977:, Montmorency, absent from the city, was furious to hear of the killing of one of his kin. Back in 1570, he had promised the king that he would pursue vengeance if any harm came to his cousin. He renewed this vow on condition the king himself did not claim responsibility for the murder. The king initially blamed a private quarrel between Guise and the Châtillon for the killing before altering his story to assert that it had been his orders. No longer subject to the obligations of aristocratic honour to strike back in his feud, Montmorency resolved to remain loyal to the king. While staying at Senlis, he exerted his influence to prevent an expansion of the massacre that was unfolding in Paris. He took charge of Coligny's body once he had acquired it from where it lay in Paris, ensuring that it received burial.
780:
she began a regular stream of correspondence with
Montmorency. In total during the courts travels across France she would send 74 letters to him. Her concern proved to be justified, as the feud between the Guise and Montmorency heated up in the city while the court was in Languedoc. Montmorency's open partisanship with Coligny and his faction during this period was of considerable distress to the court. From their travels Catherine wrote to him urging all nobles who were not in the household of residents to be retired from the city. Montmorency, unwilling to dilute the heavy retinue of followers he enjoyed in Paris complained to her that she was interfering with his authority. She shot back that Lansac and de Garde would enforce the royal will if he wouldn't.
929:
militant
Catholic population had for him, characterising him as a crypto-Protestant. He had one of the rioters hung and others prosecuted. Montmorency warned the king that his enemies the Guise were stockpiling weapons in the city, however nothing came of this. With anti-Protestant violence crushed under his authority in Paris, militant Parisians turned their attention to sectarian violence against Italians and 'witches', with a riot against the formers presence in the capital in June 1572. The 1570 peace had also secured his temporary ascendency at court, at the expense of the Guise who were disgraced. In July 1570 he won a battle of precedence in the court with
1274:: Or outre que monsieur de Montmorency fut valeureux, il étoit sage et avisé capitaine et fort politique, et pour ce le Roi, quand il s'en alla faire le tour de son Royaume, il le laissa gouverneur de l'isle de France et de Paris, là il montra bien sa sagesse et bonne conduite; car ayant rouvé ce peuple de Paris, qui de frais ne sortoit que la guerre civile, encore grand ennemi des Huguenots, mutin, seditieux, croullant, et bouillant tout de mutination et d'envie dépandre toujours du sang, ... Il le rendit souple et maniable comme un gant chevrotin de Vendôme, dont le Roy en eut très-grand contentement....
965:, intended as a security for the 1570 peace, Montmorency quickly departed the city, leaving two days after the event on 20 August. His reason for leaving has been ascribed both to illness and fear of a plot against his family. He advised Coligny to leave the city with him, but he had business to attend to with the king and tarried. On 22 August an assassin made an attempt on Coligny's life, leaving the situation in the capital explosive and without the presence of the governor to assert control over the situation and suppress disorder as he had in 1571.
801:, brother of the late duke aimed to make a show of force entry into Paris with an armed retinue, hoping that this could provide advantage after the failure to pursue their case against the Admiral through legal channels. Montmorency refused the Cardinal entry to the city under arms. While Lorraine technically had a royal permit to travel with an armed escort he refused to show it to Montmorency, making his entry illegal. Therefore ignoring the prohibition Lorraine and his retinue entered the city through the
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station royal troops in the capital instead. The captains rejected this threat, ominously warning
Montmorency that if the captain of a ship would not do what needed to be done, the pilots would put their hands on the helm. During the third civil war Montmorency acted as an intermediary for negotiations between his kinsmen Coligny and the royal court, in the hopes of reaching a peace settlement. By this time he had a reputation in court as a member of a middle party, that would in future be termed
852:, the Protestant army that had intended to capture the king pursued him and the court as they fled to Paris, unable to catch him on the road, Condé established a siege of the capital. Inside the city the situation was tense, as first fears of Protestant's storming the city and then fears of starving during a siege drove much of the population into a fury. Some militant Catholics accused Montmorency and his father the Constable of treason in favour of the Protestants after the fall of
1074:, warmly receiving the magnate and listening to his grievances about the treatment of Protestants. Henri restored Damville to his governate, and proposed a more limited toleration of Protestantism. As far as Damville's complaints about the captivity of his brother, Henri promised to consider their situation upon his arrival in Paris. Having reached Paris Henri refused Damville's request to release his brother. Damville accused Henri of trying to murder his brother in his cell.
43:
639:, in which Protestants attempted to seize the king and kill his advisers, Montmorency and his father quickly hurried to Paris, this was both to ensure the city was calm and that there was no potential for subversion related to the conspiracy to unfold in the city. The gates were closed, regular guards were reinforced and searches undertaken. Those who were not resident to the capital had to provide reasons for their presence or depart in 24 hours.
767:. He began his enforcement responsibilities with a visit to Picardie. Having arrived, he ensured that the king's majority was recognised, and that towns abided by the recent edicts, he further held responsibility for the disarmament of the populace, excluding border towns. This appointment risked overstretching Montmorency, who already had a consuming task keeping his governorship in order.
892:, chancellor of France and Lorraine sparred over the matter, Lorraine angrily denouncing Hôpital as a Protestant. Montmorency had to intervene between the two as Lorraine grabbed the elderly Hôpital's beard and threatened to assault him. The debate settled in the war parties favour, France once more descended into civil war, however the three marshals refused to serve in the conflict.
492:. Having sieged the fortress for a month it at last fell to the imperial forces, who razed the settlement to the ground, and captured 1000 prisoners, among them Montmorency who had been among the defenders of the city. Indeed it was Montmorency to whom the task of negotiating the surrender fell. Shortly after the destruction of Thérouanne the imperial army meted out the same fate to
314:
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managed to coax
Montmorency into returning to court, shortly thereafter upon hearing of another escape attempt involving Alençon and Navarre Montmorency was placed under arrest. The nobles La Mole and Coconas, who had planned the escape were interrogated, Coconas confessed that the Montmorencies were behind the attempt, and that Alençon was to link up with the rebel prince
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the prévôt des marchands and other authorities hurried to the scene, to contain the crowds. However despite their efforts, several would be killed in the coming days. Catherine voiced her considerable displeasure about the chaotic situation in the capital, advising
Montmorency on 8 February to bring more troops into the capital to contain the populace.
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a brother to the king his presence among the rebels presented a serious threat to the court. Among his many demands he listed the release of
Montmorency and Cossé, a demand that was met on 2 October, the court desperate to re-secure his loyalty. In response the Montmorency brothers, once more granted freedom to manoeuvrer invaded France.
346:. Upon finding out the Constable was furious, and flew into a rage, retiring to his hôtel for two weeks during which he spoke to no one. The Constable attempted to persuade Jeanne to become a nun which would release his son from their arrangement. Montmorency for his part was dispatched to Rome to get the arrangements annulled, but
387:, where he showed his wisdom and good leadership, because, having found the people of Paris, just emerged from civil war, still a great enemy of the Huguenots, mutinous, seditious, shaking and boiling all over, with mutiny and envy, always spilling blood, ... he rendered them supple and easy to handle like a buckskin glove from
861:, though the Constable was killed during the battle. After the death of the Constable it was Montmorency who led the royal army to victory. In January 1568 Montmorency was again among the commissioners who sought to bring the war to a close, but they failed to arrive at terms. The second war was brought to a close with the
193:. He would hold these offices with brief interruptions until his death, building a sizeable power base in the capital. His father was disappointed to learn on his release that he had secretly arranged a marriage, and Montmorency was forced to annul the arrangement so he could marry the king's daughter
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In
February 1575 during negotiations to end the civil war, the Protestant deputies negotiating with the crown demanded the release of Montmorency and Cossé. More politically dangerous than the renegade Montmorency brothers was the flight from his imprisonment at court of Alençon in September 1575. As
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with Aumale, where they were besieged by mocking
Parisians who he had hoped would flock to his banner upon his entry into the capital. During the skirmish, one of Lorraine's men had been killed. A few days after this humiliation they quietly slipped out of the city. Coligny meanwhile arrived in Paris
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in the form of an informal alliance against
Protestantism, urging his father not to abandon nobles who were reliable friends of the family for a relationship with his bitterest rival. In May 1561 the English ambassador reported that Montmorency had absented himself from Charles' sacre as he would not
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summoned by the Guise in response to both the religious crisis that was engulfing the kingdom and the financial problems which had been left by Henri II. The assembly agreed that the religious question would be left to a general assembly of the church, while the financial question would be dealt with
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which created an Anglo-French alliance. While this delighted
Coligny, who saw it as the first step towards war with Spain, no further moves towards war would be taken. Montmorency too shared the desire for a return to war against Spain, recruiting soldiers for the effort with Coligny in early August
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In May 1568 a royal council discussed how best to ensure this peace was preserved, Montmorency argued that what was necessary was for nobles to remain under arms, while a disarming of the populace of towns was undertaken. At the same time discussions were occurring concerning a new head of the army,
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During April 1552 Montmorency briefly campaigned in Italy besieging the castle of Lanzo under Brissac's direction, however with little success he and many of the other high ranking nobles who had flocked south in search of glory, hurried back north to join with Henri. Alongside Henri he participated
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accused Montmorency of having hired the sieur de Ventabren to have him assassinated. Montmorency and Ventabren denied the charge, however Montmorency no longer feeling welcome at court departed. His withdrawal removed a moderating influence on the opposition to the Guise at court. With his absence,
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with the dual purpose of enforcing the young king's authority on the independent minded magnates of the provinces, and ensuring that the terms of the peace were abided by. Catherine feared however that the courts absence from the capital could lead to dangerous developments in the city. To this end
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refused. Montmorency blamed the duke of Guise for this failure, much to the duke's dismay. Not easily defeated Constable Montmorency oversaw the passing of a law in 1557 allowing a father to disinherit a son under the age of 30 if they married without their father's consent. The law was passed with
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which brought the war to a close in May 1576, Montmorency and Cossé were restored the honours they had been stripped of upon their detainment. The edicts terms were read out to the court in his presence. The presence of Catholics on both sides of the fifth war of religion including the Montmorency
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In November 1568, Montmorency summoned the captains of the city militia to him, to explain their recent actions, which included organising book burnings and harassing Protestants in their homes. Montmorency chided them and warned that if they did not get into line with royal policy, the king would
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In January 1563 a powder reserve in one of Paris' arsenals detonated. Militant Catholics in the city blamed the Protestants for having sabotaged the powder supply. The nucleus of a riot began to formulate, with violence being meted out to those Protestants suspected of responsibility. Montmorency,
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on the court however which wanted to distribute them itself, several councillors came to the Marshal to demand that the entire output be handed over to them. Their displeasure at how the situation had unfolded would be reflected in the remonstrances they raised in February. Finally on 6 March they
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and Navarre as the ringleaders of this attempt on the court. The Papal Nuncio believed Montmorency was aware of the conspiracy, but had chosen not to involve himself. Alençon and Navarre meanwhile denied the charges but were kept under watch at court which retreated to Vincennes. In April Charles
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to Condé's army. It was rumoured that Montmorency had told the garrison to capitulate. Indeed both the Constable and Montmorency were involved in negotiations with their cousin and other representatives of the Protestants in October, however these broke down with the Constable angrily quarrelling
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was among three delegates who travelled to Montmorency to petition him for the maintenance of the memorial. Popular opinion became increasingly violent, culminating in a riot in December 1571 in favour of its preservation. Montmorency oversaw the crushing of the unrest, furthering the hatred the
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in Picardie. With the return from captivity of the Constable in 1558, the Guise were pushed once more from the limelight by the king's favourite. The duke of Guise, resentful about his loss of authority, lashed out uncharacteristically, challenging Montmorency to a duel over a perceived slight.
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Catherine engineered a forceful reconciliation between the Guise and Coligny, and of that between the Guise and Marshal Montmorency, the most forthright defender of Coligny in the Montmorency family. Coligny and Lorraine were forced to exchange the kiss of peace, in theory settling their feud.
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and towards a more obscure location. As governor of the Île de France, Montmorency was responsible for all sites of worship in the various bailli of the region. To ensure that the terms were abided by across France, a commissioner system was established by the crown, with several commissioners
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would serve as the kingdom's lieutenant general while the office would be left vacant. Montmorency, his brother Damville and Vielleville opposed this plan, as the young Anjou was currently representing the most extreme Catholic faction at court. To break the militant hold on the young prince,
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in the closing days of the first war. Both he and his father, who was militantly Catholic defended his cousin at court from the accusations of the Guise family who wanted an investigation opened into Coligny. Both justified their defence of their Protestant kinsmen as a family matter that was
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in which much of the French army was destroyed and Montmorency's father the Constable captured, Montmorency was among the captains that led the remnants of the French army to safety, having fought in the engagement himself but avoided capture. He and Bourdillon led two cannons from the field,
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In early 1567, the continued subversions of the peace of Amboise by the Protestants of Paris, was wearing thin on Catherine, who was conscious that militant Catholics were keen to engage in more violence in the city. She urged Montmorency to instruct the Protestants of the city to 'live more
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Upon the sudden death of Henri II, a palace revolution quickly followed. The Guise, utilising their relationship as uncles to the new queen of France asserted their dominance over the crown. Their ascendency came at the expense of Henri II's favourite the Constable. To this end the office of
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would be used to buy back his son's freedom. In May 1556 Aarschot escaped his imprisonment, infuriating Montmorency, both for the violation of aristocratic honour and the loss of revenue it represented. In July word reached the court that the Imperial captors would lower the ransom to 50,000
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Though restored to his honours, Montmorency found his influence at court did not recover from his families involvement in the Malcontent plots of 1574-5. Moreover he found himself worn and aged by his imprisonment. In March 1579 he was entrusted by Henri as a special commissioner alongside
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after a Protestant congregation failed to remove their hats as the host passed them, leaving 40 dead. Montmorency took charge of bringing royal justice to bear, during which he condemned 66 to death and levied fines on others. This further cemented the hatred many Catholics had for him.
627:, which the Constable had hoped to provide to his son was usurped for the duke of Guise. The Guise could not however afford to totally alienate such a powerful magnate, as such to compensate the family for the seizure of this post, the Constable's first son was granted the Marshal baton.
253:. His brothers escaped court and entered rebellion, however he would not be released until Alençon himself escaped court in September 1575 and his release was demanded. Weakened by his imprisonment he spent the final years of his life less involved in affairs of court, dying in 1579.
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modestly'. Montmorency's warning had little effect, and the illegal services, marriages and baptisms continued in the city. As the Constable increasingly aged, he planned for the succession of his titles, hoping to impart the office of Constable to his son, this was a frustration to
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to impress the king's demands for more money on a special session of the Estates. Upon the death of Montmorency on 6 May 1579, his brother Damville became duke of Montmorency. Damville found himself burdened by his brothers considerable debts, Montmorency having accumulated 110,000
865:
in March of that year, the commissioners having at last succeeded in their efforts. One of the terms of the peace was that the crown would pay off the Protestant mercenaries that had been hired by Condé. To this end money was appropriate from the royal treasury, and Montmorency and
839:
who coveted the office for himself. The ambitions the leading Protestant nobles in combination with the inflammatory policy of the Spanish in crushing the Protestants of the Spanish Netherlands drove them into rebellion once more, striking upon a plan to seize the king at Meaux.
197:. As governor of the Île de France he exerted a moderate Catholic influence that infuriated radical elements of the city that accused him of crypto Protestantism. This was advantageous to him as the crown increasingly moved in the direction of toleration, culminating in the
351:
retroactive effect, so Montmorency was compelled to annul his marriage and go with his father's choice. He wrote to Jeanne releasing her from her obligations to him and urging her to do likewise for him. The Constable compensated her through an arrangement of a marriage to
329:
was once again marriagable. Constable Montmorency seeing the potential for advantage to the family, convinced the king to marry her to his son, François de Montmorency. Uninterested in the marriage selected for him, Montmorency defied his family, swearing legally binding
888:. At another council meeting in September 1568, a discussion about the prospect of accepting the Pope's offer of financial relief to the financially beleaguered kingdom in return for resuming a war against heresy was discussed. The tenor of the debate became heated as
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Montmorency protested that he had done nothing to dishonour the Guise, and reported what had transpired to the king and Constable. The king was annoyed at Guise's behaviour, while the Constable laughed it off, recognising it as being a sign of political desperation.
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which recognised the right of Protestant worship in 1562. During the early civil wars he remained loyal to the crown but represented a conciliatory position on the royal council, frequently partaking in peace talks. During the second war of religion he fought at
241:, Montmorency was absent from the city, having retired to his estates with an illness. He considered revenging himself on the Guise, until the king informed him the assassination had his blessing. In 1574 Montmorency found himself close to the king's brother
177:
campaign in which the French army was destroyed and his father captured. After serving as a lieutenant in Picardie he found himself gaining advantage on the death of Henri II, the new Guise regime compensating the Montmorency family for their seizure of the
924:, which had been elevated to commemorate the killing of the Protestant Gastines family, had to be torn down. Montmorency was to oversee the removal of this monument, which was beloved by many of the militant Catholics of the city. The radical preacher
731:, the Protestants were granted one site of worship per baillage, the court was keen that these sites would be selected in small out of the way locations away from population centres. To this end Catherine instructed Montmorency to relocate the site in
968:
With the royal council drawing up kill lists to sever the head of the Protestant leadership on 23 August, rumours would later swirl that Montmorency's name had been floated for inclusion among the executions however if true, it was removed. Upon the
659:
As early as 1561 Montmorency had acquired a reputation for moderate Catholicism, the English ambassador reported that he was 'said not to be against our religion'. He remonstrated with his father in April 1561 when the Constable reconciled with the
546:, who had held the post since 1551, Coligny in turn was shuffled into the governorship of Picardie. He would hold these posts largely uninterrupted until his death in 1579, the role of governor of Paris changing hands a couple of times. In 1561
173:. In the latter engagement he was captured by Imperial forces, and put up for ransom. He would spend the next three years in captivity before returning to France in 1556. Returning to the conflict immediately he participated in the disastrous
533:
Constable Montmorency was still keen for his son to receive the key governorship of Paris, and ensured it was earmarked for him while Montmorency was still in Imperial captivity. In 1556, Montmorency received appointment as governor of the
599:
made it clear that this appointment allowed him to act as the de facto governor of Picardie. Meanwhile the Constable's enemy, the Guise family, free of their rival led the war effort from Paris, achieving a counter stroke with the
439:
was created governor of Piedmont and put in charge of military support. Henri dispatched military companies to assist him in the coming conflict. The flower of the French nobility joined the forces, among them the younger sons of
1000:
During January 1574, with the support of Montmorency, who was becoming a close friend, Charles IX promised the office of lieutenant-general to Alençon. In February, while the court was resident at Montmorency's residence, the
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ignored their demands, and instead insisted on receiving physical copies so they could review the text and prepare their response. Montmorency oversaw the printing of them and by the following week they were in the hands of
857:
with Coligny. The threat of a riot in Paris pushed the Montmorency's into action, and on 10 November Constable Montmorency led an army out to break the siege, which they successfully did with a victory at
362:
Of moderate religious inclinations, his proclivities were complemented by his wife. She exerted a conciliatory influence on the court and supported her husbands tolerant attitude towards Protestantism.
984:. The city had gone into rebellion following the massacre, Montmorency fought with the royal army in suppressing the city. The siege and war would ultimately be brought to an end by the king's brother
711:, demanding the edict be published on threat of seizing churches for themselves. Montmorency reported that thousands of armed men were threatening the city, and that to avert serious disturbance, the
419:
where they demanded the transportation of the sacred oils to anoint Henri be taken to the cathedral. He and the other nobles stayed in the basilica until the important oils were returned as hostages.
525:, furthering the Constables desire for peace. In August with the ransom paid, Montmorency returned to France. The Constable was at first overjoyed, until he learned of his son's marital situation.
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against the Emperor, Henri was feeling confident, and lost himself in celebrations for this landmark accomplishment. He staged a grand procession in the city featuring Montmorency and his brother
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With the death of Charles in May 1574, Anjou hurried back from the Commonwealth to take the French throne, assuming the regnal name of Henri III. On route, he held an interview with Damville in
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responsible for each region of France. There were concerns however that these commissioners would struggle to assert their authority over local interests, to this end the three Marshals,
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would hold the role of governor of Paris. Upon receiving the appointment in 1556, Montmorency was granted a large monetary gift by the town council of Paris. He made his entrance to the
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In July 1572 Montmorency was dispatched as a diplomat to England, his reputation as someone who would tolerate Protestantism making him an obvious choice for the king to have sign the
221:, brother to the late duke attempted a show of force entry into the city, only to be repulsed in a skirmish with Montmorency's forces. Though the two sides were forced to reconcile at
1013:, in response Alençon began plotting. On 27 February a Protestant force was seen in the vicinity of the court, and while it was dispersed accusations were levelled at the ambitious
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due to the present vacancy of the office of Constable. Catherine determined that no longer would the office be dominated by powerful magnates, and that instead the king's brother
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in 1562, which for the first time granted official toleration to the presence of two faiths in France. This explosive edict was expected to receive strong opposition from the
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wrote of Montmorency: "Now, besides the fact that Monsieur de Montmorency was brave, he was a wise and shrewd captain and a strong politician, and for this, the King [
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Broomhall, Susan (2019). "Corresponding romances: Henri II and the last campaigns of the Italian Wars". In Downes, Stephanie; Lynch, Andrew; O'Loughlin, Katrina (eds.).
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saying that the Admiral brought the support of the 'reformed religion' which was useful against his enemies the Guise. In January 1566, while the court was resident at
595:
as a special lieutenant. This gave him military authority over the border region during the crisis that now consuming the kingdom. The king's orders to the governor of
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family, had stripped the conflict of much of its confessional character as it devolved more openly into a battle for supremacy at court between political factions.
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Montmorency and Diane were married in May 1557. The marriage would not produce any sons, as such he would be succeeded by his brother to his titles on his death.
293:(1547-1593). The careers of all these brothers would be shaped by the French Wars of Religion. Anne de Montmorency was a fervent Catholic, and favourite to kings
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and Montmorency were assigned super regions in which they were to reinforce the commissioners authority. Montmorency was given the region of his governorship,
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decrying 'we defeated them over and over, yet despite that they had such good credit on the king's council that the edicts were always favourable to them'.
452:. For now France and the Empire were not formerly at war, both providing assistance to proxies, however this fiction would be shattered the following year.
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1057:. The court hoped that the captivity of their brother would prevent them from crossing the border and invading France with the threat of execution.
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on 22 January to offer his support to the Marshal accompanied by 70 gentleman. Montmorency defended his calling on Coligny in front of the Paris
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in the engagement. Meanwhile Aumale entered the city via another gate without opposition. Lorraine for his part was forced to retreat to the
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With Guise's campaign into Italy in January 1557, Montmorency accompanied him, bringing his company with him. In the wake of the disastrous
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516:, a reduction from the original 100,000 the Constable was promised that the ransom attained from the most prominent imperial prisoner
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While he had been in opposition to his cousin during the first war of religion, with the coming of peace Montmorency reconciled with
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in 1566 the feud would continue. Montmorency was the lone voice at court in support of Coligny's plan to bring France into war with
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1053:, who were more open about their rebellious desires meanwhile escaped into Germany, where they raised a mercenary army alongside
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604:, which had resisted French control for 200 years. By May 1558, the triumphant Guise secured Montmorency's replacement with
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to bring word of the armies entry into Germany to the Protestant princes with whom France was allied. After the successful
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444:, the Bourbon-Vendôme prince's of the blood and Montmorency. In 1551 Brissac's force executed a coup with the capture of
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at court, and was accused of involvement in an attempt on the duke of Guise's life, leaving court, he was convinced by
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registered the edict. In the final days before the edicts registration, bands of students began to riot in the
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Conflict of Loyalties: Politics and Religion in the Career of Gaspard de Coligny, Admiral of France, 1519–1572
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Charles retracted the offer of the lieutenant-generalship to Alençon, granting it to a cousin of the Guise
992:. Upon returning to court in December 1573, the duke of Guise showed his displeasure by promptly retiring.
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Conscious that the state of peace was still very fragile, Catherine decided in 1564, that the court would
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Noble Power during the French Wars of Religion: The Guise Affinity and the Catholic Cause in Normandy
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246:
185:
Back in 1556 on his return from captivity he had been granted the dual honour of the governorship of
166:
3719:
3707:
3665:
3641:
3456:
3408:
3112:
921:
408:
3725:
3713:
3695:
3629:
3528:
3360:
3348:
3221:
2899:
2830:
2823:
985:
880:
862:
760:
465:
339:
270:
150:
132:
112:
42:
30:
3761:
3689:
3671:
3312:
3209:
3161:
2739:
One King, One Faith: The Parlement of Paris and the Religious Reformation of the Sixteenth Century
693:
to order them to register it immediately and without the traditional process of remonstrance. The
3653:
3593:
3498:
3402:
3390:
3342:
3100:
958:
901:
756:
686:
298:
274:
158:
154:
141:(17 July 1530 – 6 May 1579) was a French noble, governor, diplomat and soldier during the latter
122:
92:
3432:
3052:
3028:
48:
1038:
on 4 May. Upon learning of Damville's survival, he was dispossed of his governate in favour of
3438:
3420:
2792:
1268:
1087:
853:
849:
752:
596:
384:
34:
3510:
3414:
2917:
2893:
905:
870:
went as security for the remainder of the sum which was to be provided by Cardinal Bourbon.
728:
678:
535:
380:
198:
186:
399:
With the advent of a new king's reign, Montmorency had a part to play in the coronation at
3522:
3492:
3480:
3264:
3106:
3004:
2814:
2784:
The Wars of Religion in France 1559-1576: The Huguenots, Catherine de Medici and Philip II
823:
792:. This set him up for a confrontation with the house of Guise, who blamed Coligny for the
547:
501:
326:
249:
to return in April, only to be implicated in a conspiracy of Alençon's, and thrown in the
222:
194:
102:
63:
3635:
827:
Nevertheless this did little but paper over the hatred between the two parties, and when
3683:
764:
277:. His parents' marriage was fruitful, and they would go on to have another four sons;
3783:
3617:
3516:
3270:
3258:
3197:
481:
170:
161:
in 1547. With the resumption of the Italian Wars in 1551 he fought at the capture of
301:. He was disappointed by his sons more moderate Catholicism, and his beloved nephew
3605:
3396:
480:
in the defence of the city. The emperor meanwhile readied a new army and struck at
347:
142:
904:
for the generous peace that brought the third war of a religion to a close, with
831:
arrived at court, the Constable and Montmorency made their excuses and departed.
209:
Throughout this period he feuded with the Guise, allying himself with his cousin
3623:
3534:
3173:
925:
673:
The crown increasingly moved towards religious toleration in the early years of
3749:
2846:
809:
with Montmorency's forces. Montmorency was supported by the Protestant prince
685:
which would have to register it before it became law. As such Montmorency and
588:
461:
388:
313:
2974:
1027:
558:
before Montmorency again assumed the role. In a further twist, during 1562
403:. He and the other three representatives of the oldest baronies in France (
3179:
2649:
Anatomy of a Power Elite: the Provincial Governors in Early Modern France
1035:
748:
736:
489:
250:
87:
2658:
The Duke of Anjou and the Politique Struggle During the Wars of Religion
2622:
Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots in Sixteenth Century Paris
732:
592:
550:
was appointed as lieutenant-general of Paris, only to be replaced by
493:
485:
445:
162:
2712:
From Wives to Widows in Early Modern Paris: Gender, Economy, and Law
2676:
The St Bartholomew's Day Massacre: The Mysteries of a Crime of State
435:
the French began preparing to offer military support to their ally.
2640:
Writing War in Britain and France, 1370–1854: A History of Emotions
379:], when he went to tour his kingdom , left him Governor of the
1071:
937:
539:
449:
400:
226:
190:
157:, Montmorency began his political career during the coronation of
2766:
The French Secretaries of State in the Age of Catherine de Medici
2730:
Peace and Authority during the French Religious Wars c.1560-1600
2604:
Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
457:
448:, surprising the Emperor who had expected the French to relieve
2850:
1030:
and brother of Montmorency had been captured, Montmorency and
2721:
War and Government in the French Provinces: Picardy 1470-1560
464:. With the capture of Metz, Henri dispatched Montmorency and
1184:
1182:
949:
1572 but the council was in otherwise unanimous opposition.
182:
title with the provision of a Marshal baton to Montmorency.
2802:
Ward, A.W.; Prothero, G.W.; Leathes, Stanley, eds. (1934).
1252:
1250:
1248:
2131:
2129:
1828:
1826:
1465:
1463:
1270:
Mémoires de M. Pierre de Bourdeille, Seigneur de Brantôme
217:. This culminated in a showdown in his governorship when
2410:
2408:
1235:
1233:
2631:
François de Lorraine, duc de Guise entre Dieu et le Roi
1450:
1448:
1022:
in Germany. When a false rumour reached the court that
2748:
Society in Crisis: France during the Sixteenth Century
2794:
Dictionnaire de l'état-major français au XVIe siècle
2703:
Hero or Tyrant? Henry III, King of France, 1574-1589
980:
The following year, Montmorency participated in the
3572:
3544:
3249:
3140:
2884:
1137:
118:
108:
98:
86:
70:
56:
21:
206:where his father was killed, leaving him as duke.
2667:Histoire et Dictionnaire des Guerres de Religion
2577:History of the Rise of the Huguenots: Vol 2 of 2
484:in 1553 which held a strategic position between
269:Montmorency was born in 1530, the first son of
391:, with which the King was greatly satisfied."
2862:
8:
3825:French people of the French Wars of Religion
651:, who would consider a package of reforms.
355:, a secretary of state and a gift of 40,000
1613:
1553:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1379:
1319:
1307:
1283:
1200:
1188:
47:Portrait drawing of Montmorency, school of
2869:
2855:
2847:
2810:
2498:
2438:
2231:
2096:
2048:
2036:
2012:
1976:
1952:
1940:
1916:
1844:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1637:
1505:
1481:
1224:
884:Montmorency desired that he be married to
41:
18:
1343:
2534:
2147:
1988:
1928:
1904:
1868:
1793:
1149:
805:, and came out worse in a skirmish near
554:in May 1562 who was in turn replaced by
312:
2558:
2546:
2462:
2327:
2315:
2291:
2267:
2255:
2243:
2219:
2207:
2195:
2183:
2171:
2159:
2135:
2120:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2000:
1892:
1880:
1832:
1817:
1769:
1757:
1709:
1697:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1565:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1493:
1469:
1391:
1367:
1355:
1331:
1295:
1256:
1212:
1173:
1161:
1125:
1118:
797:unconnected from religion. To this end
215:assassinating the duke of Guise in 1563
16:French soldier and diplomat (1530–1579)
2510:
2486:
2474:
2426:
2414:
2399:
2387:
2375:
2279:
2108:
2024:
1856:
1805:
1781:
1625:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1454:
1239:
715:should register the edict post-haste.
642:In August 1560, he participated in an
542:. In this role he replaced his cousin
2775:The Huguenot Struggle for Recognition
2685:The French Wars of Religion 1559–1598
1964:
1649:
496:. Among the casualties at Hesdin was
7:
2522:
2450:
2363:
2351:
2339:
2303:
2797:(in French). Castanet. p. 349.
500:, newly wed to the king's daughter
2586:Henry II: King of France 1547–1559
794:assassination of the duke of Guise
427:As tensions rose in Italy between
14:
3077:Ambroise-François de Bournonville
2741:. University of California Press.
1138:Ward, Prothero & Leathes 1934
936:During 1571, violence erupted in
231:Coligny was assassinated in Paris
2971:Guillaume de Poitiers: 1478–14..
971:Assassination of Admiral Coligny
702:This did not please the leading
591:. Montmorency was dispatched to
3331:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon
957:Having attended the wedding of
283:Charles de Montmorency-Damville
3150:Louis-Auguste-Augustin d'Affry
2678:. Manchester University Press.
2584:Baumgartner, Frederic (1988).
918:Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
566:with a retinue of 200 nobles.
297:, who made him Constable, and
291:Guillaume de Montmorency-Thoré
1:
3855:Court of Charles IX of France
3379:François Certain de Canrobert
2806:. Cambridge University Press.
2723:. Cambridge University Press.
2660:. Cambridge University Press.
2597:. Cambridge University Press.
1272:, 1735, second volume, p. 129
1045:Montmorency's other brothers
975:Massacre of Saint Bartholomew
953:Massacre of Saint Bartholomew
799:Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine
239:Massacre of Saint Bartholomew
219:Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine
131:François de Montmorency, 2nd
3845:16th-century peers of France
3573:Military governors of Paris
3559:Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel
3545:Military governors of Paris
3250:Military governors of Paris
3216:Barthélemy Catherine Joubert
3143:of the Armed Forces in Paris
2804:The Cambridge Modern History
2620:Diefendorf, Barbara (1991).
973:in the opening hours of the
512:With a ransom set at 80,000
237:in the opening hours of the
153:, favourite of the king and
3835:Military governors of Paris
3547:under the German occupation
3385:Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers
3367:Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers
3252:after the French Revolution
2999:Antoine de La Rochefoucauld
2878:Military governors of Paris
2786:. Chicago University Press.
2773:Sutherland, Nicola (1980).
2764:Sutherland, Nicola (1962).
385:[Governor of] Paris
371:The contemporary historian
3871:
3035:Charles-Emmanuel de Savoie
2687:(3rd ed.). Routledge.
2624:. Oxford University Press.
2606:. Oxford University Press.
1109:in debts during his life.
585:François I, Duke of Nevers
317:Diane de France, his wife.
3850:Prisoners of the Bastille
3451:Paul-Vincent Faure-Biguet
3445:Georges-Auguste Florentin
3168:Jacques-François de Menou
3156:Jacques-François de Menou
2906:Waléran III de Luxembourg
2835:
2828:
2820:
2813:
2759:. Geneva: Librairie Droz.
2674:Jouanna, Arlette (2007).
2665:Jouanna, Arlette (1998).
2579:. Hodder & Stoughton.
920:, monuments, such as the
848:After the failure of the
677:. This culminated in the
213:who the Guise accused of
40:
28:
3295:Louis Sébastien Grundler
3228:François Joseph Lefebvre
3041:Jean-Francois de Faudoas
2782:Thompson, James (1909).
2777:. Yale University Press.
2710:Lanza, Janine M (2007).
2651:. Yale University Press.
2647:Harding, Robert (1978).
2602:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
2593:Carroll, Stuart (2005).
2588:. Duke University Press.
1034:were transferred to the
931:Charles, Duke of Mayenne
837:Louis I, Prince of Condé
556:the future Marshal Cossé
3830:Grand masters of France
3815:Barons of Chateaubriant
3612:Louis-Constant Morlière
3089:Gabriel de Rochechouart
3017:François de Montmorency
2887:under the Ancien Régime
2791:Vindry, Fleury (1901).
2737:Roelker, Nancy (1996).
2728:Roberts, Penny (2013).
2701:Knecht, Robert (2016).
2692:Knecht, Robert (2014).
1040:the Dauphin Montpensier
988:'s election as king of
868:the duke of Longueville
689:were dispatched to the
576:battle of Saint-Quentin
147:French Wars of Religion
23:François de Montmorency
3487:Michel-Joseph Maunoury
3475:Victor-Constant Michel
3469:Michel-Joseph Maunoury
3463:Jean-Baptiste Dalstein
3427:Félix-Gustave Saussier
3131:Louis de Cossé-Brissac
3119:Charles Louis d'Albert
3071:François de L'Hospital
2987:Gilbert de Montpensier
2746:Salmon, J.H.M (1975).
2719:Potter, David (1993).
2683:Knecht, R. J. (2010).
2656:Holt, Mack P. (2002).
2611:Cloulas, Ivan (1985).
606:Claude, Duke of Aumale
417:Basilica of Saint-Remi
325:, the king's daughter
318:
287:Gabriel de Montmorency
279:Henri I de Montmorency
167:famous defence of Metz
3840:Knights of the Garter
3564:Dietrich von Choltitz
3505:Charles Emile Moinier
3373:Bernard Pierre Magnan
3337:Nicolas-Joseph Maison
3319:Nicolas-Joseph Maison
3307:Pierre-Augustin Hulin
3301:Nicolas-Joseph Maison
3289:Louis de Rochechouart
3283:Pierre-Augustin Hulin
3186:Jacques Maurice Hatry
3125:Jean de Cossé-Brissac
3095:Charles III de Créquy
2912:Jean II de Luxembourg
2732:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2714:. Ashgate Publishing.
2633:. Classiques Garnier.
2575:Baird, Henry (1880).
1164:, pp. 1122–1128.
1102:Pomponne de Bellièvre
912:Saint-Germain-en-Laye
637:Conspiracy of Amboise
631:Conspiracy of Amboise
544:Gaspard II de Coligny
316:
303:Gaspard II de Coligny
260:Early life and family
3805:Dukes of Montmorency
3800:House of Montmorency
3204:Jean-François Moulin
2993:Charles II d'Amboise
2981:Antoine de Chabannes
2966:Antoine de Chabannes
2768:. The Athlone Press.
2755:Shimizu, J. (1970).
2694:Catherine de' Medici
2629:Durot, Éric (2012).
1011:the duke of Lorraine
1003:Château de Chantilly
982:siege of La Rochelle
963:Marguerite of Valois
644:Assembly of Notables
613:Reign of François II
518:the duke of Aarschot
3810:Counts of Dammartin
3744:Xavier de Zuchowicz
3702:Michel Fennebresque
3554:Otto von Stülpnagel
3361:Nicolas Changarnier
3349:Pierre-Claude Pajol
3222:Jean-Antoine Marbot
3141:General commanders
3047:Charles II de Cossé
2960:Charles de Gaucourt
2954:Charles I d'Amboise
2936:Jacques de Villiers
2930:Philippe de Ternant
2885:Governors of Paris
2831:Duke of Montmorency
2750:. Metheun & Co.
1784:, pp. 106–107.
1652:, pp. 570–574.
1140:, p. table 27.
890:Michel de l'Hôpital
863:Peace of Longjumeau
655:Reign of Charles IX
635:In the wake of the
581:the Prince of Condé
579:rendezvousing with
570:Return to the fight
415:) travelled to the
340:Catherine de Medici
332:paroles de promesse
321:After the death of
271:Anne de Montmorency
169:and the defence of
151:Anne de Montmorency
133:Duke of Montmorency
113:Anne de Montmorency
31:Duke of Montmorency
3820:Marshals of France
3594:Paul Legentilhomme
3588:Marie-Pierre Kœnig
3499:Adolphe Guillaumat
3403:Paul de Ladmirault
3391:Louis-Jules Trochu
3355:Tiburce Sébastiani
3343:Auguste de Marmont
3325:Hyacinthe Despinoy
3277:Jean-Andoche Junot
3240:Jean-Andoche Junot
3180:Napoléon Bonaparte
3059:Charles du Plessis
3023:René de Villequier
1061:Reign of Henri III
498:the Duke of Castro
456:in the capture of
323:the duke of Castro
319:
305:'s Protestantism.
275:Madeleine of Savoy
155:Madeleine of Savoy
123:Madeleine of Savoy
3777:
3776:
3756:Hervé Charpentier
3648:Philippe de Camas
3421:Alphonse Lecointe
2845:
2844:
2836:Succeeded by
2174:, p. 52, 61.
1088:Peace of Monsieur
1086:As a term of the
1082:Peace of Monsieur
1006:the Duke of Guise
916:As a term of the
854:Charenton-le-Pont
850:Surprise of Meaux
829:the Duke of Guise
803:porte Saint-Denis
727:As a term of the
709:Palais de Justice
665:partake in Mass.
602:capture of Calais
478:the duke of Guise
476:who had assisted
442:the duke of Guise
429:the duke of Parma
395:Reign of Henri II
336:Jeanne de Piennes
334:to another woman
128:
127:
35:Marshal of France
3862:
3732:Pierre Costedoat
3678:Jacques de Barry
3582:Philippe Leclerc
3511:Pierre Berdoulat
3415:Justin Clinchant
3083:Antoine d'Aumont
3065:Hercule de Rohan
3011:Charles de Cossé
2948:Charles de Melun
2942:Charles d'Artois
2924:Jean de Villiers
2918:Jean de La Baume
2871:
2864:
2857:
2848:
2821:Preceded by
2811:
2807:
2798:
2787:
2778:
2769:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2706:
2697:
2688:
2679:
2670:
2661:
2652:
2643:
2634:
2625:
2616:
2607:
2598:
2589:
2580:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1614:Baumgartner 1988
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1554:Baumgartner 1988
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1458:
1452:
1443:
1440:Baumgartner 1988
1437:
1431:
1428:Baumgartner 1988
1425:
1419:
1416:Baumgartner 1988
1413:
1407:
1404:Baumgartner 1988
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1380:Baumgartner 1988
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1320:Baumgartner 1988
1317:
1311:
1308:Baumgartner 1988
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1284:Baumgartner 1988
1281:
1275:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1243:
1237:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1201:Baumgartner 1988
1198:
1192:
1189:Baumgartner 1988
1186:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
990:the Commonwealth
906:Blaise de Monluc
844:Second civil war
729:Peace of Amboise
723:Peace of Amboise
679:Edict of January
669:Edict of January
560:Cardinal Bourbon
344:filles d'honneur
289:(1541-1562) and
199:Edict of January
140:
81:Château d'Écouen
77:
66:
45:
19:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:Christophe Abad
3738:Marcel Valentin
3660:Bernard Usureau
3574:
3568:
3546:
3540:
3523:Gaston Billotte
3493:Augustin Dubail
3481:Joseph Gallieni
3433:Émile Zurlinden
3265:Louis Bonaparte
3251:
3245:
3234:Édouard Mortier
3192:Pierre Augereau
3142:
3136:
3005:Paul de Thermes
2975:Louis d'Orléans
2894:Louis I d'Anjou
2886:
2880:
2875:
2841:
2826:
2815:French nobility
2801:
2790:
2781:
2772:
2763:
2754:
2745:
2736:
2727:
2718:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2673:
2664:
2655:
2646:
2637:
2628:
2619:
2610:
2601:
2592:
2583:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2499:Sutherland 1980
2497:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2439:Sutherland 1980
2437:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2232:Diefendorf 1991
2230:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2097:Diefendorf 1991
2095:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2049:Diefendorf 1991
2047:
2043:
2037:Sutherland 1980
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2013:Sutherland 1980
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1977:Sutherland 1962
1975:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1953:Diefendorf 1991
1951:
1947:
1941:Sutherland 1962
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1917:Diefendorf 1991
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1845:Diefendorf 1991
1843:
1839:
1831:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1746:Diefendorf 1991
1744:
1740:
1734:Diefendorf 1991
1732:
1728:
1722:Diefendorf 1991
1720:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1638:Diefendorf 1991
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1506:Diefendorf 1991
1504:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1482:Diefendorf 1991
1480:
1476:
1468:
1461:
1453:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1267:
1263:
1259:, p. 1125.
1255:
1246:
1238:
1231:
1225:Sutherland 1962
1223:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1128:, p. 1504.
1124:
1120:
1115:
1097:
1084:
1068:
1063:
998:
955:
946:Treaty of Blois
914:
876:
874:Third civil war
846:
790:Admiral Coligny
786:
773:
725:
700:Parlementaires.
671:
657:
649:Estates General
633:
620:
615:
572:
552:Marshal Brissac
548:Marshal Thermes
531:
510:
502:Diane de France
470:defence of Metz
437:Marshal Brissac
425:
397:
369:
327:Diane de France
311:
267:
262:
256:
223:Moulins, Allier
211:Admiral Coligny
195:Diane de France
136:
103:Diane de France
79:
75:
62:
61:
52:
49:François Clouet
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3868:
3866:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3782:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3720:Michel Guignon
3717:
3711:
3708:Hervé Navereau
3705:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3684:Jeannou Lacaze
3681:
3675:
3669:
3666:Philippe Clave
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3642:Louis Dodelier
3639:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3578:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3457:Jean Dessirier
3454:
3448:
3442:
3439:Joseph Brugère
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3409:Édouard Aymard
3406:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3255:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3174:Paul de Barras
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3146:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3113:Bernard Potier
3110:
3107:Duc de Tresmes
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2900:Jean ade Berry
2897:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2834:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2809:
2808:
2799:
2788:
2779:
2770:
2761:
2752:
2743:
2734:
2725:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2689:
2680:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2644:
2635:
2626:
2617:
2608:
2599:
2590:
2581:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:, p. 178.
2551:
2549:, p. 162.
2539:
2537:, p. 493.
2527:
2515:
2513:, p. 199.
2503:
2501:, p. 226.
2491:
2489:, p. 182.
2479:
2477:, p. 197.
2467:
2465:, p. 215.
2455:
2443:
2441:, p. 222.
2431:
2429:, p. 166.
2419:
2404:
2402:, p. 193.
2392:
2390:, p. 172.
2380:
2378:, p. 171.
2368:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2330:, p. 213.
2320:
2318:, p. 211.
2308:
2296:
2294:, p. 139.
2284:
2282:, p. 190.
2272:
2270:, p. 212.
2260:
2248:
2246:, p. 217.
2236:
2234:, p. 210.
2224:
2212:
2210:, p. 206.
2200:
2198:, p. 207.
2188:
2186:, p. 171.
2176:
2164:
2162:, p. 204.
2152:
2150:, p. 419.
2140:
2138:, p. 196.
2125:
2113:
2111:, p. 184.
2101:
2099:, p. 155.
2089:
2077:
2075:, p. 133.
2065:
2063:, p. 131.
2053:
2051:, p. 166.
2041:
2039:, p. 169.
2029:
2027:, p. 124.
2017:
2015:, p. 162.
2005:
1993:
1991:, p. 346.
1981:
1979:, p. 162.
1969:
1967:, p. 214.
1957:
1945:
1943:, p. 148.
1933:
1931:, p. 319.
1921:
1909:
1907:, p. 290.
1897:
1895:, p. 117.
1885:
1883:, p. 129.
1873:
1871:, p. 253.
1861:
1859:, p. 150.
1849:
1837:
1835:, p. 116.
1822:
1820:, p. 107.
1810:
1808:, p. 149.
1798:
1796:, p. 294.
1786:
1774:
1762:
1760:, p. 157.
1750:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1712:, p. 269.
1702:
1700:, p. 265.
1690:
1688:, p. 101.
1678:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1616:, p. 223.
1606:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1568:, p. 464.
1558:
1556:, p. 195.
1546:
1544:, p. 440.
1534:
1522:
1510:
1508:, p. 199.
1498:
1486:
1474:
1472:, p. 224.
1459:
1444:
1442:, p. 184.
1432:
1430:, p. 182.
1420:
1418:, p. 180.
1408:
1396:
1394:, p. 399.
1384:
1382:, p. 160.
1372:
1370:, p. 331.
1360:
1358:, p. 321.
1348:
1346:, p. 109.
1344:Broomhall 2019
1336:
1334:, p. 389.
1324:
1322:, p. 145.
1312:
1310:, p. 144.
1300:
1298:, p. 155.
1288:
1276:
1261:
1244:
1242:, p. 204.
1229:
1227:, p. 106.
1217:
1215:, p. 161.
1205:
1203:, p. 190.
1193:
1191:, p. 161.
1178:
1166:
1154:
1152:, p. 525.
1142:
1130:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1096:
1093:
1083:
1080:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1026:, governor of
997:
994:
954:
951:
922:Gastines Cross
913:
910:
875:
872:
845:
842:
815:Hôtel de Cluny
785:
782:
772:
769:
724:
721:
670:
667:
656:
653:
632:
629:
619:
616:
614:
611:
571:
568:
564:hôtel de ville
530:
527:
509:
506:
424:
421:
396:
393:
368:
365:
310:
307:
266:
263:
261:
258:
145:and the early
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
90:
84:
83:
78:(aged 48)
72:
68:
67:
58:
54:
53:
46:
38:
37:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3867:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3726:Michel Billot
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3714:Daniel Valéry
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3696:Alban Barthez
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3630:Maurice Gazin
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3618:Pierre Garbay
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3600:René Chouteau
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3543:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3529:Pierre Héring
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3517:Henri Gouraud
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3313:André Masséna
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3271:Joachim Murat
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3259:Joachim Murat
3257:
3256:
3254:
3248:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3198:Louis Lemoine
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3139:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2840:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2535:Thompson 1909
2531:
2528:
2525:, p. 66.
2524:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2456:
2453:, p. 57.
2452:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2420:
2417:, p. 98.
2416:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2366:, p. 39.
2365:
2360:
2357:
2354:, p. 36.
2353:
2348:
2345:
2342:, p. 37.
2341:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2309:
2306:, p. 35.
2305:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2258:, p. 65.
2257:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2222:, p. 35.
2221:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2148:Thompson 1909
2144:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2123:, p. 37.
2122:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2087:, p. 23.
2086:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2003:, p. 34.
2002:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1989:Thompson 1909
1985:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1955:, p. 81.
1954:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1929:Thompson 1909
1925:
1922:
1919:, p. 79.
1918:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1905:Thompson 1909
1901:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1869:Thompson 1909
1865:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1847:, p. 74.
1846:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1794:Thompson 1909
1790:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1772:, p. 66.
1771:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1748:, p. 77.
1747:
1742:
1739:
1736:, p. 70.
1735:
1730:
1727:
1724:, p. 69.
1723:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1676:, p. 57.
1675:
1670:
1667:
1664:, p. 55.
1663:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1640:, p. 55.
1639:
1634:
1631:
1628:, p. 60.
1627:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1604:, p. 85.
1603:
1598:
1595:
1592:, p. 84.
1591:
1586:
1583:
1580:, p. 83.
1579:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1532:, p. 21.
1531:
1526:
1523:
1520:, p. 15.
1519:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1496:, p. 42.
1495:
1490:
1487:
1484:, p. 23.
1483:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1457:, p. 81.
1456:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1286:, p. 62.
1285:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1176:, p. 56.
1175:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1150:Thompson 1909
1146:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:Marshal Cossé
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1004:
995:
993:
991:
987:
983:
978:
976:
972:
966:
964:
960:
952:
950:
947:
942:
939:
934:
932:
927:
923:
919:
911:
909:
907:
903:
899:
893:
891:
887:
882:
873:
871:
869:
864:
860:
855:
851:
843:
841:
838:
832:
830:
825:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
791:
783:
781:
778:
770:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
743:
738:
734:
730:
722:
720:
716:
714:
710:
705:
701:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
668:
666:
663:
662:duke of Guise
654:
652:
650:
645:
640:
638:
630:
628:
626:
617:
612:
610:
607:
603:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
569:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:Île de France
528:
526:
524:
519:
515:
507:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
453:
451:
447:
443:
438:
434:
430:
422:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
394:
392:
390:
386:
382:
381:Île de France
378:
374:
366:
364:
360:
358:
354:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
324:
315:
308:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
285:(1537-1612),
284:
281:(1534-1614),
280:
276:
272:
264:
259:
257:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:duke of Guise
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
205:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:Île de France
183:
181:
176:
175:Saint-Quentin
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:. The son of
148:
144:
139:
135:
134:
124:
121:
117:
114:
111:
107:
104:
101:
97:
94:
91:
89:
85:
82:
73:
69:
65:
59:
55:
50:
44:
39:
36:
32:
27:
20:
3762:Bruno Le Ray
3690:Roger Périer
3672:Jean Favreau
3636:André Demetz
3606:Henri Zeller
3397:Joseph Vinoy
3210:Joseph Gilot
3162:Jean Thierry
3053:François d'O
3029:François d'O
3016:
2829:
2803:
2793:
2783:
2774:
2765:
2756:
2747:
2738:
2729:
2720:
2711:
2705:. Routledge.
2702:
2696:. Routledge.
2693:
2684:
2675:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2642:. Routledge.
2639:
2630:
2621:
2612:
2603:
2594:
2585:
2576:
2559:Carroll 2005
2554:
2547:Carroll 2005
2542:
2530:
2518:
2506:
2494:
2482:
2470:
2463:Jouanna 2007
2458:
2446:
2434:
2422:
2395:
2383:
2371:
2359:
2347:
2335:
2328:Jouanna 2007
2323:
2316:Jouanna 2007
2311:
2299:
2292:Carroll 2005
2287:
2275:
2268:Jouanna 2007
2263:
2256:Harding 1978
2251:
2244:Carroll 2009
2239:
2227:
2220:Jouanna 2007
2215:
2208:Jouanna 2007
2203:
2196:Carroll 2009
2191:
2184:Shimizu 1970
2179:
2172:Jouanna 2007
2167:
2160:Carroll 2009
2155:
2143:
2136:Carroll 2009
2121:Jouanna 2007
2116:
2104:
2092:
2085:Jouanna 2007
2080:
2073:Shimizu 1970
2068:
2061:Shimizu 1970
2056:
2044:
2032:
2020:
2008:
2001:Roberts 2013
1996:
1984:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1900:
1893:Shimizu 1970
1888:
1881:Carroll 2005
1876:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1833:Shimizu 1970
1818:Shimizu 1970
1813:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1770:Roberts 2013
1765:
1758:Roberts 2013
1753:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1710:Roelker 1996
1705:
1698:Roelker 1996
1693:
1686:Carroll 2005
1681:
1674:Shimizu 1970
1669:
1662:Shimizu 1970
1657:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1585:
1573:
1566:Cloulas 1985
1561:
1549:
1542:Cloulas 1985
1537:
1530:Harding 1978
1525:
1518:Harding 1978
1513:
1501:
1494:Harding 1978
1489:
1477:
1470:Harding 1978
1435:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1392:Cloulas 1985
1387:
1375:
1368:Cloulas 1985
1363:
1356:Cloulas 1985
1351:
1339:
1332:Cloulas 1985
1327:
1315:
1303:
1296:Cloulas 1985
1291:
1279:
1269:
1264:
1257:Jouanna 1998
1220:
1213:Harding 1978
1208:
1196:
1174:Shimizu 1970
1169:
1162:Jouanna 1998
1157:
1145:
1133:
1126:Jouanna 1998
1121:
1106:
1098:
1085:
1076:
1069:
1044:
999:
979:
967:
956:
943:
935:
915:
897:
894:
877:
847:
833:
819:
814:
807:St Innocents
806:
802:
787:
774:
735:, away from
726:
717:
712:
708:
703:
699:
694:
690:
682:
672:
658:
641:
634:
625:grand maître
624:
621:
618:Grand Maître
573:
563:
538:and city of
532:
522:
513:
511:
454:
426:
423:Italian Wars
398:
370:
361:
356:
348:Pope Paul IV
343:
331:
320:
268:
255:
208:
189:and that of
184:
180:grand maître
143:Italian Wars
130:
129:
88:Noble family
76:(1579-05-06)
60:17 July 1530
3795:1579 deaths
3790:1530 births
3764:: 2015–2020
3758:: 2012–2015
3752:: 2007–2012
3746:: 2005–2007
3740:: 2002–2005
3734:: 2000–2002
3728:: 1996–2000
3722:: 1992–1996
3716:: 1991–1992
3710:: 1987–1991
3704:: 1984–1987
3698:: 1982–1984
3692:: 1981–1982
3686:: 1980–1981
3680:: 1977–1980
3674:: 1975–1977
3668:: 1974–1975
3662:: 1971–1974
3656:: 1968–1971
3654:André Meltz
3650:: 1965–1968
3644:: 1962–1965
3638:: 1960–1962
3626:: 1959–1960
3624:Raoul Salan
3620:: 1958–1959
3614:: 1957–1958
3608:: 1953–1957
3602:: 1947–1953
3596:: 1945–1947
3590:: 1944–1945
3535:Henri Dentz
3531:: 1939–1940
3525:: 1937–1939
3519:: 1923–1937
3513:: 1919–1923
3507:: 1918–1919
3495:: 1916–1918
3489:: 1915–1916
3483:: 1914–1915
3477:: 1912–1914
3471:: 1910–1912
3465:: 1906–1910
3459:: 1903–1906
3453:: 1901–1903
3447:: 1900–1901
3441:: 1899–1900
3435:: 1898–1899
3429:: 1884–1898
3423:: 1882–1884
3417:: 1880–1881
3411:: 1878–1880
3405:: 1871–1878
3393:: 1870–1871
3381:: 1865–1870
3375:: 1851–1865
3363:: 1848–1851
3357:: 1842–1848
3351:: 1830–1842
3345:: 1821–1830
3339:: 1819–1821
3333:: 1816–1818
3327:: 1815–1816
3315:: July 1815
3297:: 1814–1815
3285:: 1807–1814
3279:: 1806–1807
3267:: 1805–1806
3261:: 1804–1805
3242:: 1803–1804
3236:: 1800–1803
3230:: 1799–1800
3212:: 1798–1799
3206:: 1797–1798
3188:: 1796–1797
3182:: 1795–1796
3164:: 1794–1795
3158:: 1792–1794
3152:: 1791–1792
3133:: 1780–1791
3127:: 1771–1780
3121:: 1757–1771
3115:: 1739–1757
3109:: 1704–1739
3103:: 1687–1704
3101:Léon Potier
3097:: 1676–1687
3091:: 1669–1675
3085:: 1662–1669
3079:: 1657–1662
3073:: 1648–1657
3067:: 1643–16..
3043:: 1590–1594
3037:: 1589–1590
3031:: 158.–1589
3019:: 15..–1572
3013:: 1562–1563
3007:: 1559–1562
3001:: 15..–15..
2995:: 1493–1496
2989:: 14..–1494
2983:: 1485–1488
2977:: 1483–1485
2968:: 1472–147.
2962:: 14..–1472
2956:: 1467–1470
2950:: 1465–1467
2932:: 14..–14..
2926:: 1429–14..
2920:: 1422–142.
2914:: 1418–1420
2908:: 1411–1413
2896:: 1356–1357
2669:. Bouquins.
2511:Salmon 1975
2487:Knecht 2014
2475:Salmon 1975
2427:Knecht 2014
2415:Knecht 2016
2400:Salmon 1975
2388:Knecht 2014
2376:Knecht 2014
2280:Salmon 1975
2109:Salmon 1975
2025:Knecht 2014
1857:Salmon 1975
1806:Salmon 1975
1782:Knecht 2014
1626:Knecht 2014
1602:Potter 1993
1590:Potter 1993
1578:Potter 1993
1455:Potter 1993
1240:Salmon 1975
996:Malcontents
926:Simon Vigor
886:Elizabeth I
859:Saint-Denis
777:tour France
745:Vielleville
433:the Emperor
204:Saint-Denis
93:Montmorency
3784:Categories
3750:Bruno Dary
3575:since 1944
1965:Baird 1880
1650:Durot 2012
1113:References
902:Morvillier
771:Royal tour
742:Bourdillon
704:présidents
675:Charles IX
482:Thérouanne
462:Damvillers
377:Charles IX
367:Reputation
295:François I
247:Charles IX
171:Thérouanne
74:6 May 1579
2615:. Fayard.
2523:Holt 2002
2451:Holt 2002
2364:Holt 2002
2352:Holt 2002
2340:Holt 2002
2304:Holt 2002
1028:Languedoc
898:politique
820:Parlement
757:Champagne
753:Normandie
713:Parlement
695:Parlement
691:Parlement
683:Parlement
405:Martigues
338:, one of
99:Spouse(s)
64:Chantilly
2613:Henri II
1066:Damville
1036:Bastille
1024:Damville
749:Picardie
737:Pontoise
529:Governor
490:Flanders
474:Damville
409:Harcourt
373:Brantôme
309:Marriage
299:Henri II
251:Bastille
159:Henri II
2839:Henri I
2569:Sources
1015:Alençon
959:Navarre
824:Moulins
811:Porcien
761:Orléans
687:Navarre
597:Péronne
589:La Fère
466:Villars
413:Thouars
389:Vendôme
357:livres.
243:Alençon
233:by the
229:. When
3770:: 2020
3632:: 1960
3584:: 1944
3537:: 1940
3501:: 1918
3399:: 1871
3387:: 1870
3369:: 1851
3321:: 1815
3309:: 1815
3303:: 1815
3291:: 1814
3273:: 1806
3224:: 1799
3218:: 1799
3200:: 1797
3194:: 1797
3176:: 1795
3170:: 1795
3061:: 1616
3055:: 1594
3049:: 1594
3025:: 1580
2944:: 1465
2938:: 1461
2902:: 1411
1107:livres
733:Senlis
647:by an
593:Amiens
508:Ransom
494:Hesdin
486:Calais
446:Chieri
353:Alluye
265:Family
165:, the
163:Chieri
119:Mother
109:Father
1095:Death
1072:Turin
1055:Condé
1051:Thoré
1020:Condé
986:Anjou
938:Rouen
881:Anjou
765:Berry
540:Paris
450:Parma
401:Reims
227:Spain
191:Paris
2824:Anne
1049:and
1047:Méru
961:and
784:Feud
763:and
583:and
523:écus
514:écus
488:and
460:and
458:Ivoy
431:and
411:and
383:and
273:and
71:Died
57:Born
29:2nd
933:.
587:at
504:.
342:'s
3786::
2407:^
2128:^
1825:^
1462:^
1447:^
1247:^
1232:^
1181:^
1042:.
759:,
755:,
751:,
407:,
138:KG
2870:e
2863:t
2856:v
1406:.
51:.
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