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hindering the establishment in another Member State of one of its nationals or of a company incorporated under its legislation which comes within the definition contained in
Article 58. The rights guaranteed by Article 52 et seq. of the Treaty would be rendered meaningless if the Member State of origin could prohibit undertakings from leaving in order to establish themselves in another Member State. The same considerations apply, in relation to Article 48 of the Treaty, with regard to rules which impede the freedom of movement of nationals of one Member State wishing to engage in gainful employment in another Member State.
522:
association, they still directly affect players'access to the employment market in other Member States and are thus capable of impeding freedom of movement for workers. They cannot, thus, be deemed comparable to the rules on selling arrangements for goods which in Keck and
Mithouard were held to fall outside the ambit of Article 30 of the Treaty (see also, with regard to freedom to provide services, Case C-384/93
36:
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disputes over fees between clubs when transferring players at the end of their contracts. The Bosman ruling meant that players could move to a new club at the end of their contract without their old club receiving a fee. Players can now agree a pre-contract with another club for a free transfer if the players' contract with their existing club has six months or less remaining.
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and the deal resulted in McManaman becoming the highest paid
British player in history, from 1999 to 2001. Since Davids and McManaman, scores of other notable players became able to negotiate deals according to their market value when their contracts expired, a trend that continued into the 2000s and
553:
Prior to the Bosman ruling, professional clubs in some parts of Europe (but not, for example, in Spain and France) were able to prevent players from joining a club in another country even if their contracts had expired. In the United
Kingdom, Transfer Tribunals had been in place since 1981 to resolve
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104. Consequently, the transfer rules constitute an obstacle to freedom of movement for workers prohibited in principle by
Article 48 of the Treaty. It could only be otherwise if those rules pursued a legitimate aim compatible with the Treaty and were justified by pressing reasons of public interest.
499:
100. Since they provide that a professional footballer may not pursue his activity with a new club established in another Member State unless it has paid his former club a transfer fee agreed upon between the two clubs or determined in accordance with the regulations of the sporting associations, the
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99. However, as has been pointed out by Mr Bosman, by the Danish
Government and by the Advocate General in points 209 and 210 of his Opinion, those rules are likely to restrict the freedom of movement of players who wish to pursue their activity in another Member State by preventing or deterring them
487:
ECR 5483, paragraph 16, that even though the Treaty provisions relating to freedom of establishment are directed mainly to ensuring that foreign nationals and companies are treated in the host Member State in the same way as nationals of that State, they also prohibit the Member State of origin from
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According to a 2021 study, the Bosman ruling increased the competitiveness of national team football because it encouraged greater talent development. However, it reduced competition in the
Champions League, as non-established teams tended to sell their best players rather than compete against the
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96. Provisions which preclude or deter a national of a Member State from leaving his country of origin in order to exercise his right to freedom of movement therefore constitute an obstacle to that freedom even if they apply without regard to the nationality of the workers concerned (see also Case
445:
94. The provisions of the Treaty relating to freedom of movement for persons are intended to facilitate the pursuit by
Community citizens of occupational activities of all kinds throughout the Community, and preclude measures which might place Community citizens at a disadvantage when they wish to
561:, from imposing quotas on foreign players to the extent that they discriminated against nationals of EU states. At that time, many leagues placed quotas restricting the number of foreign nationals allowed on member teams. Also, UEFA had a rule that prohibited teams in its competitions, namely the
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95. In that context, nationals of Member States have in particular the right, which they derive directly from the Treaty, to leave their country of origin to enter the territory of another Member State and reside there in order there to pursue an economic activity (see, inter alia, Case C-363/89
507:
in 1990 stipulate that the business relationship between the two clubs is to exert no influence on the activity of the player, who is to be free to play for his new club. The new club must still pay the fee in issue, under pain of penalties which may include its being struck off for debt, which
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102. Nor is that conclusion negated by the case-law of the Court cited by URBSFA and UEFA, to the effect that
Article 30 of the Treaty does not apply to measures which restrict or prohibit certain selling arrangements so long as they apply to all relevant traders operating within the national
491:
98. It is true that the transfer rules in issue in the main proceedings apply also to transfers of players between clubs belonging to different national associations within the same Member State and that similar rules govern transfers between clubs belonging to the same national association.
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103. It is sufficient to note that, although the rules in issue in the main proceedings apply also to transfers between clubs belonging to different national associations within the same Member State and are similar to those governing transfers between clubs belonging to the same national
1338:
Judgment of the Court of 15 December 1995. Union royale belge des sociétés de football association ASBL v Jean-Marc Bosman, Royal club liégeois SA v Jean-Marc Bosman and others and Union des associations européennes de football (UEFA) v Jean-Marc Bosman. Case
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The Bosman ruling coincided directly with a new era of financial gains in football. In 2005, UEFA declared it was seeking to repair aspects of the ruling because it was believed to be the cause of the increasing rich-poor gap between elite and smaller clubs.
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But even if that were so, application of those rules would still have to be such as to ensure achievement of the aim in question and not go beyond what is necessary for that purpose (see, inter alia, the judgment in
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best teams. The ruling also affected football in other continents, as the foreign slots would be filled by non-EU players, exponentially allowing teams to obtain South
American, African and Asian players.
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Union royale belge des sociétés de football association ASBL v Jean-Marc Bosman, Royal club liégeois SA v Jean-Marc Bosman and others and Union des associations européennes de football (UEFA) v Jean-Marc
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Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 13 April 2000 – Jyri Lehtonen and Castors Canada Dry Namur-Braine ASBL v Fédération royale belge des sociétés de basket-ball ASBL (FRBSB). Case C-176/96.
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territory and so long as they affect in the same manner, in law and in fact, the marketing of domestic products and of those from other Member States (see Joined Cases C-267/91 and C-268/91
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The ruling meant that clubs could no longer block a move or demand a fee, from the player or from the destination club, if the player left at the end of their contracts.
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On 15 December 1995, the court ruled the system, as it was constituted, placed a restriction on the free movement of workers and was prohibited by Article 39(1) of the
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The decision banned restrictions on foreign EU players within national leagues and allowed players in the EU to move to another club at the end of a contract without a
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after which basketball teams could not include players who had played for another team in the same season, where it was found that such a restriction was lawful.
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Since the ruling came into effect throughout the EU in 1995, several notable players in European football have benefited from the ruling. In 1996,
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at the expiration of their contracts, provided that they transfer from a club within one EU association to a club within another EU association.
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case as not only suitable for issues relating to movement of goods within the EU, but also for cases concerning the free movement of workers.
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became the most lucrative transfer at the time in British football, as "Britain's first high-profile Bosman departure", when he moved from
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101. As the national court has rightly pointed out, that finding is not affected by the fact that the transfer rules adopted by
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prevents it just as effectively from signing up a player from a club in another Member State without paying that fee.
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from leaving the clubs to which they belong even after the expiry of their contracts of employment with those clubs.
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In the meantime, Bosman's wages were reduced by 70% as he was no longer a first-team player. He took his case to the
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If free movement is indistinctly applied (i.e. not just against foreign nationals) it could be justified if...
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The Queen v HM Treasury and Commissioners of Inland Revenue ex parte Daily Mail and General Trust plc
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The ruling was made in a consolidation of three separate legal cases, all involving Belgian player
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The Bosman ruling also prohibited domestic football leagues in EU member states, and also
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became Europe's first high-profile player to benefit from the ruling when he moved from
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was the first European high-profile player to benefit from the Bosman ruling, in 1996.
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pursue an economic activity in the territory of another Member State (see Case 143/87
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Bosman confirmed the "rule of reason" approach of the courts used in the important
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Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football Association ASBL v Jean-Marc Bosman
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Cour d'appel de Liège, 9e chambre civile, arrêt du 1 October 1993 (29.426/92)
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whose contract had expired in 1990. He wanted to change teams and move to
601:
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1156:"Talent development and labour market integration in European football"
1106:"Bosman Still Struggling With Ruling That Rewards Soccer's Free Agents"
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Gebhard v Consiglio dell'Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano
500:
said rules constitute an obstacle to freedom of movement for workers.
960:
1384:
1348:. Football Industry Group, University of Liverpool. Archived from
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339:—and by extension players of other professional sports—within the
437:). Bosman and all other EU footballers were given the right to a
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ECR I-273, paragraph 9, and Singh, cited above, paragraph 17).
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That aim was justified by pressing reasons of public interest
695:(2000), a similar case which involved a deadline imposed by
1154:
Norbäck, Pehr-Johan; Olsson, Martin; Persson, Lars (2021).
1224:"Bosman transfer ruling stunted Scottish game - Paul Kane"
455:
The Queen v Immigration Appeal Tribunal and Surinder Singh
1065:
Article 39, Treaty Establishing the European Community
691:
The Bosman ruling was considered and distinguished in
421:'s rules regarding football, specifically Article 17.
1131:"How the Bosman revolution changed football for ever"
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The measures used were in pursuit of a legitimate aim
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Vander Elst v Office des Migrations Internationales
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1366:"What was the Bosman ruling? The one minute guide"
1346:"The Bosman Case, EU Law and the Transfer System"
616:became the first UK Bosman transfer, moving from
1808:Court of Justice of the European Union case law
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435:Treaty on the functioning of the European Union
322:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
538:, cited above, paragraph 32, and Case C-55/94
1400:
1252:. FourFourTwo. 6 January 2009. Archived from
865:Weigel v Finanzlandesdirektion fĂĽr Vorarlberg
722:
481:97. The Court has also stated, in Case 81/87
8:
833:Angonese v Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano SpA
1780:2009 European football match-fixing scandal
677:Alpine Investments v Minister van Financiën
525:Alpine Investments v Minister van Financiën
1833:Association football rules and regulations
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679:provides a similar test for services, and
452:ECR 3877, paragraph 13, and Case C-370/90
331:The case was an important decision on the
1775:UEFA–CONMEBOL memorandum of understanding
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
786:Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie
1250:"How money took over football… in 1879"
1048:
675:The case also alludes to the fact that
27:1995 European Court of Justice decision
998:, a similar 1963 court case in England
990:, a similar 1912 court case in England
881:Hendrix v Employee Insurance Institute
802:Trojani v Centre public d’aide sociale
133:
1770:Proposals for a European Super League
817:Belgian Football Association v Bosman
320:of article 39 (now article 45 of the
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1590:Intercontinental Champions' Supercup
849:Finanzamt Köln Altstadt v Schumacker
770:Lawrie-Blum v Land Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1129:Liew, Jonathan (12 December 2015).
907:Free Movement of Citizens Directive
757:Free Movement of Workers Regulation
478:ECR I-1119, paragraphs 18 and 19).
1303:"Uefa to discuss Bosman drawbacks"
1076:Burton, Mark (21 September 1995).
528:ECR I-1141, paragraphs 36 to 38).
207:Reference for a preliminary ruling
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335:and had a profound effect on the
1823:Association football terminology
896:Geven v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen
142:
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1745:Financial Fair Play Regulations
310:freedom of movement for workers
45:needs additional citations for
1828:Association football transfers
1818:Association football in Europe
1464:CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions
300:(1995) C-415/93 (known as the
18:Freedom of movement of players
1:
1701:UEFA men's club competitions
1547:Under-20 Intercontinental Cup
1305:. BBC Sport. 15 December 2005
1275:Raphael, Amy (4 March 2001).
932:Metock v Minister for Justice
373:v Jean-Marc Bosman and others
261:Gil Carlos RodrĂguez Iglesias
1863:1994–95 in European football
1858:1993–94 in European football
363:Belgian Football Association
1853:1994–95 in Belgian football
1848:1993–94 in Belgian football
1669:Women's Futsal Championship
1104:Ask, Mathis (2 July 2014).
1008:case in the North American
518:ECR I-6097, paragraph 16).
458:ECR I-4265, paragraph 16).
433:(now Article 45 (1) of the
413:in Luxembourg and sued for
289:Interprets Article 48, TEEC
1879:
1204:. BBC Sport. 16 March 1999
1078:"Who is Jean-Marc Bosman?"
995:Eastham v Newcastle United
976:Retain and transfer system
544:ECR I-0000, paragraph 37).
475:Masgio v Bundesknappschaft
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737:Free movement of workers
549:Significance to football
337:transfers of footballers
158:Decided 15 December 1995
156:Submitted 6 October 1993
1685:Futsal Champions League
1557:Second tier competition
1202:"Bosman summer holiday"
1111:The Wall Street Journal
920:Gravier v City of Liege
333:free movement of labour
1705:Records and statistics
1486:Women's Nations League
653:Significance in EU law
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400:Belgian First Division
314:freedom of association
220:Nationality of parties
1750:Homegrown Player Rule
1437:European Championship
1372:. The Open University
1118:on 25 September 2015.
1010:Major League Baseball
987:Kingaby v Aston Villa
588:
284:Legislation affecting
1582:Intercontinental Cup
1469:Women's Championship
1143:on 14 December 2015.
308:decision concerning
54:improve this article
1644:Futsal Championship
1491:Women's Finalissima
1277:"Our man in Madrid"
683:for establishment.
250:G. Federico Mancini
1760:Stadium categories
1664:Futsal Finalissima
1352:on 28 October 2012
1230:. 15 December 2015
1172:10.1111/twec.13071
1036:Meca-Medina ruling
923:(1985) Case 293/83
624:in 1996. In 1999,
620:to Norwegian side
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515:Keck and Mithouard
415:restraint of trade
381:v Jean-Marc Bosman
365:v Jean-Marc Bosman
228:Procedural history
198:ECLI:EU:C:1995:463
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110:December 2017
102:
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74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1734:
1727:FENIX Trophy
1651:
1616:
1609:Regions' Cup
1592:
1584:
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1566:
1542:Youth League
1499:
1496:Meridian Cup
1376:25 September
1374:. Retrieved
1369:
1354:. Retrieved
1350:the original
1319:
1307:. Retrieved
1297:
1285:. Retrieved
1281:The Observer
1280:
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1254:the original
1244:
1232:. Retrieved
1227:
1218:
1206:. Retrieved
1196:
1163:
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1149:
1141:the original
1134:
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1116:the original
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1087:. Retrieved
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350:being paid.
348:transfer fee
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215:Full chamber
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64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1614:Amateur Cup
1309:13 December
1287:13 December
1260:13 December
1208:13 December
1089:14 December
1006:arbitration
792:Case 196/87
687:Other cases
634:Real Madrid
188:61993CJ0415
1843:Sports law
1797:Categories
1356:24 January
1234:1 November
1055:ECR I-4921
981:Free agent
910:2004/38/EC
775:Case 66/85
748:arts 45-48
80:newspapers
1731:Policies
1652:(defunct)
1617:(defunct)
1593:(defunct)
1585:(defunct)
1567:(defunct)
1532:Super Cup
1370:OpenLearn
1339:C-415/93.
1188:230601462
1180:1467-9701
630:Liverpool
614:Paul Kane
610:Hibernian
431:EC Treaty
417:, citing
404:Dunkerque
396:RFC Liège
324:) of the
257:President
204:Case type
1602:Amateurs
1423:Football
1030:6+5 rule
937:C-127/08
886:C-287/05
871:C-387/01
854:C-279/93
839:C-281/98
822:C-415/93
807:C-456/02
760:492/2011
703:See also
693:Lehtonen
618:Aberdeen
571:UEFA Cup
472:C-10/90
425:Judgment
179:C-415/93
1766:Issues
1576:defunct
1500:defunct
935:(2008)
884:(2007)
869:(2004)
852:(1995)
837:(2000)
820:(1995)
805:(2004)
790:(1988)
773:(1986)
612:player
581:Players
541:Gebhard
398:in the
223:Belgium
212:Chamber
184:CelexID
94:scholar
1630:Futsal
1186:
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961:EU law
343:(EU).
316:, and
170:Bosman
96:
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1678:Clubs
1510:Clubs
1184:S2CID
1044:Notes
641:Clubs
608:. Ex-
606:Milan
535:Kraus
387:Facts
101:JSTOR
87:books
1657:U-19
1649:U-21
1479:U-17
1474:U-19
1452:U-17
1447:U-19
1442:U-21
1378:2015
1358:2008
1311:2010
1289:2010
1262:2010
1236:2019
1210:2010
1176:ISSN
1091:2011
963:and
959:See
745:TFEU
697:FIBA
602:Ajax
569:and
559:UEFA
505:UEFA
419:FIFA
379:UEFA
194:ECLI
176:Case
73:news
1228:BBC
1168:doi
632:to
604:to
328:.
56:by
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20:)
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