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accounted for the urgency with which the
Stevenson expedition, including the inexperienced Frank Cushing, was dispatched to Zuni pueblo in 1879. It is no coincidence that numerous Zuni artifacts, including many sacred objects (some considered living beings by the Zuni), began to be shipped to Washington the same year. By its heyday, the Zuni collection of the Smithsonian's Museum of Natural History included some 10,000 pieces, the earliest of which were acquired by the members of the Stevenson expedition. Many (if not most) of these artifacts were collected through less-than-honest means, sometimes including outright theft, and often against the express wishes of Zuni elders and traditionalists.
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291:. Yet, there were always factions who disliked and distrusted Cushing. At least once, members of the Zuni community considered killing him as they believed he was after their sacred secrets. Despite his later success and quasi-acceptance, the same charge frequently brought him close to local definitions of witchcraft, a serious violation of Zuni norms.
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Indians of the West. Cushing considered the tour part of what he called "the reciprocal method." He introduced his anthropological subjects to his own culture, just as they had introduced him to theirs (Green 1990:166). He was a century ahead of other practitioners of this process, now called "reflexive anthropology".
239:
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in 1877 signed a bill designating the boundaries of the new Zuni reservation. One 800-acre (3.2 km) section of Zuni territory, called the Nutria Valley, had been left out. Three land speculators, including Major W. F. Tucker, arrived in Zuni in late 1882 to claim the parcel for a cattle ranching
419:
from which they draw. He was ahead of his time as the first participant observer who entered into and participated in another culture, rather than studying and commenting on it as an outside observer. At the same time, Cushing's work also presents a series of ethical dilemmas that must be considered
353:
Because of
Cushing's work at Zuni, in 1882 Powell assigned the anthropologist to an expedition to the Hopi village of Oraibi. His mission was to council with Oraibi's chiefs and get permission to trade goods for a collection of artifacts and crafts for the Smithsonian expedition. The Oraibi Governor
340:
Among the forces driving the growth of the
Smithsonian Institution at the end of the 19th century was John Wesley Powell's belief in the need to document Native American life and to collect Indian materials before the Westward expansion of the United States caused both to disappear. This conviction
294:
Cushing often recounted Zuni folk tales and legends. In 1882 he took his Zuni father, Pedro Pino (Lai-iu-ah-tsai-lu), and fellow Bow members on a tour to the
Eastern United States to show them his culture. Their journey attracted considerable press attention, as there was great interest in American
286:
After some initial difficulties, Cushing was generally accepted by the community. He was adopted by the
Governor of the Pueblo, Patrico Pino (Ba:lawahdiwa), he was given a Zuni name, "Tenatsali", meaning "medicine flower", and he was allowed to participate in Zuni activities. In 1881, Cushing was
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Cushing died suddenly. While on a research project in Maine, he choked on a fishbone. Subsequent hemorrhaging in his throat led to his death on April 10, 1900. He was only 42. Some Zuni have understood
Cushing's unfortunate and untimely death as spiritual retribution for his handling of secret
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The Zuni tried
Cushing, himself, for stealing sacred artifacts. While he managed to survive his trial, it is certain that Cushing, like other members of the Stevenson expedition and later anthropologists, removed sacred items from the Zuni pueblo. Some of these artifacts joined the Smithsonian
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as a common anthropological research strategy. In recent years, however, questions have emerged about
Cushing's activities among the Zuni. Consequently, Frank Cushing's work provides an important case study for considering the ethics of both ethnographic research and the generation of museum
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operation. The angered Zuni appealed to
Cushing for help, and he wrote letters to newspapers in Chicago and Boston in their defense. Major Tucker's father-in-law was US Senator
354:
approved the visit and trade, but the ultra-conservative Oraibi
Traditionalists held special council and refused to trade. The expedition was forced to leave without trading.
275:. Fascinated by this culture, Cushing gained permission to stay at the pueblo. He "went native", living with the Zuni from 1879 to 1884, and becoming anthropology's first
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with funding cuts if Cushing's stay in Zuni was not terminated. Cushing was forced to return to Washington, ending his landmark efforts among the New Mexico natives.
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from Illinois, who was influential in the Republican Party and would become a vice presidential candidate in 1884. Although the administration of President
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Senator Logan resented his reputation being tarnished in the "land grab" imbroglio. As U.S. Senator, he threatened director John Wesley Powell of the
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McGee, W. J.; Holmes, William H.; Powell, J. W.; Fletcher, Alice C.; Matthews, Washington; Culin, Stewart; McGuire, Joseph D. (1900): in:
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During this tour, Cushing married Emily Tennison of Washington, D.C. His wife and her sister returned with him and his party to Zuni.
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redefined the Zuni boundaries in 1883 to correct the Nutria Valley omission, the damage to Cushing's position had been done.
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328:. He was forced from this position by personal and health problems. In 1889 he was succeeded as leader by ethnologist
283:, but he did not work with the Trobriand Islanders until more than 30 years following Cushing's lengthy stay at Zuni.
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collection; others found themselves further afield, in the collections of museums as far away as Germany and the UK.
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19th Century Explorers and Anthropologists: Developing the Earliest Smithsonian Anthropology Collections
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Frank H. Cushing, designed by K. C. DenDooven, photographed by Bruce Hucko, Annotations by Mark Bahti,
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Preliminary Report on the Exploration of Ancient Key-dweller Remains on the Gulf Coast of Florida
223:
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Cushing was an innovator in the development of the anthropological view that all peoples have a
199:(make arrowheads and such from flint). He published his first scientific paper when he was 17.
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Frank H. Cushing, edited by Jesse Green, foreword by Fred Eggan, Introduction by Jesse Green,
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Frank H. Cushing, edited by Jesse Green, foreword by Fred Eggan, Introduction by Jesse Green,
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Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
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156:
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My Adventurers in Zuni: Including Father of The Pueblos & An Aboriginal Pilgrimage
1100:
442:
Cushing at Zuni: The Correspondence and Journals of Frank Hamilton Cushing, 1879-1884
424:
385:
381:
307:
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Cushing at Zuni: the Correspondence and Journals of Frank Hamilton Cushing 1879-1893
689:, edited by Phyllis Kolianos and Brent Weisman. University of Florida Press, 2005,
675:, edited by Phyllis Kolianos and Brent Weisman. University of Florida Press, 2005,
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of New Mexico by entering into their culture; his work helped establish
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Exploration of Ancient Key-Dweller Remains on the Gulf Coast of Florida
416:
462:, PMA Online Org Filter Press, LLC, 1999, paperback, 1999, 79 pages,
718:
Hart, E. Richard (2003-12-01). "Governor of Zuni Pueblo, 1830-1878".
238:
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took photographs at Zuni, some showing Cushing as a Bow Priest.
393:
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Cushing became embroiled in political intrigue after President
440:
Jesse Green, Sharon Weiner Green and Frank Hamilton Cushing,
29:
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in tracing anthropology's relationship to Indigenous people.
1084:, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University
518:, University of Arizona Press, 1998, paperback, 104 pages,
610:
University of Nebraska Press, 1978, hardcover, 440 pages,
324:
Cushing returned to Zuni briefly in 1886 as leader of the
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and began to work with him to write about the history of
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in the surrounding countryside and taught himself how to
504:, AMS Press; Reprint edition (June 1, 1996), Hardcover,
267:. The group traveled by rail to the end of the line at
596:, University of Arizona Press, 1999, trade paperback,
687:
The Lost Florida Manuscript of Frank Hamilton Cushing
490:, University of New Mexico Press, 1992, hardcover,
64:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
380:(1895–1897) and studied abandoned villages in the
991:Zuni: Selected Writings of Frank Hamilton Cushing
858:Matilda Coxe Stevenson: pioneering anthropologist
630:Zuni Breadstuff (Indian Notes and Monographs V.8)
608:Zuni: Selected Writings of Frank Hamilton Cushing
407:information and his pilfering of sacred objects.
326:Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological Expedition
1010:. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
722:Pedro Pino: Governor of Zuni Pueblo, 1830-1878
673:The Florida Journals of Frank Hamilton Cushing
554:, KC Publications, 1999, paperback, 48 pages,
365:), who worked at the Smithsonian, to document
279:. This technique has often been attributed to
149:North East Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania
1152:Members of the American Philosophical Society
1045:Works by Frank Hamilton Cushing in eBook form
772:Understanding others: peoples, animals, pasts
210:. At 19 Cushing was appointed curator of the
8:
912:"Tichkematse: A Cheyenne at the Smithsonian"
486:Frank Hamilton Cushing and Barton Wright,
256:Cushing was invited by Powell to join the
124:Learn how and when to remove this message
1063:Works by or about Frank Hamilton Cushing
726:. Utah State University Press. pp.
287:initiated into the warrior society, the
1088:Gwyneira Isaac video discussing Cushing
770:LaCapra, Dominick (15 September 2018).
707:
458:Sylvester Baxter and Frank H. Cushing,
27:American anthropologist and ethnologist
965:"Zuni Encounters with Anthropologists"
833:10.7208/chicago/9780226299044.001.0001
188:. As a boy he took an interest in the
661:, University Press of Florida, 2000,
618:; trade paperback, 1979, 449 pages,
7:
1147:People from North East, Pennsylvania
1015:In Memoriam: Frank Hamilton Cushing,
816:
814:
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184:. He later moved with his family to
163:. He made pioneering studies of the
62:adding citations to reliable sources
52:Relevant discussion may be found on
824:Plundered Skulls and Stolen Spirits
332:, who had little field experience.
180:Cushing was born in the borough of
1090:, can be viewed as part of series
222:There he came to the attention of
25:
1082:The Frank Hamilton Cushing Papers
860:. University of Oklahoma Press.
34:
1054:Works by Frank Hamilton Cushing
827:. University of Chicago Press.
502:Outlines of Zuni Creation Myths
45:needs additional citations for
1127:Smithsonian Institution people
1031:American Philosophical Society
996:, 1978, hardcover, 440 pages,
632:, AMS Press, 1975, 673 pages,
446:University of New Mexico Press
401:American Philosophical Society
1:
1023:Pandey, Trikoli Nath (1972):
888:Pecina, Ron and Pecina, Bob.
434:
427:painted him in Zuni costume.
243:
1076:New Perspectives on the West
994:University of Nebraska Press
892:. Schiffer Publishing 2011.
488:The Mythic World of the Zuni
396:and their role in culture.
390:World's Columbian Exposition
384:. He came into contact with
319:Bureau of American Ethnology
399:Cushing was elected to the
367:Plains Indian Sign Language
54:Talk:Frank Hamilton Cushing
1168:
1137:Accidental deaths in Maine
1034:, Vol. 116(4), P. 321-337.
856:Miller, Darlis A. (2007).
1122:Cornell University alumni
1142:American anthropologists
1072:"Frank Hamilton Cushing"
1020:, Vol. 2(2), P. 354-380.
804:Anthropologists at Zuni,
628:Frank Hamilton Cushing.
592:Frank Hamilton Cushing,
578:Frank Hamilton Cushing,
564:Frank Hamilton Cushing,
528:Frank Hamilton Cushing,
374:Pepper-Hearst Expedition
336:Professional Controversy
202:After a brief period at
182:North East, Pennsylvania
73:"Frank Hamilton Cushing"
1025:Anthropologists at Zuni
1018:American Anthropologist
890:Neil David's Hopi World
566:Zuni Fetishes Facsimile
435:Cushing's books on Zuni
208:Smithsonian Institution
169:participant observation
821:Colwell, Chip (2017).
644:Other works by Cushing
253:
145:Frank Hamilton Cushing
141:
140:Frank Hamilton Cushing
1117:American ethnologists
1006:Green, Jesse (1990):
736:10.2307/j.ctt46nr28.4
474:My Adventures in Zuni
289:Priesthood of the Bow
269:Las Vegas, New Mexico
241:
139:
969:Southwest Crossroads
945:search.amphilsoc.org
941:"APS Member History"
411:Significance of work
357:Cushing worked with
281:Bronisław Malinowski
277:participant observer
151:– April 10, 1900 in
58:improve this article
1132:Deaths from choking
1029:Proceedings of the
910:Greene, Candace S.
303:Rutherford B. Hayes
228:Bureau of Ethnology
514:Frank H. Cushing,
500:Frank H. Cushing,
472:Frank H. Cushing,
448:, 1990, hardcover
254:
224:John Wesley Powell
214:department of the
204:Cornell University
155:) was an American
147:(July 22, 1857 in
142:
1058:Project Gutenberg
898:978-0-7643-3808-3
867:978-0-8061-8268-1
842:978-0-226-29899-3
781:978-1-5017-2490-9
655:. MacCalla. 1896.
516:Zuni Coyote Tales
423:The noted artist
312:Chester A. Arthur
242:Cushing at Zuni,
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16:(Redirected from
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1067:Internet Archive
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1078:series, PBS.
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1112:1900 deaths
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754:j.ctt46nr28
444:, UNMPRESS
359:Tichkematse
349:Later years
273:Zuni Pueblo
161:ethnologist
1101:Categories
950:2024-03-08
926:2014-01-26
790:1102725532
702:References
403:in 1896.
265:New Mexico
197:knap flint
176:Early life
84:newspapers
876:607737714
378:Key Marco
226:, of the
193:artifacts
802:Pandey:
363:Cheyenne
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417:culture
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