1417:
299:
406:
479:
624:
22:
426:. This distinction is notably echoed by the Code de procédure pénale, (Code of Penal Procedure), which nevertheless does not define how to distinguish the one from the other. The distinction is even more nuanced to make, since in French procedural law the "judgment" jurisdictions also have powers of investigation (
893:
If the matter is sent back to the lower courts, both the facts and the law are retried. The resulting new judgment may also be appealed. The next higher court would be cassation. Here the bench sometimes quashes a verdict without returning it to the lower court, or where a lower court may bow to the
643:
At the Court of Appeal level litigation is considered by a single court—although in separate divisions—whether the matter is civil or criminal. Depending on the volume of appeals the number of divisions may vary. There is always, however, at least one civil division, social division, commercial
867:
The former confirms a verdict by a court of appeal, (or of another court if the case has exhausted the first and last degrees of jurisdiction). The trial theoretically ends at this point, all avenues of recourse having been exhausted. Still, other jurisdictions may be invoked, such as the
151:, for example, where the expropriated party does not agree with the indemnification amount. Traffic accidents in which one of the vehicles belongs to the government would also fall under the jurisdiction of this court, as well, in this instance, as that of the
446:), search, seal, appoint and expert, put a suspect in temporary detention or in detention under judiciary supervision, and rule on the different questions that arise in the course of criminal investigation, such as the return of seized assets.
584:
Eight regional jurisdictions for rétention de sûreté decide matters of retention, after their periods of incarceration, of persons found guilty of certain serious offences and who are adjudged to still be dangerous.
597:, the last peacetime military tribunal, was announced for 2011, when they were to be replaced by the common-law correctional tribunal. It took effect 1 January 2012 as a result of the law of 13 December 2011.
397:(juvenile judge), according to Article 151-3 of the Code de l'organisation judiciaire, may rule in any matter that concerns educational assistance measures under the conditions specified at Article 375.
310:
The first-degree civil jurisdiction is so specific that it may be divided into several subjects areas (commercial, social, rural, etc.). These courts then have the deciding word in those subjects.
3031:
1040:
188:
hears appeals of the verdicts rendered by the courts of the above two jurisdictions. The Court of
Cassaction itself only judges matters of law; it does not re-try the facts a third time.
2811:
829:
This jurisdiction judges cases where appeals concern incapacitation and work-related injury, sometimes called technical appeals, rendered by the Social
Security administration.
253:
reorganized the court system. It retained the justices of the peace but separated the courts of first instance from the appeal tribunals, which would become the appeal courts.
1296:
981:
561:, but it has been composed in the same way as jurisdictions of common law such as the correctional tribunal since the decision of the constitutional council of July 2, 2010.
2224:
1053:
1273:
3137:
2703:
1116:
1801:
1618:
636:
The Court of Appeal retries the facts of a disputed case previously tried in a court of first instance. This is known as the double degree of jurisdiction (
1523:
786:, the appeal may be heard in the same jurisdiction that heard it in first instance, but different judges should sit on the panel that re-tries the case.
2476:
1256:
2218:
883:
The judgment is quashed and sent back to a jurisdiction of the same degree as the one that issued the overturned judgment, but in a different place.
39:
3351:
2302:
453:
has the same powers, but generally makes only limited use of them, since the juge d'instruction has already done so. The essential function of a
2851:
2836:
2604:
1759:
440:
has powers of criminal investigation and can proceed or cause to proceed different investigations: it can hear witnesses and civil parties (
3235:
886:
The judgment is quashed and sent back to the same jurisdiction that issued it, but is then heard by a court composed of different judges.
2958:
2721:
2377:
2367:
1251:
735:
605:
Infractions committed by a minor are judged, depending on their severity and also the age of the minor, by the juge des enfants, by the
177:
One jurisdiction where the facts of the matter are judged For example, in penal law: did the defendant in fact do what he is accused of?
143:
On an exceptional basis the judiciary may also become involved in certain litigation between an individual and the State or some other
2806:
2155:
1887:
1187:
1172:
1142:
86:
1784:
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2763:
1774:
1574:
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1109:
105:
58:
2143:
1904:
1830:
801:
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of the
Assises court, and the Criminal and Army tribunals: appeals are heard in a different criminal jurisdiction with additional
3786:
3046:
2887:
2841:
2128:
1470:
1027:« pour tout ce qui concerne les mesures d'assistance éducative dans les conditions prévues aux articles 375 et suivants du
126:, of the French court system are empowered to try either litigation between persons or criminal law cases. They may intervene:
2249:
2050:
976:
65:
3317:
2138:
1924:
3479:
3066:
2641:
2006:
1646:
1465:
1306:
1222:
869:
43:
1668:
730:
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1754:
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2989:
2631:
2609:
2550:
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1661:
1590:
1367:
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571:
324:
249:
2174:
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1485:
135:
72:
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1955:
1929:
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1502:
1316:
1102:
714:
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2020:
2001:
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is responsible for litigation on matters involving more than 10 €000. But for litigation arising from real estate, the
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3174:
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2347:
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2060:
1867:
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1706:
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946:
812:
185:
2133:
2085:
1769:
1554:
2269:
1914:
1877:
1623:
709:
180:
The other jurisdiction is law. For example, also in penal law: if the defendant did do that, what legal rules apply?
54:
3409:
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367:
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32:
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1882:
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1716:
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1331:
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783:
703:
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2148:
1970:
1950:
1535:
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212:
2846:
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1965:
1530:
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1480:
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1402:
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986:
961:
902:
838:
670:
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274:
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1991:
1651:
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334:
1996:
1960:
879:, the judgment is "cassé", or broken, essentially quashed or canceled. There are then several possibilities:
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2080:
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3112:
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2726:
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1986:
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348:
has authority over litigation evaluated where potential damages range between 4 €000 and €10,000, and the
329:
3681:
1945:
796:
3132:
3122:
2914:
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2646:
2581:
1440:
1396:
1231:
1207:
1202:
515:
356:
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2070:
2055:
394:
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2698:
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951:
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designation for first and second degree judges, which sometimes appears in cassation court verdicts.
808:
79:
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1909:
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is an appeal jurisdiction for matters of sentencing, particularly if a loss of liberty is involved.
637:
225:, (district tribunals). The justices and the tribunaux served in turn as courts of first instance,
169:
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2035:
457:
is to determine the guilt of defendants under criminal law and to sentence those it finds guilty.
3601:
3152:
3097:
3051:
2899:
2865:
2449:
1811:
1301:
1182:
941:
217:
1789:
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139:(when the jurisdiction is asked to authorize something, a change of marital status for example)
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3275:
3260:
3245:
3184:
3147:
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2748:
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2471:
2357:
2337:
2314:
1569:
1445:
1155:
956:
837:
The Court of
Cassation does not constitute a third degree of jurisdiction, because unlike the
779:
623:
537:
1084:
821:
on convicted prisoners who have completed their sentence but are still considered dangerous.
770:). (Although appeals filed against a criminal jurisdiction ruling in an overseas department,
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3212:
3164:
3036:
3011:
2674:
2513:
2501:
2045:
1796:
1700:
825:
Cour nationale de l'incapacité et de la tarification de l'assurance des accidents du travail
775:
313:
Other first-degree civil jurisdictions have a more general purview, but are divided by the
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3307:
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3107:
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2408:
1684:
1390:
1352:
1347:
1177:
1028:
991:
971:
405:
340:
Where litigation is not specifically assigned by legislation to another jurisdiction, the
298:
2653:
155:, who also has the power to act; another example would be a case when the propriety of a
3621:
3611:
3561:
3474:
3469:
3459:
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3439:
3434:
3419:
3404:
3389:
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3379:
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3230:
3225:
3217:
3041:
2999:
2576:
1261:
925:
607:
290:
were introduced in 2002, but were scheduled to be eliminated starting
January 1, 2013.
148:
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478:
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771:
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144:
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decide the application of criminal penalties, especially with respect to prisoners.
3636:
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3026:
2731:
2688:
2488:
2459:
994:- deals with frequency statistics for various offenses, not the legal concept of
2693:
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1764:
1362:
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360:
21:
466:, and they also determine the civil consequences of committing the infraction.
3202:
2431:
2231:
2121:
1311:
898:
by rendering a judgment that takes the cassation court's ruling into account.
359:), naming sometimes differs from this pattern and a court of first instance (
2540:
2101:
966:
260:
were created in 1806. In penal matters, judgment by a jury is reserved for
198:
penal jurisdictions, which judge accusations of criminality and may apply
2111:
998:
in French law, which is analogous to "felony" in common law jurisdictions
363:) exercises a general review power over first-degree civil jurisdiction.
2454:
2322:
1006:
842:
767:
1094:
2743:
2311:
2206:
262:
119:
211:
The organization of the French judiciary was first addressed by the
622:
269:
In 1958, justices of the peace were eliminated and replaced by the
416:
There are two categories of criminal jurisdiction: jurisdictions
229:) and appeal courts, in rotation. The same law also provided for
3329:
3016:
2426:
2280:
241:
195:
civil jurisdictions charged with litigation between persons, and
3333:
2284:
1098:
889:
The judgment is quashed, but not sent back to the lower courts.
473:
15:
266:, a serious crime punishable by ten years or more in prison.
905:, there is only one Cour de cassation, which sits in Paris.
687:. For a contravention the case is heard by a single judge.
760:
in the case of an
Assises court or Criminal tribunal, or
130:
in the matter of contention in litigation between persons
215:, (law of August 16 and 24 1790), which established the
173:, (degrees of jurisdiction), often exist in French law:
489:
852:
The Cour de cassation renders two types of verdict:
794:
The judicial panel of the national jurisdiction for
384:
Jurisdictions of Sécurité sociale and of aid sociale
370:
are responsible for some types of rural litigation.
3738:
3690:
3652:
3367:
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2793:
2714:
2595:
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2487:
2440:
2407:
2386:
2330:
2321:
2199:
2191:
2094:
2028:
2019:
1979:
1938:
1860:
1839:
1745:
1734:
1677:
1637:
1609:
1583:
1562:
1553:
1494:
1431:
1424:
1376:
1340:
1297:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
Citizen
1282:
1230:
1221:
982:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
Citizen
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
721:, which hears the appeals from that jurisdiction.
654:At the courts of appeal, in criminal law matters:
565:First-degree jurisdictions for penalty application
1009:- obsolete court in come common law jurisdictions
320:This is the case in the following jurisdictions:
1056:. Ministère de la Justice, France. 10 June 2013.
551:, according to where they were committed. The
191:The French legal system distinguishes between
3345:
2296:
1110:
644:division, and correctional appeals division.
352:for litigation evaluated at 4 000 € or less.
8:
2672:
2651:
2511:
875:If the court's verdict is on the other hand
811:) is composed of three councillors from the
147:. Such litigation would include matters of
3352:
3338:
3330:
3090:
2977:
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2799:
2327:
2303:
2289:
2281:
2196:
2025:
1742:
1559:
1428:
1227:
1117:
1103:
1095:
841:, it only addresses the legal form of the
815:. It hears appeals of decisions to impose
221:, (justices of the peace), as well as the
1257:Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France
159:is contested and needs to be determined.
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
470:First-degree jurisdictions d'instruction
404:
317:, most often as the applicant requests.
297:
2219:National School for the Judiciary (ENM)
1020:
240:(criminal tribunals), which included a
1054:"Juridictions judiciaires d'outre-mer"
833:High jurisdiction - Court of Cassation
509:First-degree jurisdictions de jugement
744:, a special form of d'appeal (called
207:Evolution since the French Revolution
7:
916:Jurisdictional organization (France)
578:tribunal de l'application des peines
545:(in Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon) judge
410:Organization of the French judiciary
355:In the overseas French possessions (
44:adding citations to reliable sources
692:chambre de l'application des peines
662:is the appeal court's jurisdiction
627:Court of Appeal in Aix-en-Provence.
1317:Code of criminal procedure of 1808
731:Loi sur la présomption d'innocence
14:
671:chambre des appels correctionnels
1415:
725:Juridictions criminelles d'appel
572:juge de l'application des peines
477:
401:First Degree Penal Jurisdictions
294:First-degree civil jurisdictions
236:For criminal and penal matters,
20:
977:Tribunal correctionnel (France)
601:Juvenile criminal jurisdictions
31:needs additional citations for
2642:Government of National Defense
2007:European Court of Human Rights
1466:European Court of Human Rights
1307:Code of Offences and Penalties
870:European Court of Human Rights
1:
2551:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
2546:War of the Spanish Succession
1368:Le Pelletier de Saint-Fargeau
987:Criminal intent in common law
748:) been available against the
361:tribunal de première instance
250:Constitution of the Year VIII
595:tribunal aux armées de Paris
553:commercial maritime tribunal
280:tribunaux de grande instance
947:Court of Cassation (France)
813:Court of Cassation (France)
638:double degré de juridiction
389:Civil juvenile jurisdiction
368:Agricultural land tribunals
342:tribunal de grande instance
325:Tribunal de grande instance
258:juridictions de prud'hommes
3803:
3032:French subdivisions by GDP
2779:2022 presidential election
2764:2017 presidential election
1971:Sentence enforcement judge
1536:Sentence enforcement judge
1486:Sentence Enforcement Court
1327:Code of criminal procedure
1292:Criminal Ordinance of 1670
1138:code, law, or procedure in
1089:French Ministry of Justice
710:tribunal supérieur d'appel
699:Tribunal supérieur d'appel
613:Cour d'assises des mineurs
460:Penal jurisdictions judge
213:loi des 16 et 24 août 1790
3293:
3093:
2980:
2873:
2802:
2536:Second Hundred Years' War
2378:Liberalism and radicalism
2245:
2156:Civil rights restrictions
1966:Liberty and custody judge
1647:Aggravating circumstances
1531:Liberty and custody judge
1413:
1132:
872:, but this remains rare.
784:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
469:
357:collectivités d'outre-mer
288:juridictions de proximité
122:the jurisdictions of the
55:"French judiciary courts"
2807:Administrative divisions
2002:Review and reexamination
1888:Prosecutorial discretion
1785:Presumption of innocence
1755:Accused person (prévenu)
1669:Mitigating circumstances
1068:"Judgment vs. Judgement"
1041:Defense ministry website
1002:Police Tribunal (France)
962:Court of Appeal (France)
704:Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon
660:chambre de l'instruction
558:jurisdiction d'exception
379:Commercial jurisdictions
350:juridiction de proximité
335:Juridiction de proximité
284:tribunaux correctionnels
233:, commercial tribunals.
3787:Legal history of France
3027:Franc (former currency)
2632:Coup of 2 December 1851
2605:Long nineteenth century
2213:Documentation française
2175:Criminal imprisonment (
1760:Criminal responsibility
593:The elimination of the
304:of the French judiciary
3410:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3047:Science and technology
2704:Provisional Government
2673:
2652:
2512:
2144:Punishment and redress
1905:Judicial investigation
1831:Statute of limitations
1662:Personal vulnerability
1471:Jurisdictional dualism
1242:Constitution of France
628:
589:Military jurisdictions
527:tribunal correctionnel
486:This section is empty.
422:and the jurisdictions
413:
307:
223:tribunaux de districts
2161:Electronic monitoring
2086:Prison administration
1619:Principle of legality
1441:Correctional tribunal
1397:Gendarmerie nationale
651:on French territory.
647:There are a total of
626:
608:tribunal pour enfants
412:for criminal matters.
408:
301:
271:tribunaux d'instance,
231:tribunaux de commerce
202:, criminal penalties.
170:degrés de juridiction
3767:Government of France
2852:World Heritage Sites
2769:Coronavirus pandemic
2129:Citizenship training
2041:Peine complémentaire
1930:Preventive detention
1878:Police investigation
1824:Inquisitorial system
1267:French customary law
1247:Constitutional block
1085:Courts and tribunals
1015:Notes and references
952:Labor Court (France)
936:Preventive detention
818:preventive detention
809:preventive detention
673:is the jurisdiction
619:Appeal jurisdictions
374:Social jurisdictions
40:improve this article
3777:Judiciary of France
3653:States with limited
2990:Automotive industry
2774:2021 labor protests
2531:Peace of Westphalia
2399:History of Normandy
2394:History of Brittany
1956:Investigating judge
1541:Judiciary of France
1514:Investigating judge
1461:EU Court of Justice
1126:French criminal law
797:rétention de sûreté
790:Rétention de sûreté
724:
698:
649:36 courts of appeal
449:A judge in a court
346:tribunal d'instance
330:Tribunal d'instance
275:tribunaux de police
238:tribunaux criminels
157:contrôle d'identité
3057:Telecommunications
2759:2015 Paris attacks
2622:Revolution of 1848
2450:Visigothic Kingdom
2117:Capital punishment
2051:Suspended sentence
1812:Adversarial system
1640:mitigating factors
1575:Criminal procedure
1456:Court of Cassation
1332:Penal code of 1994
1322:Penal Code of 1810
1302:Penal Code of 1791
942:Court of cassation
896:Cour de cassation
629:
543:criminal tribunal
516:tribunal de police
414:
308:
306:for civil matters.
227:(première instance
186:Court of Cassation
3754:
3753:
3327:
3326:
3289:
3288:
3080:
3079:
2967:
2966:
2959:Political parties
2895:Foreign relations
2860:
2859:
2789:
2788:
2572:French Revolution
2526:Thirty Years' War
2507:Absolute monarchy
2472:Kingdom of France
2368:Foreign relations
2348:Political history
2278:
2277:
2241:
2240:
2187:
2186:
2139:Community service
2015:
2014:
1951:Public prosecutor
1925:Court supervision
1730:
1729:
1549:
1548:
1509:Public prosecutor
1411:
1410:
1139:
780:Wallis and Futuna
675:judgement d'appel
506:
505:
455:cour de judgement
200:sanctions pénales
116:
115:
108:
90:
3794:
3782:Courts in France
3691:Dependencies and
3627:Northern Ireland
3368:Sovereign states
3354:
3347:
3340:
3331:
3091:
3007:Economic history
2978:
2871:
2800:
2678:
2657:
2556:Seven Years' War
2521:Wars of Religion
2517:
2502:House of Bourbon
2497:Early modern era
2477:Fundamental laws
2353:Military history
2328:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2282:
2225:Journal officiel
2197:
2046:Minimum sentence
2026:
1797:Reasonable doubt
1743:
1701:Biens mal acquis
1624:Material element
1560:
1503:Ministère public
1429:
1419:
1418:
1358:Élisabeth Guigou
1268:
1228:
1137:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1096:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1025:
903:Courts of Appeal
839:Courts of Appeal
805:
776:French Polynesia
763:assesseurs-jurés
739:
718:
501:
498:
488:You can help by
481:
474:
395:juge des enfants
244:, were created.
218:justices de paix
136:domaine gracieux
124:ordre judiciaire
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3734:
3692:
3686:
3672:Northern Cyprus
3654:
3648:
3542:North Macedonia
3363:
3358:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3303:
3285:
3266:Public holidays
3179:
3138:Life expectancy
3076:
2963:
2856:
2785:
2754:Great Recession
2727:Fourth Republic
2722:1900 to present
2710:
2627:Second Republic
2591:
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29:This article
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3682:Transnistria
3644:Vatican City
3208:Coat of arms
3198:Architecture
3170:Social class
3128:Homelessness
3113:Demographics
3067:Trade unions
3000:Central bank
2942:criminal law
2905:Human rights
2888:presidential
2732:Algerian War
2715:Contemporary
2689:Vichy France
2684:World War II
2654:Belle Époque
2587:First Empire
2489:Early Modern
2460:West Francia
2260:Constitution
2255:Codification
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2149:Imprisonment
2036:Main penalty
1847:Civil action
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1425:Participants
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38:Please help
33:verification
30:
3772:Judiciaries
3720:Isle of Man
3655:recognition
3602:Switzerland
3537:Netherlands
3318:WikiProject
3133:Immigration
3123:Health care
2985:Agriculture
2937:enforcement
2694:Free France
2663:World War I
2610:Restoration
2597:Late Modern
2467:Middle Ages
2442:Middle Ages
2427:Celtic Gaul
1883:Prosecution
1765:Culpability
1524:Directorate
1476:Local court
1363:Montesquieu
1213:Switzerland
1091:(in French)
931:Private law
901:Unlike the
855:confirmatif
845:. Thus the
800: [
734: [
713: [
463:infractions
451:de jugement
424:de jugement
3761:Categories
3572:San Marino
3532:Montenegro
3512:Luxembourg
3492:Kazakhstan
3395:Azerbaijan
3261:Philosophy
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2954:Parliament
2749:2005 riots
2699:Liberation
2565:Revolution
2432:Roman Gaul
2417:Prehistory
2373:Journalism
2232:Legifrance
2200:publishing
2122:Guillotine
2021:Punishment
1992:Opposition
1946:Magistrate
1910:Indictment
1790:Guigou law
1748:principles
1652:Recidivism
1611:Components
1570:Penal code
1312:Five Codes
1234:of the law
1029:code civil
972:Civil Code
877:infirmatif
861:infirmatif
746:"tournant"
742:loi Guigou
611:or by the
278:, and the
256:The first
153:juge civil
66:newspapers
3710:Gibraltar
3507:Lithuania
3118:Education
3072:Transport
2922:Judiciary
2883:Elections
2837:Mountains
2795:Geography
2541:Louis XIV
2331:Overviews
2177:réclusion
2102:Reprimand
2095:Penalties
2061:Acquittal
1997:Cassation
1868:Complaint
1817:in France
1808:Systems:
1802:in France
1738:procedure
1707:Accessory
1433:Judiciary
1285:documents
1283:Codes and
1152:Denmark:
967:Parlement
938:(general)
96:June 2023
3730:Svalbard
3715:Guernsey
3662:Abkhazia
3632:Scotland
3587:Slovenia
3582:Slovakia
3557:Portugal
3415:Bulgaria
3308:Category
3241:Language
3153:Religion
3098:Abortion
3052:Taxation
2949:Military
2910:Intersex
2900:Politics
2866:Politics
2668:Interwar
2363:Economic
2358:Language
2343:Timeline
2250:Glossary
2134:Coercion
2112:Day-fine
1770:Evidence
1736:Criminal
1678:Examples
1555:Offenses
1203:Scotland
1193:Portugal
909:See also
575:and the
541:and the
3622:England
3612:Ukraine
3562:Romania
3522:Moldova
3480:Ireland
3475:Iceland
3470:Hungary
3460:Germany
3455:Georgia
3445:Finland
3440:Estonia
3435:Denmark
3420:Croatia
3405:Belgium
3400:Belarus
3390:Austria
3385:Armenia
3380:Andorra
3375:Albania
3299:Outline
3281:Theatre
3276:Symbols
3236:Gardens
3226:Fashion
3218:Cuisine
3185:Culture
3175:Welfare
3148:Poverty
3086:Society
3062:Tourism
3022:Exports
2995:Banking
2973:Economy
2932:history
2827:Islands
2822:Borders
2455:Francia
2409:Ancient
2387:Regions
2338:History
2323:History
2270:Sources
1980:Redress
1915:Warrant
1861:Actions
1746:Guiding
1584:Classes
1232:Sources
1223:History
1183:Ireland
1178:Germany
1168:England
1148:Finland
1143:Belgium
1007:Assizes
843:verdict
768:Mayotte
529:judges
519:judges
286:). Les
133:in the
80:scholar
3725:Jersey
3667:Kosovo
3607:Turkey
3597:Sweden
3577:Serbia
3567:Russia
3552:Poland
3547:Norway
3527:Monaco
3497:Latvia
3465:Greece
3450:France
3425:Cyprus
3313:Portal
3213:Cinema
3193:Anthem
3165:Racism
3143:People
3037:Mining
3012:Energy
2847:Rivers
2812:Cities
2744:May 68
2315:topics
2312:France
2207:Dalloz
2168:sursis
2166:Stay (
2071:Prison
2066:Parole
2029:Basics
1987:Appeal
1712:Murder
1341:People
1198:Russia
751:arrĂŞts
706:has a
679:délits
548:crimes
535:. The
532:délits
525:. The
282:(also
263:crimes
120:France
82:
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3700:Ă…land
3637:Wales
3592:Spain
3517:Malta
3487:Italy
3271:Sport
3256:Music
3251:Media
3108:Crime
2832:Lakes
2107:Fines
1939:Roles
1840:Modes
1722:Theft
1601:Crime
1596:DĂ©lit
1563:Codes
1495:Other
1208:Spain
1188:Italy
996:Crime
804:]
757:jurés
738:]
717:]
555:is a
87:JSTOR
73:books
3231:Flag
3017:Euro
2915:LGBT
1961:Jury
1775:Code
1717:Rape
1274:TFEU
1252:ECHR
1156:code
690:the
681:and
669:the
658:the
569:The
513:The
393:The
366:The
248:The
242:jury
184:The
167:Two
59:news
3203:Art
2927:Law
1161:law
858:or
782:or
766:in
640:).
492:.
118:In
42:by
3763::
1173:EU
1141::
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802:fr
778:,
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