1095:
489:
17:
1287:
790:
222:
In 1676 the French authorities wound up the magistracy, the democratic form of government of Besançon, on the instructions of Louis XIV. A baillarge court was set up in its stead. As compensation for losing its self-government, the city became the administrative centre for
Franche-Comté, with the
258:
The protector — first the Dukes of
Burgundy and then the Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs, and for two years the King of France — had the right to appoint a president for the governors and the commander of the soldiers who guarded the ramparts. The protector was never recognised as
218:
starting in 1672, where the
Habsburgs took the side of the Dutch and so were to lose control of Franche-Comté and Besançon. After a siege of the city, French troops occupied the city in 1674, although they agreed to allow Besançon to keep its privileges.
255:, who dealt with the day-to-day business. The main business was dealt with by both councillors and governors sitting together. There was also a provision for a general assembly of citizens in very important cases.
1413:
1061:
146:, French troops arrived in the area in 1688. The town authorities tried to argue that it was neutral in any hostilities as it was an Imperial City, something that the French commander, the
431:
Expansion and Crisis in Louis XIV's France: Franche-Comté and
Absolute Monarchy, 1674-1715: Franche-Comte and Absolute Monarchy, 1674-1715 (Changing Perspectives on Early Modern Europe)
374:
Expansion and Crisis in Louis XIV's France: Franche-Comté and
Absolute Monarchy, 1674-1715: Franche-Comte and Absolute Monarchy, 1674-1715 (Changing Perspectives on Early Modern Europe)
451:
1446:
203:", siting it on Mont St. Etiene, which closes the neck of the bend in the river that encloses the old city. In their construction, they followed Vauban's designs.
473:
1286:
1441:
1083:
287:
247:, Besançon had a very democratic form of government and municipal institutions. The government consisted of 28 councillors elected every year by the seven
147:
355:
335:
399:
372:
1451:
1378:
57:
1050:
429:
466:
313:
150:, rejected as archaic. The French agreed to very generous surrender terms with the town authorities, which included transferring the
439:
409:
382:
303:
126:. After some resistance, this was finally confirmed by Besançon in 1654, although the city kept a high degree of internal autonomy.
1321:
830:
185:
74:
48:
in 1654, the City of Besançon refused to recognise the sovereignty of a new protector, whether the king of France or Spain, until
189:
100:
1436:
1076:
670:
84:
620:
459:
52:
dissolved the municipal government in 1676. The government comprised only a tiny area around the City of Besançon in the
515:
80:
56:, which meant that it had limited independence although it had considerable internal autonomy and still tried to claim
1069:
735:
151:
1403:
700:
224:
750:
16:
1355:
1216:
1182:
640:
630:
575:
530:
200:
139:
710:
1148:
660:
1374:
1362:
1267:
1208:
1117:
1020:
935:
228:
123:
1348:
1190:
1112:
1000:
775:
740:
570:
1399:
1386:
1313:
1303:
1259:
1231:
1143:
920:
808:
482:
232:
175:
107:
41:
715:
87:. The town slowly sought the protection of a number of outside protectors, or captains, such as
1382:
1249:
1198:
1177:
1156:
1135:
1127:
1103:
1099:
1094:
610:
493:
488:
435:
405:
378:
309:
182:
143:
45:
281:
1370:
1254:
1226:
1221:
1164:
1044:
580:
215:
96:
92:
53:
34:
789:
1391:
1366:
1272:
835:
825:
550:
167:
119:
88:
1240:
1168:
1160:
975:
770:
745:
560:
540:
1430:
850:
765:
730:
665:
650:
276:
171:
960:
955:
930:
845:
1038:
1015:
965:
880:
760:
720:
680:
206:
From this time onwards, a large pro-French faction grew among some of the city.
193:
192:
returned the city to Spain within a matter of months, in return for the town of
162:
may be transferred from Dole. The City also laid down that it would be left the
29:
985:
950:
945:
865:
695:
690:
685:
615:
585:
545:
155:
995:
980:
675:
645:
625:
605:
535:
244:
159:
135:
49:
1236:
890:
870:
860:
855:
705:
655:
565:
525:
248:
1010:
940:
925:
905:
875:
840:
755:
600:
590:
555:
291:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 850.
305:
Politics and reformations: communities, polities, nations, and empires
1295:
1005:
895:
885:
725:
635:
595:
199:
The
Spaniards built the main centre point of the city's defences, "
1337:
970:
910:
900:
820:
520:
163:
15:
990:
915:
1065:
805:
504:
455:
280:
83:, and in 1184 it gained autonomy as a free imperial city under
188:
visited Besançon and drew up plans for its fortification. The
118:
The city lost its status as a free imperial city in 1651 as a
214:
The city was to finally lose its autonomy as a result of the
79:
Besançon became part of the Holy Roman Empire in 1034 as the
103:
in 1477, the city treated the
Habsburgs as its protectors.
357:
Martin's history of France: the age of Louis XIV, Volume 1
337:
Martin's history of France: the age of Louis XIV, Volume 1
138:
claimed
Franche-Comté as a consequence of his marriage to
243:
Unlike most Free
Imperial Cities which gradually became
178:
in the same way as they then had in the rest of France.
122:
for other losses that the
Spanish had suffered in the
1330:
1312:
1294:
1207:
1126:
1110:
811:or no longer part of the Holy Roman Empire by 1792
110:in 1555, Besançon remained a free imperial city.
231:. French control was confirmed in 1678 by the
181:While the city was in French hands, the famed
1447:1130s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1077:
467:
33:was a self-governing free city surrounded by
8:
158:. There were also rumours that the regional
349:
347:
329:
327:
325:
1123:
1084:
1070:
1062:
802:
501:
474:
460:
452:
423:
421:
268:
227:administering the area, replacing the
7:
1442:Former countries in French history
14:
154:from the then still recalcitrant
1285:
1093:
788:
487:
101:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
85:Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
186:Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban
75:Free Imperial City of Besançon
1:
1452:1134 establishments in Europe
106:When Franche-Comté passed to
40:After losing its status as a
795:Free Imperial Cities by 1792
69:Within the Holy Roman Empire
1049:Member or associate of the
251:. These, in turn, chose 14
1468:
72:
1379:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian
1346:
1283:
1033:
816:
801:
786:
511:
500:
190:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
95:. After the marriage of
81:Archbishopric of Besançon
398:Geoffrey Parker (1997).
302:Thomas A. Brady (2007).
1414:Unencircled territories
288:Encyclopædia Britannica
210:Surrender to the French
114:Loss of Imperial status
354:Martin, Henri (1865).
334:Martin, Henri (1865).
140:Marie-Thérèse of Spain
20:
1365:. Circles est. 1500:
1331:Dependent territories
401:The Thirty Years' War
225:Parlement of Besançon
176:liberty of conscience
166:of a fragment of the
19:
1118:Habsburg Netherlands
751:Weißenburg in Bayern
483:Free imperial cities
130:Disputes with France
1437:History of Besançon
1390:Circles est. 1512:
1113:Seventeen Provinces
1102:(1512–1797) of the
1016:Weißenburg in Elsaß
428:Darryl Dee (2009).
371:Darryl Dee (2009).
1411:
1407:
1360:
1353:
809:imperial immediacy
233:Treaty of Nijmegen
168:holy winding sheet
108:Philip II of Spain
42:free imperial city
21:
1420:
1419:
1404:Electoral Rhenish
1281:
1280:
1264:
1246:
1195:
1187:
1174:
1153:
1140:
1104:Holy Roman Empire
1100:Burgundian Circle
1059:
1058:
1051:Swiss Confederacy
1029:
1028:
796:
784:
783:
494:Holy Roman Empire
229:Parlement of Dôle
183:military engineer
144:War of Devolution
142:. As part of the
124:Thirty Years' War
46:Holy Roman Empire
1459:
1412:
1408:
1361:
1354:
1289:
1262:
1244:
1193:
1185:
1172:
1165:Nijmegen Quarter
1151:
1138:
1124:
1098:
1097:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1063:
1045:Hanseatic League
803:
794:
792:
711:Schwäbisch Gmünd
502:
492:
491:
476:
469:
462:
453:
446:
445:
425:
416:
415:
395:
389:
388:
368:
362:
361:
351:
342:
341:
331:
320:
319:
299:
293:
292:
284:
282:"Besançon"
273:
216:Franco-Dutch War
174:should not have
97:Mary of Burgundy
93:Duke of Burgundy
1467:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1389:
1359:
1352:
1342:
1326:
1308:
1290:
1277:
1203:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1092:
1090:
1060:
1055:
1025:
812:
797:
793:
780:
716:Schwäbisch Hall
507:
496:
486:
480:
450:
449:
442:
427:
426:
419:
412:
404:. p. 169.
397:
396:
392:
385:
370:
369:
365:
353:
352:
345:
333:
332:
323:
316:
308:. p. 347.
301:
300:
296:
275:
274:
270:
265:
241:
212:
148:Prince de Conde
132:
116:
89:Philip the Good
77:
71:
66:
12:
11:
5:
1465:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1417:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1175:
1161:Veluwe Quarter
1154:
1146:
1141:
1132:
1130:
1121:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1043:Member of the
1041:
1037:Member of the
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
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893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
817:
814:
813:
806:
799:
798:
787:
785:
782:
781:
779:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
512:
509:
508:
505:
498:
497:
481:
479:
478:
471:
464:
456:
448:
447:
440:
434:. p. 55.
417:
410:
390:
383:
377:. p. 40.
363:
360:. p. 294.
343:
340:. p. 295.
321:
315:978-9004161733
314:
294:
279:, ed. (1911).
277:Chisholm, Hugh
267:
266:
264:
261:
240:
237:
211:
208:
131:
128:
115:
112:
73:Main article:
70:
67:
65:
62:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1464:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1425:
1415:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1387:(Lower) Saxon
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:Upper Rhenish
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1241:Upper Quarter
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1170:
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1158:
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1147:
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1134:
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1129:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
815:
810:
804:
800:
791:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
513:
510:
503:
499:
495:
490:
484:
477:
472:
470:
465:
463:
458:
457:
454:
443:
441:9781580463034
437:
433:
432:
424:
422:
418:
413:
411:9780415128834
407:
403:
402:
394:
391:
386:
384:9781580463034
380:
376:
375:
367:
364:
359:
358:
350:
348:
344:
339:
338:
330:
328:
326:
322:
317:
311:
307:
306:
298:
295:
290:
289:
283:
278:
272:
269:
262:
260:
256:
254:
250:
246:
238:
236:
234:
230:
226:
220:
217:
209:
207:
204:
202:
197:
195:
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165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
129:
127:
125:
121:
113:
111:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
76:
68:
63:
61:
59:
55:
54:Franche-Comté
51:
47:
43:
38:
36:
35:Franche-Comté
32:
31:
26:
18:
1422:
1395:
1263:(since 1548)
1245:(since 1548)
1194:(since 1548)
1186:(since 1548)
1173:(since 1548)
1152:(since 1548)
1139:(since 1548)
1128:Seceded 1581
966:Schlettstadt
961:Schmalkalden
956:Schaffhausen
931:Pfeddersheim
846:Diessenhofen
430:
400:
393:
373:
366:
356:
336:
304:
297:
286:
271:
257:
252:
242:
239:Institutions
221:
213:
205:
201:la Citadelle
198:
180:
133:
117:
105:
78:
39:
27:
24:
22:
1400:Upper Saxon
936:Rheinfelden
881:Kaysersberg
721:Schweinfurt
681:Pfullendorf
561:Dinkelsbühl
259:sovereign.
245:oligarchies
194:Frankenthal
172:Protestants
170:, and that
44:within the
1431:Categories
1396:Burgundian
1383:Franconian
1363:until 1678
1356:until 1659
1349:until 1648
1183:Overijssel
951:Sarrebourg
946:St. Gallen
866:Gelnhausen
851:Donauwörth
731:Überlingen
701:Rothenburg
696:Reutlingen
691:Regensburg
686:Ravensburg
666:Nördlingen
661:Nordhausen
651:Mühlhausen
616:Kaufbeuren
586:Gengenbach
263:References
152:university
120:reparation
58:neutrality
1260:Luxemburg
1149:Groningen
1144:Friesland
996:Turckheim
986:Straßburg
981:Solothurn
766:Windsheim
676:Offenburg
671:Nuremberg
656:Mülhausen
646:Memmingen
631:Leutkirch
626:Kessenich
606:Heilbronn
581:Friedberg
576:Frankfurt
536:Bopfingen
253:governors
160:Parlement
136:Louis XIV
50:Louis XIV
1392:Austrian
1367:Bavarian
1322:Besançon
1304:Burgundy
1268:Mechelen
1237:Guelders
1232:Flanders
1209:Remained
1157:Guelders
1039:Décapole
891:Konstanz
856:Duisburg
831:Besançon
706:Rottweil
571:Eßlingen
566:Dortmund
551:Buchhorn
531:Biberach
526:Augsburg
249:parishes
134:In 1667
30:Besançon
28:City of
1371:Swabian
1255:Limburg
1250:Hainaut
1227:Brabant
1217:Antwerp
1199:Zeeland
1191:Utrecht
1178:Holland
1169:Zutphen
1136:Drenthe
1011:Warburg
941:Rosheim
926:Obernai
921:Munster
906:Lucerne
876:Herford
871:Hagenau
841:Cambrai
761:Wimpfen
756:Wetzlar
621:Kempten
601:Hamburg
591:Giengen
556:Cologne
506:By 1792
485:of the
64:History
1314:Cities
1296:County
1222:Artois
1021:Zürich
1006:Verdun
1001:Verden
896:Landau
886:Kolmar
836:Brakel
741:Wangen
726:Speyer
641:Lübeck
636:Lindau
596:Goslar
546:Buchau
541:Bremen
516:Aachen
438:
408:
381:
312:
1338:Breda
1273:Namur
976:Soest
971:Seltz
911:Mainz
901:Lemgo
861:Düren
821:Basel
807:Lost
771:Worms
521:Aalen
164:relic
1167:and
991:Toul
916:Metz
826:Bern
776:Zell
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