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Uchatius marketed as "steel bronze", in order not to depend on foreign steel. They directed large investments into the state arsenal directed by
Uchatius to start the production, but the result turned out to be an utter failure: more expensive, heavier and less durable than steel. Despite state propaganda trumping the success of the "indigenous" technology, the empire still had to buy heavy artillery from Krupp, and the humiliated general committed suicide in 1881; however the country stuck to the technology until the WWI, and therefore, Austrian artillery was inferior even as late as that. The characterization that the M1875 field guns were an utter failure: more expensive, heavier and less durable than steel is disputed by Christian Ortner, who states that a comparative analysis done at the time revealed steel-bronze to have similar properties to that of the ringed steel barrels by Krupp and that after a 2,146 round endurance test, the steel-bronze barrels performed equally to the steel barrels supplied by Krupp. It is further stated by Christian Ortner that the continued use of bronze barrels which could be produced at the Artillery arsenal, allowed Austria-Hungary to modernize cheaply, with a steel-bronze barrel costing a third as much as a Krupp steel barrel. This suggests that the M1875 field guns introduced by Austria-Hungary were not inferior to the Krupp guns, nor yet obsolete at the time of their introduction. As a side note, Spain also adopted "steel bronze" for the same reasons alongside the Krupp guns, but withdrew them after the introduction of the smokeless powder.
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in 1872, with a Krupp gun being introduced into Austro-Hungarian trials in March 1873. However Austro-Hungary had no steel industry at the time, so
Uchatius copied Dean's technology without a license Around 1874, and his superiors decided to adopt the inferior mandrelled bronze artillery, which
124:. The Austrians used smaller pilot balloons to determine the correct fuse settings. At least one bomb fell in the city; however, due to the wind changing after launch, most of the balloons missed their target, and some drifted back over Austrian lines and the launching ship
117:, each carrying a 24- to 30-pound bomb that was to be dropped from the balloon with a time fuse over the besieged city. The balloons were launched mainly from land; however, some were also launched from the Austrian ship
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143:, but it found no use on the American continent. At the time most European countries were adopting steel guns, and Austrian artillery officers also vouched for adopting foreign
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29:(1811–1881) was an Austrian artillery general and inventor. His inventions included both military applications and pioneer work in cinematography.
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His balloons, were the earliest recorded use of an unmanned aerial vehicle for warfighting occurred on July 1849, serving as a
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He invented a motion picture projector in 1853, developing it over the years from 1845 from the device then called
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guns by mandrelling, or cold working them from inside with plugs of hardened steel (now known as
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Mikesh, Robert C. "Japan's World War II balloon bomb attacks on North
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The Austro-Hungarian
Artillery from 1867 to 1918 Technology, Organization and Tactics
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The Austro-Hungarian
Artillery from 1867 to 1918 Technology, Organization and Tactics
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The Austro-Hungarian
Artillery from 1867 to 1918 Technology, Organization and Tactics
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The Austro-Hungarian
Artillery from 1867 to 1918 Technology, Organization and Tactics
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Taking Flight: Inventing the Aerial Age, from
Antiquity through the First World War
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Tactics and
Procurement in the Habsburg Military, 1866-1918: Offensive Spending
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Military Aircraft, Origins to 1918: An Illustrated History of Their Impact
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WNYC – Books: Survival City: Adventures among the Ruins of Atomic America
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52:, demonstrated in 1853; it is also described as the combination of the
449:, The Johns Hopkins University Press, F. Stansbury Haydon, pages 18–20
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234:. Terramedia.co.uk (25 August 2008). Retrieved on 18 December 2011.
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Naval Aviation in the First World War: Its Impact and Influence
204:. Acmi.net.au (21 January 1912). Retrieved on 18 December 2011.
166:. Angelfire.com (10 April 2002). Retrieved on 18 December 2011.
113:. Austrian forces besieging Venice attempted to float some 200
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was produced industrially, by mixing granulated pig iron with
139:) was invented and patented in 1869 by Samuel B. Dean of the
377:, Asser Press - Springer, chapter by Alan McKenna, page 355
304:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
253:. Sophia.javeriana.edu.co. Retrieved on 18 December 2011.
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An Historical Timeline of Computer Graphics and Animation
60:. It was called the kinetoscope, a term later used by
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Adventures in CyberSound: Magic Machines: 1826 – 1875
265:. Filmreference.com. Retrieved on 18 December 2011.
334:Important Events in Military Aeronautic History
447:Military Ballooning During the Early Civil War
423:Broken Wings: The Hungarian Air Force, 1918-45
263:Cartoons – The golden era, The television era
195:Adventures in CyberSound: von Uchatius, Franz
185:. Acmi.net.au. Retrieved on 18 December 2011.
8:
509:"English Mechanics and the World of Science"
324:. Mspong.org. Retrieved on 18 December 2011.
288:Hodgkinson, William Richard Eaton (1911).
629:. Vienna: Stefan Rest. pp. 73–75.
604:. Vienna: Stefan Rest. pp. 73–75.
579:. Vienna: Stefan Rest. pp. 73–75.
487:. Vienna: Stefan Rest. pp. 73–75.
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387:Naval Aviation in the Second World War
315:The Household Cyclopedia – Metallurgy
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707:Austro-Hungarian military personnel
537:Dredger, John A. (11 August 2017).
712:Austrian Empire military personnel
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214:Chronology of Animation: Beginning
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363:Air Power in the Age of Total War
48:). This was the first example of
105:) in the first offensive use of
68:). He applied it to lecture on
717:Inventors from Austria-Hungary
437:, Justin D. Murphy, pages 9–10
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401:, Richard P. Hallion, page 66
131:The method of strengthening
425:, Stephen L. Renner, page 2
164:Film Principles Class Notes
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625:Ortner, Christian (2007).
600:Ortner, Christian (2007).
575:Ortner, Christian (2007).
483:Ortner, Christian (2007).
522:Van Slyck, J. D. (1879).
350:30 September 2005 at the
141:South Boston Iron Company
651:"Academia de Artillería"
200:4 September 2007 at the
181:3 September 2007 at the
413:, R. D. Layman, page 56
320:12 October 2007 at the
301:Encyclopædia Britannica
232:Chronomedia: 1850–1854
219:20 August 2007 at the
101:(the precursor to the
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75:He worked also on a
115:incendiary balloons
50:projected animation
471:U.S. patent 90244A
274:William Everdell,
38:Simon von Stampfer
27:Franz von Uchatius
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22:Franz von Uchatius
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611:978-3-902526-13-7
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291:"Gunpowder"
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145:Krupp guns
92:iron oxide
70:ballistics
682:Biography
667:Biography
107:air power
56:with the
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348:Archived
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511:. 1881.
298:(ed.).
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40:) and
294:. In
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64:(see
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