427:
2588:
149:
42:
281:
309:
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267:
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is depicted as a woman dressed in fine clothes. She wears a crown while the papal tiara and crowns of kings lie at her feet, indicating her position of power over all the continents. The plentiful cornucopia shows Europe to be a land of abundance and the small temple she holds signifies
Christianity.
341:
century. Ripa's text and the many sets of illustrations by various artists for different later editions (beginning in 1603) took some of the existing iconological conventions for the four continents, and were so influential that depictions for the next two centuries were largely determined by them.
340:
for the use of artists and artisans who might be called upon to depict allegorical figures. He covered an astonishingly wide variety of fields, and his work was reprinted many times, though the text did not always correlate to the illustration. The book was still being brought up-to-date in the 18th
417:
The woodcut also shows
America stepping on a human head, which is meant to connote cannibalism. Evidence of dismemberment, such as disembodied heads, in addition to America's bow and arrows and her lack of clothing were all meant to connote savagery. Such imagery was not uncommon in depictions of
954:
And since Africa and Asia are connected at the Suez
Peninsula, Europe, Africa, and Asia are sometimes combined as Afro-Eurasia or Eurafrasia. The International Olympic Committee's official flag, containing the single continent of America (North and South America being connected as the Isthmus of
413:
In addition to having an untamed landscape, America was portrayed as a place of savagery by virtue of the people who inhabited it. This can be seen in the woodcut as
America is depicted as much more warlike than the other three continents. As Claire Le Corbeiller explains, America “was usually
409:
from the river that already carried the name. In other instances of
American iconography, symbols meant to connote wilderness and a tropical climate occasionally included animals entirely absent from the Americas, such as the lion. Flora and fauna as images were often interchangeable between
378:
that she holds. Other personifications of Africa at the time depict her nude, symbolizing the
Eurocentric perceptions of Africa as an uncivilized land. While the illustration of Africa in Ripa's Iconologia is light-skinned, it was also common to illustrate her with dark skin.
139:
of the figures. They were normally female, with Europe queenly and grandly dressed, Asia fully dressed but in an exotic style, with Africa and
America at most half-dressed, and given exotic props as attributes.
1051:
862:
447:
426:
160:
a commonplace of classical and medieval geography had been the "three parts" in which, from
Mediterranean and European perspectives, the world was divided: Europe, Asia and Africa. As
418:
the
Americas, but it was not always the case. In time, the image of a wild native being justly subjugated by a European conqueror was turned into a portrayal of an “Indian princess”.
127:
Depictions of personifications of the four continents became popular in several media. Sets of four could be placed around all sorts of four-sided objects, or in pairs along the
454:; Hyde's drawings and a supporting collection of sets of porcelain table ornaments and other decorative arts illustrating the Four Continents were shared by various
1078:
410:
depictions of Africa and
America during the seventeenth century due to the association of the tropical climate of Central and South America with that of Africa.
690:, devers midi elle fine a la grant mer devers occident elle fine a notre mer, et devers septentrion elle fine aux paluz Meotides et au fleuve appellé Thanaus
31:
77:
was seen to represent its quadrant of the world—Africa in the south, America in the west, Asia in the east, and Europe in the north. This division fit the
2352:
2211:
215:, which divide Europe from Asia in the eyes of the modern geographer, and which represent the geological suture between two fragmentary continents, or
815:
2650:
854:
358:, by contrast wears the elephant headdress and is accompanied by animals common to Africa such as a lion, the scorpion of the desert sands, and
2345:
2231:
798:
686:
Asie est l'une des trois parties du monde que les auteurs divisent en Asie, Afrique et Europe. Asie se extend devers orient jusques a souleil
2340:
2274:
940:
2335:
2299:
2238:
543:
2328:
2323:
2269:
723:
2197:
1071:
398:
2538:
2279:
348:
As a continent of great military force, Europe is also accompanied by a horse and an array of weapons. This probably draws on the
2294:
2284:
2226:
2204:
2187:
2182:
2101:
801:, described as: "Africa, wearing elephant’s skin headdress, reclining left, holding scorpion and cornucopia, modius at her feet".
702:(1409), quoted in Patricia M. Gathercole, "Laurent de Premierfait: The Translator of Boccaccio's De casibus virorum illustrium"
2304:
2133:
1999:
1913:
1863:
248:
2248:
1036:
979:
1046:
386:, seen by Europe as a continent of exotic spices, silk, and the seat of Religion, wears rich clothing and carries a smoking
168:
Asia is one of the three parts of the world, which the authors divide in Asia, Africa and Europe. Asia extends towards the
2635:
2625:
2558:
2543:
1064:
698:
592:
2591:
2243:
1873:
1600:
1305:
390:. The continent's warm climate is represented by the wreath of flowers in her hair. A camel takes its ease beside her.
2620:
1730:
451:
30:
This article is about the geographical divisions originating in the 16th century. For the figure skating event, see
1908:
1893:
1191:
1176:
823:
414:
envisioned as a rather fierce savage – only slightly removed in type from the medieval tradition of the wild man."
2289:
2221:
2192:
2177:
1918:
1843:
536:
500:
478:
105:
1878:
1795:
1378:
1091:
374:, a much smaller strip of the Mediterranean coast. The abundance and fertility of Africa is symbolized in the
756:
Le Corbeiller, Clare (1961). "Miss America and Her Sisters: Personifications of the Four Parts of the World".
164:, the pre-eminent French translator of Latin literature in the early fifteenth century, informed his readers:
2525:
2216:
2123:
1800:
1510:
1505:
989:
540:
371:
539:, however, generally in self-consciously classicizing contexts: for instance, in New York, in front of the
2502:
2309:
1903:
1706:
829:
161:
2595:
2459:
2379:
2022:
1923:
1532:
627:
547:
528:
232:
46:
995:
Le Corbeiller, Clare, "Miss America and Her Sisters, Personifications of the Four Parts of the World,"
988:
New York: Pantheon Books, 1975. An exhibition based on the book's premise was curated by Honour at the
235:
had lain, and stretched away to what were initially unimaginably exotic and distant places— "the
2645:
2469:
1445:
1163:
482:
2640:
2630:
2118:
1783:
1720:
1696:
1527:
1388:
1334:
1275:
1246:
1186:
1181:
491:
461:
The Renaissance associated one major river to each of the continents; Europe is represented by the
1056:
2406:
2027:
1990:
1868:
1314:
1236:
1196:
1171:
781:
575:
450:, formed a collection of allegorical prints illustrating the Four Continents that are now at the
90:
884:
Higham, John (1990). "Indian Princess and Roman Goddess: The First Female Symbols of America".
2487:
2106:
1933:
1898:
1759:
1754:
1735:
1544:
1371:
1131:
1041:
1017:
975:
936:
928:
773:
735:
652:
602:
496:
86:
1408:
1009:
Fleming, E. McClung, "From Indian Princess to Greek Goddess: The American Image, 1783-1815,"
2568:
2563:
2553:
2482:
2159:
2113:
2056:
1985:
1848:
1742:
1691:
1669:
1522:
1469:
765:
531:, the theme of the "Four Continents" lost much of its drive, long before another continent,
443:
435:
224:
189:
131:
of a building with a central doorway. They were common subjects for prints, and later small
94:
2454:
1955:
1943:
1928:
1883:
1833:
1773:
1715:
1676:
1664:
1657:
1566:
1383:
1366:
1341:
645:
516:
474:
219:. Instead, the division between these continents in the European-centered picture was the
148:
27:
16th century division of the world into four continents; Africa, America, Asia, and Europe
986:
The New Golden Land: European Images of America from the Discoveries to the Present Time.
180:), towards the south ("midi") it ends at the great sea, towards the occident it ends at
2599:
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2447:
2411:
2391:
2374:
2314:
2078:
1970:
1948:
1938:
1790:
1768:
1652:
1647:
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1627:
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1452:
1423:
1329:
1319:
212:
17:
903:
2614:
2573:
2442:
2434:
2401:
2138:
2088:
1980:
1975:
1965:
1815:
1778:
1686:
1681:
1583:
1488:
486:
455:
363:
349:
208:
185:
2477:
2416:
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2386:
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2068:
1823:
1561:
1495:
1464:
1413:
1285:
1214:
1151:
1141:
402:
223:, which neatly separated Europe from Asia. From the European perspective, into the
181:
1052:
Guide to the James H. Hyde Collection of Allegorical Prints of the Four Continents
2533:
2492:
2128:
2017:
1960:
1888:
1838:
1725:
1701:
1590:
1428:
1346:
1324:
1300:
1146:
1136:
563:
337:
333:
136:
78:
816:"Miss America and Her Sisters: Personifications of the Four Parts of the World"
2063:
2032:
1858:
1853:
1517:
1478:
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1358:
1231:
1116:
1111:
631:
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571:
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figures, German, c. 1775, from left: Asia, Europe, Africa, America. Formerly
375:
367:
280:
228:
220:
41:
777:
739:
724:"From Pompey to Plymouth: the personification of Africa in the art of Europe"
2510:
2169:
2143:
2073:
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2044:
1828:
1605:
1539:
1435:
1258:
1241:
1126:
1121:
1095:
693:
597:
587:
431:
359:
308:
266:
157:
132:
74:
35:
562:. The four resulting continental landmasses are, from largest to smallest:
128:
294:
2037:
1642:
1578:
1549:
1459:
1418:
1226:
1206:
1018:"Indian Princess and Roman Goddess: The First Female Symbols of America,"
1002:
Fleming, E. McClung, "The American Image as Indian Princess, 1765-1783,"
567:
559:
113:
62:
2009:
1747:
1637:
1595:
1483:
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1219:
785:
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147:
81:
sensibilities of the time, which also divided the world into four
40:
855:"The Four Parts of the World – Representations of the Continents"
1400:
508:
466:
117:
66:
1060:
135:
figures. A set of loose conventions quickly arose as to the
207:
For Laurent's French readers, Asia ended at "our sea", the
535:, was also discovered. The iconography survived as the
152:
The ancient tripartite view of the observed known world
558:
Continents have occasionally been grouped together by
630:, first sighted in the early seventeenth century, or
53:
Europeans in the 16th century divided the world into
2524:
2501:
2468:
2432:
2365:
2259:
2167:
2158:
2087:
2008:
1814:
1618:
1399:
1357:
1266:
1257:
1205:
1162:
1102:
692:; Laurent de Premierfait's expanded translation of
477:. The Four Rivers theme appears for example in the
211:; Western Europeans were only dimly aware of the
972:Hall's Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art
935:. Vol. 1. Facts on File, Inc. p. 215.
527:With the European discovery of the existence of
473:respectively, and America is represented by the
1021:Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society
886:Proceedings of the America Antiquarian Society
481:, a 17th-century fountain in Rome designed by
1072:
8:
646:"Society and inquisition in Malta 1743-1798"
32:Four Continents Figure Skating Championships
672:
670:
550:symbolize the "Four Corners of the World".
405:and arrow. Perhaps she represents a fabled
2164:
1263:
1079:
1065:
1057:
997:Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
634:, first sighted in the nineteenth century.
442:The American millionaire philanthropist
227:, Asia began beyond the Hellespont with
859:Vivienne Morrell: Art / History / Books
758:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin
728:Scholia: Studies in Classical Antiquity
619:
366:. These depictions come straight from
853:Morell, Vivienne (November 12, 2014).
401:maiden in a feathered headdress, with
717:
715:
336:published one of the most successful
7:
814:Le Corbeiller, Claire (April 1961).
809:
807:
751:
749:
544:Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House
446:, who inherited a majority share in
865:from the original on April 22, 2019
203:A fourth corner: the enlarged world
709:.4 (February 1954:245-252) p. 249.
546:(1907), four sculptural groups by
34:. For the modern definitions, see
25:
2587:
2586:
1919:West South Central United States
974:, 1996 (2nd edn.), John Murray,
448:Equitable Life Assurance Society
307:
293:
279:
265:
2134:Latin America and the Caribbean
2000:Latin America and the Caribbean
1047:The Universe Divided into Fours
933:Encyclopedia of World Geography
249:Personification of the Americas
2651:Personifications of continents
489:in Rome, and in the painting
231:, where the Roman province of
1:
699:De Casibus Virorum Illustrium
655:: Durhem E-Theses. p. 38
593:Four Corners (disambiguation)
1601:Middle East and North Africa
1306:Middle East and North Africa
722:Maritz, J. A. (2002-01-01).
372:the Roman province of Africa
156:Before the discovery of the
908:Italian Renaissance Art.com
501:Fountain of the Four Rivers
452:New-York Historical Society
2667:
1894:Northeastern United States
824:Metropolitan Museum of Art
799:As coin of Hadrian, 136 AD
253:
246:
184:, and towards the north ("
172:as far as the rising sun (
45:The four continents, plus
29:
2582:
927:R.W. McColl, ed. (2005).
537:Four Corners of the World
479:Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi
465:, Africa and Asia by the
370:with personifications of
106:four corners of the world
2375:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
1379:Transantarctic Mountains
644:Ciappara, Frans (1998).
2124:Caribbean South America
990:Cleveland Museum of Art
892:: 52 – via JSTOR.
102:four parts of the world
18:Four Parts of the World
1904:Southern United States
1707:Scandinavian Peninsula
1011:Winterthur Portfolio 3
1004:Winterthur Portfolio 2
439:
200:
162:Laurent de Premierfait
153:
144:A three-cornered world
50:
2380:Antarctic Convergence
1924:Western United States
626:Nothing was known of
548:Daniel Chester French
429:
247:Further information:
166:
151:
44:
2636:History of geography
2626:Intellectual history
1446:Greater Central Asia
999:(Apr. 1961): 209–23.
483:Gian Lorenzo Bernini
393:The iconic image of
192:and the river named
2592:Continents of Earth
2119:Brazilian Highlands
1528:Indian subcontinent
1389:Antarctic Peninsula
1187:Southern Hemisphere
1182:Northern Hemisphere
1037:The Four Continents
904:"Peter Paul Rubens"
492:The Four Continents
322:Woodcuts in Ripa's
112:(the "south"), the
91:cardinal directions
73:. Each of the four
2621:Physical geography
2407:Great Barrier Reef
2028:Mainland Australia
1736:Apennine Peninsula
1197:Western Hemisphere
1172:Eastern Hemisphere
440:
188:") it ends in the
154:
120:(the "east"), and
87:classical elements
51:
2608:
2607:
2488:Mediterranean Rim
2361:
2360:
2300:Mediterranean Sea
2154:
2153:
2107:Amazon Rainforest
1934:Canadian Prairies
1899:Pacific Northwest
1760:Iberian Peninsula
1545:Arabian Peninsula
1372:Antarctic Plateau
1132:Three/Four Worlds
942:978-0-8160-7229-3
704:The French Review
653:Durham University
603:Roof of the World
497:Peter Paul Rubens
95:classical virtues
16:(Redirected from
2658:
2590:
2589:
2569:Global Southwest
2564:Global Southeast
2554:Global Northwest
2549:Global Northeast
2539:Global Heartland
2483:Indian Ocean Rim
2165:
2057:Island Melanesia
1748:Balkan Peninsula
1523:Himalayan states
1470:Russian Far East
1264:
1192:Water Hemisphere
1081:
1074:
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894:
893:
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841:
840:
834:
828:. Archived from
820:
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790:
789:
753:
744:
743:
719:
710:
683:
677:
674:
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444:James Hazen Hyde
436:James Hazen Hyde
422:Other depictions
311:
297:
283:
269:
225:Age of Discovery
190:Maeotian marshes
21:
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2428:
2357:
2346:South China Sea
2255:
2198:Central America
2150:
2083:
2004:
1956:Northern Mexico
1944:Northern Canada
1929:Atlantic Canada
1884:Mountain states
1810:
1665:European Russia
1658:Southern Russia
1614:
1567:Iranian Plateau
1395:
1384:West Antarctica
1367:East Antarctica
1353:
1253:
1201:
1177:Land Hemisphere
1158:
1098:
1085:
1042:Hemisphere Maps
1033:
1026:(1) 45-79: 1990
967:
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770:10.2307/3257853
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584:
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399:Native American
352:map schematic.
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146:
124:(the "north").
55:four continents
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2600:Physical Earth
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2412:Mariana Trench
2409:
2399:
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2392:Atlantic Ocean
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2383:
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2362:
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2353:Southern Ocean
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2341:East China Sea
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2275:Atlantic Ocean
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2079:Remote Oceania
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2014:
2012:
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2002:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1949:Western Canada
1946:
1941:
1939:Eastern Canada
1936:
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1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
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1871:
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1653:South Caucasus
1650:
1648:North Caucasus
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1555:South Caucasus
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1029:
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1016:Higham, John,
1014:
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835:on 2019-08-05
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19:
2598: /
2596:List of seas
2594: /
2559:Global South
2544:Global North
2478:Atlantic Rim
2417:Ring of Fire
2397:Indian Ocean
2387:Arctic Ocean
2329:Persian Gulf
2324:Indian Ocean
2305:Adriatic Sea
2270:Arctic Ocean
2102:Amazon Basin
2097:Amazon Plain
2069:Near Oceania
1874:Mid-Atlantic
1824:Aridoamerica
1784:Northwestern
1697:Northwestern
1670:Southeastern
1562:Greater Iran
1501:Southeastern
1496:Pacific Asia
1465:Pacific Asia
1453:Northeastern
1409:Asia–Pacific
1152:Fourth World
1142:Second World
1023:
1020:
1010:
1003:
996:
985:
971:
953:
946:. Retrieved
932:
929:"continents"
922:
911:. Retrieved
907:
898:
889:
885:
879:
867:. Retrieved
858:
848:
837:. Retrieved
830:the original
822:
794:
761:
757:
734:(1): 65–79.
731:
727:
706:
703:
697:
685:
681:
657:. Retrieved
639:
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557:
526:
490:
460:
441:
416:
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394:
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383:
381:
355:
354:
344:
343:
338:emblem books
331:
323:
314:
300:
286:
272:
255:
206:
193:
173:
167:
155:
126:
101:
99:
54:
52:
2646:Iconography
2574:Global West
2534:Global East
2493:Pacific Rim
2435:waterbodies
2424:World Ocean
2249:New Zealand
2129:The Guianas
2018:Australasia
1961:West Indies
1889:New England
1869:Great Lakes
1839:Mesoamerica
1726:Middle East
1702:Scandinavia
1591:Middle East
1429:Caspian Sea
1335:Great Lakes
1315:Sub-Saharan
1301:Middle East
1164:Hemispheres
1147:Third World
1137:First World
1090:'s primary
659:10 December
564:Afroeurasia
438:collection.
368:Roman coins
334:Cesare Ripa
243:Iconography
186:septentrion
174:"devers le
137:iconography
79:Renaissance
2641:4 (number)
2631:Continents
2615:Categories
2315:Ionian Sea
2310:Aegean Sea
2280:Baltic Sea
2212:Antarctica
2064:Micronesia
2033:New Guinea
1991:Portuguese
1914:West Coast
1864:East Coast
1859:Bible Belt
1854:Appalachia
1533:Subregions
1441:Inner Asia
1359:Antarctica
1259:Continents
1232:Antarctica
1207:Landmasses
1117:Down Under
1112:Arab World
1096:subregions
992:, 1975–77.
980:0719541476
965:References
913:2019-04-29
839:2019-03-24
632:Antarctica
608:Seven Seas
572:Antarctica
541:Beaux-Arts
533:Antarctica
376:cornucopia
324:Iconologia
256:Iconologia
229:Asia Minor
221:Hellespont
108:refers to
75:continents
2511:Antarctic
2295:Irish Sea
2285:Black Sea
2244:Australia
2193:Caribbean
2170:continent
2144:Patagonia
2074:Polynesia
2052:Melanesia
2045:Zealandia
2023:Australia
1909:Southwest
1829:Caribbean
1606:Near East
1247:submerged
1242:Zealandia
1237:Australia
1127:Old World
1122:New World
778:0026-1521
740:1018-9017
694:Boccaccio
676:Hall, 129
628:Australia
598:Four Seas
588:Continent
576:Australia
529:Australia
458:museums.
432:porcelain
360:Cleopatra
332:In 1593,
158:New World
133:porcelain
47:Australia
36:continent
2038:Tasmania
1986:Hispanic
1849:Northern
1796:Germanic
1774:Atlantic
1716:Southern
1677:Northern
1643:Caucasus
1579:Dead Sea
1550:Caucasus
1518:Southern
1511:Maritime
1506:Mainland
1479:Northern
1460:Far East
1419:Aral Sea
1342:Southern
1286:Northern
955:Panama).
863:Archived
826:Bulletin
582:See also
560:landmass
517:La Plata
475:La Plata
469:and the
430:Set of
397:shows a
114:Americas
2239:Oceania
2227:by area
2183:America
2160:Islands
2010:Oceania
1879:Midwest
1834:Central
1801:Romance
1769:Western
1638:Balkans
1633:Eastern
1628:Central
1596:Mashriq
1540:Western
1484:Siberia
1436:Eastern
1414:Central
1347:Western
1320:Central
1296:Mashriq
1291:Maghreb
1281:Saharan
1227:America
1220:Eurasia
1092:regions
948:26 June
869:July 2,
786:3257853
568:America
523:Decline
485:in the
395:America
382:Ripa's
287:America
217:cratons
195:Thanaus
182:our sea
104:or the
97:, etc.
93:, four
89:, four
85:, four
83:seasons
63:America
2526:Global
2516:Arctic
2455:Rivers
2433:Other
2367:Oceans
2222:Europe
2178:Africa
1971:French
1844:Middle
1806:Slavic
1791:Celtic
1692:Nordic
1682:Baltic
1620:Europe
1574:Levant
1268:Africa
1104:Worlds
978:
939:
784:
776:
738:
688:levant
513:Ganges
505:Danube
471:Ganges
463:Danube
407:Amazon
388:censer
356:Africa
345:Europa
326:(1603)
315:Europa
273:Africa
237:Orient
170:Orient
129:façade
122:Europe
110:Africa
71:Europe
69:, and
59:Africa
2503:Polar
2448:lists
2443:Lakes
2262:ocean
1981:Ibero
1976:Latin
1966:Anglo
1088:Earth
833:(PDF)
819:(PDF)
782:JSTOR
649:(PDF)
614:Notes
554:Today
2460:Seas
2217:Asia
1489:Ural
1401:Asia
1330:Horn
1325:East
1094:and
976:ISBN
950:2012
937:ISBN
871:2019
774:ISSN
736:ISSN
661:2016
574:and
509:Nile
467:Nile
384:Asia
364:asps
301:Asia
233:Asia
118:Asia
100:The
67:Asia
2470:Rim
2260:By
2168:By
1024:100
890:100
766:doi
696:'s
503:, (
495:by
403:bow
362:'s
239:".
2617::
952:.
931:.
906:.
888:.
861:.
857:.
821:.
806:^
780:.
772:.
762:19
760:.
748:^
732:11
730:.
726:.
714:^
707:27
669:^
651:.
578:.
570:,
566:,
519:)
515:,
511:,
507:,
499:.
65:,
61:,
57::
1080:e
1073:t
1066:v
916:.
873:.
842:.
788:.
768::
742:.
663:.
198:.
178:"
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
