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numerical methods suitable for impact analysis, a
Chapter 6 was added to the Aerodrome Design Manual part 6, dedicated to "numerical simulation methods for evaluating frangibility". It states that numerical methods can be used to evaluate the frangibility of structures, but that the analytical models should still be verified through a series of representative field tests.
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678:; plastic wraps; pressure-sensitive adhesive labels; "locking" bolts, crimped wires/cables, or other (theoretically) irreversible mechanical assemblies; tamper-evident packaging and security containers or enclosures that give evidence of being opened; fiber optic bundles that show changes in light transmission when cut; and other devices or materials
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A break-away fiberglass mast for use in low impact resistant (LIR) structures to support airport approach lighting systems has been developed. This design will withstand 100 mph winds (including gusts) without ice and 75 mph winds (including gusts) with a 1/2 inch radial ice load. Yet, when struck by
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State
Project Engineer ... was adamant that changing the old design features for ones having the newer designs was a waste of the taxpayers' money. The features were only a few months old and the probability of any one of them getting hit was very small. One day a friend of his left the roadway and
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In order to develop international regulation for the frangibility of equipment or installations at airports, required for air navigation purposes (e.g., approach lighting towers, meteorological equipment, radio navigational aids) and their support structures, ICAO initiated the "Frangible Aids Study
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An overview of the activities carried out to achieve these results is given in "Frangibility of
Approach Lighting Structures at Airports". The missing reference (17) in this article is in "Impact simulation of a frangible approach light structure by an aircraft wing section". With the evolution of
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where an aircraft hit a donut lighting structure at San
Francisco International airport, the FAA instigated frangible design rules for such structures. A frangible object was defined as "an object of low mass, designed to break, distort or yield on impact, so as to present the minimum hazard to
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hit a light pole with a rigid design. His friend was killed in the accident. After learning of the tragedy, the
Project Engineer had a change of heart. He reasoned that a frangible base costing a few hundred dollars would have saved his friend's life.
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J.F.M. Wiggenraad, A. de Boer, R.H.W.M. Frijns, "Impact simulation of a frangible approach light structure by an aircraft wing section", 3rd
International KRASH users' Seminar, January 8–10, 2001, Arizona State University, (also available as NLR TP
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a light airplane wing, it breaks into pieces without catastrophic damage to the wing. It was observed that impact energy needed to break the mast was in the order of 679 foot-pounds and that peak forces were in the order of 5,656 lbs.
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went on to note how soda-lime glass is tempered to improve its strength. However, that tempering process also makes the interior of glass more stressed. "So when it fractures, it breaks in a catastrophic fashion (i.e.,
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M.H. van Houten, H. Gottschalk, C. Rooks, R. Miller, P. Tölke, "Frangible design of instrument landing system/glide slope towers", International
Crashworthiness Conference, ICRASH2010, Leesburg, VA, USA, Sept. 22-24,
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Group" in 1981, with the task to define design requirements, design guidelines and test procedures. This work has resulted in part 6 of the
Aerodrome Design Manual, dedicated to frangibility.
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Frangible bullets will disintegrate upon contact with a surface harder than the bullet itself. Frangible bullets are often used by shooters engaging in close quarter combat training to avoid
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Of all equipment or installations at airports required for air navigation purposes, ICAO has not yet formulated frangibility criteria for the tower structure supporting the
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A structure is frangible if it breaks, distorts, or yields on impact so as to present a minimum hazard. A frangible structure is usually designed to be of minimum mass.
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aircraft". This characteristic is seemingly contradictory to the operational requirements for stiffness and rigidity imposed on this type of equipment.
622:)," Mauro said. "This is in contrast to an untempered borosilicate glass, which would break into much larger pieces compared to a tempered soda-lime."
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and labels are intentionally weak or have brittle components. The intent is to deter tampering by making it almost impossible to remove intact.
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A frangible light pole base is designed to break away when a vehicle strikes it. This lessens the risk of injury to occupants of the vehicle.
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J.F.M. Wiggenraad, D.G. Zimcik, "Frangibility of
Approach Lighting Structures at Airports", International Airport Review, Vol.5, No. 1 2001
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Two passengers, ..., were seriously injured by parts of the
Approach Light System structure which penetrated the passenger compartment
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International Standards and Recommended Practices, Annex 14 (Vol. 1, section 9.9.4) to the Convention on International Civil Aviation
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it tends to break up into fragments, rather than deforming elastically and retaining its cohesion as a single object. Common
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453:"NTSB Aircraft Accident Report, NTSB-AAR-72-17, 1972, Pan American World Airways, Inc., Boeing 747, N747PA, Flight 845"
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is one that is designed to disintegrate into tiny particles upon impact to minimize their penetration for reasons of
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A sequence of photos showing a frangible bullet fracturing when subjected to high velocity strain waves
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A plaque marking the frangible section of a London pavement, designed to be broken to
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are examples of frangible materials, while fresh bread, which deforms plastically, is
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636:"Tamper-Indicating Seals for Nuclear Disarmament and Hazardous Waste Management"
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is said to be frangible when it fractures and breaks into many small pieces.
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ICAO, Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 6 - Frangibility, First Edition - 2006
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Material that breaks up into parts instead of deforming as one
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that display irreversible damage or changes when manipulated
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Rogers, E.T.; Ross, J.A.; Snyder, K.M. (30 August 1979).
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674:Passive seals take a variety of forms. They can be
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Development and test of low-impact resistant towers
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
598:"The Pyrex Glass Controversy That Just Won't Die"
8:
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
561:. Police and Security News. Archived from
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
634:Johnston, Roger G. (October 10, 1999).
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429:from the original on 9 February 2019
99:adding citations to reliable sources
596:Estes, Adam Clark (16 March 2019).
559:"FRANGIBLE AND NONTOXIC AMMUNITION"
283:in the case of an underground fire.
425:. Federal Highway Administration.
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649:(2). Taylor and Francis: 93–112.
45:This article has multiple issues.
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86:needs additional citations for
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643:Science & Global Security
616:breaking in many small pieces
203:the claims made and adding
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655:10.1080/08929880108426490
253:A material is said to be
676:frangible foils or films
577:"Frangible Ammunition"
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318:ILS glide path antenna
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487:(Report). FAA-AF-79-1
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423:"A Lesson in Safety"
95:improve this article
706:Fracture mechanics
582:GlobalSecurity.org
421:Wright, Aldridge.
346:Glaser Safety Slug
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296:Airport structures
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458:. 24 May 1972
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88:verification
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602:gizmodo.com
288:Light poles
269:frangible.
259:deformation
257:if through
701:Ammunition
695:Categories
491:6 February
462:6 February
433:6 February
408:References
392:Friability
213:March 2018
197:improve it
121:newspapers
50:improve it
537:2000-618)
357:ricochets
255:frangible
201:verifying
151:July 2011
56:talk page
18:Frangible
663:55005135
607:25 March
427:Archived
386:See also
348:and the
263:crackers
668:June 6,
324:Bullets
195:Please
135:scholar
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659:S2CID
639:(PDF)
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402:Spall
378:Some
374:Other
363:Glass
142:JSTOR
128:books
670:2019
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547:2010
493:2019
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114:news
651:doi
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