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that the inner layers have been stretched to a point where the steel is no longer able to return to its original shape once the internal pressure has been removed. Although the outer layers of the tube are also stretched, the degree of internal pressure applied during the process is such that they are not stretched beyond their elastic limit. The reason why this is possible is that the stress distribution through the walls of the tube is non-uniform. Its maximum value occurs in the metal adjacent to the source of pressure, decreasing markedly towards the outer layers of the tube. The strain is proportional to the stress applied within the elastic limit; therefore the expansion at the outer layers is less than at the bore. Because the outer layers remain elastic they attempt to return to their original shape; however, they are prevented from doing so completely by the new permanently stretched inner layers. The effect is that the inner layers of the metal are put under compression by the outer layers in much the same way as though an outer layer of metal had been shrunk on as with a
166:. This can be better understood by assuming thick walled tube as multilayer tube. The next step is to subject the compressively strained inner layers to a low-temperature treatment (LTT) which results in the elastic limit being raised to at least the autofrettage pressure employed in the first stage of the process. Finally, the elasticity of the barrel can be tested by applying internal pressure once more, but this time care is taken to ensure that the inner layers are not stretched beyond their new elastic limit. The end result is an inner surface of the gun barrel with a residual compressive stress able to counterbalance the tensile stress that would be induced when the gun is discharged. In addition the material has a higher tensile strength due to work hardening.
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made a 14 cm L/50 naval gun by such a method and applied for a patent. However, implementing such a technique on an industrial scale required numerical methods to approximate the solutions of transcedental equations of plastic deformation, which were developed in France during WWI by math professor
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The start point is a single steel tube of internal diameter slightly less than the desired calibre. The tube is subjected to internal pressure of sufficient magnitude to enlarge the bore and in the process the inner layers of the metal are stretched in tension beyond their elastic limit. This means
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The technique has been applied to the expansion of tubular components down hole in oil and gas wells. The method has been patented by the
Norwegian oil service company, Meta, which uses it to connect concentric tubular components with sealing and strength properties outlined above.
138:; that is, non-mechanically assisted cracking that occurs when a material is placed in a corrosive environment in the presence of tensile stress. The technique is commonly used in manufacture of high-pressure pump cylinders, warship and gun barrels, and
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The problem of strengthening steel gun barrels using the same principle was tackled by French colonial artillery colonel Louis Frédéric
Gustave Jacob, who suggested in 1907 to pressurize them hydraulically and coined the term "autofrettage". In 1913,
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In modern practice, a slightly oversized die is pushed slowly through the barrel by a hydraulically driven ram. The amount of initial underbore and oversize of the die are calculated to strain the material around the bore past its
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once the pressure is released. The goal of autofrettage is to increase the pressure-carrying capacity of the final product. Inducing residual compressive stresses into materials can also increase their resistance to
173:, people observed that, after firing a small number of rounds, the bore of a new gun slightly enlarges and hardens. Historically, the first type of autofrettage
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The tube (a) is subjected to internal pressure past its elastic limit (b), leaving an inner layer of compressively stressed metal (c).
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into plastic deformation. A residual compressive stress remains on the barrel's inner surface, even after final honing and rifling.
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everywhere except Austro-Hungary, which stuck to the obsolete technology until WWI and therefore had their artillery handicapped.
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The War of Guns and
Mathematics: Mathematical Practices and Communities in France and Its Western Allies around World War I
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146:. Due to work-hardening process it also enhances wear life of the barrel marginally. While autofrettage will induce some
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in mid-1870s. It found some use in several
European countries lacking steel industry, but was quickly displaced by
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Volume II, Guns, Mortars & Rockets by J W Ryan Royal
Military College of Science, Shrivenham, UK.
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is a work-hardening process in which a pressure vessel (thick walled) is subjected to enormous
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was mandrelling bronze gun barrels, invented and patented in 1869 by Samuel B. Dean of the
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Tactics and
Procurement in the Habsburg Military, 1866-1918: Offensive Spending
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The term autofrettage is also used to describe a step in manufacturing of
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Pat B. McLaughlan; Scott C. Forth; Lorie R. Grimes-Ledesma (March 2011).
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Aubin, David; Goldstein, Catherine (7 October 2014).
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445:"Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels, A Primer"
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129:plastically, resulting in internal compressive
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219:composite overwrapped pressure vessel
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202:and Schneider engineer Louis Potin.
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