Beaver Wars - Knowledge (XXG)

50: 1291: 682: 1104:, a unit of roughly 1000 regular troops from France and the first group of uniformed professional soldiers in Canada. A change in administration led the government of New France to authorize direct sale of arms and other military support to their Indian allies. In 1664, the Dutch allies of the Iroquois lost control of their colony of New Netherland to the English. In the immediate years after the Dutch defeat, European support waned for the Iroquois. The Onondaga, Seneca and Cayuga reached a peace settlement with the French, however, the Mohawk and Oneida remained unwilling. 1592: 265: 952:

September, they proceeded down the Richelieu but were unable to find an Iroquois army, so they burned their crops and homes. Many Iroquois died from starvation in the following winter. During the following years, the Iroquois strengthened their confederacy to work more closely and create an effective central leadership, and the five tribes ceased fighting among themselves by the 1660s. They also easily coordinated military and economic plans, and they increased their power as a result.

3921: 1564: 1108: 1299: 1606: 770:(both at Albany) which removed the Iroquois' need to rely on the French and their allied tribes or to travel through southern tribal territories to reach European traders. The Dutch supplied the Mohawks and other Iroquois with guns. In addition, the new post offered valuable tools that the Iroquois could receive in exchange for animal pelts. they began large-scale hunting for furs to satisfy demand among their peoples for new products. 956: 1040: 883: 3908: 3554: 1433: 1187:

the wood to cause the greatest panic. After the attack, they returned to their boats and left before any significant resistance could be put together. The lack of firearms caused the Algonquin tribes the greatest disadvantage. Despite their larger numbers, they were not centralized enough to mount a united defense and were unable to withstand the Iroquois. Several tribes ultimately moved west beyond the

1405:. The French and their allies killed settlers in the raids and kidnapped some and took them back to Canada. Settlers in New England raised money to redeem the captives, but some were adopted into the tribes. The French government generally did not intervene when the Indians kept the captives. Throughout the 1690s, the French and their allies also continued to raid deep into Iroquois territory, 170: 1578: 183: 918:

them trading rights in New France. The next summer, a fleet of 80 canoes traveled through Iroquois territory carrying a large harvest of furs to be sold in New France. When they arrived, however, the French refused to purchase the furs and told the Iroquois to sell them to the Hurons, who would act as a middleman. The Iroquois were outraged and resumed the war.

1550: 1179: 1228:, and they attacked and destroyed most of the Iroquois party, and a large part of the region was left depopulated. The Iroquois were unable to establish a permanent presence, as their tribe was unable to colonize the large area, and the Iroquois' brief control over the region was lost. Many of the former inhabitants of the territory began to return. 1240:. The Susquehannock attained the peak of their influence in the 1650s, and they were able to use that to their advantage in the following decades. In the winter of 1652, the Susquehannock were attacked by the Mohawk, and although the attack was repulsed, it led to the Susquehannock negotiating Articles of Peace and Friendship with Maryland. 1255:

War between the Iroquois and Susquehannock continued intermittently until 1674 when the Maryland colonists changed their Indian policy, negotiated peace with the Iroquois, and terminated their alliance with the Susquehannocks. Most historians believe that the Haudenosaunee inflicted a major defeat on

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The Iroquois improved on their warfare as they continued to attack even farther from their home. War parties often traveled by canoes at night, and they would sink their canoes and fill them with rocks to hold them on the river bottom. They would then move through the woods to a target and burst from

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tribes, but the other tribes intercepted their messengers and ended the negotiations. During the summer of 1647, there were several small skirmishes between the tribes, but a more significant battle occurred in 1648 when the two Algonquin tribes passed a fur convoy through an Iroquois blockade. They

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in order to disrupt the trade with the French. In 1645, the French called the tribes together to negotiate a treaty to end the conflict, and Iroquois leaders Deganaweida and Koiseaton traveled to New France to take part in the negotiations. The French agreed to most of the Iroquois demands, granting

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to good effect in their continuing wars with the Algonquins and Hurons, and other traditional enemies. The French, meanwhile, outlawed the trading of firearms to their Indian allies, though they occasionally gave arquebuses as gifts to individuals who converted to Christianity. The Iroquois attacked

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The Iroquois continued to control the countryside of New France, raiding to the edges of the walled settlements of Quebec and Montreal. In May 1660, an Iroquois force of 160 warriors attacked Montreal and captured 17 French colonists. The following year, 250 warriors attacked and took ten captives.

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In 1648, the Dutch authorized selling guns directly to the Mohawks rather than through traders, and promptly sold 400 to the Iroquois. The Confederacy sent 1,000 newly armed warriors through the woods to Huron territory with the onset of winter, and they launched a devastating attack into the heart

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who were allied with the French. The French Crown ordered a change to the governing of Canada. They put together a small military force made up of Frenchmen, Hurons, and Algonquins to counter the Iroquois raids, but the Iroquois attacked them when they ventured into the countryside. Only 29 of the

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Wars and politics in Europe distracted French efforts at colonization in the St. Lawrence Valley until the beginning of the 17th century, when they founded Quebec in 1608. When the French returned to the area, they found both sites abandoned by the Stadacona and Hochelaga and completely destroyed,

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was founded in 1681, and the continued growth there began to encroach on the southern border of the Iroquois. The French policy began to change towards the Iroquois after nearly fifty years of warfare, and they decided that befriending them would be the easiest way to ensure their monopoly on the

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During a raid into the Illinois Country in 1689, the Iroquois captured numerous prisoners and destroyed a sizable Miami settlement. The Miami asked for aid from others in the Anishinaabeg Confederacy, and a large force gathered to track down the Iroquois. Using their new firearms, the Confederacy

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tribe, but with less success. The war lasted for two years, and the Iroquois destroyed the Erie confederacy by 1656, whose members refused to flee to the west. The Erie territory was located on the southeastern shore of Lake Erie and was estimated to have 12,000 members in 1650. The Iroquois were

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Diseases had taken their toll on the Iroquois and neighbors in the years preceding the war, however, and their populations had drastically declined. To replace lost warriors, they worked to integrate many of their captured enemies by adoption into their own tribes. They invited Jesuits into their

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in the south up to the St. Lawrence. In the west, the Iroquois had driven the Algonquin-speaking Shawnee out of the Ohio Country and seized control of the Illinois Country as far west as the Mississippi River. In January 1666, the French invaded the Iroquois and took Chief Canaqueese prisoner. In

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in 1638 and took all of their territory, and survivors fled to the Hurons for refuge. The Wenro had served as a buffer between the Iroquois and the Neutral tribe and their Erie allies. The Neutral and Erie tribes were considerably larger and more powerful than the Iroquois, so the Iroquois turned

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Before 1603, Champlain had formed an alliance against the Iroquois, as he decided that the French would not trade firearms to them. The northern Indigenous provided the French with valuable furs, and the Iroquois interfered with that trade. The first battle with the Iroquois in 1609 was fought at

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New France's involvement with the Iroquois and other native tribes in the Great Lakes region greatly impacted the future of French colonies, as well as the native tribes in the region. New France was far less profitable and much more violent than Champlain and other French leaders had hoped. The

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whom Louis XIV had appointed as Lieutenant Général of the Americas. The invasion force of about 1,300 men set out September 1666 and reached the Mohawk villages in mid-October. The villages had been hastily abandoned. Tracy ordered the longhouses and fields of crops destroyed, and the expedition

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raid on the Piscataway in 1660 led Maryland to expand its treaty with the Susquehannock into an alliance. The Maryland assembly authorized armed assistance, and described the Susquehannock as "a Bullwarke and Security of the Northern Parts of this Province." 50 men were sent to help defend the

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English settlers began to move into the former Dutch territory of upper New York State, and the colonists began to form close ties with the Iroquois as an alliance in the face of French colonial expansion. They began to supply the Iroquois with firearms as the Dutch had. At the same time, New

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notes that the growing scarcity of the beaver in the lands controlled by the Iroquois in the middle 17th century accelerated the wars. The center of the fur trade shifted north to the colder regions of southern Ontario, an area controlled by the Neutral and Huron tribes who were close trading

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Despite these battles looking like massive successes for the Iroquois, such victories brought issues to the nation. The Iroquois had taken more captives than they could assimilate, which led to divisions and factions within the nation. Many captives held onto their prior beliefs instead of

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French involvement in native trade caused the French to entangle with complex native alliances, which pitted tribes against the French, and each other. French involvement also introduced disease, weapons, and war, which led to the further destruction of tribes in the region.

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confederacies on the western shore of Lake Ontario and southern shore of Lake Huron to the west, and the Susquehannock to their south. These tribes were historically competitive with and sometimes enemies of the Iroquois, who had Five Nations in their confederacy.

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in the 1540s made the first written records of the Indians in America, although French explorers and fishermen had traded in the region near the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River estuary a decade before then for valuable furs. Cartier wrote of encounters with the

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forces numbering in the thousands remained to the north of Lakes Huron and Superior, and they were later decisive in rolling back the Iroquois advance. From west of the Mississippi, displaced groups continued to arm war parties and attempt to retake their land.

592:. The French then attempted to gain the Iroquois as an ally against the English, but the Iroquois refused to break their alliance, and frequently fought against the French in the 18th century. The Anglo-Iroquois alliance would reach its zenith during the 1149:

in the early 18th century, where they adopted the horse culture and nomadic lifestyle for which they later became known. Other refugees flooded the Great Lakes area, resulting in a conflict with existing tribes in the region. In the Ohio Country, the

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French survived and escaped; five were captured and tortured to death by the Iroquois. Despite their victory, the Iroquois also suffered a significant number of casualties, and their leaders began to consider negotiating for peace with the French.

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The French and 39 Indian chiefs signed the Great Peace of Montreal in 1701. The Iroquois agreed to stop marauding and to allow refugees from the Great Lakes to return east. The Shawnee eventually regained control of the Ohio Country and the lower

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at the eastern edge of Mohawk territory near Albany. This gave the Iroquois direct access to European markets via the Mohawks. The Dutch trading efforts and eventual colonies in New Jersey and Delaware soon also established trade with the coastal

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assimilating as well. Large divisions went on to embrace a French alliance and migrated north towards Montreal to trade with the French. The Iroquois accidentally aided the French through their destruction and captivity of the Huron.

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replaced Denonville as governor for the next nine years (1689–1698), and he recognized the danger created by the imprisonment of the sachems. He located the 13 surviving leaders and returned with them to New France in October 1698.

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were dominant. The Iroquois quickly overran Shawnee holdings in central Ohio, forcing them to flee into Miami territory. The Miamis were a powerful tribe and brought together a confederacy of their neighboring allies, including the

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in 1692 and raiding Seneca, Oneida, and Onondaga villages. The English and Iroquois banded together for operations aimed against the French, but these were largely ineffective. The most successful incursion resulted in the 1691

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and they found no inhabitants in this part of the upper river valley—although the Iroquois and the Huron used it as hunting ground. The causes remain unclear, although some anthropologists and historians have suggested that the

1314:, negotiated a treaty with the Miami and Illinois tribes. France lifted the ban on the sale of firearms to the Indians, and colonists quickly armed the Algonquin tribes, evening the odds between the Iroquois and their enemies. 1123:

attempted to invade the Mohawk homeland. The invasion force of 400 to 500 men briefly skirmished with the Mohawk but failed to reach their villages as the French soldiers were ill-equipped to operate in the cold and deep snow.

561:), Neutral, Erie, Susquehannock (Conestoga), and northern Algonquins, with the extreme brutality and exterminatory nature of the mode of warfare practised by the Iroquois causing some historians to label these wars as acts of 875:

their attention to the north and the Dutch encouraged them in this strategy. At that time, the Dutch were the Iroquois' primary European trading partners, with their goods passing through Dutch trading posts down the

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territory to teach those who had converted to Christianity. The Jesuits also reached out to the Iroquois, many of whom converted to Roman Catholicism or intermingled its teachings with their own traditional beliefs.

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Once peace was achieved with the French, the Iroquois returned to their westward conquest in their continued attempt to take control of all the land between the Algonquins and the French. Eastern tribes such as the

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formed an alliance to counter Iroquois aggression in 1647, and their warriors greatly outnumbered those of the Iroquois. The Hurons tried to break the Iroquois Confederacy by negotiating a separate peace with the

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succeeded and inflicted high casualties on the Iroquois. In the early 1650s, the Iroquois began attacking the French themselves, although some of the Iroquois tribes had peaceful relations with them, notably the

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and related tribes of the Great Lakes region. The Iroquois were supplied with arms by their Dutch and English trading partners; the Algonquians and Hurons were backed by the French, their chief trading partner.

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region in 1670, and they claimed the land by right of conquest as a hunting ground. The English acknowledged this claim in 1674 and again in 1684, but they acquired the land from the Iroquois by a 1722 treaty.

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Susquehannock village. Muskets, lead and powder were acquired from both Maryland and New Netherland. Despite suffering a smallpox epidemic in 1661, the Susquehannock easily withstood a siege by 800 Seneca,

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A map of Iroquois expansion during the war. Peace was re-established with the French in 1666, and the Iroquois returned to their westward conquest of all the land between the French and Algonquin territory.

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tribes. They were under control of the Mohawks, however, who were the strongest tribe in the Confederation and had animosity towards the French presence. After a failed peace treaty negotiated by

1460:'s fur trade with the Iroquois and, without their protection, the northern flank of the Thirteen Colonies would be open to French attack. Nevertheless, the French and Indians signed the treaty. 996:

of Huron territory, destroying several key villages, killing many warriors, and taking thousands of people captive for later adoption into the tribe. Among those killed were Jesuit missionaries

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Champlain's initiative. Champlain wrote, "I had come with no other intention than to make war". He and his Huron and Algonkin allies fought a pitched battle against the Mohawks on the shores of

1381:(1688–1697), the French formed raiding parties with Indian allies to attack English settlements, (as the English had allied themselves with the Iroquois against the French) perpetrating the 1722:

Riparian Research and Management, Chapter 7. Euro-American Beaver Trapping and Its long-term Impact on Drainage Network Form and Function, Water Abundance, Delivery, and System Stability

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in 1650, and they completely drove the tribe from traditional territory by the end of 1651, killing or assimilating thousands. The Neutrals had inhabited a territory ranging from the

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tried to revive the western fur trade. His efforts competed with those of the Iroquois to control the traffic and they started attacking the French again. The war lasted ten years.

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committed by the Iroquois Confederacy. They became dominant in the region and enlarged their territory, realigning the American tribal geography. The Iroquois gained control of the

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temporarily halted Iroquois expansion further northwest, but the Iroquois controlled a fur-rich region and had no more tribes blocking them from the French settlements in Canada.

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Indian raids were not constant, but they terrified the inhabitants of New France, and some of the heroes of French-Canadian folklore are individuals who stood up to such attacks.

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and Maryland besieged the Susquehannock fort, and assassinated the Susquehannock chiefs during a parley. The survivors of the siege were eventually absorbed by the Iroquois.

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northern fur trade. The Thirteen Colonies heard of the treaty and immediately set about to prevent it from being agreed upon. These conflicts would result in the loss of

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At this time, conflict began to grow between the Iroquois Confederacy and the tribes supported by the French. The Iroquois inhabited the region of New York south of

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in Ontario. The new lands granted to Six Nations reserves were all near Canadian military outposts and placed along the border to prevent any American incursions.

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to hold the claim to all of the Northwest. It maintained a claim to the region using the Iroquois right of conquest until the company was dissolved in 1798 by the

1008:, each of whom is considered a martyr of the Roman Catholic Church. The surviving Hurons fled and were dispersed from their territory, some taking refuge with the 947:, Iroquois moved north into New France along Lake Champlain and the Richelieu River, attacking and blockading Montreal. By 1650, they controlled the area from the 833:

The Iroquois relied on the trade for firearms and other highly valued European goods for their livelihood and survival. They used their growing expertise with the

3192: 4936: 826:. The Susquehannocks were also well armed by Dutch traders, and they effectively reduced the strength of the Delawares and managed to win a protracted war with 721:

and the Hurons defeat a large Iroquois raiding party. In 1615, he joined a Huron raiding party and took part in a siege on an Iroquois town, probably among the

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The French decided to become directly involved in the conflict. The Huron and the Iroquois had an estimated 25,000 to 30,000 members each. The Hurons and

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and their French allies. As a result of this conflict, the Iroquois destroyed several confederacies and tribes through warfare: the Hurons or Wendat,

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Both Algonquian and Iroquoian societies were greatly disrupted by these wars. The conflict subsided when the Iroquois lost their Dutch allies in the

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in New France to propose peace with the French and their allied tribes, and they asked the French to set up a trading post in Iroquoia. Governor

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population. Trapping continued to spread across North America, extirpating or severely reducing populations across the continent. The natural

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to trade with the western tribes. The Iroquois destroyed it to retain control of the fur trade with the Europeans. The Iroquois also drove the

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With the renewal of hostilities, the militia of New France was strengthened after 1683 by a small force of regular French navy troops in the

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greatly outnumbered by the tribes that they subdued, but they achieved their victories through the use of firearms purchased from the Dutch.

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In 1610–1614, the Dutch established a series of seasonal trading posts on the Hudson and Delaware rivers, including one on

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In 1768, several of the Thirteen Colonies purchased the "Iroquois claim" to the Ohio and Illinois Country and created the

1101: 4729: 4278: 4754: 4395: 4126: 3618: 3420: 3128: 1739:"The Omnipotent Beaver in Van der Donck's A Description of New Netherland: A Natural Symbol of Promise in the New World" 1001: 819: 767: 738: 530: 4405: 3760: 1515:

and provide some compensation for lands the Loyalists and Native Americans had lost to the United States. Mohawk Chief

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council. These 50 chiefs constituted the top leaders of the Iroquois, and Denonville captured them and shipped them to

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with Indian allies; his attempts to revive the fur-trade in the frontier led to renewed hostilities with the Iroquois

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despite the war chiefs' "arrowproof body armor made of plaited sticks", after which the Mohawk withdrew in disarray.

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With the decline of the beaver population, the Iroquois began to conquer their smaller neighbors. They attacked the

4679: 4584: 4547: 4495: 4390: 4370: 4365: 4345: 4156: 4061: 3851: 3740: 3628: 3599: 3325: 3030: 1634: 1496: 745:, in 1624. The fort removed the Iroquois' reliance on French traders and on their Indian allies for European goods. 850:, and the alliance of these tribes with the French quickly brought the Iroquois into conflict directly with them. 490:

whom they defeated and dispersed, some fleeing to neighbouring peoples and others assimilated, routed, or killed.

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Firearms from Dutch traders allowed the Iroquois to wage effective campaigns against the Algonquin and the Huron.

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which still exists. The Iroquois retaliated by destroying farmsteads and slaughtering entire families. They

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With the tribes destroyed to the north and west, the Iroquois turned their attention southward to the

1175:. The majority of the fighting was between the Anishinaabeg Confederacy and the Iroquois Confederacy. 806: 557:

The Iroquois effectively destroyed several large tribal confederacies, including the Mohicans, Huron (

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population in the region, and the animal had largely disappeared from the Hudson Valley by 1640.

459: 396: 175: 81: 3266: 1677: 1191:, leaving much of the Ohio Valley, southern Michigan, and southern Ontario depopulated. Several 1132:

returned to New France. A peace settlement was reached with the Mohawk and Oneida in July 1667.

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was one of several Jesuits killed during the Iroquois attack into the heart of Huron territory.

818:, pushing them east of the Hudson River and establishing a monopoly of trade with the Dutch at 4966: 4835: 4689: 4614: 3539: 3482: 3000: 2957: 2891: 2778: 2757: 2725: 2706: 2687: 2668: 2645: 2624: 2603: 2578: 2559: 2529: 2359: 2254: 2172: 2108: 2098: 2077: 1894: 1800: 1448: 1418:

that brought peace between France and England, ending English participation in that conflict.

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for 1675 reports that the Seneca "utterly defeated ... their ancient and redoubtable foes."

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south of Lake Ontario in New York. The attack ultimately failed, and Champlain was injured.

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agreed to cede control over much of its territory in North America to the newly formed

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In 1675, the Susquehannock moved south into Maryland. Later that year the militias of

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The wars and subsequent commercial trapping of beavers was devastating to the local

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Iroquois Wars I: Excerpts from the Jesuit Relations and Primary Sources 1535–1650

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rejected this proposal because it would imply abandonment of their Huron allies.

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would take centuries to recover in some areas, while others would never recover.

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led a large group of Iroquois out of New York to what became the reserve of the

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In the early 1640s, the war began in earnest with Iroquois attacks on frontier

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Iroquois Wars II: Excerpts from the Jesuit Relations and Other Primary Sources

1693: 1545: 1358: 1338: 839: 570: 487: 3568: 1759:

Ellegren, H.; Hartman, G.; Johansson, M.; Andersson, L. (September 1, 1993).

4589: 4574: 3937: 3451: 3446: 3353: 3303: 3272: 3235: 1785: 1333:, where they met with the 50 sachems of the Iroquois Confederacy from their 1212: 1025: 652: 604: 589: 494: 2358:. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. 1804: 4825: 4809: 4639: 3378: 3368: 1838: 1629: 1473: 1469: 1271: 1172: 1168: 1093: 1017: 834: 711: 698: 596:

of 1754, which saw the French being largely expelled from North America.

562: 483: 451: 128: 4604: 3260: 1252:

and Onondaga in May 1663, and destroyed an Onondaga war party in 1666.

1207:

from the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, and they established the post of

1151: 1100:

The tide of war began to turn in the mid-1660s with the arrival of the

1009: 815: 782: 250: 240: 2338: 2169:

The Good Regiment: The Carignan Salières Regiment in Canada, 1665–1668

1115:

led a French force of 1,300 men to attack Mohawk villages in New York.

2917: 2470: 2322: 2076:. The Penguin history of the United States. New York: Penguin Books. 1013: 847: 600: 455: 230: 853:

The expansion of the fur trade with Europe brought a decline in the

1199:

Beginning in the 1670s, the French began to explore and settle the

1431: 1341:, France to be galley slaves. He then travelled down the shore of 1297: 1289: 1177: 1106: 1038: 1021: 954: 881: 871: 805: 732: 680: 475: 471: 225: 220: 2753:

The Children of Aataentsic: A History of the Huron People to 1660

1294:

De Tonty suing for peace in the Iroquois village. January 2, 1680

894:

in 1641 because it would imply abandonment of their Huron allies.

497:

with European markets. They originally were a confederacy of the

1823:"The Confusing Identities Attributed to Stadacona and Hochelaga" 843: 608: 493:

The Iroquois sought to expand their territory to monopolize the

4773: 3941: 3572: 2808: 2777:(2nd ed.). Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. 1495:

Many of the Iroquois people allied with the British during the

311: 1092:

In 1661 and 1662, the Iroquois made several raids against the

987:

successfully frustrated an Iroquois attack on Fort Verchères.

611:, water and other vital needs were also devastated leading to 307: 2804: 55:

Champlain's Battle with the Iroquois, Ticonderoga, July, 1609

2756:(1st paperback ed.). McGill-Queen's University Press. 2525:

Unconquered: The Iroquois League at War in Colonial America

983:, but saved Montreal by his actions. In 1692, 14-year-old 650:

people who occupied several fortified villages, including

2441: 2439: 2040: 2038: 2036: 1987: 1985: 537:, and the lower-estuary of the Saint Lawrence River. The 1972: 1970: 1678:"The Iroquois practice of genocidal warfare (1534–1787)" 717:

In 1610, Champlain and his French companions helped the

615:, environmental change, and drought in certain areas. 2745:. New York, Cincinnati, Chicago: American Book Company. 710:. Champlain single-handedly killed two chiefs with his 573:

valley lands as hunting ground from about 1670 onward.

4912:

Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America

2682:

Salvucci, Claudio R.; Schiavo, Anthony P. Jr. (2003).

1526:

The coalition of Native American tribes, known as the

2701:

Sciavo, Anthony P. Jr.; Salvucci, Claudio R. (2003).

2138: 2136: 1353:

meets Lake Ontario. This site was previously used by

2171:. Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queens University Press. 678:

destroyed or drove out the St. Lawrence Iroquoians.

4747: 4657: 4567: 4560: 4458: 4418: 4333: 4326: 4271: 4201: 4176: 4169: 4149: 4094: 4049: 4042: 4012: 3982: 3975: 3865: 3834: 3683: 3606: 3465: 3429: 3334: 3281: 3213: 3137: 3061: 2971: 2910: 2842: 580:after the English took it over in 1664, along with 2660: 1887:Brandon, William (1961). Josephy, Alvin M. (ed.). 1414:. The French offensive was not halted by the 1697 2327:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 1451:as a greater threat than the French in 1698. The 1440:that ended hostilities between New France and 39 541:led by the Mohawks mobilized against the largely 2722:American Colonies: the Settling of North America 2100:The Archaeology Of Southern Ontario To A.D. 1650 2074:American colonies: the settling of North America 4917:Genocide of indigenous peoples of North America 2705:. Bristol, Pennsylvania: Evolution Publishing. 2686:. Bristol, Pennsylvania: Evolution Publishing. 2477:. Indiana Historical Bureau, State of Indiana. 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1765:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 34: 2573:Lupold, Harry Forrest; Haddad, Gladys (1988). 2422:. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). 2067: 2065: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 4785: 3953: 3584: 2820: 2555:The American West: A New Interpretive History 2552:Hine, Robert V.; Faragher, John Mack (2000). 2205:. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). 2190: 2188: 979:, the confluence of the St. Lawrence and the 323: 8: 2127: 2097:Ellis, Chris J.; Ferris, Neal, eds. (1990). 2056: 1949: 1816: 1814: 1145:were pushed across the Mississippi onto the 4942:Native American history of New York (state) 2316: 2314: 1940:, pp. 312–315, "Sealing the Alliance". 517:tribes inhabiting the lands in what is now 4792: 4778: 4770: 4744: 4654: 4564: 4455: 4415: 4330: 4268: 4198: 4173: 4146: 4091: 4046: 4009: 3979: 3960: 3946: 3938: 3591: 3577: 3569: 2827: 2813: 2805: 1361:from 1678 to 1679, and was later used for 330: 316: 308: 31: 4907:Military history of the Thirteen Colonies 2800:Timeline of the Iroquois Wars (1533–1650) 2506:. University of Toronto/Université Laval. 1794: 1784: 1447:The Iroquois eventually began to see the 2457: 2398:Michigan Pioneer and History Collections 2293: 2281: 2269: 2027: 2003: 1976: 1925: 1136:Peace with France and Iroquois expansion 27:17th c. wars between Hurons and Iroquois 4952:Native American history of Pennsylvania 4927:History of the Midwestern United States 2445: 2414:"Brisay de Denonville, Jacques-René de" 2378: 2044: 2015: 1991: 1961: 1937: 1913: 1656: 1329:set out with a well organized force to 1312:René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle 1663: 1640:Military history of the Mi'kmaq people 1016:, some assimilated and adopted by the 3069:List of French forts in North America 2393:The Road from Detroit to the Illinois 1127:The second invasion force was led by 607:that came to rely on the beavers for 7: 4937:Native American history of Minnesota 4391:Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94) 2305: 2237: 2225: 2154: 2142: 1821:Pendergast, James F. (Winter 1998). 4932:Native American history of Michigan 4902:Military history of the Great Lakes 4406:Voulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900) 4396:Second Madagascar expedition (1895) 2850:French colonization of the Americas 2724:. Penguin Books. pp. 111–113. 2620:The Native Peoples of North America 2481:from the original on 6 October 2008 2199:. In Brown, George Williams (ed.). 1476:. The peace lasted into the 1720s. 1078:In 1654, the Iroquois attacked the 617:Beaver populations in North America 4861:Illinois in the American Civil War 2197:"Prouville de Tracy, Alexandre de" 1893:. American Heritage. p. 187. 1737:Julie, van den Hout (2015-04-01). 1676:Blick, Jeremy P. (3 August 2010). 1625:Colonial American military history 814:In 1628, the Mohawks defeated the 25: 4366:French conquest of Senegal (1854) 3842:Canada and the American Civil War 1890:American Heritage Book of Indians 898:In 1641, the Mohawks traveled to 766:in 1614 and its 1624 replacement 4957:First Nations history in Ontario 4755:Ouvéa cave hostage taking (1988) 4446:Intervention in Mexico (1861–67) 4386:First Franco-Dahomean War (1890) 4279:Burma–France relations (1729–56) 3919: 3907: 3906: 3553: 3552: 3478:Military history of the Acadians 3226:Seigneurial system of New France 2419:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 2202:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 1604: 1590: 1576: 1562: 1548: 1319:Compagnies Franches de la Marine 758:(Lenape) and the more southerly 263: 181: 168: 48: 4962:First Nations history in Quebec 4947:Native American history of Ohio 4620:Tunisian independence (1952–56) 4401:Menalamba rebellion (1895-1903) 4239:French and Indian War (1754–60) 2902:History of the French-Americans 2667:. University of Toronto Press. 2577:. Kent State University Press. 2545:A Sketchbook of Indiana History 2253:, University of Toronto Press. 1726:U. S. Department of Agriculture 1129:Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy 1113:Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy 4670:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–36) 4610:Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31) 4501:Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62) 4254:Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) 3231:Criminal justice in New France 2860:Timeline of New France history 2663:The Ojibwa of Southern Ontario 2251:The Ojibwa of Southern Ontario 2105:Ontario Archaeological Society 1521:Six Nations of the Grand River 1302:New France's Governor General 1059:Defeat of the Erie and Neutral 963:(standing, center) during the 838:their traditional enemies the 1: 4972:17th century in North America 4735:First Indochina War (1946–54) 4486:Franco-Tahitian War (1844–47) 3221:Custom of Paris in New France 2771:Wallace, Paul A. W. (2007) . 2595:The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire 2195:Lamontagne, Léopold (1979) . 1278:Resumption of war with France 1257: 4548:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893) 4132:King William's War (1689–97) 3847:Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion 2623:. Rutgers University Press. 2401:. Vol. 10. p. 248. 1682:Journal of Genocide Research 1472:, and the Illinois tribe to 1367:burned Lachine to the ground 1232:Defeat of the Susquehannocks 4615:Malagasy Uprising (1947–48) 4441:Argentina–Uruguay (1845–50) 4314:Egypt and Syria (1798–1801) 4229:King George's War (1744–48) 2750:Trigger, Bruce G. (1987) . 2617:Johansen, Bruce E. (2006). 2424:University of Toronto Press 2207:University of Toronto Press 1827:Journal of Canadian Studies 1490:United States Supreme Court 1304:Louis de Buade de Frontenac 1121:Daniel de Rémy de Courcelle 1024:or Tobacco nation, another 5028: 4897:Military history of Canada 4892:Battles of the Beaver Wars 4496:French conquest of Vietnam 4209:Queen Anne's War (1702–13) 3852:Canada and the Vietnam War 3741:American Revolutionary War 3600:Military history of Canada 3168:Governor of Trois-Rivières 2739:Thompson, Maurice (1898). 2659:Schmalz, Peter S. (1991). 2600:W. W. Norton & Company 2592:Jennings, Francis (1984). 2321:Jennings, Francis (1968). 2249:Schmalz, Peter S. (1991), 2128:Lupold & Haddad (1988) 2057:Hine & Faragher (2000) 1950:Hine & Faragher (2000) 1746:California Digital Library 1635:Military history of Canada 1497:American Revolutionary War 1449:emerging Thirteen Colonies 1425: 1407:destroying Mohawk villages 1215:tribe out of the northern 1119:In January 1666, Governor 1102:Carignan-Salières Regiment 1063:The Iroquois attacked the 862:partners with the French. 859:American Heritage Magazine 693:, and French forces under 626: 72:July 1609 – August 4, 1701 57:, an 1898 illustration by 4816: 4720:Franco-Thai War (1940–41) 4516:Sino-French War (1884–85) 4511:Tonkin Campaign (1883–86) 4431:Río de la Plata (1838–40) 4259:Santo Domingo (1795–1809) 3969:French colonial conflicts 3901: 3826:Intervention against ISIL 3746:French Revolutionary Wars 3548: 3520:Expulsion of the Acadians 3311:Company of 100 Associates 3124:Fort St. Louis (Illinois) 2638:Morgan, Lewis H. (1922). 2558:. Yale University Press. 2416:. In Hayne, David (ed.). 1694:10.1080/14623520120097215 762:tribe. The Dutch founded 629:France–Americas relations 446:valley in Canada and the 436:Guerres franco-iroquoises 347: 293: 280: 119: 64: 47: 39: 4595:Volta-Bani War (1915–16) 4459:Asia & Pacific Ocean 4214:Chickasaw Wars (1721–52) 3515:French and Iroquois Wars 2522:Barr, Daniel P. (2006). 2103:. London Chapter of the 961:Adam Dollard des Ormeaux 890:rejected peace with the 578:colony of New Netherland 450:region which pitted the 428:French and Iroquois Wars 367:St. Ignace and St. Louis 107:Huron-Wendat Confederacy 18:French and Iroquois Wars 4730:South Vietnam (1945–46) 4600:Kaocen revolt (1916–17) 4528:Second Opium War (1860) 4521:North Vietnam (1886–96) 4506:North Vietnam (1873–74) 4309:East Indies (1793–1801) 4244:North America (1778–83) 4112:North America (1627–29) 4102:Beaver Wars (1609–1701) 3857:Canada and the Iraq War 3761:Rebellions of 1837–1838 3525:Great Peace of Montreal 3326:Compagnie de l'Occident 2897:History of the Acadians 2774:Indians in Pennsylvania 2547:. Christian Book Press. 2471:"The naming of Indiana" 2352:Kent, Barry C. (1984). 1786:10.1073/pnas.90.17.8150 1507:and worked to resettle 1428:Great Peace of Montreal 640:St. Lawrence Iroquoians 590:the island of Manhattan 419: 102:Great Peace of Montreal 59:Jean Leon Gerome Ferris 4887:17th-century conflicts 4665:Boxer Rebellion (1901) 4630:Cameroon War (1955–64) 4625:Algerian War (1954–62) 4543:Leewards War (1888–97) 4341:Indian Ocean (1809–11) 4219:Dummer's War (1721–25) 4122:Carib Expulsion (1660) 3731:Father Le Loutre's War 3701:Second Anglo-Dutch War 3473:Military of New France 3399:Gens de couleur libres 3129:Fort St. Louis (Texas) 3114:Fortress of Louisbourg 2938:(1682–1763, 1801–1803) 2855:French colonial empire 2641:League of the Iroquois 2575:Ohio's Western Reserve 2543:Funk, Arville (1964). 2412:Eccles, W.J. (1979) . 1645:Military of New France 1453:colony of Pennsylvania 1444: 1349:at the site where the 1307: 1295: 1183: 1116: 1047: 985:Marie-Madeleine Jarret 968: 895: 886:New France's governor 811: 746: 737:The Dutch established 702: 613:ecological destruction 539:Iroquois Confederation 435: 4645:Bizerte crisis (1961) 4476:Philippines (1844–45) 4426:West Indies (1804–10) 4381:Ivory Coast (1883–98) 4304:East Indies (1778–83) 4234:Nova Scotia (1749–55) 4224:Natchez revolt (1729) 4184:West Africa (1758–63) 4117:West Indies (1635–59) 3990:South Carolina (1562) 3893:Internment Camps WWII 3821:Intervention in Libya 3736:French and Indian War 3706:Third Anglo-Dutch War 2720:Taylor, Alan (2002). 2644:. Classic Textbooks. 2355:Susquehanna's Indians 2167:Verney, Jack (1991). 2072:Taylor, Alan (2002). 1435: 1301: 1293: 1181: 1110: 1042: 1028:people to become the 958: 885: 809: 736: 684: 627:Further information: 594:French and Indian War 545:-speaking tribes and 422:), also known as the 294:Casualties and losses 5002:Wabanaki Confederacy 4137:Santo Domingo (1691) 3888:Internment Camps WWI 3776:North-West Rebellion 3173:Governor of Montreal 3079:Fort Michilimackinac 2887:1763 Treaty of Paris 2107:. pp. 410–411. 1839:10.3138/jcs.32.4.149 1620:American Indian wars 1612:United States portal 1598:North America portal 1532:Treaty of Greenville 1486:Indiana Land Company 1412:Battle of La Prairie 1399:Battle of Fort Loyal 1391:Raid on Salmon Falls 1383:Schenectady massacre 1224:laid an ambush near 1165:Illini confederation 1087:French counterattack 1020:, others joined the 977:Battle of Long Sault 965:Battle of Long Sault 888:Charles de Montmagny 676:Iroquois Confederacy 642:, also known as the 521:along the shores of 444:Saint Lawrence River 42:American Indian Wars 4856:Illinois Mormon War 4800:Wars involving the 4590:Zaian War (1914–21) 4575:Wadai War (1906–11) 4351:Algeria (1835–1903) 4299:Vietnam (1777–1820) 4249:Caribbean (1778–83) 3771:Red River Rebellion 3321:Mississippi Company 1777:1993PNAS...90.8150E 1528:Western Confederacy 1369:on August 4, 1689. 1323:Governor Denonville 1226:South Bend, Indiana 991:Defeat of the Huron 973:Dollard des Ormeaux 913:villages along the 785:to the west in the 695:Samuel de Champlain 4977:Algonquian peoples 4866:Illinois Coal Wars 4806:Illinois Territory 4640:Ifni War (1957–58) 4635:Suez Crisis (1956) 3711:King William's War 3493:King William's War 3488:Intercolonial Wars 2742:Stories of Indiana 1509:American loyalists 1501:British parliament 1445: 1387:colony of New York 1379:King William's War 1308: 1296: 1283:France's governor 1256:the Susquehannock 1184: 1117: 1048: 969: 915:St. Lawrence River 896: 828:Maryland colonists 812: 747: 703: 82:Great Lakes region 4874: 4873: 4836:Illinois Campaign 4810:State of Illinois 4767: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4743: 4742: 4710:Vietnam (1930–31) 4695:Cilicia (1920–21) 4685:Vietnam (1918–21) 4680:Vietnam (1917–18) 4653: 4652: 4605:Rif War (1920–26) 4585:Morocco (1911–12) 4580:Casablanca (1907) 4556: 4555: 4454: 4453: 4414: 4413: 4376:Madagascar (1883) 4346:Algeria (1830–47) 4322: 4321: 4267: 4266: 4197: 4196: 4165: 4164: 4145: 4144: 4090: 4089: 4062:Senegal (1659–77) 4038: 4037: 4008: 4007: 3995:Florida (1562–65) 3935: 3934: 3926:Canada portal 3791:Russian Civil War 3726:King George's War 3566: 3565: 3503:King George's War 3483:Acadian Civil War 3430:Missionary groups 3421:Intellectual life 3158:Sovereign Council 2892:History of Quebec 2784:978-0-89271-017-1 2763:978-0-7735-0627-5 2296:, pp. 12–13. 2272:, pp. 38–40. 2083:978-0-14-200210-0 1771:(17): 8150–8153. 1416:Treaty of Ryswick 1217:Virginia Piedmont 1189:Mississippi River 1069:Niagara Peninsula 1006:Gabriel Lallemant 802:Beaver Wars begin 729:Dutch competition 420:Tsianì kayonkwere 405: 404: 306: 305: 115: 114: 16:(Redirected from 5019: 4802:Illinois Country 4794: 4787: 4780: 4771: 4745: 4725:Indochina (1945) 4655: 4565: 4456: 4436:Mexico (1838–39) 4416: 4331: 4269: 4199: 4174: 4147: 4107:Brazil (1612–15) 4092: 4067:Djidjelli (1664) 4047: 4030:Brazil (1590–04) 4025:Brazil (1555–67) 4010: 3980: 3962: 3955: 3948: 3939: 3924: 3923: 3922: 3910: 3909: 3796:Second World War 3716:Queen Anne's War 3648:Crown and Forces 3629:Colonial militia 3624:Canadian Militia 3593: 3586: 3579: 3570: 3556: 3555: 3535:Schenectady Raid 3508:Seven Years' War 3498:Queen Anne's War 3364:King's Daughters 3316:Crozat's Company 3299:Coureur des bois 3241:Superior Council 3163:Bishop of Quebec 3148:Governor General 3089:Fort de Chartres 2948:Illinois Country 2829: 2822: 2815: 2806: 2788: 2767: 2746: 2735: 2716: 2697: 2678: 2666: 2655: 2634: 2613: 2588: 2569: 2548: 2539: 2508: 2507: 2504:www.biographi.ca 2496: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2467: 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4014: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4002: 4000:Florida (1568) 3997: 3992: 3986: 3984: 3977: 3973: 3972: 3967: 3965: 3964: 3957: 3950: 3942: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3929: 3915: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3661: 3660: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3634: 3633: 3632: 3631: 3616: 3610: 3608: 3607:History of ... 3604: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3595: 3588: 3581: 3573: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3560: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3540:Deerfield Raid 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3417: 3416: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 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1167:who inhabited 1137: 1134: 1088: 1085: 1060: 1057: 992: 989: 923:Susquehannocks 900:Trois-Rivières 867: 864: 824:New Netherland 803: 800: 791:Neutral Nation 756:Delaware tribe 730: 727: 708:Lake Champlain 624: 621: 582:Fort Amsterdam 527:Lake Champlain 403: 402: 400: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 357:Action of 1628 354: 348: 345: 344: 337: 335: 334: 327: 320: 312: 304: 303: 300: 296: 295: 291: 290: 287: 283: 282: 278: 277: 275: 274: 259: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 192: 190: 188:Dutch Republic 160: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 132: 131: 125: 122: 121: 117: 116: 113: 112: 111: 110: 104: 97: 96: 92: 90: 86: 85: 80: 78: 74: 73: 70: 62: 61: 45: 44: 37: 36: 30: 29: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5024: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 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Greenwood. 2527: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2505: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2463: 2460:, p. 23. 2459: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2408: 2405: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2372: 2367: 2365:9780892710249 2361: 2357: 2356: 2348: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2308:, p. 58. 2307: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2287: 2284:, p. 11. 2283: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2259:0-8020-2736-9 2256: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2240:, p. 16. 2239: 2234: 2231: 2228:, p. 12. 2227: 2222: 2219: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2174: 2170: 2163: 2160: 2157:, p. 59. 2156: 2151: 2148: 2145:, p. 60. 2144: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2130:, p. 11. 2129: 2124: 2121: 2116: 2114:0-919350-13-5 2110: 2106: 2102: 2101: 2093: 2090: 2085: 2079: 2075: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2059:, p. 68. 2058: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1955: 1952:, p. 67. 1951: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1931: 1928:, p. 42. 1927: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1907: 1902: 1900:9780070012745 1896: 1892: 1891: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1755: 1752: 1747: 1740: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1718: 1715: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1672: 1669: 1666:, p. 22. 1665: 1664:Morgan (1922) 1660: 1657: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1613: 1602: 1599: 1588: 1585: 1584:France portal 1574: 1571: 1570:Canada portal 1560: 1557: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1505:United States 1502: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1461: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1443: 1442:First Nations 1439: 1434: 1429: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1395:New Hampshire 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1351:Niagara River 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1305: 1300: 1292: 1288: 1286: 1277: 1275: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1253: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1238:Susquehannock 1231: 1229: 1227: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1125: 1122: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1103: 1098: 1095: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 990: 988: 986: 982: 981:Ottawa Rivers 978: 974: 966: 962: 959:Depiction of 957: 953: 950: 946: 942: 938: 933: 929: 924: 919: 916: 912: 907: 905: 901: 893: 889: 884: 880: 878: 873: 866:Course of war 865: 863: 860: 856: 851: 849: 845: 841: 836: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 808: 801: 799: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 771: 769: 765: 761: 760:Susquehannock 757: 752: 751:Castle Island 744: 740: 735: 728: 726: 724: 720: 715: 713: 709: 700: 697:attacked the 696: 692: 688: 683: 679: 677: 673: 672:Mohawk Nation 667: 665: 661: 660: 655: 654: 649: 645: 641: 636: 630: 622: 620: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 597: 595: 591: 587: 586:New Amsterdam 583: 579: 574: 572: 569:frontier and 568: 564: 560: 555: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 491: 489: 486:and northern 485: 481: 480:Susquehannock 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 440:North America 437: 433: 429: 425: 424:Iroquois Wars 421: 417: 413: 398: 397:Mohawk Valley 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 349: 346: 341: 333: 328: 326: 321: 319: 314: 313: 310: 301: 298: 297: 292: 288: 285: 284: 279: 272: 260: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 206:Susquehannock 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 193: 191: 189: 177: 163: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 134: 130: 127: 126: 124: 123: 118: 108: 105: 103: 100: 99: 94: 93: 91: 88: 87: 83: 79: 76: 75: 71: 68: 67: 63: 60: 56: 51: 46: 43: 38: 33: 19: 4820: 4561:20th century 4538:Korea (1866) 4327:19th century 4170:18th century 4101: 4043:17th century 3976:16th century 3917: 3905: 3883:Peacekeeping 3873:Bibliography 3766:Fenian raids 3756:Pemmican War 3721:Dummer's War 3690: 3675:Peacekeeping 3643:Conscription 3530:Lachine Raid 3514: 3267:Maréchaussée 3265: 3189:Terre-Neuve 3094:Fort Detroit 3074:Fort Rouillé 3047:Terre-Neuve 2953:Ohio Country 2773: 2752: 2741: 2721: 2702: 2683: 2662: 2640: 2619: 2594: 2574: 2554: 2544: 2524: 2503: 2494: 2483:. 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