1273:
159:
1140:, his queen and members of his court. In May 1334, the two monarchs arrived, along with their confessors, tutors in arts and in arms, the king's sisters, the Douglas children, the late regent's sons, other children of Scottish nobles, a number of clerics, and nobles who would act as envoys between the court in exile, the French and the defenders at home in Scotland. They were given Château Gaillard as a residence. In 1334, peace talks between France and England were proposed, but when King Philip insisted that the Scots be included, King Edward broke off the talks. In addition to sending regular supplies to the Scots, the French paid an annual pension of £2000 for the upkeep of King David's court in exile. In June 1339,
1568:
1918:
153:
82:
94:
590:
1653:
1312:
1294:, the loyal bodyguard of the French crown. Many members of the Scottish expeditions to France chose to settle there. Some officers were granted lands and titles in France. In the 15th and 16th centuries, they became naturalised French subjects. Through the rest of the 15th century, the alliance was formally renewed four times, until the eventual victory of France in the
1169:
40,000 mouton d’or, which was distributed to the chief leaders of the Scots. They then marched to the vicinity of Norham Castle, where Sir
William Ramsay lured the defenders of the castle out by driving away their herds of cattle. He then led the English into an ambush by William, Lord of Douglas and the French. The English were defeated, and
1607:, who was also heir to the English throne. His desire to form close ties with England, and England's complete removal from the French mainland after Calais, meant that the alliance had outlived its usefulness. In the 1560s, after more than 250 years, formal treaties between Scotland and France were officially ended by the
1102:
In the short term, however, the treaty proved to be no protection against Edward, whose swift and devastating invasion of
Scotland in 1296 all but eradicated its independence. Furthermore, the cessation of hostilities between England and France in 1299, followed by the treaty of "perpetual peace and
1156:
in August before the planned
Scottish attack. Despite that it was too late to help the situation of the French, King David and his advisors decided to go ahead with the chevauchee, possibly believing it would repay a considerable debt to France for their aid. However, the English, even without King
1237:
were mixed. The Scots benefited from the successful raids of the French admiral Jean de Vienne's successful raids on the southern coast of
England which relieved military pressure on them. In 1385 Vienne used a 180 ship fleet to land an army in Scotland with the intent of invading England, but the
1168:
commanded Sire Eugene de
Garancières to lead a force of sixty knights and their retinues, probably a force of about two hundred men, to Scotland to join the Scots in an attack on northern English strongholds. The Scots did not agree to make the attack until the receipt of the promised payment of
1098:
As with all subsequent renewals of what became the Auld
Alliance, the treaty favoured France. The French were required to do no more than continue their struggle against the English in Gascony. The cost of any war between Scotland and England was to be borne entirely by the Scots. Nevertheless,
1173:
was taken prisoner, to be held for a substantial ransom. They then withdrew to
Scotland in order to make an approach by sea and land on the beach of Berwick-upon-Tweed. They made an escalade attack on the walls. Although taking the city, they failed to take Berwick Castle.
1384:
meant that the
English threat was greatly reduced, thus rendering the alliance almost obsolete. Scotland and France at first saw England's turmoil as an opportunity to carry out raids without opposition. But Scotland went further by seeing this as its chance of retaking
1135:
dispatched a flotilla of ten ships to
Scotland with aid, but they were blown off course in a storm and never arrived. In the spring of 1334, £1000 arrived from France to be distributed to the Scottish defenders along with an offer of sanctuary to young
1272:
1933:
In every combat where for five centuries the destiny of France was at stake, there were always men of
Scotland to fight side by side with men of France, and what Frenchmen feel is that no people has ever been more generous than yours with its
1276:
Patay (Loiret), plaque commemorating the Battle of Patay (1429) and the Scottish forces that aided Joan of Arc. Also mentioned here is Patrick Ogilvy, who was Constable of Scotland and the commander who led the Scottish men at arms at
1745:. After losing in Ireland, and Scotland before the century came to a close, James went into exile in France, and through his lineage there would try to retake the crown with their Catholic Scots and French backed allies in the
1245:
However, necessity had driven the two kingdoms together and the need to resist aggressive new Lancastrian kings kept the alliance together in the 15th century. In 1418, with France on the brink of surrendering to the forces of
1193:
to gain his freedom. After his release in 1357, while resisting more conflict with England, David successfully consolidated royal power in Scotland and cut down the power of the barons who opposed him with the help of
1147:
In June and again in July 1346, King Philip of France wrote desperate letters to King David begging him to attack England, hoping to draw off the looming English attack in France. In light of this, the Scots planned a
3743:
996:, has become a partly affectionate term for the long-lasting association between the two countries. The alliance was never formally revoked, although it is considered by some to have ended with the signing of the
1472:. That peace however was short lived because once the Yorkists won the war and exterminated the Lancastrians, the Yorkists managed to regain England's lost possessions of Jersey from France in 1468 and
158:
1436:
The true reasoning for the alliance's existence is to fight against the English, not end up aiding one side in their enemy's own civil war. Their reason being was that the Yorkist had sided with the
2540:"In a paper Dr Siobhan Talbott has argued the Franco-Scottish Auld Alliance of 1295 survived centuries of enmity and war between Britain and France – even after the Act of Union was signed in 1707"
2064:"In a paper Dr Siobhan Talbott has argued the Franco-Scottish Auld Alliance of 1295 survived centuries of enmity and war between Britain and France – even after the Act of Union was signed in 1707"
1178:, presently Earl of Strathern and heir to the throne of Scotland, made his only venture south of the English border to order them to withdraw back to Scotland. The French force then returned home.
1099:
Scotland, as remote and impoverished as it was, was now aligned to a major European power. Even if they were more symbolic than actual, the benefits of the alliance mattered greatly to Scotland.
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1144:
visited King David in France and returned to Scotland, taking with him Arnoul d'Audrehen in command of 200 French troops as well as several ships which aided in the capture of Perth.
1095:
close to war. Alliance with France was a clear course for Scotland to take. In October 1295, a Scottish embassy to France agreed to the Treaty of Paris, which was signed on 23 October.
1103:
friendship," allowed Edward to devote all of his attention and forces to attacking the Scots. In the end, Scotland owed its eventual survival to the military acumen and inspiration of
4371:
1552:
in 1513. Periodic Anglo-French and Anglo-Scottish conflict throughout the sixteenth century continued, but the certainties that had driven the Auld Alliance were disappearing. As
1941:
After extensive research, British historian Siobhan Talbott concluded that the Auld Alliance had never been formally revoked and that it endured and thrived long after the
1290:, and a large portion of the French Army up until the end of the Loire Valley Campaign was made of Scots men at arms and archers.Scottish soldiers also served in the
1131:
set out to conquer Scotland and reassert his power in France. For the first time, the Franco-Scottish alliance acquired a sense of emergency. In the winter of 1332,
2429:
1833:, among other things. Scottish soldiers served within the French army; there were reciprocal dual nationality agreements; and France granted privileges to Scottish
2136:
1189:. The king's 11-year absence as Edward's prisoner only increased the internal turmoil and power struggles within Scotland. David II was forced to make a deal with
3448:
2566:"Beyond "The Antiseptic Realm of Theoretical Economic Models": New Perspectives on Franco-Scottish Commerce and the Auld Alliance in the Long Seventeenth Century"
2090:"Beyond "The Antiseptic Realm of Theoretical Economic Models": New Perspectives on Franco-Scottish Commerce and the Auld Alliance in the Long Seventeenth Century"
1595:
and driven the English off the continent once and for all from ever retaking it in 1563. In order to make England recognise France's claim over Calais, they gave
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in exchange for support for the Lancastrian cause and thus, the Auld Alliance in a way was engaging in a war that they've caused by their own victory in the
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1591:, but it lasted only until 1560 when Francis died prematurely. At the same year of the marriage, the French successfully retook their last position of
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to Scotland in 1461 in exchange that they would aid the Lancastrian cause in the war. Scotland agreed and together they gained their victory in the
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in 1424. Despite this defeat, the Scots had given France a valuable breathing space, effectively ensuring the continued power of the French state.
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when he "wished the King of France would make a truce with the English for two or three years and then march to Scotland and utterly destroy it".
1079:. In response, the Council of Twelve, which had taken over the government of Scotland temporarily, sought alliances wherever they could be found.
471:
461:
1030:. The terms of the treaty stipulated that if either country were attacked by England, the other country would invade English territory. The 1513
775:
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4411:
4396:
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466:
1729:'s short-lived Commonwealth, relations between England and Scotland, including France for the most part, was neutral. That all changed in the
725:
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1512:. To maintain peace with the Franco-Scottish alliance as the sixteenth century began, Henry VII gave to marriage his eldest daughter,
1112:
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force had to withdraw. This caused relations between France and Scotland to deteriorate which was summed up by the French chronicler
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that the former was recovering from. To prevent England from becoming strong enough to fight against them, the allies created a
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The alliance played a significant role in the relations among Scotland, France and England. The alliance was renewed by all the
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1015:. By the late 14th century, the renewal occurred regardless of whether either kingdom was at war with England at the time.
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1254:, called on his Scottish allies for help. Between 1419 and 1424, as many as 15,000 Scottish troops were sent to France.
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Macloed, Morag. France: the 'Auld Alliance' in The Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford University Press, 2001.
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1119:. The motive for this renewal was precautionary: neither realm seemed to have much to fear from England at the time.
2204:
Tanner, Roland. Franco-Scottish Alliance, in The Oxford Companion to British History. Oxford University Press, 2009.
1440:, and with the Yorkists on the throne meant that the English would return to fight France through Burgundy. Neither
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In 1995, celebrations were held in both countries marking the 700th anniversary of the beginning of the alliance.
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described the alliance between Scotland and France as "the oldest alliance in the world". He also declared that:
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2017:
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1170:
1116:
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1034:, where the Scots invaded England in response to the English campaign against France, was one such occasion.
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1785:, since their founding in 1418 continued to protect the kings of France until 412 years later in 1830, when
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The alliance underwent a dramatic revival when it was formally reviewed in 1512 and again in 1517 and 1548.
1222:
827:
797:
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321:
1528:. The former's lineage would inevitably give rise to the joint ruler of both Scotland and England in 1603,
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310:
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1817:
The Auld Alliance extended into the lives of the Scottish population in a number of ways, affecting
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3351:
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3269:
3115:
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3017:
2905:
2885:
2838:
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1978:
1882:
1878:
1858:
1854:
1786:
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120,000 crowns as a barter. After Mary's exile to England in 1568, Scotland was transformed into a
1541:
1525:
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1414:
1218:
1132:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1027:
1023:
997:
973:
436:
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426:
409:
141:
87:
4712:
4657:
4611:
4459:
4425:
4009:
3733:
3596:
3463:
3236:
3231:
3173:
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2818:
2463:
2188:
2156:
1942:
1762:
1754:
1738:
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1266:
1247:
1214:
1186:
1092:
981:
541:
292:
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1038:, negotiated the renewal of the alliance in 1326. The alliance played an important role in the
4858:
4840:
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2214:
2137:"Cjo – Abstract – French Naturalization of the Scots in the Fifteenth And Sixteenth Centuries"
1926:
1886:
1794:
1596:
1561:
1549:
1505:
1488:. From there, he made attempts to take the throne but failed. But when Henry went to exile in
1457:
1449:
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1381:
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1031:
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99:
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2368:
McNamee, Colm. "The Wars of the Bruces: Scotland, England and Ireland". Tuckwell Press, 1996
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1946:
1906:
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1619:, and allied itself with Protestant England instead. During the Reformation, the Protestant
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to escape pro-Yorkists supporters, Henry was able to gain French and Scottish support from
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119:
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soon after, some of the exiled Jacobites in the New World aided their French ally in the
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2608:
17:
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1963:
1826:
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1513:
1402:
1239:
1210:
985:
969:
256:
250:
115:
2414:. La légitimité du pouvoir en question entre Ecosse, France et Angleterre (1558–1561)"
2250:
Cussans, Thomas. "Kings and Queens of the British Isles". The Times Books, 2002, p.65.
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1746:
1628:
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Some Scottish knights continued, during truces, to go to France to aid their allies.
1067:
The dynastic turmoil caused by the death in 1290 of Scotland's seven-year-old queen,
356:
1837:. Many Scots studied at French universities, something which continued up until the
1480:, the Burgundy threat to France was subdued. After the Lancastrians became extinct,
1425:
made a similar compromise the same year with Scotland's ally, France by giving them
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in 1333. Among those who studied or taught at French universities were: the poets
2651:
Scotland, England and France After the Loss of Normandy, 1204–1296: 'Auld Amitie'
4253:
4156:
4001:
2626:
1652:
1631:. Two hundred Scottish soldiers were sent to Normandy in 1562 to aid the French
1583:
In 1558, the alliance between the two kingdoms was revived with the marriage of
1311:
1283:
1460:, and Yorkists enemy, the Lancastrians. Not wanting a repeat of Wakefield when
1265:, but the victory was short-lived for Scotland. The Scots army was defeated at
4762:
3991:
2823:
2152:
1616:
1600:
1190:
1149:
1128:
274:
4100:
3160:
1822:
1632:
1623:
rejected the Auld Alliance and brokered English military support with their
1496:. Together, they landed in Wales and with Welsh allies defeated the Yorkist
1465:
1453:
1556:
gained ground in Scotland, more and more people favoured closer links with
1508:, it ended England's turmoiled war and began its gradual recovery with the
630:
3470:
3241:
2713:
2425:
1834:
1790:
1714:
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1445:
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1234:
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2192:
2183:
BONNER, ELIZABETH. “Scotland’s ‘Auld Alliance’ with France, 1295–1560.”
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throughout the early and mid eighteenth century, with the closest from
1742:
1377:
1781:, an echo to when the Auld Alliance started almost 500 years ago. The
1456:
out of it by siding with their former enemy in the last phases of the
1185:
led 200 men-at-arms and forty knights to fight with the French at the
1111:, rather than to its bond with France. In 1326, Robert the Bruce sent
4303:
3871:
3567:
1981:, 1560, brought a century of peace among Scotland, France and England
1489:
1441:
1426:
2682:
1157:
Edward, raised an effective defence. King David was captured at the
2673:
Royal document listing payments to many of the Scottish contingents
2565:
2089:
1257:
French and Scottish forces together won against the English at the
2659:
An alliance ended? Franco-Scottish commercial relations, 1560–1713
1901:. Scottish castles built with French construction in mind include
1758:
1566:
1271:
49:
1152:
in the north of England. Edward overwhelmed French forces at the
4576:
3986:
3840:
897:
3844:
2686:
2264:. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell Press Ltd. p. 52-54, 71.
2677:
1646:
1305:
2294:. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell Press Ltd. p. 182-183.
2279:. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell Press Ltd. p. 124-125.
972:
for "Old Alliance") was an alliance between the kingdoms of
1925:
In a speech which he delivered in Edinburgh in June 1942,
2637:
An Antidote to the English: The Auld Alliance, 1295–1560
2324:. East Lothian, Scotland: Tuckwell Press. p. 54-56.
2309:. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell Press Ltd. p. 46.
1476:
from Scotland in 1482. Around the same time, with the
1635:
in their struggle against royal authority during the
1717:
Scots. Throughout the seventeenth century since the
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3614:
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1789:of France abdicated. In 1848, France abolished the
105:
73:
63:
55:
45:
37:
2662:(PhD Dissertation, University of St Andrews, 2011)
1532:, 43 years after the Auld Alliance was abolished.
1401:'s life. While the regents reigned Scotland until
1075:with an opportunity to assert his authority over
2130:
2128:
641:
2118:Tanner, Roland, "Franco-Scottish Alliance," in
2604:Les Écossais en France, les Français en Écosse
2492:"Influences Francaises dans le Droit Ecossais"
1115:to negotiate renewal of the alliance with the
3856:
2698:
2528:. Université de l'État de Pennsylvanie: Plon.
2122:. Oxford University Press, 2009. pp. 390–91.
1018:The alliance began with the treaty signed by
612:
8:
4232:
4211:
4071:
1721:acquired the English throne, aside from the
1544:still suffered badly following the death of
1261:in 1421. It marked the turning point of the
32:
2606:(in French). London: Trübner & Company.
2187:, vol. 84, no. 273, Wiley, 1999, pp. 5–30,
1681:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1340:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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3274:
3005:
2996:
2868:
2705:
2691:
2683:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
1761:before retreating back to Scotland. After
1713:The Auld Alliance still lived on with the
619:
605:
126:
31:
2418:Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine
1701:Learn how and when to remove this message
1360:Learn how and when to remove this message
2147:(4). Journals.cambridge.org: 1085–1115.
1916:
1737:was deposed in favour of the Protestant
2458:
2456:
2120:The Oxford Companion to British History
2002:
1127:However, this changed after 1332, when
140:
129:
2526:Mémoires de guerre: L'appel, 1940–1942
2215:"BBC – 23 October in Scottish History"
1741:, husband to James's eldest daughter,
1464:and Margret fled to Scotland in 1464,
1196:Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl of Douglas
2502:from the original on 24 February 2021
2470:. Mainstream Publishing. p. 80.
1793:after restoring it in 1815 after the
7:
3033:Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland
2546:from the original on 11 January 2012
2179:
2177:
2070:from the original on 11 January 2012
1679:adding citations to reliable sources
1468:made a peace with Scotland with the
1338:adding citations to reliable sources
1217:to France. The treaty was signed by
1183:William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas
2576:from the original on 15 August 2021
2135:Bonner, Elizabeth (December 1997).
2100:from the original on 15 August 2021
1921:"La plus vieille alliance du monde"
1448:had the stomach to fight after the
1142:William Douglas, Lord of Liddesdale
283:(1371–1652) (1660–1707)
2225:from the original on 23 April 2021
1627:, aimed against the French Regent
1393:in 1460. Despite their victory of
1282:In 1429, Scots came to the aid of
1113:Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray
27:1295–1560 Scottish-French alliance
25:
3459:Scottish Qualifications Authority
3196:Office of the Accountant of Court
3121:Member of the Scottish Parliament
2044:from the original on 16 July 2020
1579:briefly revived the Auld Alliance
1083:declared England's possession of
4920:1560 disestablishments in Europe
4905:1290s establishments in Scotland
2653:(Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2015)
2432:from the original on 27 May 2015
2038:www.scottishdiasporatapestry.org
1651:
1504:in 1485. When Henry VII married
1310:
588:
157:
151:
92:
80:
4945:16th-century military alliances
4940:15th-century military alliances
4935:14th-century military alliances
4930:13th-century military alliances
1974:France–United Kingdom relations
1233:on 28 October. The benefits to
253:(843–878; 889–1040)
4910:1290s establishments in France
4202:Government of National Defense
1893:, and the noted translator of
1733:when the Stuart Catholic King
1036:Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray
1:
4915:1295 establishments in Europe
4111:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
4106:War of the Spanish Succession
2627:"Scotland's Stewart Monarchs"
1643:After the treaty of Edinburgh
1040:Wars of Scottish Independence
2809:Colonisation of the Americas
1779:American War of Independence
1409:made a compromise by giving
1201:The accession of pro-French
1069:Margaret, the Maid of Norway
1048:War of the League of Cambrai
342:Colonization of the Americas
1969:Foreign alliances of France
921:
911:
901:
891:
881:
871:
861:
851:
841:
831:
821:
811:
801:
791:
781:
769:
759:
749:
739:
729:
719:
709:
699:
689:
679:
669:
659:
649:
635:Foreign alliances of France
4961:
4592:French subdivisions by GDP
4339:2022 presidential election
4324:2017 presidential election
3481:Inventions and discoveries
3184:Supreme Courts of Scotland
1773:, even on the side of the
1723:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1548:and most of his nobles at
1520:and his younger daughter,
1494:King Charles VII of France
1209:, with the embassy of the
1087:forfeit in 1294, bringing
1063:Birth of the Auld Alliance
4853:
4653:
4540:
4433:
4362:
4096:Second Hundred Years' War
3938:Liberalism and radicalism
3809:
3756:Scottish Episcopal Church
3438:Curriculum for Excellence
3398:
3277:
2871:
2721:
2153:10.1017/S0018246X96007066
1801:, and once more became a
1621:Lords of the Congregation
1159:Battle of Neville's Cross
935:
926:
686:Franco-Hungarian alliance
646:Frankish–Abbasid alliance
640:
537:Scottish Episcopal Church
4367:Administrative divisions
3192:High Court of Justiciary
2678:French Institute website
2334:Michel, vol i, pp. 71–72
2290:Penman, Michael (2004).
2275:Penman, Michael (2004).
2260:Penman, Michael (2004).
1753:getting as far south as
1615:, Scotland was declared
1603:nation by its new king,
1502:Battle of Bosworth Field
1405:was old enough to rule,
1397:, it unfortunately cost
1171:Thomas Grey (chronicler)
818:Franco-Austrian alliance
808:Franco-Prussian alliance
788:Franco-American alliance
756:Franco-Austrian alliance
746:Franco-Prussian alliance
666:Franco-Scottish alliance
472:Scottish Socialist Party
18:Franco-Scottish alliance
4587:Franc (former currency)
4192:Coup of 2 December 1851
4165:Long nineteenth century
3766:Free Church of Scotland
3053:International relations
2420:. 26e année (1): 3–46.
2320:Brown, Michael (1999).
2305:Brown, Michael (1998).
1637:French Wars of Religion
1536:Reformation and decline
898:North Atlantic Alliance
858:Franco-Italian alliance
828:Franco-Russian alliance
798:Franco-Persian alliance
766:Franco-Indian Alliances
736:Franco-Spanish alliance
726:Franco-British alliance
706:Franco-English alliance
696:Franco-Ottoman alliance
467:Scottish National Party
192:During the Roman Empire
4607:Science and technology
4264:Provisional Government
4233:
4212:
4072:
3347:Royal Bank of Scotland
3043:Great Seal of Scotland
2141:The Historical Journal
2034:"FR01 – Auld Alliance"
2021:
2013:
1936:
1922:
1580:
1484:had been in exile in
1278:
1011:of that period except
918:European Defence Union
908:Western European Union
868:Franco-Soviet alliance
848:Franco-Polish alliance
716:Franco-Indian alliance
676:Franco-Polish alliance
656:Franco-Mongol alliance
502:National football team
3644:British Sign Language
3111:Members of Parliament
3038:Deputy First Minister
2876:Anglo-Scottish border
2844:Industrial Revolution
2022:An Seann-chaidreachas
1931:
1920:
1885:; the founder of the
1871:St Andrews University
1751:Bonnie Prince Charlie
1570:
1530:King James VI & I
1372:The aftermath of the
1275:
1176:Robert II of Scotland
311:Scandinavian Scotland
4412:World Heritage Sites
4329:Coronavirus pandemic
3587:World Heritage Sites
2784:Wars of Independence
2426:10.3917/hes.071.0003
2410:"Le crépuscule de l'
2408:Durot, Eric (2007).
2344:Jager, Eric (2004).
1675:improve this section
1613:Scottish Reformation
1589:Francis II of France
1585:Mary, Queen of Scots
1577:Francis II of France
1573:Mary, Queen of Scots
1518:James IV of Scotland
1334:improve this section
1223:Château de Vincennes
1138:David II of Scotland
1107:and the mistakes of
1071:, left the covetous
532:Scottish Reformation
317:Wars of independence
4550:Automotive industry
4334:2021 labor protests
4091:Peace of Westphalia
3959:History of Normandy
3954:History of Brittany
3377:International trade
2931:Mountains and hills
2839:Highland Clearances
2814:Glorious Revolution
2779:Davidian Revolution
2726:Outline of Scotland
2348:. London: Century.
2322:The Black Douglases
2307:The Black Douglases
1987:, English responses
1979:Treaty of Edinburgh
1883:William Elphinstone
1879:Aberdeen University
1855:University of Paris
1849:, helped found the
1845:, the 14th-century
1767:Highland Clearances
1609:Treaty of Edinburgh
1526:Louis XII of France
1415:Battle of Wakefield
1225:on 30 June, and at
1073:Edward I of England
1028:Edward I of England
1024:Philip IV of France
998:Treaty of Edinburgh
595:Scotland portal
337:Glorious Revolution
181:) 12,000 BC–700 BC
88:Kingdom of Scotland
34:
4617:Telecommunications
4319:2015 Paris attacks
4182:Revolution of 1848
4010:Visigothic Kingdom
3734:Church of Scotland
3526:Royal National Mòd
3464:Education Scotland
3237:Scots property law
3232:College of Justice
3141:Secretary of State
2963:Biosphere reserves
2834:Lowland Clearances
2819:1707 Acts of Union
2656:Talbott, Siobhan.
2522:de Gaulle, Charles
2468:The Scottish World
1923:
1755:Swarkestone Bridge
1581:
1417:with the death of
1395:capturing Roxburgh
1279:
1187:Battle of Poitiers
1044:Hundred Years' War
984:made in 1295. The
929:Regional relations
776:Franco-Vietnamese
572:Edinburgh timeline
362:The Scots language
293:Acts of Union 1707
230:History (timeline)
107:Official language
4887:
4886:
4849:
4848:
4640:
4639:
4527:
4526:
4519:Political parties
4455:Foreign relations
4420:
4419:
4349:
4348:
4132:French Revolution
4086:Thirty Years' War
4067:Absolute monarchy
4032:Kingdom of France
3928:Foreign relations
3908:Political history
3838:
3837:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3793:Ethnic minorities
3751:Roman Catholicism
3700:
3699:
3385:
3384:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3247:Prison population
3227:Sheriff principal
3222:Solicitor General
3217:Procurator fiscal
3126:Political parties
2986:
2985:
2764:Early Middle Ages
2633:Norman Macdougall
2382:, vol iii, p. 167
1927:Charles de Gaulle
1887:Advocates Library
1877:; the founder of
1869:; the founder of
1795:French Revolution
1739:William of Orange
1711:
1710:
1703:
1625:treaty of Berwick
1597:Queen Elizabeth I
1506:Elizabeth of York
1458:Hundred Years War
1450:Hundred Years War
1431:Hundred Years War
1423:Margaret of Anjou
1407:Margaret of Anjou
1382:Wars of the Roses
1374:Hundred Years War
1370:
1369:
1362:
1302:Wars of the Roses
1296:Hundred Years War
1288:relief of Orléans
1263:Hundred Years War
1211:Bishop of Glasgow
1205:led to immediate
1166:John II of France
1123:Hundred Years War
1117:Treaty of Corbeil
1032:Battle of Flodden
1009:Scottish monarchs
962:
961:
958:
957:
878:Treaty of Dunkirk
629:
628:
577:Glasgow timeline
554:Islam and Muslims
289:(1652–1660)
277:(1306–1371)
271:(1292–1296)
265:(1058–1286)
259:(1040–1058)
125:
124:
100:Kingdom of France
16:(Redirected from
4952:
4651:
4567:Economic history
4538:
4431:
4360:
4238:
4217:
4116:Seven Years' War
4081:Wars of Religion
4077:
4062:House of Bourbon
4057:Early modern era
4037:Fundamental laws
3913:Military history
3888:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3842:
3818:
3739:General Assembly
3629:Scottish English
3624:Highland English
3612:
3501:Oldest buildings
3400:
3396:
3342:Renewable energy
3287:Bank of Scotland
3275:
3188:Court of Session
3169:Advocate General
3099:Military history
3077:Local government
3006:
2997:
2869:
2789:Late Middle Ages
2774:High Middle Ages
2707:
2700:
2693:
2684:
2607:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2570:www.academia.edu
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2460:
2451:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2405:
2399:
2397:, vol. ii p. 264
2390:
2384:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2341:
2335:
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2326:
2325:
2317:
2311:
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2302:
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2265:
2257:
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2248:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2132:
2123:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2094:www.academia.edu
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2030:
2024:
2014:Vieille Alliance
2007:
1947:Entente Cordiale
1945:in 1707 and the
1891:George Mackenzie
1865:; the historian
1843:David de Moravia
1771:Seven Years' War
1765:in 1746 and the
1735:James VII and II
1706:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1686:
1655:
1647:
1571:The marriage of
1498:King Richard III
1438:Burgundian State
1380:that led to the
1365:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1314:
1306:
1227:Edinburgh Castle
1215:Lord of Galloway
1105:Robert the Bruce
1026:in 1295 against
838:Entente Cordiale
642:
631:
621:
614:
607:
593:
592:
591:
549:Jews and Judaism
542:Great Disruption
462:Local government
269:House of Balliol
263:House of Dunkeld
161:
155:
145:
127:
98:
96:
95:
86:
84:
83:
35:
21:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4882:
4863:
4845:
4826:Public holidays
4739:
4698:Life expectancy
4636:
4523:
4416:
4345:
4314:Great Recession
4287:Fourth Republic
4282:1900 to present
4270:
4187:Second Republic
4151:
4120:
4043:
3996:
3963:
3942:
3877:
3869:
3839:
3834:
3821:
3814:
3797:
3696:
3648:
3634:Scottish Gaelic
3601:
3506:Performing arts
3381:
3256:
3252:Police Scotland
3155:
3136:Scotland Office
2982:
2943:Protected areas
2858:
2730:
2717:
2711:
2669:
2649:Pollock, M. A.
2625:James Higgins,
2622:
2620:Further reading
2598:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2564:
2563:
2559:
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2538:
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2199:
2182:
2175:
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2126:
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2113:
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2101:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2018:Scottish Gaelic
2008:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1959:Duke of Aubigny
1955:
1915:
1899:Thomas Urquhart
1863:George Buchanan
1847:Bishop of Moray
1839:Napoleonic Wars
1815:
1813:Wider influence
1783:Garde Écossaise
1727:Oliver Cromwell
1719:House of Stuart
1707:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1672:
1656:
1645:
1538:
1478:Treaty of Arras
1419:Richard of York
1366:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1331:
1315:
1304:
1292:Garde Écossaise
1281:
1259:Battle of Baugé
1250:, the Dauphin,
1207:renewal in 1371
1164:In March 1355,
1154:Battle of Crécy
1125:
1065:
1060:
954:
777:
625:
589:
587:
582:
581:
567:
559:
558:
522:
512:
511:
487:
477:
476:
452:
442:
441:
412:
402:
401:
397:Natural history
306:
298:
297:
281:House of Stuart
246:
236:
235:
234:
169:
156:
143:
136:
120:Scottish Gaelic
118:
114:
108:
93:
91:
90:
81:
79:
76:
41:23 October 1295
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4958:
4956:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4925:1290s treaties
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4892:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4864:
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4861:
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4838:
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4828:
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4813:
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4803:
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4793:
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4783:
4782:Cultural icons
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4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
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4614:
4609:
4604:
4602:Stock exchange
4599:
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4579:
4574:
4569:
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4434:
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4422:
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4418:
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4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4402:National parks
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4377:Climate change
4374:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4299:Fifth Republic
4296:
4295:
4294:
4284:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4271:
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4268:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4256:
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4241:
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4239:
4225:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4207:Third Republic
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4161:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4142:First Republic
4139:
4137:Napoleonic era
4134:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
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4024:
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4022:
4012:
4006:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3982:Greek colonies
3979:
3973:
3971:
3965:
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3962:
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3956:
3950:
3948:
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3943:
3941:
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3915:
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3885:
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3870:
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3867:
3860:
3853:
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3833:
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2395:Scots Peerage
2393:Balfour Paul.
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2380:Scots Peerage
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2346:The Last Duel
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1943:Acts of Union
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1851:Scots College
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1660:This section
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1630:
1629:Mary of Guise
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1554:Protestantism
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1510:Tudor Dynasty
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4768:Coat of arms
4758:Architecture
4730:Social class
4688:Homelessness
4673:Demographics
4627:Trade unions
4560:Central bank
4502:criminal law
4465:Human rights
4448:presidential
4292:Algerian War
4275:Contemporary
4249:Vichy France
4244:World War II
4214:Belle Époque
4147:First Empire
4049:Early Modern
4020:West Francia
3724:Christianity
3714:Baháʼí Faith
3607:Demographics
3551:coat of arms
3521:Prostitution
3454:Universities
3436:
3412:Architecture
3372:Unemployment
3367:Silicon Glen
3327:Oil industry
3312:Harris Tweed
3202:Crown Office
3094:Armed forces
3072:Independence
3060:Human rights
2891:Conservation
2881:Central Belt
2799:Early modern
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2102:. Retrieved
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2037:
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2005:
1985:Tudor period
1940:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1867:Hector Boece
1859:John Barbour
1819:architecture
1816:
1807:Napoleon III
1712:
1697:
1691:October 2022
1688:
1673:Please help
1661:
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1350:October 2022
1347:
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1020:John Balliol
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527:Christianity
417:Architecture
287:Commonwealth
220:Early Modern
75:Membership
68:Defence pact
59:15 July 1560
29:
4878:WikiProject
4693:Immigration
4683:Health care
4545:Agriculture
4497:enforcement
4254:Free France
4223:World War I
4170:Restoration
4157:Late Modern
4027:Middle Ages
4002:Middle Ages
3987:Celtic Gaul
3282:Agriculture
3146:Nationalism
3065:LGBT rights
2968:Environment
2849:Romanticism
2804:Reformation
2794:Renaissance
2759:Middle Ages
2754:Roman times
2749:Prehistoric
2550:14 November
2229:15 December
2074:14 November
2048:23 February
1934:friendship.
1611:. With the
1482:Henry Tudor
1284:Joan of Arc
1252:Charles VII
1133:King Philip
497:Rugby union
352:Romanticism
332:Restoration
327:Reformation
322:Renaissance
198:Middle Ages
175:Prehistoric
142:History of
4894:Categories
4821:Philosophy
4806:Literature
4718:secularism
4514:Parliament
4309:2005 riots
4259:Liberation
4125:Revolution
3992:Roman Gaul
3977:Prehistory
3933:Journalism
3744:Moderators
3687:Scientists
3573:regimental
3516:Placenames
3511:Philosophy
3486:Literature
3116:Parliament
3048:Government
3018:Devolution
3001:Government
2958:Ecoregions
2948:Waterfalls
2824:Jacobitism
2580:12 January
2506:23 October
2464:Kay, Billy
2104:12 January
1992:References
1617:Protestant
1601:Protestant
1560:than with
1522:Mary Tudor
1191:Edward III
1150:chevauchee
1129:Edward III
1050:, and the
1000:in 1560.
992:, meaning
912:1954–2011
892:1948–1954
882:1947–1997
872:1936–1939
852:1921–1940
832:1892–1917
822:1812–1813
812:1812–1813
802:1807–1809
792:1778–1794
782:1777–1820
760:1756–1792
750:1741–1756
740:1733–1792
730:1716–1731
720:1603–1763
710:1657–1660
700:1536–1798
690:1528–1552
680:1524–1526
670:1295–1560
660:1220–1316
457:Devolution
437:Philosophy
432:Literature
392:Demography
46:Founded at
4678:Education
4632:Transport
4482:Judiciary
4443:Elections
4397:Mountains
4355:Geography
4101:Louis XIV
3891:Overviews
3729:Christmas
3682:Musicians
3677:Inventors
3616:Languages
3592:Festivals
3432:Education
3357:Transport
3297:Companies
3292:Charities
3023:Elections
2911:Highlands
2864:Geography
2161:159885209
1997:Citations
1949:of 1904.
1907:Kildrummy
1787:Charles X
1662:does not
1633:Huguenots
1466:Edward IV
1454:proxy war
1321:does not
1231:Robert II
1219:Charles V
1203:Robert II
1109:Edward II
1081:Philip IV
650:777–800s
566:By region
372:Education
367:Economics
56:Dissolved
38:Formation
4868:Category
4801:Language
4713:Religion
4658:Abortion
4612:Taxation
4509:Military
4470:Intersex
4460:Politics
4426:Politics
4228:Interwar
3923:Economic
3918:Language
3903:Timeline
3825:Category
3773:Hinduism
3719:Buddhism
3706:Religion
3536:Surnames
3476:Identity
3471:Hogmanay
3449:Colleges
3307:Forestry
3242:Udal law
3151:Unionism
3106:Monarchs
3010:Politics
2992:Politics
2926:Lowlands
2744:Timeline
2714:Scotland
2602:(1862).
2574:Archived
2544:Archived
2524:(1960).
2500:Archived
2466:(2006).
2430:Archived
2292:David II
2277:David II
2262:David II
2223:Archived
2193:24424506
2098:Archived
2068:Archived
2042:Archived
1953:See also
1903:Bothwell
1895:Rabelais
1835:vintners
1803:Republic
1797:and the
1791:monarchy
1775:Patriots
1763:Culloden
1715:Catholic
1605:James VI
1546:James IV
1542:Scotland
1486:Brittany
1462:Henry VI
1446:Scotland
1387:Roxburgh
1267:Verneuil
1235:Scotland
1213:and the
1077:Scotland
1013:Louis XI
980:against
974:Scotland
945:Americas
778:alliance
520:Religion
492:Football
450:Politics
427:The Kilt
382:Maritime
377:Military
313:793–1468
185:Iron Age
179:timeline
144:Scotland
133:a series
131:Part of
4859:Outline
4841:Theatre
4836:Symbols
4796:Gardens
4786:Fashion
4778:Cuisine
4745:Culture
4735:Welfare
4708:Poverty
4646:Society
4622:Tourism
4582:Exports
4555:Banking
4533:Economy
4492:history
4387:Islands
4382:Borders
4015:Francia
3969:Ancient
3947:Regions
3898:History
3883:History
3816:Outline
3788:Sikhism
3783:Judaism
3692:Writers
3672:Artists
3580:unicorn
3541:Symbols
3491:Museums
3444:Schools
3427:Cuisine
3404:Culture
3391:Society
3352:Tourism
3317:Housing
3302:Fishing
3270:Economy
3082:History
2936:Highest
2916:Islands
2906:Geology
2886:Climate
2769:Kingdom
2736:History
2639:(2001)
2593:Sources
2185:History
2166:6 March
1853:of the
1831:cuisine
1777:in the
1743:Mary II
1683:removed
1668:sources
1558:England
1550:Flodden
1500:at the
1474:Berwick
1411:Berwick
1391:Berwick
1378:England
1342:removed
1327:sources
1248:Henry V
1221:at the
1093:England
1085:Gascony
1058:History
982:England
410:Culture
64:Purpose
4873:Portal
4773:Cinema
4753:Anthem
4725:Racism
4703:People
4597:Mining
4572:Energy
4407:Rivers
4372:Cities
4304:May 68
3875:topics
3872:France
3830:Portal
3667:Actors
3654:People
3597:Comedy
3568:tartan
3546:anthem
3362:Whisky
3174:Courts
3087:Cities
2854:Modern
2643:
2613:Vol. 2
2609:Vol. 1
2474:
2436:26 May
2352:
2191:
2159:
2010:French
1913:Legacy
1897:, Sir
1829:, and
1825:, the
1805:under
1593:Calais
1562:France
1490:France
1442:France
1427:Jersey
1089:France
1046:, the
1042:, the
1005:French
978:France
950:Africa
770:1700s
305:Topics
225:Modern
194:69–384
135:on the
112:French
97:
85:
4831:Sport
4816:Music
4811:Media
4668:Crime
4392:Lakes
3778:Islam
3639:Scots
3556:flags
3531:Sport
3496:Music
3422:Clans
3322:Media
2978:Munro
2953:Glens
2921:Lochs
2901:Flora
2896:Fauna
2189:JSTOR
2157:S2CID
1759:Derby
1757:near
1575:with
1277:Patay
988:word
986:Scots
970:Scots
862:1935
485:Sport
357:Clans
203:Early
116:Scots
50:Paris
4791:Flag
4577:Euro
4475:LGBT
3658:list
3178:List
2641:ISBN
2611:and
2582:2020
2552:2011
2508:2021
2472:ISBN
2438:2015
2350:ISBN
2231:2020
2168:2010
2106:2020
2076:2011
2050:2018
1905:and
1861:and
1725:and
1666:any
1664:cite
1444:nor
1389:and
1325:any
1323:cite
1091:and
1022:and
1007:and
990:auld
976:and
964:The
940:Asia
507:Golf
244:Rule
213:Late
208:High
168:Eras
4763:Art
4487:Law
3417:Art
3161:Law
2422:doi
2149:doi
1823:law
1677:by
1524:to
1516:to
1433:.
1376:in
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1229:by
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