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643:, the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works, was placed in charge of the reserves. He felt that the Stó꞉lō did not need most of the land promised to them by Douglas and McColl. Trutch believed that if the land was not being used for agrarian purposes it was not required. He reduced the reserves by 91% in 1867, siding with the settlers who had begun to build homes and farms in the area. Trutch also took away many of the rights that Douglas had given to the Stó꞉lō. They no longer were allowed to participate in government or able to pre-empt or purchase land outside of the reserves. In the years following these events the federal and provincial governments have paid very little attention to the problems that First Nations people have been experiencing in British Columbia. In 1990
603:
832:(or upper classes), the ordinary people, and the slaves, who were usually captives taken from enemy tribes in raids or warfare. A person's family status was important in determining their role within Stó꞉lō society, and within Longhouse ceremonies, though this has faded over time. Slaves may have been treated relatively well, but they were not permitted to eat with others at the Longhouse fire. They were primarily responsible for daily tasks such as gathering nuts, fruits and other foods, or firewood. The use of slaves died out in the nineteenth century. As the practice was dying out there was a settlement of former slaves called
917:
744:
or not spoken. With a lack of opportunity to speak ʼeméylem in their environment and inability to go home in most cases, students in attendance at residential schools frequently lost their language. In present day, the trend of individuals not being able to speak their language continues. English has still been taking precedence over the speaking of Halq'eméylem. With those who have fluency in the language passing away, and children not being raised in environments in which Halq'eméylem is learned and utilized as
English has.
41:
904:. A pubescent girl would be brought to a pit lined with cedar boughs and told to remain there during daylight hours, leaving only to eat and sleep. Women would bring her fir boughs and instruct her to pick out the needles one at a time, but this was the only work she would be allowed to do; other women would feed and wash the girl until her first menstrual period was over. This custom was practiced widely, at least until youth were sent to
702:
last residential school in
British Columbia. The grounds of the school are now part of Fraser River Heritage Park. New Bell Tower, built in 2000, also housed the 1875 original bell from Mission. The Mission Indian Friendship Centre in 2001 provided funds to build a covered picnic shelter in the park. The park is also home to the OMI cemetery where nun, students land and buildings of government–nun school were initially leased to the
636:
berry patches, transformer sites, and burial grounds (although many spiritual sites were not revealed to ensure their secrecy). Sergeant
William McColl was directed in 1864 by Douglas to create the reserves. The surveyors outlined 15,760 hectors through present day Abbotsford, Chilliwack, and Mission. This may seem like a large amount of land, but was small in comparison to the land available to settlers.
748:
Halqʼeméylem
Language Program. In 1994, the program originated under the wing of the education department of the Stó꞉lō Nation's Community Economic Development division. It was established in the efforts to teach members of the community the language and be able to have these community members teach the language to others. In addition, the development of curriculum in Halq'eméylem was desired.
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499:
Stó꞉lō population, approximately 61%, within six weeks. During the epidemic traditional responses to illness may have made the outbreak worse. One method was gathering around the sick person’s bed to sing and pray. This exposed more people to the virus. Other practices included cleansing sweats and cold morning baths which would have shocked the infected person’s body causing more harm.
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two different methods. In the summer salmon was wind dried with salt in the Fraser Canyon. In the fall salmon was smoked, this was traditionally done for a week or two but with modern refrigeration technology smoking is only done for a few days. Dried salmon was then either boiled or steamed before eating.
784:, both for access to water for cooking and drinking, and for salmon fishing. Its importance in their culture was reflected in ceremonies dedicated to it. The various tribes, sometimes named by Europeans for the river they were located near, fished on the Fraser River and its tributaries, including the
1303:
In 2005, an internal reorganization of the nineteen Stó꞉lō First
Nations divided them into two tribal councils. Eleven of these First Nations — Aitchelitz, Leq'a:mel, Matsqui, Popkum, Shxwhá:y Village, Skawahlook, Skowkale, Squiala, Sumas, Tzeachten, and Yakweakwioose — chose to remain in
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In residential schools, such as St. Mary's
Residential School in Mission, BC, students were prohibited from speaking their language. If students did speak their language instead of the desired English, they would often be punished physically or mentally to reinforce which language was to be spoken –
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set up trading posts in Stó꞉lō territory. They originally wanted the Stó꞉lō to hunt beaver for them but quickly learned that the Stó꞉lō had little interest in beaver. The Hudson Bay
Company then began to ask for salmon after seeing the impressive hauls that were being made. In August 1829 the Stó꞉lō
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were brought back from the river. It was then shared with either the entire community or more privately in a family setting. After the salmon meat was eaten the bones of the fish were then returned to the river. This was to show respect to the salmon people. If the ceremony was not performed and the
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family. While there are 278 fluent speakers of the dialects of
Halkomelem, there are fewer than five fluent speakers of Halq'eméylem. Of these, the speakers who have achieved fluency are of dotage. Because of this, several speakers have been lost in each successive year. In turn, the language is
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of the Roman
Catholic Church and academics. Later, there was a shift to agriculture and industrial vocations including woodworking, attending mass, ironing and sewing. Parents were allowed to visit and some camped around school. Students were given permission to visit the city of Mission until 1948.
635:
Douglas also promised the Stó꞉lō fair compensation for all the land outside of the reserves being occupied by settlers. While setting up the reserves the Stó꞉lō were asked to help mark the territories themselves as it was recognized that only they would know what lands needed to be included such as
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soon took over as the primary item of exchange. Between 1830 and 1849, Fort
Langley's purchases of salmon increased from 200 barrels to 2610 barrels. The Kwantlen branch of the Stó꞉lō relocated their main village to the proximity of the fort, partly to maintain primacy in trade with the company and
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Salmon was the preferred food of the Stó꞉lō and was seen as superior to other types of meat. Meat and salmon were classified differently and salmon was said to give individuals energy while meat makes you feel heavy and lazy. In order to have salmon through the off seasons it was preserved through
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In 1952, 16 students graduated with full grade 12 diplomas. In 1961, the students moved to a new government-run residential school of the same name on the eastern border of Mission, and the Roman Catholic School was closed. In 1985, all buildings of the former schools were destroyed, making it the
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of Canada and secondly by the Canadian federal government. The school had approximately 2000 children in attendance with most of them Stó꞉lō. Opened in 1863 as a school of boys housing 42 students in its first year a girls section was added in 1868, but was split off and operated by the Sisters of
618:
in 1827 the gold rush began in 1858. With the discovery of gold came the influx of over 30,000 miners with goals of striking it rich. These miners created many problems as they encroached closely to Stó꞉lō communities, resources, and homes. With the fierce competition over land many disputes arose
502:
Those who survived were affected with blindness and other permanent disabilities making hunting and other activities difficult. This caused many people to suffer from hunger along with the emotional damage from debilitation. Stó꞉lō culture is based on an oral tradition, and with the decimation of
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An additional effort the Stó꞉lō Shxweli Halqʼeméylem Language Program has partaken in their efforts to revitalize and document the language is by using technology. The language staff involved in the program established an ongoing language archive on the mobile and website application First
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recognized these issues and tried to separate the Stó꞉lō and miners by creating separate territories for each group to occupy. This began the long history of land disputes between the Stó꞉lō and settlers. As the miners left in large numbers by 1860 the whiskey peddlers came in selling their "fire
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virus first reached the Stó꞉lō in late 1782. The first is that the disease came up from Mexico spreading with overland travelers, the second and more likely theory is that it was brought to the coast through trade routes with Europeans. It is estimated that the epidemic killed two thirds of the
405:
This has come to be used for the ancient village site that has been excavated in the surrounding field. There are two major eras found in the dig, one 3000BP and the other from 5000-9000BP . Both indicate posthole and timber-frame construction and advanced social and economic life. The site was
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No treaties were ever made in BC, and although Governor Douglas planned to create them, the gold rush and subsequent immigration rush hindered this. The main goal of his plan was the assimilation of the Stó꞉lō into European culture. He hoped to have Stó꞉lō pre-empt crown land for agricultural
747:
As the Stó꞉lō people, like other Aboriginal groups, consider their language to be an important aspect of their culture, there have been efforts made to revitalize Halq'eméylem. One of the central parties that has been involved in the preservation of the language is the Stó꞉lō Shxweli
751:
The initial program has led to the Stó꞉lō Shxweli Halqʼeméylem Language Program working with post-secondary institutions in British Columbia to allow course offerings to students regardless of background. Among the post-secondary schools offering Halq'eméylem is the
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development and have them lease out parts of the reserves to non-Aboriginal farmers to aid in assimilation. While waiting to be able to negotiate treaties, which were a very expensive process, he attempted to create large Indian reserves of at least 40 hectares per family.
236:(called "the Milliken site" after historian August 'Gus' Milliken) and a seasonal encampment ("the Glenrose Cannery site") near the mouth of the Fraser River. Remains of this latter campsite show that in spring and early summer, the people came here to hunt land and sea
887:
Although river and lake canoes were built within Stó꞉lō, larger ocean-going canoes were primarily acquired through trade with indigenous people of the coast and Vancouver island. In the late nineteenth century, the emphasis on water transportation was replaced first by
364:
Many more sites exist that date from the middle Holocene period (c. 5,500–3,000 years ago). Tools found indicate considerable continuity with the early period. One striking feature of this period is the introduction of permanent house sites, showing evidence of
1307:
Eight others formed the Stó꞉lō Tribal Council. The eight members — Chawathil, Cheam, Kwantlen First Nation, Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt, Scowlitz, Seabird Island, Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation, and Soowahlie — are not participating in the treaty process.
792:. Important parts of the community life of the people were related to the life cycle of the salmon. Ceremonies such as the First Salmon ceremony, performed when the first fish was caught each year, reflected its importance in Stó꞉lō culture.
624:
water" to the Stó꞉lō. Shortly after this more permanent immigrants arrived and began to establish farms. Because no treaties had been signed between the Stó꞉lō and the government, the settlement of this land was not in accordance with the
373:
to a more sedentary lifestyle between 5,000 and 4,000 years ago. Characteristic of this period were decorative and sculpted stone items, an increasingly complex relationship with the environment, and a more stable and increasingly complex
815:
Since European settlement in Stó꞉lō territory the salmon have been experiencing decreases in numbers. Major contributions to this include the building of the CPR, agriculture, and forestry. One of the newer major issues is the expanding
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and which contain timber structures to sustain the weight of the mound. Because they are distinct from any other structures anywhere else in the region, the people who made them may not have been forebears of the Stó꞉lō peoples.
514:. Although deadly smallpox epidemics broke out at least once more (and possibly in 1824 and 1862), it was, however, only one of a number of serious diseases that would be brought to the area by European colonizers.
503:
the community, large amounts of important cultural information were lost. It is a testament to the strength of the Stó꞉lō people that they are still a strong culture and community after such devastation.
212:. The first documented reference to these people as "the Stó꞉lō" occurs in Catholic Oblate missionary records from the 1880s. Prior to this, references were primarily to individual tribal groups such as
1221:
village people, originally a Kwantlen/Qʼʷa:n̓ƛʼən̓ village, the main village Sχəyəməɬ of the Kwantlen/Qʼʷa:n̓ƛʼən̓ people was on the opposite riverside in New Westminster, also descendants of the
947:, while ethnically and linguistically similar, is among a number of First Nations governments in the region who have distanced themselves from Stó꞉lō collective governance. Others include the
2542:
454:, are evidence of an increasingly specialized society evolving during this period. Social class distinctions were accompanied by changing house forms that indicated expanding households.
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By the late 19th century, the Stó꞉lō's by then extended contact with Europeans enabled them to learn about and get vaccinated for protection against smallpox. The effects of the
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as the Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council in August 1995. Four First Nations withdrew from the treaty process, leaving seventeen to reach Stage Four of the six-stage process.
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writes that in the 1800s, there was no corporal punishment at all, but in later periods strapping became routine, and for some students, conditions were nightmarish.
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1905:
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On arrival at the school students were assigned lockers, beds and dormitory. They were also checked for lice and given two sets of clothes to be worn and marked.
594:
1361:
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Voices. The number of singular words archived from the Halq'eméylem is 1745. Furthermore, 667 phrases have been archived on the website in Halq'eméylem.
401:. The land eventually was transferred to Stó꞉lō governance for heritage purposes. The focus of the site is a large transformer stone which bears the name
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1782:
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224:
The first traces of people living in the Fraser Valley date from 4,000 to 10,000 years ago. The Stó꞉lō called this area, their traditional territory,
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2185:
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people, part of the Tiyt (Tait) tribe or Upper Stó:lō tribe, today a composite band made up of residents from many different Coastal First Nations.)
507:
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562:(1848). Their involvement in trading with the British brought great changes to the relationships of the Stó꞉lō with each other and with the land.
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1826:
602:
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section are well documented. Additional archaeological evidence from the early period has been found throughout the region, including sites at
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1553:
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and therefore speak also the "Puchil (Yale) dialect" of Nlaka'pamuctsin (Nłeʔkepmxcin), part of the Tiyt (Tait) tribe or Upper Stó:lō tribe.)
275:
Contemporary Stó꞉lō elders describe their connection to the land in the statement "we have always been here." They tell of their arrival in
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Longhouse. Entire extended families would live in a longhouse, and the structure could be extended as the family expanded. Pit houses (or
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industry. The farmed salmon are transferring lice and disease to the wild salmon. This is further harming the already dwindling numbers.
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fish not shared it was said that the fisher would experience bad luck for the rest of the year and the salmon run may not be as strong.
555:
542:
Soon after the 1782 epidemic, the Stó꞉lō encountered Europeans face to face. The first European to explore the region from overland was
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raids on the lower Fraser by northern tribes. But, slave raiding continued for several decades after the establishment of Ft. Langley.
272:. Their lives depended on their success at harvesting the resources of the land and the rivers through fishing, foraging, and hunting.
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303:(transformers) fixed the world ("made it right") and the people and animals in it, creating the present landscape. As Carlson notes:
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1479:
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presumably, the original indigenous name was abandoned, as in English it sounds similar to the term for an indigenous woman as a
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The Stó꞉lō Declaration included twenty-four First Nations when it was signed in 1977. Twenty-one of these nations entered the
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village of the Musqueam/Xʷməθkʷəy̓əma people, composite band made up of residents from many different Coastal First Nations.)
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and led during the hunting season. Leaders with influence over entire villages or tribal groups were sometimes known as the
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on the Stó꞉lō were limited in comparison with many other indigenous people, because they had been inoculated with the
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or Stó꞉lō territory. The first contact between the Stó꞉lō and Europeans was indirect, through the transmission of
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acknowledged that Aboriginal rights to land and resources needed to be extinguished by treaty as stated in the
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The Stó꞉lō walk simultaneously through both spiritual and physical realms of this landscape, connected to the
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Ethnographic Overview of Stó:lo People and the Traditional use of the Hudson's Bay Company Brigade Trail Area
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1995:
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that stated that all land acquisition from the Aboriginals had to be done legally through a treaty process.
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eventually abandoned and covered by flooding and sediment during the ongoing evolution of the Fraser delta.
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1231:(Coqutlam/Kwayhquitlum Indian Band, historic: Coquitlam Indian Band, pre-2000: Kwayhquitlam First Nation,
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Stó:lo Culture – Ideas of Prehistory and Changing Cultural Relationships to the Land and Environment
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In the early 21st century, a group of structures known variously as the Fraser Valley Pyramids or
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840:: Chiʼckim). In some bands, the memory of which families descend from slaves may persist.
735:, lower Fraser Canyon, and the upper and central Fraser Valley. The dialect is included in the
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The language traditionally spoken by the Stó꞉lō people is Halq'eméylem, the "Upriver dialect" of
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roofs, most Stó꞉lō longhouses were built with a single flat, but slanted roof, similar to the
847:(leader) were the most influential members of each family. Expert hunters were referred to as
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concerning the ownership of land and the damage that was being caused by the miners. Governor
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1975:
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William McColl's May 1864 Map of Central Fraser Valley First Nation Reserves, shown in Green
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Salmon was not only used for food, it was also crucial for trading. This began when the
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1980:
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1677:. Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation. Retrieved on: October 7, 2007.
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at Harrison Bay, near Chehalis, are under investigation by a joint task force of the
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180:, and historically known and commonly referred to in ethnographic literature as the
17:
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1112:, pre-1988: Hope Indian Band, part of the Tiyt (Tait) tribe or Upper Stó:lō tribe.)
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Traditionally, Stó꞉lō girls went through puberty rites at the time of their first
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Accounts of abuse at the school vary from person to person and at different eras.
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could take place. The boys and girls lived separately. There was emphasis on the
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1741:. Edited by Ralph Maud, Brent Galloway and Marie Wheeden. Vancouver: Talonbooks.
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period, 5,000 to 10,000 years ago. Two archaeological sites referred to in the
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1960:
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Fraser Valley First Nation reserves after the Joseph Trutch adjustment in 1867
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partly for protection from competitors. The fort repelled an attack by the
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and archaeologists. Little is known about the mounds, which appear to be
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1935:
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714:(Peckquaylis) and it is used by 21 different first nations governments.
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You Are Asked to Witness: The Stó꞉lō in Canada's Pacific Coast History
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You Are Asked to Witness: The Stó꞉lō in Canada's Pacific Coast History
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1920:
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St. Ann. That school later moved in 1882 so that construction of the
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Soon after the survey was completed Douglas retired and McColl died.
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292:
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1001:(former Nicomen Island Band, also known as Lakahahmen First Nation,
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Coast Salish towns and villages were located along the waterways in
756:, Simon Fraser University, and the University of British Columbia.
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after 1985. In 2005, the park was returned to the Stó꞉lō and given
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St. Mary's Indian Residential School was the name of two Indian
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1548:. Mission, British Columbia: Mission Indian Friendship Centre.
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people, part of the Pelóxwlh Mestiyexw (Pilalt/Pil’alt) tribe.)
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people, part of the Pelóxwlh Mestiyexw (Pilalt/Pil’alt) tribe.)
1122:
people, part of the Pelóxwlh Mestiyexw (Pilalt/Pil’alt) tribe.)
935:
Six bands belong to neither council (see below for list). The
863:
The primary shelter for the Stó꞉lō people was in the form of a
430:
This period extends from 3,000 years ago to first contact with
232:. There is archeological evidence of a settlement in the lower
455:
245:
1255:
people, part of the Tiyt (Tait) tribe or Upper Stó:lō tribe.)
1245:
people, part of the Tiyt (Tait) tribe or Upper Stó:lō tribe.)
1235:
people, slaves/servants of the Kwantlen/Qʼʷa:n̓ƛʼən̓ people.)
1184:
people, part of the Tiyt (Tait) tribe or Upper Stó:lō tribe.)
1045:
people, part of the Tiyt (Tait) tribe or Upper Stó:lō tribe.)
1025:
people, part of the Tiyt (Tait) tribe or Upper Stó:lō tribe.)
146:
1693:
Amongst God's Own: The Enduring Legacy of St. Mary's Mission
1545:
Amongst God's Own: The Enduring Legacy of St. Mary's Mission
1031:(official: Shxwhá:y Village, pre-2004: Squay First Nation,
152:
2543:
Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon
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1600:
27:
Group of First Nations peoples in British Columbia, Canada
932:. Several bands belong to each council and some to both.
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also caused high fatalities among the Stó꞉lō population.
1777:
1388:. Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre. pp. 6–18.
1075:
people, better known as Semà:th / Smá:th (Sumas) tribe.)
478:
in 1791 and 1792, respectively, they did not reach the
228:. The early inhabitants of the area were highly mobile
208:
is the Halqemeylem word for "river", so the Stó꞉lō are
1773:
Xá:ytem / Hatzic Rock National Historic Site of Canada
710:
status. The land formally regained its Stó꞉lō name of
393:. Initial work on a suburban housing project around a
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First Peoples’ Heritage, Language and Culture Council
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people, part of the Ts'elxwéyeqw (Chilliwack) tribe.)
1095:
people, part of the Ts'elxwéyeqw (Chilliwack) tribe.)
1085:
people, part of the Ts'elxwéyeqw (Chilliwack) tribe.)
1065:
people, part of the Ts'elxwéyeqw (Chilliwack) tribe.)
1055:
people, part of the Ts'elxwéyeqw (Chilliwack) tribe.)
995:
people, part of the Ts'elxwéyeqw (Chilliwack) tribe.)
140:
1577:"Report on the Status of BC First Nations Languages"
1180:(Shxw'ow'hamel Band, historic: Ohamil/Ohaunil Band,
149:
143:
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1842:
1664:, which is now perceived as misogynistic and racist
879:houses) also were used during earlier generations.
312:
through the land itself, as transformed by Xexá:ls.
137:
113:
97:
81:
67:
54:
867:. Although some modern longhouses were built with
795:The First Salmon Ceremony was held when the first
385:Among the oldest archaeological digs in Canada is
1271:(Chehalis First Nation or Stsailes First Nation,
924:The Stó꞉lō have two elected tribal councils: the
677:, British Columbia. It was first operated by the
287:("earth-born" people) and through the subsequent
382:appeared for the first time during this period.
1769:as identified for the 1995 BC Treaty Commission
1695:. Mission BC: Mission Indian Friendship Centre.
1035:, part of the Ts'elxwéyeqw (Chilliwack) tribe.)
828:Stó꞉lō society was organized into classes: the
397:aroused the interests of Stó꞉lō archaeologist,
336:by First Nations people dating from the early
332:There is a continuous record of occupation of
1820:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1164:people, Sq’éwlets/Sqwōwich (Scowlitz) tribe.)
8:
1283:(Yale Indian Band, had close family ties to
614:’s arrival in 1808 and the establishment of
33:
983:Members of the Stó꞉lō Nation Chiefs Council
920:The Stó꞉lō Veteran's Pole Memorial Dec 2018
1827:
1813:
1805:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1241:(historic: Texas Lake/Tenas Lake Peoples,
565:Although the HBC built the posts with the
291:of ancestral animals and fish such as the
39:
32:
1723:. Chilliwack, BC: Stó꞉lō Heritage Trust.
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1474:. Chilliwack, BC: Stó꞉lō Heritage Trust.
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1051:(Skowkale Band, historic: Skulkayn Band,
508:1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic
494:There are two main theories for how the
200:, Canada, part of the loose grouping of
2679:Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs
2669:South Puget Intertribal Planning Agency
1379:
1377:
1375:
1362:"Colourful Characters in Historic Yale"
1339:
1702:A Stó꞉lō-Coast Salish Historical Atlas
1386:A Stó꞉lō-Coast Salish Historical Atlas
731:. Halq'eméylem is primarily spoken in
389:, at Hatzic, just east of present-day
2664:Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission
1778:Xá:ytem Longhouse Interpretive Centre
252:and, to a lesser extent, to fish for
7:
2674:Washington Indian Gaming Association
1285:Lower Nlaka'pamux (Nłeʔkepmxc) bands
1100:Members of the Stó꞉lō Tribal Council
665:St. Mary's Indian Residential School
68:Regions with significant populations
2553:Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis
1739:The Chilliwacks and Their Neighbors
1251:(Peters Band, pre-1952: Squawtits,
1199:Stó꞉lō bands with no tribal council
658:
25:
2852:First Nations in British Columbia
2643:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
1719:Carlson, Keith Thor, ed. (1997).
1700:Carlson, Keith Thor, ed. (2001).
1470:Carlson, Keith Thor, ed. (1997).
1384:Carlson, Keith Thor, ed. (2001).
959:(historic: Burrard Indian Band,
812:traded Fort Langley 7000 Salmon.
740:facing the threat of extinction.
1767:Stó:lo Traditional Territory Map
1128:(pre-1994: Langley Indian Band,
892:, then by train and automobile.
655:to help deal with these issues.
458:became increasingly widespread.
133:
754:University of the Fraser Valley
2657:Organizations and institutions
2633:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
1673:Province of British Columbia.
1142:(Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt Indian Band,
486:via other Indigenous peoples.
1:
2548:Confederated Tribes of Siletz
1752:Sto꞉lo Tribal Council website
772:Stó꞉lō people fishing on the
659:St. Mary's Residential School
582:, helping to bring an end to
554:established trading posts at
538:Simon Fraser and Fort Langley
2378:Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council
2313:Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation
1172:Sq'éwqel/Sq’ewqeyl/Sq'ewqéyl
1140:Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation
926:Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council
434:people. New forms of ground
2578:Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe
2503:Tsleil-Waututh First Nation
2408:Tsleil-waututh First Nation
1515:"St. Mary's Mission School"
1274:Sts'ailes/Sts'a'íles people
1215:New Westminster Indian Band
1168:Seabird Island First Nation
957:Tsleil-Waututh First Nation
704:Coqualeetza Training Centre
196:and lower Fraser Canyon of
2868:
2608:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
2493:Yakweakwioose First Nation
2398:Yakweakwioose First Nation
2353:Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation
1789:article, January 28, 2007.
1704:. Douglas & McIntyre.
1612:"Shxweli Language Program"
1178:Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation
1089:Yakweakwioose First Nation
662:
626:Royal Proclamation of 1763
323:Prehistory and archaeology
283:("sky-born" people) or as
216:, Ts’elxweyeqw, or Sumas.
160:), alternately written as
2573:Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe
2568:Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe
1182:Shxw’ōwhámél/Shxw'ōwhámel
896:Adolescence and adulthood
548:river that bears his name
546:, who travelled down the
118:
102:
86:
72:
59:
38:
2593:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
1350:. www.stolonation.bc.ca.
1243:Iwówes/Aywawwis/Ewa-Woos
1130:Qʼʷa:n̓ƛʼən̓/Qw'ó:ntl'an
1108:(Chawathil Indian Band,
953:Xwməθkwəy̓əm/X'Muzk'I'Um
684:Canadian Pacific Railway
474:of England explored the
2730:Sliammon/Mainland Comox
2623:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
2483:Tsawwassen First Nation
2478:Snuneymuxw First Nation
2423:Kwikwetlem First Nation
2358:Skawahlook First Nation
1762:Map of Sto꞉lo territory
1737:Wells, Oliver N. 1987.
1366:www.communitystories.ca
1229:Kwikwetlem First Nation
1217:(Qayqayt First Nation,
1039:Skawahlook First Nation
989:Aitchelitz First Nation
965:Tsawwassen First Nation
961:Səl̓ílwətaʔ/Selilwitulh
649:1763 Royal Proclamation
380:Coast Salish woolly dog
192:peoples inhabiting the
2618:Skokomish Indian Tribe
2603:Quinault Indian Nation
2598:Nisqually Indian Tribe
2528:Esquimalt First Nation
2513:Union Bar First Nation
2433:Chemainus First Nation
2428:Semiahmoo First Nation
2393:Tzeachten First Nation
2368:Soowahlie First Nation
2333:Sq'éwlets First Nation
2318:Leq'á:mel First Nation
2293:Chawathil First Nation
1691:Glavin, Terry (2002).
1542:Galvin, Terry (2002).
1292:BC treaty negotiations
1239:Union Bar First Nation
1233:Kʷikʷəƛ̓əm/Kwikwetl'em
1188:Soowahlie First Nation
1170:(Seabird Island Band,
1150:Sq'éwlets First Nation
1106:Chawathil First Nation
1079:Tzeachten First Nation
1063:Sxwoyehà:là/Sxwoyehálá
1043:Sq'ewá:lxw/Sq'ewá:lx̲w
999:Leq'á:mel First Nation
973:Semiahmoo First Nation
921:
777:
607:
599:
462:Contact with Europeans
2448:Klahoose First Nation
2383:Stó꞉lō Tribal Council
2363:Skowkale First Nation
2303:Kwantlen First Nation
1783:T'xwelatse Comes Home
1757:Stó꞉lō Nation website
1154:Scowlitz First Nation
1126:Kwantlen First Nation
1091:(Yakweakwioose Band,
1049:Skowkale First Nation
930:Stó꞉lō Tribal Council
919:
771:
737:Coast Salish language
679:Roman Catholic Church
605:
597:
442:, slate points, hand
415:Scowlitz First Nation
367:cultural transmission
114:Related ethnic groups
2628:Squaxin Island Tribe
2613:Samish Indian Nation
2558:Cowlitz Indian Tribe
2533:Tsawout First Nation
2498:Tseycum First Nation
2458:Nanoose First Nation
2453:Malahat First Nation
2443:Homalco First Nation
2413:Musqueam Indian Band
2373:Squiala First Nation
2323:Matsqui First Nation
1120:Xwchí:yò:m/XwChiyo:m
1118:(Cheam Indian Band,
1059:Squiala First Nation
1009:Matsqui First Nation
949:Musqueam Indian Band
937:Chehalis Indian Band
809:Hudson’s Bay Company
653:BC Treaty Commission
552:Hudson's Bay Company
182:Fraser River Indians
18:Fraser River Indians
2688:Culture and society
2463:Peters First Nation
2438:Halalt First Nation
2418:Katzie First Nation
2338:Seabird Island Band
2308:Katzie First Nation
1304:the Stó꞉lō Nation.
1259:Katzie First Nation
1253:Skwaw-Tits/Squatits
1249:Peters First Nation
1053:Sq’ewqeyl/Sq'ewqéyl
1019:Popkum First Nation
906:residential schools
859:Housing and shelter
671:residential schools
651:. They created the
186:Lower Fraser Salish
35:
2388:Sumas First Nation
2348:Skway First Nation
2343:Skwah First Nation
2298:Cheam First Nation
1263:q̓ic̓əy̓/Q'éyts'iy
1205:Skwah First Nation
1116:Cheam First Nation
1069:Sumas First Nation
1029:Skway First Nation
1003:Leq'ámel/Leq'á:mel
969:Sc̓əwaθən Məsteyəx
922:
824:Societal structure
778:
608:
600:
590:Douglas and Trutch
569:in mind, trade in
484:infectious disease
468:José María Narváez
466:Although Captains
438:, including slate
378:. The now extinct
172:, historically as
92:Upriver Halkomelem
45:Stó꞉lō woman with
2834:
2833:
2488:Yale First Nation
1555:978-0-9686046-1-8
1298:BC Treaty Process
1281:Yale First Nation
1152:(Formerly called
993:Áthelets/Ăthelets
532:venereal diseases
395:transformer stone
188:, are a group of
125:
124:
16:(Redirected from
2859:
2403:Sts'ailes Nation
1829:
1822:
1815:
1806:
1795:, by Brian Thom.
1734:
1715:
1696:
1678:
1671:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1608:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1581:
1573:
1560:
1559:
1539:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1511:
1486:
1485:
1467:
1400:
1399:
1381:
1370:
1369:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1269:Sts'ailes Nation
1265:village people.)
1261:(Katzie Nation,
1033:Shxwhá:y Village
941:Sts'ailes people
855:(high leaders).
645:British Columbia
512:smallpox vaccine
472:George Vancouver
436:stone technology
299:, and sturgeon.
230:hunter-gatherers
210:the river people
198:British Columbia
159:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
75:British Columbia
55:Total population
43:
36:
21:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2709:
2683:
2652:
2638:Suquamish Tribe
2563:Suquamish Tribe
2538:Cowichan Tribes
2523:T'Sou-ke Nation
2508:Squamish Nation
2473:shíshálh Nation
2468:Tla'amin Nation
2288:Aitchelitz Band
2276:
1838:
1833:
1801:, by Brian Thom
1748:
1731:
1718:
1712:
1699:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1563:
1556:
1541:
1540:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1489:
1482:
1469:
1468:
1403:
1396:
1383:
1382:
1373:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1348:"Sto꞉lo Nation"
1346:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1314:
1294:
1219:Qiqéyt (Qəqəyt)
1201:
1102:
985:
914:
898:
890:horse and buggy
885:
861:
834:Freedom Village
826:
766:
725:
720:
667:
661:
592:
540:
492:
464:
450:, and nephrite
428:
411:Scowlitz Mounds
362:
330:
325:
320:
289:transformations
222:
136:
132:
50:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2865:
2863:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2839:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:Island Comox †
2719:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2648:Tulalip Tribes
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2051:Seabird Island
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2006:Tsleil-Waututh
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1951:Kwa-kwa-a-pilt
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1746:External links
1744:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1729:
1716:
1710:
1697:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:"Stolo Nation"
1666:
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1554:
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1480:
1401:
1394:
1371:
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1323:Brent Galloway
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1056:
1046:
1036:
1026:
1021:(Popkum Band,
1016:
1006:
996:
984:
981:
945:Harrison River
913:
910:
897:
894:
884:
883:Transportation
881:
860:
857:
825:
822:
765:
762:
724:
721:
719:
716:
708:Indian reserve
663:Main article:
660:
657:
591:
588:
558:(in 1827) and
539:
536:
491:
488:
476:Georgia Strait
463:
460:
427:
424:
361:
358:
350:Coquitlam Lake
329:
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324:
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319:
316:
315:
314:
268:and to gather
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2810:
2807:Northern and
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
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2784:
2782:
2779:
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2762:
2761:North Straits
2759:
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2518:Nuxalk Nation
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2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
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2306:
2304:
2301:
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2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2216:Stillaquamish
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:Sauk-Suiattle
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
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2106:Yakweakwioose
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2071:Shxw'ow'hamel
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1994:
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1989:
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1961:Kway-quit-lam
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1871:Clemclemaluts
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1787:Seattle Times
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1642:
1638:
1637:"Halqemeylem"
1632:
1629:
1617:
1616:Sto꞉lo Nation
1613:
1607:
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818:farmed salmon
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733:Harrison Lake
730:
722:
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712:pekw’xe: yles
709:
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641:Joseph Trutch
637:
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629:
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621:James Douglas
617:
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580:Quadra Island
577:
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563:
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550:in 1808. The
549:
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489:
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470:of Spain and
469:
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425:
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420:
419:burial mounds
416:
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372:
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360:Middle period
359:
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297:mountain goat
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234:Fraser Canyon
231:
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199:
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194:Fraser Valley
191:
190:First Nations
187:
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174:Staulo, Stalo
171:
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58:
53:
48:
42:
37:
19:
2583:Lummi Nation
2161:Upper Skagit
2156:Lower Skagit
2095:
1836:Coast Salish
1738:
1720:
1701:
1692:
1669:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1641:First Voices
1640:
1631:
1619:. Retrieved
1615:
1587:. Retrieved
1583:
1544:
1518:. Retrieved
1471:
1385:
1365:
1356:
1342:
1328:Steven Point
1306:
1302:
1295:
1272:
1262:
1252:
1242:
1232:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1191:
1181:
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1157:
1153:
1143:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1109:
1093:Yeqwyeqwí:ws
1092:
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1073:Pepa:thxetel
1072:
1062:
1052:
1042:
1032:
1022:
1012:
1002:
992:
976:
968:
960:
952:
934:
923:
902:menstruation
899:
886:
877:Quiggly hole
862:
853:Yewal Síyá꞉m
852:
848:
844:
842:
829:
827:
814:
806:
802:
794:
779:
776:with dipnets
774:Fraser River
758:
750:
746:
742:
726:
700:
696:Terry Glavin
693:
668:
638:
634:
630:
616:Fort Langley
612:Simon Fraser
609:
564:
556:Fort Langley
544:Simon Fraser
541:
524:tuberculosis
505:
501:
493:
480:Fraser River
465:
429:
408:
402:
384:
363:
354:Fort Langley
341:
334:S'ólh Téméxw
333:
331:
328:Early period
307:
300:
284:
280:
277:S'ólh Téméxw
276:
274:
226:S'ólh Téméxw
225:
223:
209:
205:
202:Coast Salish
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
128:
126:
120:Coast Salish
104:Christianity
60:
30:Ethnic group
2803:Lushootseed
2588:Makah Tribe
2328:Popkum Band
2281:Governments
2258:(Tillamook)
2171:Muckleshoot
1646:22 November
1621:22 November
1589:22 November
1520:21 November
1223:T'sic̓əl̕əs
1209:Sqwa/Sqwehá
1134:Qw'ó:ltl'el
446:, nephrite
426:Late period
399:Gordon Mohs
258:stickleback
2841:Categories
2741:Halkomelem
2241:Sahewamish
2196:Snoqualmie
2076:Skawahlook
2001:Tsawwassen
1996:Snuneymuxw
1916:Humptulips
1866:Stz'uminus
1685:References
1083:Ch'íyáqtel
979:people).
912:Government
838:Halkomelem
786:Chilliwack
782:watersheds
729:Halkomelem
346:Stave Lake
285:Tel Temexw
281:Tel Swayel
279:as either
240:, such as
2781:Semiahmoo
2736:Pentlatch
2715:Languages
2700:Mythology
2267:Quamichan
2246:Wynoochee
2226:Swinomish
2221:Suquamish
2206:Nisqually
2201:Skykomish
2191:Snohomish
2176:Sammamish
2166:Skokomish
2131:Penelakut
2126:Quamichan
2101:Tzeachten
2086:Soowahlie
2066:Shilshole
2041:Leq'á:mel
2036:Sts'ailes
2031:Sq'éwlets
2021:Semiahmoo
1931:Kilpahlas
1926:Khenipsen
1896:Esquimalt
1860:Sts'ailes
1850:Chawathil
1318:Louie Sam
1192:Th'ewá:lí
1158:Sq’éwlets
1110:Chowéthel
963:people),
955:people),
865:longhouse
688:catechism
576:Euclataws
567:fur trade
560:Fort Yale
528:influenza
270:shellfish
204:nations.
82:Languages
2826:Quinault
2809:Southern
2791:T'sou-ke
2786:Songhees
2756:Nooksack
2751:Squamish
2746:shíshálh
2236:Quinault
2211:Puyallup
2151:Nooksack
2136:Lamalcha
2116:Tsartlip
2111:T'souk-e
2081:Skowkale
2016:Squamish
2011:shíshálh
1991:Sliammon
1971:Musqueam
1956:Kwantlen
1946:Koksilah
1936:Klahoose
1891:Duwamish
1876:Comiaken
1312:See also
1162:Sqwōwich
1136:people.)
1023:Pópkw’em
1015:people.)
1005:people.)
928:and the
790:Harrison
788:and the
723:Language
496:smallpox
490:Smallpox
432:European
403:Xá:ytem.
338:Holocene
266:sturgeon
262:eulachon
98:Religion
73:Canada (
2821:Cowlitz
2798:Klallam
2771:Saanich
2256:Nehalem
2231:Tulalip
2141:Saanich
2091:Squiala
1986:Malahat
1976:Nanoose
1966:Matsqui
1941:Klallam
1911:Homalco
1886:Cowlitz
1881:Copalis
1843:Peoples
1013:Máthxwi
977:Semyome
943:on the
939:of the
873:Xá꞉ytem
830:sí꞉yá꞉m
718:Culture
675:Mission
516:Measles
456:Warfare
448:chisels
391:Mission
387:Xá:ytem
376:culture
371:nomadic
369:from a
342:Origins
318:History
310:Creator
301:Xexá:ls
238:mammals
220:Origins
214:Matsqui
108:Animism
88:English
49:baskets
2847:Sto:lo
2776:Samish
2272:Somena
2262:Siletz
2251:Satsop
2181:Samish
2121:Somena
2096:Stó꞉lō
2046:Popkum
1981:Nuxalk
1921:Katzie
1901:Halalt
1727:
1708:
1552:
1478:
1392:
869:gabled
845:Síyá꞉m
797:salmon
764:Salmon
610:After
571:salmon
530:, and
440:knives
352:, and
293:beaver
264:, and
254:salmon
248:, and
206:Stó꞉lō
178:Stahlo
170:Stó꞉lõ
166:Stó꞉lô
162:Sto꞉lo
129:Stó꞉lō
63:(2017)
34:Stó꞉lō
2816:Twana
2766:Lummi
2723:Comox
2695:Music
2146:Lummi
2061:Skway
2056:Skwah
2026:Sumas
1855:Cheam
1662:squaw
1580:(PDF)
1334:Notes
849:Tewit
584:slave
520:mumps
452:adzes
444:mauls
250:seals
168:, or
61:8,876
47:cedar
1862:(WA)
1725:ISBN
1706:ISBN
1648:2013
1623:2013
1591:2013
1550:ISBN
1522:2013
1476:ISBN
1390:ISBN
843:The
242:deer
127:The
2705:Art
1906:Hoh
1160:or
1132:or
673:in
578:of
246:elk
184:or
176:or
2843::
1785:,
1639:.
1614:.
1599:^
1582:.
1564:^
1530:^
1490:^
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1374:^
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1277:.)
1156:,
908:.
526:,
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348:,
295:,
260:,
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164:,
153:oʊ
147:ɔː
106:,
90:,
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131:(
77:)
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.