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869:(NARA) have done studies on freeze-drying as a recovery method of water-damaged books and documents. While recovery is possible, restoration quality depends on the material of the documents. If a document is made of a variety of materials, which have different absorption properties, expansion will occur at a non-uniform rate, which could lead to deformations. Water can also cause mold to grow or make inks bleed. In these cases, freeze-drying may not be an effective restoration method.
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666:, as military rations, or astronaut meals. A greater amount of dried food can be carried compared to the same weight of wet food. In replacement of wet food, freeze dried food can easily be rehydrated with water if desired and shelf-life of the dried product is longer than fresh/wet product making it ideal for long trips taken by hikers,
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Silicone oil is the common fluid that is used to heat or cool shelves in the freeze-dryer. The continuous heat/cool cycle can lead to a leakage of silicone oil at weak areas that connect the shelf and hose. This can contaminate the product leading to major losses of pharmaceuticals and food products.
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Since the main method of microbial decontamination for freeze drying is the low temperature dehydration process, spoilage organisms and pathogens resistant to these conditions can remain in the product. Although microbial growth is inhibited by the low moisture conditions, it can still survive in the
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The primary purpose of freeze drying within the food industry is to extend the shelf-life of the food while maintaining the quality. Freeze-drying is known to result in the highest quality of foods of all drying techniques because structural integrity is maintained along with preservation of flavors.
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administered after reconstitution by injection which need to be sterile as well as free of impurity particles. Pre-treatment in these cases consists of solution preparation followed by a multi-step filtration. Afterwards the liquid is filled under sterile conditions into the final containers which in
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membrane. Freeze-drying is a relatively expensive process. The equipment is about three times as expensive as the equipment used for other separation processes, and the high energy demands lead to high energy costs. Furthermore, freeze-drying also has a long process time, because the addition of too
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Contact freeze dryers use contact (conduction) of the food with the heating element to supply the sublimation energy. This type of freeze dryer is a basic model that is simple to set up for sample analysis. One of the major ways contact freeze dryers heat is with shelf-like platforms contacting the
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rather than melting will occur in the following steps. To facilitate faster and more efficient freeze drying, larger ice crystals are preferable. The large ice crystals form a network within the product which promotes faster removal of water vapor during sublimation. To produce larger crystals, the
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were needed to treat the wounded in the field. Because of the lack of refrigerated transport, many serum supplies spoiled before reaching their recipients. The freeze-drying process was developed as a commercial technique that enabled blood plasma and penicillin to be rendered chemically stable and
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sample chamber to become plasma. This plasma could potentially burn the sample, so maintaining a microwave strength appropriate for the vacuum levels is imperative. The rate of sublimation in a product can affect the microwave impedance, in which power of the microwave must be changed accordingly.
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methods using higher temperatures. Nutrient factors that are sensitive to heat are lost less in the process as compared to the processes incorporating heat treatment for drying purposes. Freeze-drying does not usually cause shrinkage or toughening of the material being dried. In addition, flavors,
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who devised a method to freeze dry tissues (either plant or animal), but went virtually unnoticed until the 1930s. In 1909, L. F. Shackell independently created the vacuum chamber by using an electrical pump. No further freeze drying information was documented until Tival in 1927 and Elser in 1934
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Microwave-assisted freeze dryers utilize microwaves to allow for deeper penetration into the sample to expedite the sublimation and heating processes in freeze-drying. This method can be complicated to set up and run as the microwaves can create an electrical field capable of causing gases in the
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Radiant freeze dryers use infrared radiation to heat the sample in the tray. This type of heating allows for simple flat trays to be used as an infrared source can be located above the flat trays to radiate downwards onto the product. Infrared radiation heating allows for a uniform heating of the
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immediately touching the heater. This problem can be minimized by maximizing the surface area of the sample touching the heating element by using a ribbed tray, slightly compressing the sample between two solid heated plates above and below, or compressing with a heated mesh from above and below.
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have also come a long way, from being served cured pork and corn meal to beefsteaks with mushroom gravy. How rations are chosen and developed are based on acceptance, nutrition, wholesomeness, producibility, cost, and sanitation. Additional requirements for rations include a minimum shelf life of
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The process condenser consists of refrigerated coils or plates that can be external or internal to the chamber. During the drying process, the condenser traps water. For increased efficiency, the condenser temperature should be 20 °C (36°F) less than the product during primary drying and have a
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Additionally, the shelf-fluid system works to provide specific temperatures to the shelves during drying by pumping a fluid (usually silicone oil) at low pressure. The downside to this type of freeze dryer is that the heat is only transferred from the heating element to the side of the sample
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Freeze-dried products can be rehydrated (reconstituted) much more quickly and easily because the process leaves microscopic pores. The pores are created by the ice crystals that sublimate, leaving gaps or pores in their place. This is especially important when it comes to pharmaceutical uses.
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Freeze-drying costs about five times as much as conventional drying, so it is most suitable for products which increase in value with processing. Costs are also variable depending on the product, the packaging material, processing capacity, etc. The most energy-intensive step is sublimation.
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Because of the low temperature used in processing, the rehydrated product retains many of its original qualities. When solid objects like strawberries are freeze dried the original shape of the product is maintained. If the product to be dried is a liquid, as often seen in pharmaceutical
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since the 13th century. The process involved multiple cycles of exposing potatoes to below freezing temperatures on mountain peaks in the Andes during the evening, and squeezing water out and drying them in the sunlight during the day. The Inca people also used the unique climate of the
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During the drying process, a vacuum of 50–100 microbar is applied, by the vacuum system, to remove the solvent. A two-stage rotary vacuum pump is used, however, if the chamber is large then multiple pumps are needed. This system compresses non-condensable gases through the condenser.
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In the case of goods where preservation of structure is required, like food or objects with formerly-living cells, large ice crystals break the cell walls, resulting in increasingly poor texture and loss of nutritive content. In this case, rapidly freezing the material to below its
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Freeze-drying is viewed as the optimal method of choice for dehydration of food because of the preservation of quality, meaning characteristics of the food product such as aroma, rehydration, and bioactivity, are noticeably higher compared to foods dried using other techniques.
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rations. What began for astronaut crews as tubed meals and freeze-dried snacks that were difficult to rehydrate, were transformed into hot meals in space by improving the process of rehydrating freeze-dried meals with water. As technology and food processing improved,
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If a dried product cannot be easily or fully re-hydrated, it is considered to be of lower quality. Because if the final freeze dried product is porous, complete re-hydration can occur in the food. This signifies greater quality of the product and makes it ideal for
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With conventional dehydration, berries can degrade in quality as their structure is delicate and contains high levels of moisture. Strawberries were found to have the highest quality when freeze dried; retaining color, flavor, and ability to be re-hydrated.
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samples. The shelves play a major role as they behave like heat exchangers at different times of the freeze-drying process. They are connected to a silicone oil system that will remove heat energy during freezing and provide energy during drying times.
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The chamber is highly polished and contains insulation, internally. It is manufactured with stainless steel and contains multiple shelves for holding the product. A hydraulic or electric motor is in place to ensure the door is vacuum-tight when closed.
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Examples of lyophilized biological products include many vaccines such as live measles virus vaccine, typhoid vaccine, and meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine groups A and C combined. Other freeze-dried biological products include antihemophilic
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outbreak that occurred in the United States in 2016, associated with frozen strawberries. If the product is not properly packaged and/or stored, the product can absorb moisture, allowing the once inhibited pathogens to begin reproducing as well.
514:, the material can be easily stored, shipped, and later reconstituted to its original form for injection. Another example from the pharmaceutical industry is the use of freeze drying to produce tablets or wafers, the advantage of which is less
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There are many types of freeze-dryers available, however, they usually contain a few essential components. These are a vacuum chamber, shelves, process condenser, shelf-fluid system, refrigeration system, vacuum system, and control system.
217:(HACCP) plan, which is widely used today to evaluate food material before, during, and after processing. With the combination of these three innovations, NASA could provide safe and wholesome foods to their crews from freeze-dried meals.
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Pharmaceutical companies often use freeze-drying to increase the shelf life of the products, such as live virus vaccines, biologics, and other injectables. By removing the water from the material and sealing the material in a glass
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Due to the low processing temperatures and the minimization of deterioration reactions, nutrients are retained and color is maintained. Freeze-dried fruit maintains its original shape and has a characteristic soft crispy texture.
359:. In this initial drying phase, about 95% of the water in the material is sublimated. This phase may be slow (can be several days in the industry), because, if too much heat is added, the material's structure could be altered.
309:. The freezing phase is the most critical in the whole freeze-drying process, as the freezing method can impact the speed of reconstitution, duration of freeze-drying cycle, product stability, and appropriate crystallization.
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Finally, the control system sets up controlled values for shelf temperature, pressure, and time that are dependent on the product and/or the process. The freeze-dryer can run for a few hours or days depending on the product.
366:. The vacuum speeds up the sublimation, making it useful as a deliberate drying process. Furthermore, a cold condenser chamber and/or condenser plates provide a surface(s) for the water vapor to re-liquify and solidify on.
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looked for ways to provide a complete nutrient profile while reducing crumbs, disease-producing bacteria, and toxins. The complete nutrient profile was improved with the addition of an algae-based vegetable-like oil to add
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Dong, Wenjiang; Hu, Rongsuo; Chu, Zhong; Zhao, Jianping; Tan, Lehe (25 April 2017). "Effect of different drying techniques on bioactive components, fatty acid composition, and volatile profile of robusta coffee beans".
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Shelf-life extension results from low processing temperatures in conjunction with rapid transition of water through sublimation. With these processing conditions, deterioration reactions, including nonenzymic
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Many bio-pharmaceutical products based on therapeutic proteins such as monoclonal antibodies require lyophilization for stability. Examples of lyophilized biopharmaceuticals include blockbuster drugs such as
393:. In this phase, the temperature is raised higher than in the primary drying phase, and can even be above 0 °C (32 °F), to break any physico-chemical interactions that have formed between the water
654:. Examples of high-value freeze-dried products are seasonal fruits and vegetables because of their limited availability, coffee; and foods used for military rations, astronauts/cosmonauts, and/or hikers.
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In bioseparations, freeze-drying can be used also as a late-stage purification procedure, because it can effectively remove solvents. Furthermore, it is capable of concentrating substances with low
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Cell extracts that support cell-free biotechnology applications such as point-of-care diagnostics and biomanufacturing are also freeze-dried to improve stability under room temperature storage.
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Bourdoux, Siméon; Li, Dan; Rajkovic, Andreja; Devlieghere, Frank; Uyttendaele, Mieke (2016-09-07). "Performance of Drying
Technologies to Ensure Microbial Safety of Dried Fruits and Vegetables".
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The amount of heat energy needed at times of the primary and secondary drying phase is regulated by an external heat exchanger. Usually, silicone oil is circulated around the system with a pump.
78:(i.e., inactive ingredients). Primary applications of freeze drying include biological (e.g., bacteria and yeasts), biomedical (e.g., surgical transplants), food processing (e.g., coffee), and
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Pisano, Roberto; Fissore, Davide; Velardi, Salvatore A.; Barresi, Antonello A. (November 2010). "In-Line
Optimization and Control of an Industrial Freeze-Drying Process for Pharmaceuticals".
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In many instances the decision to pretreat a product is based on theoretical knowledge of freeze-drying and its requirements, or is demanded by cycle time or product quality considerations.
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Maugey, M; Neri, W; Zakri, C; Derré, A; Pénicaud, A; Noé, L; Chorro, M; Launois, P; Monthioux, M; Poulin, P (2007). "Substantial improvement of nanotube processability by freeze-drying".
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have been improved upon by increasing acceptable items and provide high quality meals while in the field. Freeze-dried coffee was also incorporated by replacing spray-dried coffee in the
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Freeze-dried pharmaceutical products are produced as lyophilized powders for reconstitution in vials and more recently in prefilled syringes for self-administration by a patient.
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It is important to note that, in this range of pressure, the heat is brought mainly by conduction or radiation; the convection effect is negligible, due to the low air density.
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are generally used for all of the aforementioned purposes versus harvesting wild insects, except in the case of grasshoppers which are often harvested out of field crops.
936:, are minimized. When the product is successfully dried, packaged properly, and placed in ideal storage conditions the foods have a shelf life of greater than 12 months.
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This system works to cool shelves and the process condenser by using compressors or liquid nitrogen, which will supply energy necessary for the product to freeze.
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much heat to the material can cause melting or structural deformations. Therefore, freeze-drying is often reserved for materials that are heat-sensitive, such as
2326:"2016 - Multistate outbreak of hepatitis A linked to frozen strawberries (Final Update) | Hepatitis A Outbreaks | Outbreaks | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC"
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smells, and nutritional content generally remain unchanged, making the process popular for preserving food. However, water is not the only chemical capable of
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and the frozen material. Usually the pressure is also lowered in this stage to encourage desorption (typically in the range of microbars, or fractions of a
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Gregorio, Nicole (21 February 2020). "Unlocking applications of cell-free biotechnology through enhanced shelf-life and productivity of E. coli extracts".
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during roasting and can be preserved with freeze-drying. Compared to other drying methods like room temperature drying, hot-air drying, and solar drying,
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viable without refrigeration. In the 1950s–1960s, freeze drying began to be viewed as a multi-purpose tool for both pharmaceuticals and food processing.
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avoids the formation of large ice crystals. Usually, the freezing temperatures are between −50 °C (−58 °F) and −80 °C (−112 °F).
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coating on the foods to lock in and prevent crumbs. Disease-producing bacteria and toxins were reduced by quality control and the development of the
1952:"Stability evaluation of freeze-dried Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. tolerance and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus in oral capsules".
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After the freeze-drying process is complete, the vacuum is usually broken with an inert gas, such as nitrogen, before the material is sealed.
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813:, freeze-drying is used for nanotube purification to avoid aggregation due to capillary forces during regular thermal vaporization drying.
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Lopez-Quiroga, Estefania; Antelo, Luis T.; Alonso, Antonio A. (August 2012). "Time-scale modeling and optimal control of freeze–drying".
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surface of the product, but has little capacity for penetration so it is used mostly with shallow trays and homogeneous sample matrices.
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when choosing to preserve their pet via taxidermy, many owners opt for freeze-drying because it is less invasive upon the pet's body.
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are used to identify vapors released by silicone oil to immediately take corrective action and prevent contamination of the product.
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like leucine, lysine, and phenylalanine. Also, few non-essential amino acids that significantly contributed to taste were preserved.
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has been developed by the
Swedish company Promessa Organic AB, which puts it forward as an environmentally friendly alternative to
1363:"Freeze-dried but Always Peeled: Anthropological Approaches to Food Processing, Preparation, and Consumption of the Andean Potato"
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revision (i.e., addition of components to increase stability, preserve appearance, and/or improve processing), decreasing a high-
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Freeze-drying is used extensively to preserve insects for the purposes of consumption. Whole freeze-dried insects are sold as
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three years, be deliverable by air, consumable in worldwide environments, and provide a complete nutritional profile. The new
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There are four stages in the complete freeze drying process: pretreatment, freezing, primary drying, and secondary drying.
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Pretreatment includes any method of treating the product prior to freezing. This may include concentrating the product,
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1864:"Thermostable lyoprotectant-enhanced cell-free protein synthesis for on-demand endotoxin-free therapeutic production"
482:, and the loss of other volatile compounds such as acetic acid (vinegar) and alcohols can yield undesirable results.
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Meissner, U.; Stahl, Harald; Steinkellner, D. (2011-09-01). "Detection of
Silicone Oil Leakages in Freeze Dryers".
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Because of its light weight per volume of reconstituted food, freeze-dried products are popular and convenient for
323:, below which the product must be maintained to prevent melt-back or collapse during primary and secondary drying.
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Zhang, Miao; Oldenhof, Harriëtte; Sydykov, Bulat; Bigalk, Judith; Sieme, Harald; Wolkers, Willem F. (2017-07-24).
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In 2023, freeze dried candy saw a major surge in popularity with freeze dried versions of popular candies such as
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treated to make them free flowing prior to freeze drying. Freeze dried pharmaceutical products are in most cases
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mist. Freeze-drying creates softer particles with a more homogeneous chemical composition than traditional hot
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Rey, Louis (2010). "Chapter 1 - Glimpses into the Realm of Freeze-Drying: Classical Issues and New
Ventures".
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At the end of the operation, the final residual water content in the product is extremely low, around 1–4%.
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300:, the temperature at which the solid, liquid, and gas phases of the material can coexist. This ensures that
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Shishehgarha, F; Makhlouf, J; Ratti, C (January 2002). "Freeze-Drying
Characteristics of Strawberries".
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Research, Institute of
Medicine (US) Committee on Military Nutrition; Marriott, Bernadette M. (1995).
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70:. This is in contrast to dehydration by most conventional methods that evaporate water using heat.
853:. Freeze-drying is also used as a means to memorialize pets after death. Rather than opting for a
197:. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are beneficial in mental and vision development and, as they remain
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1738:. Rey, Louis., May, Joan C. (Joan Christine) (3rd ed.). New York: Informa Healthcare. 2010.
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1281:"Optimization of freeze-drying using a Life Cycle Assessment approach: Strawberries' case study"
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product should be frozen slowly or can be cycled up and down in temperature in a process called
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defrosting mechanism to ensure that the maximum amount of water vapor in the air is condensed.
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process that involves freezing the product and lowering pressure, thereby removing the ice by
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Brookwell, August W.; Gonzalez, Jorge L.; Martinez, Andres W.; Oza, Javin P. (2023-07-25).
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674:. The development of freeze drying increased meal and snack variety to include items like
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825:. When animals are preserved in this manner they are called "freeze-dried taxidermy" or "
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1846:"FDA Guideline for the Determination of Residual Moisture in Dried Biological Products"
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A residential freeze-dryer, along with the vacuum pump, and a cooling fan for the pump
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cells generally do not survive freeze drying even though they still can be preserved.
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had patented freeze drying systems with improvements to freezing and condenser steps.
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applications, the properties of the final product are optimized by the combination of
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Insects as
Sustainable Food Ingredients: Production, Processing and Food Applications
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2402:"Freeze-drying of mammalian cells using trehalose: preservation of DNA integrity"
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processes sometimes use freeze-drying to create a formable powder from a sprayed
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Organizations such as the
Document Conservation Laboratory at the United States
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During the primary drying phase, the pressure is lowered (to the range of a few
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Unloading trays of freeze-dried material from a small cabinet-type freeze-dryer
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1250:(4th ed.). Kent: Woodhead Publishing/Elsevier Science. pp. 929–940.
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401:). However, there are products that benefit from increased pressure as well.
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Meryman, H. T. (October 1976). "Historical recollections of freeze-drying".
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Ratti, C (2001). "Hot air and freeze-drying of high-value foods: a review".
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Freeze-drying is among the methods used to preserve animals in the field of
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Aaron T. Dossey; Juan A. Morales-Ramos; M. Guadalupe Rojas (23 June 2016).
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2224:"Grieving Pet Owners Can Opt for Stuffing, Freezing-Drying Deceased Pets"
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1547:"Breaking the Ice: The Chill, Crunch, and Pleasure of Freeze-Dried Candy"
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of the process leads to minimal damage of these heat-sensitive products.
766:, products are often freeze-dried to make them more stable, or easier to
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with added benefits. The crumb problem was solved with the addition of a
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are often produced by bulk freeze-drying of live microorganisms such as
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production scale freeze dryers are loaded automatically to the shelves.
248:, the boundary between gas and liquid runs from the triple point to the
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1672:"Defense.gov News Article: New Rations in Pipeline for Service Members"
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Coffee contains flavor and aroma qualities that are created due to the
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445: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
352:. The amount of heat necessary can be calculated using the sublimating
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2471:. Lyle Frederick Albright. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 2009. p. 1695.
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Freeze-Drying/Lyophilization of
Pharmaceutical and Biological Products
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Freeze drying/lyophilization of pharmaceutical and biological products
1385:
Freeze Drying/Lyophilization of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products
1246:
Fellows, P. (Peter) (2017). "Freeze drying and freeze concentration".
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1969:"Development of Solid-State Storage for Cell-Free Expression Systems"
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as well as a rapidly absorbed and easily administered dosage form.
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Prosapio, Valentina; Norton, Ian; De Marco, Iolanda (2017-12-01).
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Lyophilized biologics can be pressed into pellets and tablets for
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Freeze-drying can also be used to increase the shelf life of some
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A new form of burial which previously freeze-dries the body with
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In this phase, pressure is controlled through the application of
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and high-density, solid-state storage of biological products.
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solvent, or increasing the surface area. Food pieces are often
1522:"The Hottest Candy Trend of 2023 Is a Cool Twist on Nostalgia"
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Freeze dried ice cream and chocolate, and spaghetti with bacon
414:
348:), and enough heat is supplied to the material for the ice to
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A significant turning point for freeze drying occurred during
1723:"Basic Cycle Development Techniques for Lyophilized Products"
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Freeze-drying causes less damage to the substance than other
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During the freezing stage, the material is cooled below its
1387:(3rd ed.). London, UK: Informa Healthcare. p. 1.
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Because freeze drying is expensive, it is used mainly with
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1571:"What Is Freeze Dried Candy & How to Freeze Dry Candy"
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Lyophilized 5% w/v sucrose cake in a pharmaceutical glass
252:. Freeze-drying (blue arrow) brings the system around the
2197:"Plastination and Taxidermy: Which is Best for a Museum?"
1708:
Evolution of Rations: The Pursuit of Universal Acceptance
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Food processing technology : principles and practice
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beans that were freeze-dried contained higher amounts of
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The secondary drying phase aims to remove unfrozen water
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FDA Guide to Inspection of Lyophilization of Parenterals
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Proceedings of the Conference on Indigenous Knowledges
2276:
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
1655:"NASA Food Technology: Incredible Edibles from Space"
2351:
PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
1417:History of Tofu and Tofu Products (965 CE to 2013)
738:food, bird feed, fish bait, and increasingly for
2135:"Farm hopes to expand into edible insect market"
1783:"Freeze-drying of live virus vaccines: A review"
1241:
1239:
1237:
179:Freeze-dried foods became a major component of
125:Modern freeze drying began as early as 1890 by
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
829:". Freeze-drying is commonly used to preserve
781:weights that are too small to be removed by a
742:. Powdered freeze-dried insects are used as a
2610:
8:
2022:
2020:
2018:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1329:
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1323:
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1317:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
867:National Archives and Records Administration
1700:
1698:
1696:
1361:Zorn, Elayne; Lieberman, Leslie S. (2004).
746:in animal feeds, and in some markets, as a
215:Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
2617:
2603:
2595:
1442:Developments in Biological Standardization
1372:– via Pennsylvania State University.
876:freeze-drying is used to conserve special
2535:
2441:
2128:
2126:
1806:
461:Learn how and when to remove this message
30:"Instant freeze" redirects here. For the
2468:Albright's chemical engineering handbook
1493:Innovations in Pharmaceutical Technology
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1167:
953:Effect on nutrients and sensory quality
2492:
1759:
1623:
972:food product. An example of this is a
1862:Wilding, Kristen (25 November 2019).
1834:(Third ed.). Informa healthcare.
537:, and wasp venom allergenic extract.
7:
2250:"Efficacy of Various Drying Methods"
1781:Hansen, L.L.J.; et al. (2015).
1017:Equipment and types of freeze dryers
443:adding citations to reliable sources
27:Low temperature dehydration process
2553:Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
2133:Bolden, Bonnie (7 December 2018).
1851:. US Food and Drug Administration.
932:, enzymatic browning, and protein
25:
1609:. SpaceFlight:JSC. Archived from
895:, but it is also more expensive.
494:Pharmaceuticals and biotechnology
94:were freeze drying potatoes into
2789:
2788:
2777:
1711:. National Academies Press (US).
1486:"The Evolution of Freeze Drying"
1121:Microwave-assisted freeze dryers
1042:Function of essential components
419:
381:A benchtop manifold freeze-drier
1200:. CRC Press. pp. 209–235.
698:Freeze-dried coffee, a form of
430:needs additional citations for
2528:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.03.001
2201:Canadian Museum of Nature blog
2042:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.156
1830:Rey, Louis; May, Joan (2016).
1603:"NASA - Food for Space Flight"
1194:Ratti, Cristina (2008-11-21).
1:
2195:Khidas, Kamal (5 June 2015).
1799:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.085
1520:Dempsey, Bobbi (2023-12-28).
1348:10.1016/s0260-8774(00)00228-4
1300:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.125
1288:Journal of Cleaner Production
411:Applications of freeze drying
2222:Owens, Ryan (8 March 2012).
1545:Beaton, Kelly (2024-05-30).
1197:Advances in Food Dehydration
998:Hence, to avoid this issue,
327:Structurally sensitive goods
114:, dates to the mid 1500s in
2795:Category: Food preservation
2516:Journal of Food Engineering
2203:. Canadian Museum of Nature
1336:Journal of Food Engineering
533:, anti-blood clot medicine
195:polyunsaturated fatty acids
2852:
2836:NASA spin-off technologies
2465:"23.4.1.4 Freeze Dryers".
2426:10.1038/s41598-017-06542-z
2363:10.5731/pdajpst.2011.00748
1146:Freeze-dried food and NASA
947:ready-to-eat instant meals
678:, chicken and vegetables,
357:latent heat of sublimation
29:
2772:
2632:
1985:10.1021/acssynbio.3c00111
1923:10.1021/acssynbio.9b00433
1880:10.1016/j.nbt.2019.07.004
1721:J. Jeff Schwegman (2009)
658:NASA and military rations
47:Freeze-dried strawberries
315:materials do not have a
2288:10.1111/1541-4337.12224
622:Freeze-dried Bulgarian
236:Stages of freeze drying
62:, is a low temperature
2499:: CS1 maint: others (
2141:. The Associated Press
1766:: CS1 maint: others (
1630:: CS1 maint: others (
1034:
1026:
855:traditional skin mount
758:Technological industry
748:nutritional supplement
702:
646:
638:
615:
506:
382:
292:Freezing and annealing
257:
176:
174:Freeze-dried ice cream
48:
2162:J Nanosci Nanotechnol
2077:10.1081/drt-120001370
1973:ACS Synthetic Biology
1911:ACS Synthetic Biology
1112:Radiant freeze dryers
1099:Contact freeze dryers
1032:
1024:
804:operating temperature
715:essential amino acids
697:
644:
621:
609:
602:Freeze drying of food
501:
380:
319:, but they do have a
243:
172:
161:appearing in stores.
46:
2826:Preservation methods
2174:10.1166/jnn.2007.855
2109:. Elsevier Science.
1156:Supercritical drying
1073:Refrigeration system
993:Silicone oil leakage
923:Shelf-life extension
774:for subsequent use.
680:butterscotch pudding
585:lactic acid bacteria
439:improve this article
391:adsorption isotherms
103:to freeze dry meat.
2707:Modified atmosphere
2418:2017NatSR...7.6198Z
1676:archive.defense.gov
1151:List of dried foods
827:freeze-dried mounts
652:high-value products
2406:Scientific Reports
2230:. ABC News Network
1551:The Food Institute
1419:. Soyinfo Center.
1409:Shurtleff, William
1035:
1027:
1000:mass spectrometers
904:traditional casket
764:chemical synthesis
703:
668:military personnel
647:
639:
616:
507:
383:
258:
230:meal, ready-to-eat
177:
165:Early uses in food
49:
2821:Food preservation
2803:
2802:
2682:Hurdle technology
2642:Burying in ground
2626:Food preservation
2565:10.1002/jps.22166
2559:(11): 4691–4709.
2478:978-1-4200-1438-9
2254:National Archives
2116:978-0-12-802892-6
2065:Drying Technology
1868:New Biotechnology
1793:(42): 5507–5519.
1426:978-1-928914-55-6
1056:Process condenser
740:human consumption
707:Maillard reaction
471:
470:
463:
118:and the 1600s on
16:(Redirected from
2843:
2831:Drying processes
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2282:(6): 1056–1066.
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2240:
2239:
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2168:(8): 2633–2639.
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2100:
2089:
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2060:
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2036:(234): 121–130.
2024:
2013:
2012:
1979:(9): 2561–2577.
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1688:
1687:
1678:. Archived from
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1621:
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1495:. Archived from
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967:Microbial growth
490:for many years.
466:
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423:
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373:Secondary drying
221:Military rations
54:, also known as
21:
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2850:
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2844:
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2841:
2840:
2806:
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2799:
2784:Food portal
2776:
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2637:Biopreservation
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2117:
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2026:
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1966:
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1961:
1951:
1950:
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1907:
1903:
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1824:
1808:1854/LU-7069013
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1169:
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1123:
1114:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1075:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1044:
1019:
1008:
995:
986:
969:
964:
955:
942:
925:
916:
900:liquid nitrogen
863:
819:
760:
750:for human use.
732:
723:
692:
676:shrimp cocktail
660:
604:
579:Dry powders of
559:Janssen Biotech
531:interferon alfa
496:
488:pharmaceuticals
467:
456:
450:
447:
436:
424:
413:
375:
342:
329:
294:
266:
238:
167:
127:Richard Altmann
110:, freeze-dried
88:
60:cryodesiccation
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2847:
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2807:
2801:
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2798:
2797:
2786:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2764:Vacuum packing
2761:
2759:Tyndallization
2756:
2751:
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2719:
2714:
2709:
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2614:
2607:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2584:External links
2582:
2579:
2578:
2543:
2522:(4): 655–666.
2506:
2477:
2457:
2392:
2357:(5): 481–485.
2341:
2317:
2266:
2241:
2214:
2187:
2152:
2122:
2115:
2090:
2071:(1): 131–145.
2055:
2030:Food Chemistry
2014:
1959:
1944:
1917:(4): 766–778.
1901:
1854:
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1822:
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1512:
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1375:
1353:
1342:(4): 311–319.
1313:
1271:
1257:978-0081005231
1256:
1213:
1206:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
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1143:
1141:Frozen mummies
1138:
1131:
1128:
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1119:
1113:
1110:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1090:Control system
1088:
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859:
849:, and smaller
818:
815:
811:nanotechnology
796:microorganisms
759:
756:
752:Farmed insects
731:
728:
722:
719:
711:Robusta coffee
700:instant coffee
691:
688:
659:
656:
603:
600:
589:bifidobacteria
569:(Herceptin by
495:
492:
469:
468:
427:
425:
418:
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409:
374:
371:
364:partial vacuum
341:
340:Primary drying
338:
334:eutectic point
328:
325:
321:critical point
317:eutectic point
293:
290:
274:vapor-pressure
265:
262:
250:critical point
237:
234:
205:, can provide
166:
163:
87:
84:
56:lyophilization
36:Instant Freeze
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2712:Pascalization
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2672:Freeze-drying
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1745:9781439825761
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1682:on 2017-09-30
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1613:on 2018-09-11
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1502:on 2018-05-20
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1484:Corver, Jos.
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1413:Aoyagi, Akiko
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1294:: 1171–1179.
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632:meatball soup
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106:The Japanese
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52:Freeze drying
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34:episode, see
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2732:Potjevleesch
2667:Fermentation
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2256:. 2016-08-15
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1684:. Retrieved
1680:the original
1675:
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1611:the original
1607:www.nasa.gov
1606:
1579:. Retrieved
1577:. 2021-06-28
1574:
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1554:. Retrieved
1550:
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1504:. Retrieved
1497:the original
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940:Re-hydration
934:denaturation
926:
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893:spray drying
882:
874:bacteriology
871:
864:
820:
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800:blood plasma
776:
761:
744:protein base
733:
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437:Please help
432:verification
429:
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384:
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343:
330:
311:
298:triple point
295:
287:
267:
264:Pretreatment
259:
254:triple point
219:
203:space travel
178:
148:
139:blood plasma
135:World War II
132:
124:
105:
89:
80:preservation
72:
59:
55:
51:
50:
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31:
18:Freeze-dried
2816:Dried foods
2687:Irradiation
2537:10261/65243
2412:(1): 6198.
2330:www.cdc.gov
2234:24 February
2207:24 February
2145:26 February
1065:Shelf fluid
977:hepatitis A
831:crustaceans
684:apple sauce
567:trastuzumab
527:factor VIII
480:sublimation
475:dehydration
302:sublimation
282:parenterals
270:formulation
159:sweet tarts
68:sublimation
64:dehydration
2810:Categories
2652:Cold chain
2335:2018-05-20
2260:2023-01-23
2139:APNews.com
1686:2018-05-18
1617:2018-05-18
1581:2024-07-21
1556:2024-07-21
1531:2024-07-21
1506:2018-05-20
1162:References
914:Advantages
861:Other uses
839:amphibians
802:. The low
783:filtration
736:exotic pet
672:astronauts
581:probiotics
555:infliximab
543:etanercept
354:molecules'
232:category.
207:astronauts
143:penicillin
120:Mount Koya
76:excipients
2739:Rillettes
2495:cite book
2487:297373782
2434:2045-2322
2387:207533686
2371:1079-7440
2296:1541-4337
2009:260162676
1993:2161-5063
1939:211246427
1896:198932869
1874:: 73–80.
1762:cite book
1754:664125915
1454:0301-5149
1448:: 29–32.
1308:0959-6526
1266:960758611
1011:Mammalian
910:burials.
908:cremation
883:Advanced
823:taxidermy
817:Taxidermy
779:molecular
596:anhydrous
571:Genentech
563:rituximab
516:excipient
395:molecules
387:molecules
350:sublimate
346:millibars
313:Amorphous
307:annealing
226:T-rations
181:astronaut
108:koya-dofu
101:Altiplano
2754:Sugaring
2717:Pickling
2697:Jellying
2677:Freezing
2573:20845466
2452:28740099
2379:22293837
2312:89199785
2304:33401832
2182:17685277
2085:95140004
2050:28551215
2001:37490644
1931:32083847
1888:31349031
1817:26364685
1626:cite web
1575:Motherly
1130:See also
1006:Products
930:browning
885:ceramics
843:reptiles
788:proteins
768:dissolve
185:military
155:clusters
151:skittles
2749:Smoking
2744:Salting
2722:Potting
2702:Jugging
2692:Jamming
2647:Canning
2443:5524761
2414:Bibcode
1956:. 2012.
1787:Vaccine
1047:Chamber
878:strains
851:mammals
847:insects
792:enzymes
730:Insects
636:tarator
624:apricot
211:gelatin
201:during
153:, nerd
86:History
2793:
2727:Confit
2662:Drying
2657:Curing
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1526:Parade
1462:801137
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1254:
1204:
889:slurry
798:, and
721:Fruits
690:Coffee
682:, and
664:hikers
565:, and
547:Enbrel
399:pascal
199:stable
157:, and
116:Nagano
32:Batman
2383:S2CID
2308:S2CID
2081:S2CID
2005:S2CID
1935:S2CID
1892:S2CID
1849:(PDF)
1658:(PDF)
1500:(PDF)
1489:(PDF)
1366:(PDF)
1284:(PDF)
974:viral
772:water
670:, or
628:melon
612:bacon
551:Amgen
137:when
96:chuño
2569:PMID
2501:link
2483:OCLC
2473:ISBN
2448:PMID
2430:ISSN
2375:PMID
2367:ISSN
2300:PMID
2292:ISSN
2236:2020
2209:2020
2178:PMID
2147:2020
2111:ISBN
2046:PMID
1997:PMID
1989:ISSN
1927:PMID
1884:PMID
1813:PMID
1768:link
1750:OCLC
1740:ISBN
1632:link
1458:PMID
1450:ISSN
1421:ISBN
1389:ISBN
1304:ISSN
1262:OCLC
1252:ISBN
1202:ISBN
984:Cost
906:and
835:fish
614:bars
587:and
512:vial
504:vial
190:NASA
183:and
141:and
112:tofu
92:Inca
90:The
2561:doi
2532:hdl
2524:doi
2520:111
2438:PMC
2422:doi
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1981:doi
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