156:
to decrease with increasing distance from the firing point; so frangible bullets typically rely upon other mechanisms for disintegration at lower velocities. Target characteristics are an important aspect of interaction with the bullet. Energy available to initiate the disintegration mechanism is limited by the rate at which the target slows the bullet; so bullets may pass through flexible, fragile or low-density materials without slowing the bullet enough to cause disintegration. Bullets must resist disintegration during handling, loading, and firing to reliably hit the target; so high-velocity loads may require a non-frangible jacket to protect a frangible core from disintegration prior to target impact. The jacket may ricochet, but should have reduced range without the weight of the frangible core. Frangible
93:
206:, has conducted a limited series of tests evaluating the performance of frangible ammunition against body armor. This preliminary study was designed to attempt to establish the validity of claims that these types of rounds pose a potential safety threat to personal body armor. The true scope and relevance of this threat was not known as of November 2002.
171:
Hard targets may be damaged by frangible bullets. Extent of damage increases with velocity of bullet impact. Energy transfer at the point of impact may break brittle targets, and may temporarily soften and permanently deform malleable materials. Target crystalline structure may be changed to increase
155:
The mechanism of bullet disintegration varies with the energy transfer at the time of impact. With sufficient velocity, bullets may be vaporized upon impact. Few firearms can propel bullets at sufficient velocity to cause reliable vaporization at the target, and air resistance causes bullet velocity
41:
are intended to disintegrate into tiny particles upon target impact to minimize their penetration of other objects. Small particles are slowed more rapidly by air resistance, and are less likely to cause injury or damage to persons and objects distant from the point of bullet impact.
317:
jacket. A tungsten/nylon projectile core was developed by
Ecomass Technologies to replace the lead core in the 3-part M855 5.56mm projectile and placed in service between 2000 and 2003. This projectile core performed similar to the lead core with the same, or better, accuracy.
305:
manned target aircraft. The lower density M22 bullets were of the same shape as conventional M2 bullets for reliable function through self-loading machine guns, but weighed only 110 grains (7.1 g) in comparison to 152 grains (9.8 g) for the M2 bullets.
222:, due to the decreased risk of ricochet, overpenetration, as well as decreasing lead exposure. Frangible bullets are also used in reduced ricochet, limited penetration (RRLP) loads intended to reduce risk to friendly forces and innocent persons during
172:
target damage by subsequent bullets. Steel targets designed to withstand rifle ammunition may be damaged by bullet velocities over 2,700 feet (820 m) per second; and lower velocity bullets may damage steel targets intended for pistol or
187:. Hunting bullets include a frangible core designed to disintegrate when a protective jacket is opened by softer tissue or fluid. Frangible bullets disintegrating in flesh cause very serious wounds with persistent effects.
567:
354:
390:
100:
with traditional lead cores. Each of the three .30 caliber (7.62 mm) bullets weighs 150 grains (9.7 g) but the lower density frangible core requires greater volume.
203:
96:
Frangible bullets may be lighter or longer than conventional bullets of the same caliber. The jacketed frangible bullet in the center is longer than the outer
309:
In the early 21st-century, the United States military began using frangible bullets to reduce ricochet risk during small arms training. These bullets use
31:
539:
Komenda, J; Hejna, P; Rydlo, M; Novak, M; Krajsa, J; Racek, F (2012). "Frangible bullets: wounding capability and clinical aspects of their use".
691:
214:
Frangible bullets offer improved safety for specialized combat simulation training, which involves one or more shooters engaging multiple
474:
574:
616:
280:
361:
179:
Frangible bullets striking animal targets create wounds similar to conventional bullets. Some penetrate soft tissue similar to
335:
740:
49:
bullets are subject to brittle failure upon striking a hard target. This mechanism has been used to minimize the tendency of
195:
199:
568:"A Brass Cup, A Pinch Of Powder, and A Lump Of Lead: A Short History of the .22 Rimfire Cartridge in the United States"
684:
273:
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259:
180:
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from hard targets as large, cohesive particles. Brittle failure may occur at subsonic velocity. Attempting to
139:
powdered metals at temperatures below the melting point, or binding the powdered metal with an adhesive or
499:
73:
419:
874:
866:
750:
452:
223:
34:
A sequence of photos showing a frangible bullet fracturing when subjected to high velocity strain waves
656:
Lead Free
Frangible Ammunition Exposure at United States Air Force Small Arms Firing Ranges, 2005-2007
770:
677:
69:
725:
302:
157:
81:
662:: Air Force Institute for Operational Health Risk Analysis Directorate Health and Safety Division.
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745:
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295:
231:
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120:) compressed at room temperature to produce a high-density material. Mechanical interlocking and
30:
729:
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548:
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104:
Powder metallurgy techniques fabricate bullets from mixtures of powdered metals (typically
72:
may break the bullet. Brittle frangible bullets may break during the self-loading cycle of
856:
65:
266:
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191:
889:
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755:
314:
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Injuries from lead bullet fragments ricocheting off metal targets at 20th-century
92:
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as a binding agent for a core of powdered copper and tungsten contained within a
716:
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298:
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often break as the bullet encounters the barrel forcing cone after leaving the
17:
833:
775:
254:
shooting galleries encouraged development of frangible bullets in specialized
227:
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255:
136:
125:
50:
46:
552:
803:
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117:
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475:"Frangible Ammunition for Law Enforcement Training/Duty Use? - A Review"
161:
140:
708:
109:
57:
391:"Frangible Ammunition for Training and Safety: The Good and The Bad"
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intended to resist traditional lead bullets. At the request of the
124:
bond the metals together either pressed directly to shape, or into
310:
165:
129:
91:
29:
287:
184:
113:
53:
673:
360:. United States Department of Homeland Security. Archived from
669:
164:, and light sheet metal; but often disintegrate upon striking
135:
Alternative manufacturing techniques include heat treating or
105:
336:"Reloading Guidelines for Compressed Powdered Metal Bullets"
190:
Frangible bullets may represent an unconventional threat to
865:
832:
789:
707:
600:
218:from various directions while moving through a
500:"Can You Use Frangible Ammo For Self Defense?"
204:National Institute of Standards and Technology
685:
132:into projectiles, with or without jacketing.
8:
692:
678:
670:
654:Moran, Michael P.; Ott, Darrin K. (2008).
224:close quarters military or police actions
27:Bullets designed to reduce ricochet risk
327:
393:. Police: The Law Enforcement Magazine
183:. Some may disintegrate upon striking
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444:
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7:
607:. London: Salamander Books. p.
384:
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68:a brittle frangible bullet into the
635:. Combat Disabled Veterans' Surplus
286:. The United States used frangible
200:Office of Law Enforcement Standards
230:, aboard ships or aircraft, or in
25:
603:Combat Aircraft of World War II
520:. Dynamic Research Technologies
301:for target practice at armored
633:"30 Caliber Frangible Bullets"
1:
518:"DRT Technology Stands Alone"
196:National Institute of Justice
338:. SinterFire. Archived from
912:
181:full metal jacket bullets
294:M22 bullets in aircraft
258:gallery loads including
160:may penetrate clothing,
76:; and those fired from
74:semi-automatic firearms
599:Gunston, Bill (1978).
455:. Shooting Illustrated
420:"Frangible Ammunition"
101:
35:
95:
33:
158:hollow-point bullets
128:billets that can be
766:Total metal jacket
580:on 2 November 2013
504:RE Factor Tactical
451:Towsley, Bruce M.
425:GlobalSecurity.org
234:environments like
232:hazardous material
174:rimfire ammunition
145:injection moulding
102:
98:soft-point bullets
36:
883:
882:
741:Full metal jacket
202:, located at the
39:Frangible bullets
16:(Redirected from
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847:Smokeless powder
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660:Brooks City-Base
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573:. Archived from
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453:"Frangible Ammo"
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367:on 19 April 2016
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238:and chemical or
220:360 degree range
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506:. Scott Witner.
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355:"Lead to Green"
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18:Frangible round
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751:Plastic-tipped
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353:Graves, Alex.
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342:on 2016-03-04.
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252:amusement park
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240:nuclear plants
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192:personal armor
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70:cartridge case
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851:Pyrocollodion
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791:Shotgun shell
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771:Very-low-drag
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756:Semiwadcutter
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151:Target damage
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88:Manufacturing
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875:Boxer primer
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726:Hollow point
655:
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637:. Retrieved
627:
602:
594:
582:. Retrieved
575:the original
561:
544:
540:
534:
522:. Retrieved
512:
503:
494:
483:. Retrieved
481:. 2015-06-23
479:AmmoLand.com
478:
469:
457:. Retrieved
429:. Retrieved
423:
395:. Retrieved
369:. Retrieved
362:the original
348:
340:the original
330:
308:
299:machine guns
283:
276:
270:Spatter-Less
269:
263:Krumble Ball
262:
249:
213:
189:
178:
170:
154:
134:
122:cold welding
103:
44:
38:
37:
746:Hollow-base
701:Handloading
547:(2): 21–4.
296:.30 caliber
284:Spatterpruf
277:Kant-Splash
228:urban areas
60:bullets to
834:Propellant
730:Soft point
524:6 December
485:2022-06-01
459:6 December
431:6 December
397:3 December
371:7 December
322:References
281:Winchester
842:Gunpowder
814:Rock salt
809:Flechette
781:Wadcutter
736:Frangible
722:Expanding
584:4 October
267:Remington
256:.22 Short
137:sintering
126:bar stock
116:, and/or
78:revolvers
51:malleable
47:frangible
890:Category
804:Buckshot
799:Birdshot
553:22724652
541:Soud Lek
292:Bakelite
118:tungsten
82:cylinder
62:ricochet
896:Bullets
761:Spitzer
639:22 June
274:Western
246:History
162:drywall
141:polymer
867:Primer
853:, etc)
709:Bullet
615:
551:
279:, and
260:Peters
143:in an
130:swaged
110:copper
58:copper
819:Sabot
578:(PDF)
571:(PDF)
365:(PDF)
358:(PDF)
311:nylon
303:RP-63
166:glass
66:crimp
45:Most
824:Slug
717:Cast
641:2018
613:ISBN
586:2015
549:PMID
526:2015
461:2015
433:2015
399:2015
373:2015
288:lead
210:Uses
185:bone
114:zinc
56:and
54:lead
776:Wax
609:198
226:in
106:tin
892::
728:,
658:.
611:.
545:57
543:.
502:.
477:.
441:^
422:.
407:^
381:^
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265:,
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290:/
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
