General
1125:Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
1066:
742:
700:
696:Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
675:
249:
195:
181:
50:
2212:Contemporary history by country
1780:"Human Development Report 1998"
1406:In February and November 1992,
61:needs additional citations for
2202:History of Venezuela by period
1642:. In the field of technology,
933:Restorative Liberal Revolution
1:
1534:. The adecos chose the pardo
1433:, and legislation to attract
1331:took office in 1974, amid an
1169:Unión Republicana Democrática
2175:La rebelión de los náufragos
1973:Chippendale, New South Wales
1426:took over the interim role.
1350:Presidency of Jaime Lusinchi
1173:Communist Party of Venezuela
1115:Fourth Republic of Venezuela
18:Fourth Republic of Venezuela
1622:developed vaccines against
1564:promoted a new constitution
1460:
1359:International Monetary Fund
1256:Revolutionary Left Movement
1149:1958 Venezuelan coup d'état
1129:1948 Venezuelan coup d'état
2233:
1769:First democratic President
1634:was a co-recipient of the
1552:1998 presidential election
1520:
1497:Impeachment and transition
1464:
1388:
1343:
1321:
1277:
1212:
1009:November 1992 coup attempt
1004:February 1992 coup attempt
829:Viceroyalty of New Granada
683:United States of Venezuela
41:Republic from 1953 to 1999
33:
26:
2207:20th century in Venezuela
1461:1992 coup d'état attempts
1306:broke out in neighboring
1179:power-sharing agreement.
882:Revolution of the Reforms
654:
591:
548:
497:
361:
269:
235:
211:
177:
172:
1644:Humberto Fernández Morán
1582:Territorial organisation
1280:Presidency of Raúl Leoni
1252:Rafael Leónidas Trujillo
1244:an assassination attempt
1237:Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso
912:Revindicating Revolution
1963:Joquera, Jorge (2003).
1741:(1996). Musicians like
1439:economic liberalization
1414:attempts, and in 1993,
1264:Communist Party of Cuba
1157:December 1958 elections
341:constitutional republic
292:Official languages
85:"Republic of Venezuela"
2217:Military dictatorships
2177:(9th ed.). Alfa.
1735:Bárbara Palacios Teyde
1715:El país de las mujeres
1640:immunological research
1614:Science and technology
1570:in December 1999. The
1568:approved by referendum
1312:Port of Spain Protocol
1141:presidential elections
1041:2004 recall referendum
1036:2002–03 general strike
242:Gloria al Bravo Pueblo
217:
157:República de Venezuela
156:
1111:Republic of Venezuela
1018:Bolivarian Revolution
938:Liberating Revolution
824:Province of Venezuela
345:military dictatorship
152:Republic of Venezuela
1843:. 24 December 2009.
1600:federal dependencies
1445:and later spread to
1424:Ramón José Velásquez
1355:Luis Herrera Campins
1225:Marcos Pérez Jiménez
1145:Marcos Pérez Jiménez
1131:brought an end to a
1073:Venezuela portal
953:Oil industry history
759:Pre-Columbian period
566:Constitution adopted
468:Ramón José Velásquez
432:Luis Herrera Campins
372:Marcos Pérez Jiménez
70:improve this article
1931:(9 November 2006).
1652:electron microscope
1596:federal territories
1329:Carlos Andrés Pérez
1175:, signed up to the
1155:in place until the
1153:Wolfgang Larrazábal
1056:Crisis in Venezuela
917:Legalist Revolution
887:1848–1849 civil war
849:War of Independence
579:Bolivarian Republic
554:• Established
456:Carlos Andrés Pérez
420:Carlos Andrés Pérez
2138:The New York Times
2078:The New York Times
2044:The New York Times
1841:The New York Times
1507:Ramón J. Velásquez
1481:on 4 February 1992
1455:state of emergency
1435:foreign investment
1161:Acción Democrática
1046:2007 RCTV protests
958:Generation of 1928
343:initially under a
2184:978-980-354-295-5
1696:(1992), all from
1511:elections of 1993
1375:Gulf of Venezuela
1304:Rupununi Uprising
1294:guerrilla warfare
1233:from 1945 to 1948
1219:After a military
1118:
1107:
1106:
1031:2002 coup attempt
971:Democratic period
834:Captaincy General
716:
715:
712:
711:
708:
707:
688:
687:
475:• 1994–1999
463:• 1993–1994
451:• 1989–1993
439:• 1984–1989
427:• 1979–1984
415:• 1974–1979
403:• 1969–1974
391:• 1964–1969
384:Rómulo Betancourt
379:• 1959–1964
367:• 1953–1958
261:
219:Dios y Federación
146:
145:
138:
120:
16:(Redirected from
2224:
2188:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1909:. 13 August 2015
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1807:. 18 July 1960.
1797:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1747:Ricardo Montaner
1727:Maritza Sayalero
1693:Por estas calles
1638:in 1980 for his
1632:Baruj Benacerraf
1592:capital district
1266:and its leader,
1117:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1071:
1070:
1069:
963:El Trienio Adeco
943:1902–03 blockade
907:April Revolution
892:March Revolution
801:
787:
746:
736:
718:
704:
703:
692:
691:
679:
678:
672:
671:
656:
655:
628:
627:
619:
281:and largest city
274:
263:
262:
226:
222:
199:
185:
167:
159:
148:
141:
134:
130:
127:
121:
119:
78:
54:
46:
21:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1660:
1616:
1584:
1525:
1519:
1499:
1473:
1465:Main articles:
1463:
1397:
1389:Main articles:
1387:
1352:
1344:Main articles:
1342:
1326:
1320:
1286:
1278:Main articles:
1276:
1229:Punto Fijo Pact
1217:
1211:
1206:
1123:in 1999 by the
1103:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1014:
1013:
984:Punto Fijo Pact
967:
926:Andean Hegemony
922:
921:
902:Blue Revolution
870:
859:Second Republic
838:
799:
783:
734:
727:
701:
676:
625:
624:
623:
617:
605:
604:• Estimate
587:2 February 1999
584:
571:16 January 1961
568:
555:
533:
520:
488:
476:
464:
452:
440:
428:
416:
404:
392:
380:
368:
282:
265:
264:
250:
246:
224:
207:
206:
205:
200:
192:
191:
186:
168:
161:
153:
142:
131:
125:
122:
79:
77:
67:
55:
42:
39:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2183:
2171:Rivero, Mirtha
2165:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2124:
2098:
2064:
2030:
2007:
1995:
1981:
1952:
1920:
1894:
1861:
1825:
1792:
1771:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1743:Franco de Vita
1739:Alicia Machado
1659:
1656:
1620:Jacinto Convit
1615:
1612:
1583:
1580:
1536:Claudio Fermín
1528:Rafael Caldera
1521:Main article:
1518:
1515:
1498:
1495:
1490:Rafael Caldera
1462:
1459:
1431:privatizations
1420:Octavio Lepage
1418:ousted Pérez.
1386:
1383:
1371:Jaime Lusinchi
1341:
1338:
1322:Main article:
1319:
1316:
1300:Rafael Caldera
1275:
1272:
1213:Main article:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1177:Puntofijo Pact
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1026:Vargas tragedy
1022:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
975:
966:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
920:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
878:
869:
868:
867:
866:
864:Third Republic
861:
856:
854:First Republic
837:
836:
831:
826:
811:
810:
806:
805:
804:
803:
795:
790:
789:
788:
776:
771:
766:
761:
753:
752:
748:
747:
739:
738:
729:
728:
721:
714:
713:
710:
709:
706:
705:
698:
689:
686:
685:
680:
668:
667:
662:
652:
651:
646:
640:
639:
634:
630:
629:
620:
610:
609:
606:
603:
600:
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444:Jaime Lusinchi
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1628:leishmaniasis
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644:ISO 3166 code
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558:11 April 1953
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126:December 2015
118:
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104:
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97:
94:
90:
87: –
86:
82:
81:Find sources:
75:
71:
65:
64:
59:This article
57:
53:
48:
47:
44:
37:
30:
19:
2174:
2164:Bibliography
2149:. Retrieved
2137:
2127:
2115:. Retrieved
2110:
2101:
2089:. Retrieved
2077:
2067:
2055:. Retrieved
2043:
2033:
2021:. Retrieved
2010:
1998:
1986:. Retrieved
1968:
1943:. Retrieved
1938:The Guardian
1936:
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1906:
1897:
1885:. Retrieved
1873:
1864:
1852:. Retrieved
1840:
1816:. Retrieved
1804:
1795:
1787:hdr.undp.org
1786:
1774:
1765:
1737:(1986), and
1724:
1718:(1998) from
1713:
1712:(1995), and
1707:
1703:Las Amazonas
1701:
1691:
1690:(1992), and
1686:
1680:
1674:
1667:
1661:
1617:
1606:in 1991 and
1585:
1566:, which was
1540:
1532:Convergencia
1526:
1500:
1474:
1428:
1411:
1405:
1398:
1367:Black Friday
1353:
1327:
1298:
1287:
1268:Fidel Castro
1241:
1220:
1218:
1195:
1181:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1016:
1015:
970:
969:
968:
924:
923:
872:
871:
840:
839:
815:
814:
792:
665:Succeeded by
664:
659:
487:• 1999
338:presidential
308:(around 92%
240:
236:
213:Motto:
212:
203:Coat of arms
132:
123:
113:
106:
99:
92:
80:
68:Please help
63:verification
60:
43:
2151:31 December
2117:31 December
2091:31 December
2057:31 December
2023:17 February
2003:Rivero 2011
1913:31 December
1887:31 December
1854:31 December
1818:31 December
1664:telenovelas
1485:Hugo Chávez
1451:El Caracazo
1449:, known as
1412:coup d'état
1408:Hugo Chávez
1246:led by the
1221:coup d'état
1137:triumvirate
897:Federal War
874:Caudillismo
733:History of
660:Preceded by
582:established
531:Lower house
518:Upper house
502:Legislature
492:Hugo Chávez
347:(1953–1958)
2196:Categories
1988:12 October
1945:12 October
1929:Ali, Tariq
1757:References
1731:Irene Sáez
1720:Venevisión
1556:Irene Sáez
1333:oil crisis
1290:Raúl Leoni
989:Carupanazo
751:Chronology
597:Population
396:Raúl Leoni
330:Government
323:Venezuelan
318:Demonym(s)
96:newspapers
2146:0362-4331
2086:0362-4331
2052:0362-4331
1882:0013-0613
1849:0362-4331
1813:0040-781X
1687:Kassandra
1288:In 1963,
1250:dictator
1248:Dominican
1197:Kassandra
994:Porteñazo
979:1958 coup
948:1908 coup
817:New Spain
774:1830–1908
764:1522–1821
735:Venezuela
608:8,142,838
506:Bicameral
353:President
302:Religion
173:1953–1999
29:Venezuela
2173:(2011).
1941:. London
1733:(1981),
1729:(1979),
1706:(1985),
1684:(1988),
1678:(1984),
1672:(1983),
1608:Amazonas
1503:Congress
1443:Guarenas
1416:Congress
1410:led two
1401:Caracazo
1395:Caracazo
1121:replaced
999:Caracazo
724:a series
722:Part of
633:Currency
536:Deputies
509:Congress
2111:Reuters
1681:Abigail
1675:Cristal
1669:Leonela
1658:Culture
1624:leprosy
1477:MBR-200
1447:Caracas
1363:bolívar
1204:History
800:present
793:1953–99
785:1948–58
779:1908–58
769:1821–30
637:Bolívar
577:•
564:•
541:History
529:•
516:•
335:Federal
296:Spanish
286:Caracas
279:Capital
239: "
237:Anthem:
229:Spanish
164:Spanish
110:scholar
2181:
2144:
2084:
2050:
1979:
1880:
1847:
1811:
1751:Karina
1749:, and
1709:Ka Ina
1700:; and
1630:, and
1598:, and
1588:states
1560:Chávez
1308:Guyana
809:Topics
726:on the
626:medium
618:(1999)
616:
544:
523:Senate
357:
225:
160:
112:
105:
98:
91:
83:
1783:(PDF)
1547:Sidor
1184:PDVSA
1165:COPEI
798:1999–
622:0.674
117:JSTOR
103:books
2179:ISBN
2153:2015
2142:ISSN
2119:2015
2093:2015
2082:ISSN
2059:2015
2048:ISSN
2025:2015
1990:2008
1977:ISBN
1947:2008
1915:2015
1907:COHA
1889:2015
1878:ISSN
1856:2015
1845:ISSN
1820:2015
1809:ISSN
1805:Time
1698:RCTV
1626:and
1590:, a
1475:The
1469:and
1393:and
1348:and
1282:and
1258:and
1192:RCTV
1167:and
1135:, a
1109:The
306:None
189:Flag
89:news
614:HDI
72:by
2198::
2140:.
2136:.
2109:.
2080:.
2076:.
2046:.
2042:.
1971:.
1967:.
1955:^
1935:.
1905:.
1876:.
1872:.
1839:.
1828:^
1803:.
1785:.
1745:,
1722:.
1654:.
1594:,
1578:.
1558:.
1513:.
1381:.
1296:.
1270:.
1200:.
1163:,
649:VE
2187:.
2155:.
2121:.
2095:.
2061:.
2027:.
1992:.
1949:.
1917:.
1891:.
1858:.
1822:.
1789:.
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227:(
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162:(
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133:(
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124:(
114:·
107:·
100:·
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66:.
38:.
31:.
20:)
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