297:
shifting elements can be passive or active. Each phase shifting element can be designed to either produce a phase shift which is equal to that required at the element centre, or provide some quantised phase shifting values. Although the former does not seem to be commercially attractive, the latter proved to be practical antenna configuration. One potential advantage is that such an array can be reconfigured by changing the positions of the elements to produce different radiation patterns. A systematic theory of the phase efficiency of passive phase correcting array antennas and experimental results on an X-band
276:
printed flat reflector. This configuration bears much in common with the printed array antenna but it requires the use of a feed antenna instead of a corporate feed network. In contrast to the normal array antenna, the array elements are different and are arranged in a pseudo-periodic manner. The theory and design method of single layer printed flat reflectors incorporating conducting rings and experimental results on such an antenna operating in the X-band were given in. Naturally, this leads to a more general antenna concept, the phase correcting reflective array.
285:
253:
of an offset
Fresnel lens antenna are presented in, where some experimental results are also reported. Although a simple Fresnel lens antenna has low efficiency, it serves as a very attractive indoor candidate when a large window or an electrically transparent wall is available. In the application of
105:
Compared with conventional reflector and lens antennas, reported research on microwave and millimetre-wave
Fresnel zone antennas appears to be limited. In 1948, Maddaus published the design and experimental work on stepped half-wave lens antennas operating at 23 GHz and sidelobe levels of around
262:
To increase the efficiency of
Fresnel zone plate antennas, one can divide each Fresnel zone into several sub-zones, such as quarter-wave sub-zones, and provide an appropriate phase shift in each of them, thus resulting in a sub-zone phase correcting zone plate. The problem with dielectric based zone
55:
property of the surface and allows for flat or arbitrary antenna shapes. For historical reasons, a flat
Fresnel zone antenna is termed a Fresnel zone plate antenna. An offset Fresnel zone plate can be flush mounted to the wall or roof of a building, printed on a window, or made conformal to the body
267:
is providing a phase shift to the transmitted wave, it inevitably reflects some of the energy back, so the efficiency of such a lens is limited. However, the low efficiency problem for a zone plate reflector is less severe, as total reflection can be achieved by using a conducting reflector behind
93:
from each zone arrives at the focal point in phase within Β±Ο/2 range. If the radiation from alternate zones is suppressed or shifted in phase by Ο, an approximate focus is obtained and a feed can be placed there to collect the received energy effectively. Despite its simplicity, the half-wave zone
431:
Beamsteering can be applied by amplitude/phase control or amplitude-only control of the elements of an antenna array positioned in the focal point of the lens as antenna feed. With amplitude-only control, no bandwidth-limiting phase shifters are needed, saving complexity and alleviating bandwidth
275:
A problem with the multilayer zone plate reflector is the complexity introduced, which might offset the advantage of using
Fresnel zone plate antennas. One solution is to print an inhomogeneous array of conducting elements on a grounded dielectric plate, thus leading to the so-called single-layer
110:
operation. Unfortunately, the sidelobe they achieved was as high as β7 dB. In 1987, Black and Wiltse published their theoretical and experimental work on the stepped quarter-wave zone plate at 35 GHz. A sidelobe level of about β17 dB was achieved. A year later a phase reversal zone
296:
A phase correcting reflective array consists of an array of phase shifting elements illuminated by a feed placed at the focal point. The word "reflective" refers to the fact that each phase shifting element reflects back the energy in the incident wave with an appropriate phase shift. The phase
254:
direct broadcasting services (DBS), for example, an offset
Fresnel lens can be produced by simply painting a zonal pattern on a window glass or a blind with conducting material. The satellite signal passing through the transparent zones is then collected by using an indoor feed.
130:
services in the eighties, however, antenna engineers began to consider the use of
Fresnel zone plates as candidate antennas for DBS reception, where antenna cost is an important factor. This, to some extent, provided a commercial push to the research on Fresnel zone antennas.
440:
In order to increase the focusing, resolving and scanning properties and to create different shaped radiation patterns the
Fresnel zone plate and antenna can be assembled conformable to a curvilinear natural or man-made formation and used as a diffractive
422:
So, when it is possible to modulate the signal by changing the material properties dynamically, the modulation of the side lobes is much less than that of the main lobe and so they disappear on demodulation, leaving a cleaner and more private signal.
268:
the zone plate. Based on the focal field analysis, it is demonstrated that high efficiency zone plate reflectors can be obtained by employing the multilayer phase correcting technique, which is to use a number of dielectric slabs of low
417:
232:
111:
plate reflector operating at 94 GHz was reported by Huder and Menzel, and 25% efficiency and β19 dB sidelobe level were obtained. An experiment on a similar antenna at 11.8 GHz was reported by
59:
The advantages of the
Fresnel zone plate antenna are numerous. It is normally cheap to manufacture and install, easy to transport and package and can achieve high gain. Owing to its flat nature, the
143:
was first reported in. In contrast to the symmetrical
Fresnel zone plate which consists of a set of circular zones, the offset Fresnel zone plate consists of a set of elliptical zones defined by
272:
and print different metallic zonal patterns on the different interfaces. The design and experiments of circular and offset multilayer phase correcting zone plate reflectors were presented in.
323:
35:
or "Reflectarray" antennas and 3 Dimensional Fresnel antennas. They are a class of diffractive antennas and have been used from radio frequencies to X rays.
106:β17 dB were achieved. In 1961, Buskirk and Hendrix reported an experiment on simple circular phase reversal zone plate reflector antennas for
785:
Singh, N.; Choure, K.K.; Chauhan, S.; Singh, H. (2014). "Performance comparison of phase shifting surface lens antenna with other lens antennas".
927:
Webb, G. W.; Minin, I. V.; Minin, O. V. (2011-04-01). "Variable Reference Phase in Diffractive Antennas: Review, Applications, New Results".
876:
802:
672:
625:
555:
517:
492:
1015:
728:"Millimeter-wavelength: Transmission-Mode Fresnel-Zone Plate Lens Antennas using Plastic Material Porosity Control in Homogeneous Medium"
149:
51:. Unlike traditional reflector and lens antennas, however, the focusing effect in a Fresnel zone antenna is achieved by controlling the
642:
587:
292:, shown standing next to it. It consists of a 10 ft Γ 10 ft vertical lattice of parallel metal strips in the form of a Fresnel lens.
317:, a constant path length or phase added to the formula for the zones, but that the phase of the side lobes is much less sensitive.
612:. Chen Z., Liu D., Nakano H., Qing X., Zwick T. (eds) Handbook of Antenna Technologies. Springer, Singapore. pp. 1187β1248.
85:
invented in the nineteenth century. The basic idea is to divide a plane aperture into circular zones with respect to a chosen
828:"Three-dimensional-printed W-band high-gain reflector Fresnel lens antenna based on acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plastic"
23:
that focus the signal by using the phase shifting property of the antenna surface or its shape. There are several types of
116:
72:
241:
and the zone index. This feature introduces some new problems to the analysis of offset Fresnel zone plate antennas. The
127:
1020:
582:. Advances on Antennas, Reflectors and Beam Control, Editor Antonio TazΓ³n. Research Signpost. pp. 115β148.
32:
284:
123:
936:
302:
978:
Peter Smulders (2013). "The Road to 100 Gb/s Wireless and Beyond: Basic Issues and Key Directions".
44:
991:
960:
808:
952:
909:
872:
849:
798:
767:
749:
708:
668:
621:
583:
551:
513:
488:
250:
892:
Minin, I. V.; Minin, O. V. (1990). "Control of focusing properties of diffraction elements".
412:{\displaystyle r_{n}={\sqrt {(n+\alpha )\lambda f+{\frac {(n+\alpha )^{2}\lambda ^{2}}{4}}}}}
288:
Prototype metallic lens antenna for 6 GHz microwaves, developed at Bell Labs in 1946 by
983:
944:
901:
839:
790:
757:
739:
700:
613:
543:
480:
102:
level of its radiation pattern is too high to compete with conventional reflector antennas.
542:. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 199.
289:
107:
81:
68:
20:
940:
762:
727:
95:
86:
63:
force of a Fresnel zone plate can be as little as 1/8 of that of conventional solid or
52:
1009:
838:(7). The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers: 275β280.
577:
122:
Until the 1980s, the Fresnel zone plate antenna was regarded as a poor candidate for
98:
for a long time, primarily because its efficiency is too low (less than 20%) and the
995:
964:
905:
812:
269:
238:
60:
48:
24:
301:
were reported in. In recent years, it became common to call this type of antennas
71:
frequencies, a Fresnel zone antenna can be an integrated with the millimetre-wave
617:
537:
794:
641:
Stout-Grandy, S.; Petosa, A.; Minin, I.V.; Minin, O.V.; Wight, J. (March 2008).
744:
987:
844:
827:
547:
484:
314:
313:
It has been shown that the phase of the main lobe of a zone plate follows its
264:
28:
956:
948:
913:
853:
787:
2014 International Conference on Power, Control and Embedded Systems (ICPCES)
753:
712:
298:
246:
90:
75:(MMIC) and thus becomes even more competitive than a printed antenna array.
64:
771:
704:
99:
242:
691:
Guo, Y.J.; Barton, S.K. (1994). "Offset Fresnel zone plate antennas".
442:
227:{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{b^{2}}}+{\frac {(y-c)^{2}}{a^{2}}}=1}
283:
112:
510:
Fresnel Zones in Wireless Links, Zone Plate Lenses and Antennas
432:
constraints at the cost of limited beamsteering capability.
643:"Recent Advances in Fresnel Zone Plate Antenna Technology"
237:
where a, b and c are determined by the offset angle and
31:, offset Fresnel zone plate antennas, phase correcting
326:
152:
608:Hristov, H. (2016). "Fresnel Zone Plate Antenna".
411:
226:
693:International Journal of Satellite Communications
826:Futatsumori, S.; Sakamoto, N.; Soga, T. (2019).
43:Fresnel zone antennas belong to the category of
78:The simplest Fresnel zone plate antenna is the
119:and β16 dB sidelobe level were measured.
982:. Vol. 51, no. 12. pp. 86β91.
8:
539:Basic Principles of Fresnel Antenna Arrays
843:
761:
743:
726:Pourahmadazar, J.; Denidni, T.A. (2018).
699:(4). John Wiley & Sons Ltd: 381β385.
571:
569:
567:
395:
385:
366:
340:
331:
325:
210:
199:
180:
169:
159:
153:
151:
67:reflectors of similar size. When used at
686:
684:
665:Diffractional Optics of Millimetre Waves
531:
529:
454:
929:IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine
603:
601:
599:
470:
468:
466:
464:
462:
460:
458:
7:
738:(1). Springer Nature Limited: 5300.
263:plate lens antenna is that whilst a
579:Three Dimensional Fresnel Antennas
436:Three-dimensional Fresnel antennas
115:researchers in 1989. 5% 3 dB
14:
867:Huang, J.; Encinar, J.S. (2008).
663:Minin, O.V.; Minin, I.V. (2004).
576:Minin, I.V.; Minin, O.V. (2005).
536:Minin, I.V.; Minin, O.V. (2008).
610:Handbook of Antenna Technologies
475:Guo, Y.J.; Barton, S.K. (2002).
906:10.1070/QE1990v020n02ABEH005584
126:. Following the development of
382:
369:
354:
342:
196:
183:
1:
652:. Horizon House Publications.
479:. Kluwer Academic Publisher.
427:Beamsteering Fresnel antennas
73:monolithic integrated circuit
980:IEEE Communications Magazine
832:IEICE Communications Express
618:10.1007/978-981-4560-44-3_42
94:plate remained mainly as an
1016:Radio frequency propagation
795:10.1109/ICPCES.2014.7062821
1037:
745:10.1038/s41598-018-23179-8
667:. CRC Press. p. 396.
309:Reference phase modulation
27:antennas, namely, Fresnel
988:10.1109/MCOM.2013.6685762
845:10.1587/comex.2019XBL0020
548:10.1007/978-3-540-79559-9
485:10.1007/978-1-4757-3611-3
141:offset Fresnel zone plate
949:10.1109/MAP.2011.5949329
894:Sov. J. Quantum Electron
258:Phase correcting antenna
900:(2). IOPScience: 198.
789:. IEEE. pp. 1β6.
705:10.1002/sat.4600120405
413:
293:
228:
135:Offset Fresnel antenna
124:microwave applications
89:on the basis that all
869:Reflectarray antennas
477:Fresnel zone antennas
414:
287:
229:
17:Fresnel zone antennas
324:
280:Reflectarray antenna
150:
82:half-wave zone plate
941:2011IAPM...53...77W
508:Hristov, H (2000).
249:for predicting the
409:
294:
224:
878:978-0-470-08491-5
804:978-1-4799-5910-5
674:978-0-367-45432-6
650:Microwave Journal
627:978-981-4560-44-3
557:978-3-540-79558-2
519:978-0-89006-849-6
494:978-1-4419-5294-3
407:
405:
251:radiation pattern
216:
175:
1028:
1021:Antennas (radio)
1000:
999:
975:
969:
968:
924:
918:
917:
889:
883:
882:
864:
858:
857:
847:
823:
817:
816:
782:
776:
775:
765:
747:
723:
717:
716:
688:
679:
678:
660:
654:
653:
647:
638:
632:
631:
605:
594:
593:
573:
562:
561:
533:
524:
523:
512:. Artech House.
505:
499:
498:
472:
418:
416:
415:
410:
408:
406:
401:
400:
399:
390:
389:
367:
341:
336:
335:
233:
231:
230:
225:
217:
215:
214:
205:
204:
203:
181:
176:
174:
173:
164:
163:
154:
33:reflective array
1036:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
977:
976:
972:
926:
925:
921:
891:
890:
886:
879:
866:
865:
861:
825:
824:
820:
805:
784:
783:
779:
725:
724:
720:
690:
689:
682:
675:
662:
661:
657:
645:
640:
639:
635:
628:
607:
606:
597:
590:
575:
574:
565:
558:
535:
534:
527:
520:
507:
506:
502:
495:
474:
473:
456:
451:
438:
429:
391:
381:
368:
327:
322:
321:
315:reference phase
311:
303:"reflectarrays"
290:Winston E. Kock
282:
260:
206:
195:
182:
165:
155:
148:
147:
137:
108:radio frequency
69:millimetre wave
41:
39:Fresnel antenna
12:
11:
5:
1034:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1008:
1007:
1002:
1001:
970:
919:
884:
877:
871:. IEEE Press.
859:
818:
803:
777:
718:
680:
673:
655:
633:
626:
595:
588:
563:
556:
525:
518:
500:
493:
453:
452:
450:
447:
437:
434:
428:
425:
420:
419:
404:
398:
394:
388:
384:
380:
377:
374:
371:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
339:
334:
330:
310:
307:
281:
278:
259:
256:
235:
234:
223:
220:
213:
209:
202:
198:
194:
191:
188:
185:
179:
172:
168:
162:
158:
136:
133:
96:optical device
56:of a vehicle.
53:phase shifting
40:
37:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1033:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1011:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
974:
971:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
923:
920:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
888:
885:
880:
874:
870:
863:
860:
855:
851:
846:
841:
837:
833:
829:
822:
819:
814:
810:
806:
800:
796:
792:
788:
781:
778:
773:
769:
764:
759:
755:
751:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
687:
685:
681:
676:
670:
666:
659:
656:
651:
644:
637:
634:
629:
623:
619:
615:
611:
604:
602:
600:
596:
591:
589:81-308-0067-5
585:
581:
580:
572:
570:
568:
564:
559:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:
532:
530:
526:
521:
515:
511:
504:
501:
496:
490:
486:
482:
478:
471:
469:
467:
465:
463:
461:
459:
455:
448:
446:
444:
435:
433:
426:
424:
402:
396:
392:
386:
378:
375:
372:
363:
360:
357:
351:
348:
345:
337:
332:
328:
320:
319:
318:
316:
308:
306:
304:
300:
291:
286:
279:
277:
273:
271:
266:
257:
255:
252:
248:
244:
240:
221:
218:
211:
207:
200:
192:
189:
186:
177:
170:
166:
160:
156:
146:
145:
144:
142:
134:
132:
129:
125:
120:
118:
114:
109:
103:
101:
97:
92:
88:
84:
83:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
57:
54:
50:
49:lens antennas
46:
38:
36:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
979:
973:
935:(2): 77β94.
932:
928:
922:
897:
893:
887:
868:
862:
835:
831:
821:
786:
780:
735:
731:
721:
696:
692:
664:
658:
649:
636:
609:
578:
538:
509:
503:
476:
439:
430:
421:
312:
295:
274:
270:permittivity
261:
239:focal length
236:
140:
138:
121:
104:
79:
77:
61:wind loading
58:
42:
25:Fresnel zone
16:
15:
87:focal point
65:wire-meshed
1010:Categories
265:dielectric
247:algorithms
29:zone plate
957:1045-9243
914:0049-1748
854:2187-0136
754:2045-2322
713:1542-0981
449:Footnotes
393:λ
379:α
358:λ
352:α
299:prototype
190:−
117:bandwidth
91:radiation
80:circular
45:reflector
996:12358456
965:33799080
813:12037056
772:29593220
441:antenna-
243:formulae
100:sidelobe
21:antennas
937:Bibcode
763:5871768
732:Sci Rep
994:
963:
955:
912:
875:
852:
811:
801:
770:
760:
752:
711:
671:
624:
586:
554:
516:
491:
443:Radome
992:S2CID
961:S2CID
809:S2CID
646:(PDF)
953:ISSN
910:ISSN
873:ISBN
850:ISSN
799:ISBN
768:PMID
750:ISSN
709:ISSN
669:ISBN
622:ISBN
584:ISBN
552:ISBN
514:ISBN
489:ISBN
245:and
139:The
113:NASA
47:and
19:are
984:doi
945:doi
902:doi
840:doi
791:doi
758:PMC
740:doi
701:doi
614:doi
544:doi
481:doi
128:DBS
1012::
990:.
959:.
951:.
943:.
933:53
931:.
908:.
898:20
896:.
848:.
834:.
830:.
807:.
797:.
766:.
756:.
748:.
734:.
730:.
707:.
697:12
695:.
683:^
648:.
620:.
598:^
566:^
550:.
528:^
487:.
457:^
445:.
305:.
998:.
986::
967:.
947::
939::
916:.
904::
881:.
856:.
842::
836:8
815:.
793::
774:.
742::
736:8
715:.
703::
677:.
630:.
616::
592:.
560:.
546::
522:.
497:.
483::
403:4
397:2
387:2
383:)
376:+
373:n
370:(
364:+
361:f
355:)
349:+
346:n
343:(
338:=
333:n
329:r
222:1
219:=
212:2
208:a
201:2
197:)
193:c
187:y
184:(
178:+
171:2
167:b
161:2
157:x
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
