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courts. The national court now deals primarily with the government, public establishments, and (semi-)public companies on a national level, while the regional courts handle the local level. The court may occasionally delegate national-level audits to regional courts, as is often the case with post-secondary educational facilities.
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They may find that the accountant neglected to collect money owed to the state (or other government) or, through negligence, unduly gave away state (or other government) money. The responsibility of the public accountant in those circumstances is personal and unlimited, meaning that the accountant
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The court and chamber publish a yearly report in which it discusses a selection of misuses of funds and other incidents. In addition, they may also publish specialized reports. The court and chambers are free to inquire on whatever they wish within their field of competency; the court may also be
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The Court of
Cassation hears appeals from the assize courts and the courts of appeal. Criminal cases are heard in only one of the court's five chambers and the court has no legal authority to deny a criminal appeal. The Court is referred to as the guardian of the law. It only reviews questions of
1826:— that is, the persons who order expenses and the recovery of debts, may fine them for undue expenses or for sums that they should have decided to recover. However, the court cannot try government ministers, or (in almost all cases), local elected officials; thus, with few exceptions, the only
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Prior to 1982, France only had a single national Court of Audit. With a push toward decentralization in the creation of province-like administrative regions and the increased role of local elected officials and considering the Court's enormous docket, France saw fit to establish regional audit
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In all these advisory and publishing activities, the court and chambers do not limit themselves to pure accounting issues, but they also take the efficiency of public services into account. They may, for instance, criticize an expense that was legally ordered and accounted for, but which was
1002:") or the administrative stream. Judicial appointments in the judicial stream must be approved by a special panel, the High Council of the Judiciary. Once appointed, career judges serve for life and cannot be removed without specific disciplinary proceedings conducted before the council with
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Neither national or regional audit courts hear cases related to private organizations, with the few exceptions noted here. Instead, financial cases concerning private funds and money fall within the jurisdiction of the civil justice system.
1013:
handles the administration of courts and the judiciary, including paying salaries or constructing new courthouses. The
Ministry also funds and administers the prison system. Lastly, it receives and processes applications for presidential
1317:, also called a Grand Instance Court). It has original jurisdiction over civil cases involving more than €10,000 in legal damages. Litigants are legally required to be represented by an attorney. The court also sits as a Juvenile Court (
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and hear the bulk of appeals. They sit in panels of three judges. Appeals courts are usually organized into social security, business, civil and criminal divisions. Formerly, it required the intervention of a solicitor or case attorney
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which set forth that French citizens have the right to hold public officers, agents, and officials accountable for the finances they oversee and operate. The courts' roles and responsibilities are laid out in the
Financial Court Code.
329:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
1490:) is the highest level of appeal in France. These courts sit in six chambers with fifteen judges in each; however, only seven judges need to be present to hear a case. There are more than 120 judges serving in the court.
1433:) the court may sit in panels of five judges without grand jury. When acting as appellate court, it rules in either panels of three judges and nine (formerly twelve) jurors or seven judges without grand jury.
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These courts usually sit in panels of three judges, but some minor offenses such as traffic violations, lite drug trafficking, and misuse of credit cards and checking accounts may be heard by a single judge.
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and proposes legislation dealing with matters of civil or criminal justice. The
Minister of Justice is also the head of public prosecution, though this is controversial since it is seen to represent a
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They may find that somebody or some organization did accounting operations on public funds whereas they were not public accountants. In those circumstances, they are found to be
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1709:, outside of 2 exceptions in 1851. It supervises controversies of elections and performs judicial review by determining the constitutionality of parliamentary legislation.
1749:(the public accountants who pay expenses and recoup debts). The Court only judges public accountants; but it may also make observations about the decisions taken by the
1199:) or contest the charge in court. The court may then find the defendant innocent or guilty, but if found guilty, they are liable to be sentenced to pay a higher fine.
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These jurisdictions act as courts in the ordinary sense of the word in some limited circumstances. That is, they judge the accounting of public accountants (
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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law, not questions of fact. The Court's essential purpose is to ensure that the interpretation of the law is uniform throughout the country.
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1848:); rather, they act as a general auditing system. However, even for these activities, they act with almost complete independence of both the
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or the regional chambers discern criminal behavior in the accounts that they audit, they refer the matter to the appropriate criminal court.
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Dammer, H.R. & Albanese, J.S. (2014). Comparative criminal justice systems. (5th ed). Wadesworth
Cengage learning: Belmont, CA.
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1874:(LOLF, law fixing the framework for budget acts) changed the way budget was passed in France: now, budget is attributed to specific
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exercising one of the sovereign powers of the state, hence only French citizens are eligible with the notable exclusion of other
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Discretionary audits of public corporations, publicly subsidized private organizations, and social security and welfare agencies.
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An important concept in the business of the financial courts is the difference between, in French public accountings, between
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The court and chambers may advise, or reprimand, ministries, administrations and public establishments that they audited.
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing French
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the supreme courts can and do tend to write more verbose opinions supported by legal reasoning, the typical
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The Court of Audit and regional audit courts mostly adjudicate cases regarding public funds, carrying out:
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of legislative acts and laws. The ordinary and administrative courts have refused to perform this type of
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At the bottom of the court hierarchy are the courts of minor jurisdiction, which may sit as
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For petty misdemeanors like most traffic violations, suspected offenders may either plea
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because it is composed of equal numbers of representatives from employer unions, e.g.,
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Accidental
Tourist on the New Frontier: An Introductory Guide to Global Legal Research
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2234:"Free movement of workers | Fact Sheets on the European Union | European Parliament"
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Mandatory audits of public accountants to track national and local government funds.
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They may fine public accountants if they are late in handing over their accounting.
1275:(such as traffic violations, limited assault, breach of peace) or as civil courts (
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decision is short, concise and devoid of explanation or justification. There is no
1159:, less serious felonies and misdemeanors, which are heard by the Criminal Court (
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grossly exceed the financial means of the public accountants concerned, and the
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Positive conflict: both systems consider themselves competent for the same case.
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Since 1999, audits of private charities who regularly receive public donations.
1521:). However, much about the Court continues the earlier Paris Parliament Court.
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France's independent court system enjoys special statutory protection from the
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Intermediate appellate courts which hear cases on appeal from lower courts
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1301:, less serious felonies and misdemeanors, it is called a Criminal Court (
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The next tier are the courts of major jurisdiction. When the court hears
1108:, binding lower courts to respect superior courts' rulings (case law) on
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1375:) hears cases dealing with long-term leases for farm land estates. The
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
1919:(= Judicials institutions), Paris, Dalloz editor, 12th edition, 2013.
1177:, minor offenses and violations, which are heard by the Police Court (
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inappropriate with respect to criteria of good financial management.
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251:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1387:) hears suits over welfare and state benefits. The Business Court (
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The structure of the French judiciary is divided into three tiers:
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provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject
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At the basic level, the courts can be seen as organized into:
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1745:(managers who order expenses and perception of payments) and
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building in Paris. It was established in 1790 under the name
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1112:; but a line of similar case decisions, while not precedent
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They are empowered and mandated by
Article 15 of the 1789
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has to refund all lost money. This situation is known as
1675:
will render final judgment on which system is competent.
1141:, serious felonies, which are heard by the Assize Court (
2322:
Comparative
Criminal Justice Systems: A Topical Approach
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359:{{Translated|fr|organisation juridictionnelle (France)}}
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1777:(from Latin: "he owes"). Because of the possibility of
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1413:, also called a Court of Sessions) are located in each
1245:), which supervise the government and handle complaints
1052:), which supervise the government and handle complaints
240:
182:
1895:, career judges and public prosecutors are considered
1806:) and they face the same constraints and penalties as
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and the regional chambers is not of a judicial kind (
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There are exceptions to this scheme, as noted below.
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Inferior courts of original and general jurisdiction
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
Citizen
452:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
318:
a machine-translated version of the French article.
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2319:
1961:, Paris, Dalloz editor, 7th edition, January 2013.
1041:), which handle criminal and civil litigation, and
1765:) and may fine them in case of certain failures:
1818:supports and provides half of the judges of the
1929:, Paris, Lexisnexis editor, 9th edition, 2013.
347:accompanying your translation by providing an
309:Click for important translation instructions.
296:expand this article with text translated from
3463:
2414:
2347:"Introduction to Foreign and Comparative Law"
1530:Administrative courts of general jurisdiction
1234:), which handle criminal and civil litigation
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8:
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2376:Quick description of the French court system
1695:
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1417:with original and appeals jurisdiction over
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997:
2349:. In Rehberg, Jeanne; Popa, Radu D (eds.).
1939:, Paris, Dalloz editor, 31st edition, 2012
1820:Cour de discipline financière et budgétaire
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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3456:
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3208:
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2421:
2407:
2399:
1935:, Cécile Chainais and Frédérique Ferrand,
1872:Loi d'orientation sur les lois de finances
980:
966:
400:
1383:tribunal des affaires de sécurité sociale
389:Learn how and when to remove this message
267:Learn how and when to remove this message
205:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
2296:World Criminal Justice Systems: A Survey
2071:
1830:that face the court are civil servants.
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2196:
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2145:
2133:
2104:
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2056:
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412:
1903:citizens under the 49(4) TFEU clause.
892:Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs
1915:, André Varinard and Thierry Debard,
1167:, also called the Correctional Court)
187:providing more context for the reader
7:
1863:commissioned reports by Parliament.
1219:, French courts are organized into:
1130:Public offenses are categorized as:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
1371:tribunal paritaire des baux ruraux
1185:, also called the Police Tribunal)
14:
1994:Code des juridictions financières
587:Congress of the French Parliament
34:This article has multiple issues.
16:Overview of France's court system
2036:Constitutional Council of France
1628:The financial courts - national
1581:
1542:
1217:system of jurisdictional dualism
940:
629:Cour de Justice de la RĂ©publique
422:
283:
221:
166:
64:
23:
2280:Glossary of French criminal law
1789:may end up pardoning the debt (
1685:Constitutional Council (France)
1638:chambres régionales des comptes
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
2760:Government of National Defense
1989:Code de justice administrative
1917:Institutions juridictionnelles
1574:Appellate administrative court
901:Politics of the European Union
357:You may also add the template
1:
2669:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
2664:War of the Spanish Succession
1656:The Jurisdictional Court, or
1636:) and regional audit courts (
1285:) to hear minor civil cases.
881:France and the United Nations
2345:Reynolds, Thomas H. (1998).
2293:Terrill, Richard J. (2009).
1840:Most of the activity of the
1497:The Court is located in the
2394:Specialised courts - France
2318:Reichel, Philip L. (2002).
2026:Court of Cassation (France)
1363:, and employee unions. The
1313:tribunal de grande instance
1195:and pay a set fine amount (
370:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
247:the claims made and adding
3883:
3150:French subdivisions by GDP
2897:2022 presidential election
2882:2017 presidential election
2258:La présomption d'innocence
2001:(booklet published by the
1682:
1616:
1365:Agricultural Land Tribunal
1203:Organization of the courts
1077:
731:Provence-Alpes-CĂ´te d'Azur
321:Machine translation, like
3411:
3211:
3098:
2991:
2920:
2654:Second Hundred Years' War
2496:Liberalism and radicalism
2016:Law enforcement in France
1470:were abolished in 2012.
1211:French court organization
298:the corresponding article
2925:Administrative divisions
2389:Ordinary courts - France
2210:"Je suis Ă©tudiant | ENM"
1977:Code de procédure pénale
1972:Code de procédure civile
1377:Social security tribunal
1333:Specialized jurisdiction
644:Administrative divisions
404:This article is part of
3145:Franc (former currency)
2750:Coup of 2 December 1851
2723:Long nineteenth century
2384:The French legal system
1983:Documentation française
1927:Criminal procedural law
1697:Conseil Constitutionnel
1619:Conseil d'État (France)
1237:administrative courts (
1119:jurisprudence constante
1044:administrative courts (
676:Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
368:For more guidance, see
3526:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3165:Science and technology
2822:Provisional Government
2791:
2770:
2630:
2238:www.europarl.europa.eu
1696:
1691:Constitutional Council
1679:Constitutional Council
1590:This section is empty.
1551:This section is empty.
1516:
1504:
1485:
1466:
1455:appellate jurisdiction
1448:
1408:
1382:
1370:
1350:
1344:conseil de prud'hommes
1320:
1312:
1305:tribunal correctionnel
1304:
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1163:tribunal correctionnel
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607:Constitutional Council
3478:Judiciaries of Europe
1925:and Jacques Buisson,
1673:tribunal des conflits
1658:tribunal des conflits
1505:Tribunal de cassation
1339:Labour Court (France)
1321:tribunal pour enfants
1210:
1078:Further information:
1026:against politicians.
341:copyright attribution
99:"Judiciary of France"
2970:World Heritage Sites
2887:Coronavirus pandemic
1854:legislative branches
1802:public accountants (
1652:Jurisdictional court
1535:Administrative court
1415:department of France
1390:tribunal de commerce
1024:political corruption
1020:conflict of interest
671:Auvergne-RhĂ´ne-Alpes
662:Metropolitan regions
84:improve this article
3862:Judiciary of France
3764:States with limited
3108:Automotive industry
2892:2021 labor protests
2649:Peace of Westphalia
2517:History of Normandy
2512:History of Brittany
2148:, pp. 157–158.
2059:, pp. 153–154.
2021:Tribunal d'instance
1999:La Cour des Comptes
1810:public accountants.
1787:Minister of Finance
1671:In both cases, the
1421:. When acting as a
1280:tribunal d'instance
1241:ordre administratif
1048:ordre administratif
1011:Ministry of Justice
686:Centre-Val de Loire
183:improve the article
3867:Politics of France
3175:Telecommunications
2877:2015 Paris attacks
2740:Revolution of 1848
2568:Visigothic Kingdom
2353:. pp. 47–86.
2264:2003-12-10 at the
2214:www.enm.justice.fr
1907:General references
1804:comptables de fait
1763:comptables publics
1480:Court of Cassation
1474:Court of Cassation
1431:illegal drug trade
1289:Major jurisdiction
1267:tribunal de police
1255:Minor jurisdiction
1213:
1197:amende forfaitaire
1181:tribunal de police
1104:, or principle of
1098:court of cassation
929:Political scandals
716:Nouvelle-Aquitaine
617:Court of Cassation
415:Politics of France
349:interlanguage link
232:possibly contains
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3077:Political parties
3013:Foreign relations
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2690:French Revolution
2644:Thirty Years' War
2625:Absolute monarchy
2590:Kingdom of France
2486:Foreign relations
2466:Political history
2360:978-0-837-71075-4
2310:978-1-59345-612-2
2183:978-1-285-06786-5
1814:In addition, the
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1453:) are limited to
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1791:remise gracieuse
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3793:Transnistria
3565:
3326:Coat of arms
3316:Architecture
3288:Social class
3246:Homelessness
3231:Demographics
3185:Trade unions
3118:Central bank
3060:criminal law
3039:
3023:Human rights
3006:presidential
2850:Algerian War
2833:Contemporary
2807:Vichy France
2802:World War II
2772:Belle Époque
2705:First Empire
2607:Early Modern
2578:West Francia
2350:
2321:
2295:
2253:
2242:. Retrieved
2240:. 2023-09-30
2237:
2228:
2217:. Retrieved
2213:
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2197:Terrill 2009
2161:Terrill 2009
2146:Terrill 2009
2141:
2134:Terrill 2009
2105:Terrill 2009
2084:Reichel 2002
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1713:Jurisdiction
1701:) practices
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1601:January 2011
1598:
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1562:January 2011
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1555:adding to it
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345:edit summary
336:
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257:October 2018
254:
231:
201:
195:October 2018
192:
181:Please help
176:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
3831:Isle of Man
3766:recognition
3718:Switzerland
3653:Netherlands
3436:WikiProject
3251:Immigration
3241:Health care
3103:Agriculture
3055:enforcement
2812:Free France
2781:World War I
2728:Restoration
2715:Late Modern
2585:Middle Ages
2560:Middle Ages
2545:Celtic Gaul
2379:(in French)
1509:during the
1423:trial court
1095:Francophone
1004:due process
828:Legislative
818:Referendums
797:Departments
544:Legislature
3856:Categories
3688:San Marino
3648:Montenegro
3628:Luxembourg
3608:Kazakhstan
3511:Azerbaijan
3379:Philosophy
3364:Literature
3276:secularism
3072:Parliament
2867:2005 riots
2817:Liberation
2683:Revolution
2550:Roman Gaul
2535:Prehistory
2491:Journalism
2286:References
2244:2023-12-29
2219:2023-12-29
1757:Activities
1517:Parlements
1271:) to hear
1085:Procedural
999:judiciaire
759:Martinique
754:Guadeloupe
555:Membership
525:Government
241:improve it
175:This lead
110:newspapers
39:improve it
3821:Gibraltar
3623:Lithuania
3236:Education
3190:Transport
3040:Judiciary
3001:Elections
2955:Mountains
2913:Geography
2659:Louis XIV
2449:Overviews
1870:The 2001
1850:executive
1427:terrorism
1351:paritaire
1106:precedent
1089:While in
838:Municipal
811:Elections
721:Occitania
696:Grand Est
600:Judiciary
576:President
560:President
475:President
467:Executive
363:talk page
300:in French
245:verifying
45:talk page
3841:Svalbard
3826:Guernsey
3773:Abkhazia
3748:Scotland
3703:Slovenia
3698:Slovakia
3673:Portugal
3531:Bulgaria
3426:Category
3359:Language
3271:Religion
3216:Abortion
3170:Taxation
3067:Military
3028:Intersex
3018:Politics
2984:Politics
2786:Interwar
2481:Economic
2476:Language
2461:Timeline
2301:Elsevier
2274:See also
2262:Archived
2010:See also
1876:missions
1852:and the
1799:de facto
1250:Ordinary
1215:Under a
1126:Criminal
919:Centrism
871:Americas
711:Normandy
681:Brittany
406:a series
339:provide
3738:England
3728:Ukraine
3678:Romania
3638:Moldova
3596:Ireland
3591:Iceland
3586:Hungary
3576:Germany
3571:Georgia
3561:Finland
3556:Estonia
3551:Denmark
3536:Croatia
3521:Belgium
3516:Belarus
3506:Austria
3501:Armenia
3496:Andorra
3491:Albania
3417:Outline
3399:Theatre
3394:Symbols
3354:Gardens
3344:Fashion
3336:Cuisine
3303:Culture
3293:Welfare
3266:Poverty
3204:Society
3180:Tourism
3140:Exports
3113:Banking
3091:Economy
3050:history
2945:Islands
2940:Borders
2573:Francia
2527:Ancient
2505:Regions
2456:History
2441:History
1833:If the
1808:de jure
1747:payeurs
1016:pardons
769:RĂ©union
764:Mayotte
691:Corsica
652:Regions
361:to the
343:in the
302:.
239:Please
124:scholar
3836:Jersey
3778:Kosovo
3723:Turkey
3713:Sweden
3693:Serbia
3683:Russia
3668:Poland
3663:Norway
3643:Monaco
3613:Latvia
3581:Greece
3566:France
3541:Cyprus
3431:Portal
3331:Cinema
3311:Anthem
3283:Racism
3261:People
3155:Mining
3130:Energy
2965:Rivers
2930:Cities
2862:May 68
2433:topics
2430:France
2357:
2334:
2307:
2181:
1943:
1893:France
1887:Judges
1783:débets
1297:délits
1155:délits
1137:crimes
1114:per se
866:Africa
833:Senate
571:Senate
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
3811:Ă…land
3753:Wales
3708:Spain
3633:Malta
3603:Italy
3389:Sport
3374:Music
3369:Media
3226:Crime
2950:Lakes
2042:Notes
1779:débet
1775:débet
1467:avoué
1461:avoué
1361:CGPME
1357:MEDEF
531:Attal
323:DeepL
131:JSTOR
117:books
3349:Flag
3135:Euro
3033:LGBT
2355:ISBN
2332:ISBN
2305:ISBN
2179:ISBN
2003:Cour
1955:alii
1953:and
1941:ISBN
1689:The
1478:The
1441:The
1401:The
1359:and
1337:The
1009:The
876:Asia
515:LREM
505:list
490:LREM
480:list
337:must
335:You
316:View
103:news
3321:Art
3045:Law
1891:In
1596:.
1557:.
1429:or
1325:).
1074:Law
325:or
243:by
185:by
86:by
3858::
2330:.
2303:.
2260:.
2236:.
2212:.
2189:^
2168:^
2153:^
2112:^
2091:^
2064:^
2049:^
1957:,
1856:.
1793:).
1122:.
1006:.
578::
562::
553::
408:on
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