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551:. Isabella tried to surprise him by presenting the bull as a gift in person, but Cisneros did not react as she had hoped. Instead, he fled her presence, and ran away, only to be overtaken by Isabella's messengers several miles outside of Madrid and convinced to return to court for further discussion. Cisneros resisted the appointment for six months and reluctantly agreed only after a second papal bull ordered him to accept. Despite his lavish new position, Cisneros personally still maintained a simple life; although a message from Rome required him to live in a style befitting his rank, the outward pomp only concealed his private asceticism.
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524:. Jiménez accepted the position on condition that he might still live in his community and follow the religious life, only appearing at court when sent for. The post was politically important, for Isabella took counsel from her confessor not only in religious affairs but also matters of state. Isabella's
913:
Cardinal
Cisneros is known by many name variations. His birth name was Gonzalo, which he dropped in favour of Francisco when he converted to a Franciscan friar, and kept the rest of his life. It is sometimes spelled Gonzales or González (a surname meaning "son of Gonzalo") which is an error. Jiménez
783:
Cardinal
Cisneros was a bold and determined statesman. Described as stern, fanatical and inflexible even by the harsh standards of his time, with a confidence that became at times overbearing, he carried through what he had decided to be right, with little regard for the convenience of others or for
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and its own Latin translation added at the bottom, so that readers for the first time could check all the translations simultaneously. The New
Testament consisted of parallel columns of Greek and the Latin Vulgate. The text occupies five volumes, and a sixth contains a Hebrew lexicon, etc. The work
759:
and receive a briefing on the situation in his
Spanish kingdoms. While making preparations for the meeting, Cisneros fell ill. He was still weak from illness when he began his journey to Valladolid and only made it as far as Aranda when his weakness and rumors of the plague forced him to seek
707:. Cisneros returned to Spain and attempted to recover from Ferdinand the expenses of the expedition, but Ferdinand was content with taking Oran and because of his greater interest in Italy he would not support Cisneros' plans for a larger North African crusade and conquest.
629:
to
Christianity. Talavera favored slow conversion by explaining to the Moors, in their language, the truths of the Catholic religion, but Cisneros said that this was "giving pearls to pigs", and proceeded with forced mass conversion. He ordered the public burning of all
448:. For six years, Cisneros held out for his claim, free to leave at any time if he would give it up, but at length in 1480 Carrillo relented at Cisneros' strength of conviction and gave him a benefice. Fearing further reprisals, Cisneros traded it almost at once for a
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shelter in the
Monastery of Aguilera. Cisneros never recovered. In early November Charles sent a note thanking him for his services and giving him leave to retire. It is not clear whether Cisneros ever received the letter. He died on 8 November 1517 at
914:
is the modern
Spanish spelling variation of the original Ximenes (or Ximénez/Ximenez). Often the "é" is dropped in favor of "e" for English readers, see for example the title of Erika Rummel's 1999 book. The name "Cardinal Cisneros" is often used.
795:
was founded in 1500 and opened in 1508. The university, raised at the sole expense of and fostered by
Cardinal Cisneros, attained a great reputation. At one time 7,000 students met within its walls. All the religious orders in Spain, except the
723:), then a youth of sixteen in the Netherlands. Though Cisneros at once took firm hold of the reins of government, and ruled in a determined and even autocratic manner, the turbulent Castilian nobility and the jealous intriguing
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himself. He was seen as incorruptible, and founded and maintained numerous benevolent institutions in his diocese. His whole life was devoted either to the state or to religion; and his only recreation was in theological or
727:
councilors for
Charles combined to render Cisneros' position peculiarly difficult. Cisneros acceded to Charles' desire to be proclaimed king; he secured the person of Charles' younger brother Ferdinand (afterward
1378:
of the doctoral thesis of Erika
Dolphin, 'Archbishop Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros and the Decoration of the Chapter Room and Mozarabic Chapel in Toledo Cathedral' available on-line through google books
444:, refused to accept the letter, wishing instead to bestow the benefice upon one of his own followers. When Cisneros insisted, he was thrown in prison, first at Uceda and afterwards in the fortress of
475:
At Sigüenza, Cisneros won praise for his work and he seemed to be on the sure road to success among the secular clergy, when in 1484 at the late age of forty-eight he abruptly decided to become a
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in North Africa, in which his religious zeal coincided with Ferdinand's prospect for political and material gain. A preliminary expedition, equipped at Cisneros' expense, captured the port of
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from Spain, followed almost immediately upon Cisneros' appointment as her confessor. Cisneros' severe sanctity soon won him considerable influence over Isabella, and in 1494 he was appointed
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of the order himself came from Rome to attempt to temper the archbishop's strict reforms, but Cisneros, backed by the influence of a strong Queen, managed to impose them.
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520:, and later became guardian of a friary at Salzeda. Meanwhile, Mendoza (now Archbishop of Toledo) had not forgotten him, and in 1492 recommended him to Isabella as her
502:, doubled his fasts, and generally denied himself with enthusiasm; indeed throughout his whole life, even when at the height of power, his private life was rigorously
606:, and preach every Sunday. There was intense opposition. By 1498 the reforms were expanded to include not only Franciscans but other mendicant orders as well. The
574:
804:, established houses at Alcalá in connection with it. In 1836 the university, with falling enrollments and in some disarray, was moved to Madrid, renamed the
815:
Cisneros published religious treatises by himself and others. He also revived the Mozarabic liturgy, and endowed a chapel in Toledo where it was to be used.
808:("Complutense" means "from Alcalá", whose Latin name is Complutum), and the buildings in Alcalá de Henares were left vacant until the creation of the modern
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government in his absence, and stopped a plot by a group of high nobles to take over the throne. In return for his loyalty, Ferdinand made Cisneros
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or exile. The majority accepted baptism and by 1500 Cisneros reported that "there is now no one in the city who is not a Christian, and all the
1357:
1332:
482:. Giving up all his worldly belongings, and changing his baptismal name, Gonzalo, for that of Francisco, he entered the Franciscan friary of
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manuscripts that could be found in Granada — 5,000 is the lowest figure the contemporary sources give — except those dealing with medicine.
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said as far as any particular policies that can be attributed to Spain's rise, they were those of King Ferdinand and Cardinal Cisneros.
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651:. The revolt was violently suppressed and they were given a choice — contrary to the terms of Granada's surrender — of
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in 1505. In 1509, a strong force accompanied by the cardinal in person set sail for Africa, and in one day the wealthy city was
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in North Africa, and founder of the Alcalá University. Among his intellectual accomplishments, he is best known for funding the
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Cardinal Ximenes, Statesman, Ecclesiastic, Soldier, and Man of Letters; with an Account of the Complutensian Polyglot Bible
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983:"Miranda, Salvador. "Jiménez de Cisneros, O.F.M.Obs., Francisco (1436-1517)", The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church"
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748:'s family) aimed at dampening any spirits of resistance and thwarting future rebellions against Spanish occupation.
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translation of the Bible, in which three different versions of the Old Testament were put in parallel columns –
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498:. Not content with the normal lack of comforts for a friar, he voluntarily slept on the bare ground, wore a
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880:. His spiritual writings were approved by theologians on 1 March 1681. He was later granted the title of
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283:. Starting from humble beginnings he rose to the heights of power, becoming a religious reformer, twice
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A cause for Cisneros's beatification was formally opened on 15 October 1669, granting him the title of
346:. During this time Spain underwent many significant changes, leading it into its prominent role in the
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are churches". However, he had created a problem that would only end with the expulsion from Spain of
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643:(i.e., Iberian Muslims living in Christian territories) over this gross violation of the
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Cardinal Cisneros' life coincided with, and greatly influenced, a dynamic period in the
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The next great event in the cardinal's life was the attack against the Moorish city of
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From his new position Cisneros set about reforming the Franciscan order in Spain. The
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was finished in January 1514, and the whole in April 1517. The book was dedicated to
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MacKay, Angus (2003). "Jiménez de Cisneros, Francisco". In Gerli, E. Michael (ed.).
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857:. Cisneros died months after it was completed and did not live to see it published.
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On 26 November 1504 Isabella died. Ferdinand claimed regency against his son-in-law
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Alfonso Jiménez de Cisneros and wife María de la Torre, from the villa of Cisneros,
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417:
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Alston, George Cyprian. "Francisco Ximénez de Cisneros." The Catholic Encyclopedia
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which left Philip as king of Castile. When Philip died in 1506, Ferdinand was in
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and built a rough hut in the neighboring woods, in which he lived at times as an
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Index ac status causarum beatificationis servorum dei et canonizationis beatorum
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954:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 415–416.
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Cisneros (sitting) visits the construction of the Hospital of the Charity.
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on 2001-04-11 – via Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne.
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Western Civilization: The Earliest Civilization Through the Reformation
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420:. He returned to Spain in 1465 carrying an "executive" letter from the
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1287:. Tempe, Ariz.: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies.
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on the northern coast of Spain. He arranged to meet with Cisneros in
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for Castile and León in 1507 and prevailed on the Pope to give him a
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Cardinal Mendoza died in 1495, and Isabella had secretly procured a
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1152:(in Latin). Typis polyglottis vaticanis. January 1953. p. 81.
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Jiménez de Cisneros : On the Threshold of Spain's Golden Age
307:. He also edited and published the first printed editions of the
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529:
421:
1169:"Archetypo de virtudes" (Pedro de Quintanilla y Mendoza, 1653).
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Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 3 March 2016
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In 1884, Spanish colonists commemorated Cisneros by founding
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President of the Council of Regency of the Kingdom of Castile
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The Moorish Proselytes of Archbishop Ximenes, Granada, 1500
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friars had to become celibate, giving up the practice of
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On 23 January 1516 Ferdinand died, leaving Cisneros as
1050:"Cisneros y la quema de los manuscritos granadinos"
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1488:15th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Castile
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672:, and Cisneros helped mediate the dispute in the
1493:16th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Spain
613:In 1499 Cisneros accompanied the court of the
1374:A brief biography of Cisneros is provided in
275:(1436 – 8 November 1517) was a Spanish
8:
818:He is well known for his sponsorship of the
1043:
1041:
71:80th Archbishop of Toledo, Primate of Spain
39:Cardinal Fray Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros
1435:Oldest living Member of the Sacred College
1381:
424:giving him possession of the first vacant
50:
29:
27:Spanish cardinal and statesman (1436–1517)
1200:"Francisco, Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros"
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602:where they were supposed to work, attend
1253:Cardinal Ximenes and the Making of Spain
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161:, as co-monarch with his mother Joanna,
1227:Medieval Iberia : an encyclopedia
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732:); he fixed the seat of the courts at
647:swelled into the open revolt known as
1178:"Francisco Ximénez de Cisneros"
751:In September 1517, Charles landed in
649:the First Rebellion of the Alpujarras
625:'s efforts to peacefully convert its
509:He retired to the isolated friary of
7:
580:Sanctuary of the Charity of Illescas
637:The indignation of the unconverted
416:, where he attracted the notice of
464:, who shortly after appointed him
113:Governor of the Kingdom of Castile
83:20 February 1495 – 8 November 1517
35:The Most Eminent and Most Reverend
25:
896:, state order established in 1944
806:Universidad Complutense de Madrid
543:nominating Cisneros to Mendoza's
374:Coat of arms of Cardinal Cisneros
125:23 January 1516 – 8 November 1517
1478:15th-century Castilian cardinals
1473:People from Sierra Norte, Madrid
1439:15 March 1517 - 8 November 1517
928:
252:
1350:Cisneros, el cardenal de España
1313:"Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros"
810:University of Alcalá de Henares
777:University of Alcalá de Henares
730:Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
1518:16th-century Spanish cardinals
1498:University of Salamanca alumni
1325:10.1093/OBO/9780195399301-0494
946:Jimenes de Cisneros, Francisco
350:(1500–1700). Modern historian
1:
1218:. London: Coptic House, 1917
1054:Journal of Hispanic Philology
721:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
267:Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros
18:Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros
1087:, McGraw-Hill, 1993. Pg. 152
621:, and there interfered with
598:. They had to reside in the
297:Complutensian Polyglot Bible
94:Cardinal González de Mendoza
738:Spanish conquest of Navarre
555:Reform, revolt, and crusade
380:Gonzalo Jiménez de Cisneros
1559:
1508:Grand Inquisitors of Spain
1195:. London: White Lion Press
1048:Eisenberg, Daniel (1992).
779:or Complutense University.
148:, as Governor of the Realm
1441:
1432:
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1060:: 107–124. Archived from
458:Pedro González de Mendoza
434:Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña
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76:
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1251:Merton, Reginald (1934)
1175:Alston, Cyprian (1912).
536:of the order for Spain.
428:. That turned out to be
279:, religious figure, and
1395:Diego Ramírez de Guzmán
1229:. New York: Routledge.
1205:Encyclopædia Britannica
1193:The Spanish Inquisition
951:Encyclopædia Britannica
849:commenced in 1502. The
719:for Charles (afterward
199:, Governor of the Realm
1386:Catholic Church titles
1370:Chronology for Ximenez
1311:Tubau, Xavier (2022).
1281:Rummel, Erika (1999).
1266:. St. Martin's Press.
1170:
866:Dakhla, Western Sahara
821:Complutensian Polyglot
780:
680:and Cisneros set up a
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488:Ferdinand II of Aragon
486:, recently founded by
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340:Ferdinand II of Aragon
303:version of the entire
197:Ferdinand II of Aragon
146:Ferdinand II of Aragon
1483:Archbishops of Toledo
1348:Pérez, Joseph (2014)
1317:Oxford Bibliographies
1258:Rubin, Nancy (1991).
1184:Catholic Encyclopedia
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674:Treaty of Villafafila
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545:Archdiocese of Toledo
528:, which expelled the
492:Isabella I of Castile
484:San Juan de los Reyes
414:consistorial advocate
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344:Isabella I of Castile
181:, as king of Castile
1543:16th-century regents
1528:Franciscan cardinals
1503:Spanish Friars Minor
1352:. Barcelona: Taurus
1198:Koenigsberger, H.G.
1191:Kamen, Henry (1965)
824:, the first printed
623:Hernando de Talavera
438:Archbishop of Toledo
400:. He studied in the
390:in 1436, the son of
338:during the reign of
321:Liturgy of the Hours
299:, the first printed
287:of Spain, Cardinal,
1538:Venerated Catholics
1262:Isabella of Castile
1212:Lyell, James P. R.
1096:Rummel (1999) p. 71
1074:Rubin (1991) p. 340
967:Rummel (1999), pg.1
670:Philip I of Castile
615:Spanish Inquisition
534:Minister Provincial
1171:
1127:, pp. 95–107.
791:The university at
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627:Muslim inhabitants
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462:bishop of Sigüenza
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348:Spanish Golden Age
311:(in 1500) and the
291:, promoter of the
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1442:Succeeded by
1428:Jaime Serra i Cau
1410:Succeeded by
1358:978-84-306-0948-2
1334:978-0-19-539930-1
894:Order of Cisneros
793:Alcalá de Henares
717:regent of Castile
586:(1844–1917)
584:Alejandro Ferrant
456:, under Cardinal
406:Alcalá de Henares
366:Cardinal Cisneros
315:(in 1502) of the
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236:(aged 80–81)
16:(Redirected from
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1513:Regents of Spain
1425:Preceded by
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402:Studium generale
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989:on 2016-08-21
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991:. Retrieved
987:the original
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802:Hieronymites
798:Benedictines
790:
788:discussion.
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582:(Toledo) by
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511:Our Lady of
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418:Pope Pius II
408:and also at
391:
379:
378:He was born
377:
352:John Elliott
333:
266:
265:
239:Roa de Duero
234:(1517-11-08)
192:Succeeded by
182:
154:Succeeded by
120:
101:Succeeded by
78:
56:Portrait by
1533:Folk saints
1468:1517 deaths
1463:1436 births
1404:of Castile
1376:Chapter One
1137:MacKay 2003
1125:Rummel 1999
840:– with the
711:Final years
596:concubinage
570:(1829–1891)
432:. However,
384:Torrelaguna
219:Torrelaguna
184:iure uxoris
174:Preceded by
141:Preceded by
89:Preceded by
1457:Categories
1407:1507–1517
993:2016-03-04
922:References
872:Veneration
855:Pope Leo X
786:scholastic
757:Valladolid
744:, home to
604:confession
568:Edwin Long
541:papal bull
477:Franciscan
450:chaplaincy
882:Venerable
812:in 1977.
768:Influence
665:in 1609.
640:Mudéjares
522:confessor
518:anchorite
446:Santorcaz
410:Salamanca
325:Eucharist
281:statesman
249:Signature
159:Charles I
121:In office
79:In office
60:, c. 1514
1420:Records
1245:50404104
888:See also
844:text of
826:polyglot
753:Asturias
692:'s hat.
690:Cardinal
662:Moriscos
592:ordained
513:Castañar
454:Sigüenza
426:benefice
398:Palencia
393:hidalgos
313:breviary
301:polyglot
293:Crusades
277:cardinal
179:Philip I
134:Joanna I
1304:(1940)
1214:(1917)
1208:Online.
939::
842:Aramaic
725:Flemish
657:mosques
653:baptism
619:Granada
549:Castile
504:ascetic
470:diocese
468:of his
388:Castile
130:Monarch
1356:
1331:
1291:
1270:
1243:
1233:
1220:online
933:
864:, now
838:Hebrew
836:, and
734:Madrid
682:regent
678:Naples
632:Arabic
600:parish
500:cilice
496:Toledo
460:, the
436:, the
309:missal
285:regent
43:O.F.M.
1202:. In
901:Notes
834:Latin
830:Greek
480:friar
430:Uceda
305:Bible
243:Spain
1354:ISBN
1329:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1241:OCLC
1231:ISBN
800:and
697:Oran
530:Jews
490:and
440:and
422:Pope
342:and
323:and
229:Died
216:1436
213:Born
1321:doi
948:".
762:Roa
617:to
566:by
494:at
452:at
404:at
386:in
382:in
272:OFM
1459::
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1101:^
1058:16
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331:.
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996:.
20:)
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