555:
of better living conditions. It first began with men migrating to France and then later on they would migrate their families into the country. The people from Spain that migrated to France did not all pick up the French language. Post-World War I France needed to be rebuilt, which opened the door to job opportunities for the
Spanish in France. The Spanish had their own communities in cities such as Paris, Toulouse, Bordeaux and Lyon, where they spoke their mother tongue. The rise and development of Frespañol was in 1960s–1970s. The Spanish workers knew very little French and the French employers knew very little Spanish, regardless they had to communicate with each other, that's when Frespañol surged naturally and it was commonly found used with people working everyday jobs such as maids, construction workers and in the automotive sector. The people that spoke it were typically from lower class communities.
564:
origin for this hybrid language. These migrations were the primary source for Frespañol, originating with the
Spanish incorporating their language of origin with that of their new home country. The migrations caused an incline in the merge between the languages, resulting in the creation of this new culture for people who lived through and could share their similar language experiences. As the Spanish working class migrated deeper into France, Frespañol begun to appear in more populated cities, like Paris.
261:
commonly used amongst the first generation of immigrants who use it more so when speaking
Spanish. Calques are introduced by bilinguals, switching from one language to another, words are borrowed. For example, in this phrase in French "Je m'assome à la fenêtre” we see the Spanish word "asomarse" adapting to the sentence. These code changes are adapted to the context of the speaker. Some ways that the two languages are implemented together is sometimes minute. Looking through the chart, The word for cake in
24:
563:
The main geographic boundary where Frespañol first presented itself was along the border of Spain and France. As mentioned previously in the page, the initial flow of
Spanish immigrants to France from the beginning of the 20th century up until the 1960s–1970s occurred for economic reasons and was the
554:
Frespañol/Frespagnol is an portmanteau of French (francés/français) and
Spanish (español/espagnol). Frañol/Fragnol is similarly derived from the two. This dialect is the effect of a blend of two cultures. It began during the 20th century hundreds of thousands of Spaniards migrated to France in search
260:
Frespañol forms part of a structure of sociolinguistics, it is a social and cultural code born from the contact of French and
Spanish speakers. In its early days, the Frespañol was used in individual form meaning there was no set form to follow, everyone used their own variant of it. Now, it is more
526:
ol with their identification of either group, or both at the same time while creating a separate identify of their own. As with
Spanglish, this association allows for speakers to code-switch and also implement heritage, with the ability to shift when it is needed most and depending on environment.
533:
This identification and association to
Frespanol (Fragnol) allows for identification of mistakes from non Frespanol speakers and visibility to inclusion or exclusion to be able to identify as a Fragnol speaker. Common example mistakes include taking the wrong word due to its similarity in one
522:, the hybrid language of Frespañol incorporates French and Spanish as a subset of both languages, which then has created a separate individuality and selfhood of heritages and cultural backgrounds. This often helps individuals of Frespa
265:, gató, is predominately French based such as other words listed. But, the thing that makes it more in tune with Spanish is the uses of the accents and the stress when pronouncing the word. Some other words, such as
527:
Apart from code-switching and creating a subset of the languages used, it allows for a separate identify in both heritage and cultural. This dual identity is reflected in social media and other platforms.
269:, are also more alike to the French word for store, but the ending or pronunciation of the words can go through a morphological change and have more Spanish tones and pronunciations, or vice versa.
168:, usually in informal settings. This example of code-switching is a mixture between French and Spanish, almost always in speech, but may be used in writing occasionally. Spanish and French are
793:
631:
Romance
Linguistics 2008: Interactions in Romance : Selected Papers from the 38th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSRL), Urbana-Champaign, April 2008
223:
655:
Eichler, Nadine; Hager, Malin; Müller, Natascha (2012). "Code-Switching within
Determiner Phrases in Bilingual Children: French, Italian, Spanish and German".
546:
is translated to: squeezing. It is understood that Frespanol speakers would not make this mistake and be aware of the appropriate phrase to use.
530:
As the hybrid language of Frespañol grows and gains a prominent recognition, access to it has been made available in audio and online formats.
786:
639:
1804:
1443:
1892:
1253:
2151:
188:
603:
1854:
1425:
107:
741:
1712:
1696:
1293:
779:
629:
2124:
1192:
1150:
180:
88:
45:
60:
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41:
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The use of Frespañol is often reflective of a minority group with two cultural identities regarding language. Similar to
2161:
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964:
67:
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34:
2156:
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1724:
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1984:
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1508:
1408:
727:
211:
200:
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56:
1502:
1396:
1213:
1020:
2071:
207:, Canada. This code-switching has historical and current presence in North, Central and South America.
1734:
1235:
1811:
2077:
1400:
688:
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2008:
1923:
1886:
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219:
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2024:
1958:
1837:
1718:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1431:
1320:
1297:
1247:
866:
248:, maintaining frañol a historically and currently observable example of code-switching in
215:
158:
2083:
141:
1797:
1779:
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1744:
1738:
1631:
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1377:
1324:
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854:
831:
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2145:
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238:
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were also exposed to and accustomed to living with both languages, as were numerous
1730:
819:
234:
2130:
1952:
1767:
1586:
1479:
1456:
1180:
1014:
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language and the assumption it translates the same with the other. For example:
136:
23:
1917:
1876:
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1658:
1353:
1275:
992:
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179:
may be used or has been used in places where both languages meet, for example
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2118:
2041:
1974:
1964:
1935:
1870:
1615:
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931:
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668:
583:
578:
519:
241:
2002:
2114:
2093:
1990:
1978:
1911:
1882:
1864:
1791:
1773:
1706:
1702:
1680:
1668:
1619:
1548:
1314:
1259:
1223:
1219:
1174:
1138:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1067:
1061:
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1044:
1026:
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970:
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919:
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245:
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184:
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2110:
2089:
2054:
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1968:
1860:
1825:
1654:
1580:
1544:
1536:
1526:
1450:
1132:
1089:
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1038:
1032:
988:
949:
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711:
1929:
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1120:
771:
775:
17:
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to mean, "I express myself", as the French translation is
311:
2102:
2063:
2033:
2017:
1944:
1901:
1846:
1759:
1689:
1646:
1601:
1494:
1465:
1417:
1386:
1339:
1306:
1201:
1166:
875:
865:
Malay+Chinese+Javanese+Sundanese+Arabic+Dutch
809:
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
657:Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur
742:"Emigración y exilio de los españoles en Francia"
172:and share similarities in morphology and syntax.
1815:
1179:South Sudan local languages
1717:Chinese+Javanese+Sundanese+Arabic+Dutch
787:
304:
8:
297:
794:
780:
772:
252:, Spanish, and French-speaking countries.
818:Cameroon Pidgin+French+English
226:), whose descendants have overwhelmingly
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
271:
604:"Questions about Portuñol or Frespañol"
595:
7:
608:Spanish Language Meta Stack Exchange
46:adding citations to reliable sources
847:Hebrew+Aramaic+German+Slavic
14:
1983:Gallo-Italic languages
1796:Gallo-Italic languages
1395:American Sign Language
837:English+Chinese+Malay+Tamil
830:Italian+Spanish+French+Arab
1697:Malay trade and creole languages
759:"CAPÍTULO I.ORÍGENES DEL FRAÑOL"
726:Eymar, Marcos (30 August 2017).
542:. However, in standard Spanish,
22:
1836:Southeast Asian languages
1193:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic
853:Chinese+Mongolian+Tibetan
559:Boundaries and cultural impacts
33:needs additional citations for
1803:Hunsrückisch German
1151:English-based creole languages
244:communities flourished in the
1:
859:Chinese+Tagalog+English
728:"Diccionario Breve de Franol"
634:. John Benjamins Publishing.
1973:Italian languages
1807:(when Portuguese-influenced)
1800:(when Portuguese-influenced)
1519:Romance languages
1513:Iranian languages
1507:Aramaic languages
1446:(when Portuguese-influenced)
824:Bengali+Persian+Arabic
1701:English+Chinese+Tamil
1501:Arabic languages
218:across Latin America (e.g.
216:French emigrant communities
2188:
1810:Bantu languages
1725:Sri Lankan Malay
2152:Macaronic forms of French
1218:English+Malay+Tamil
504:
488:
472:
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440:
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408:
392:
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328:
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283:
280:
277:
1521:Judaeo-Romance languages
1515:Judaeo-Iranian languages
1405:Philippine Sign Language
201:Latin American community
1928:Norwegian+Swedish
1922:Norwegian+Spanish
1916:Norwegian+Russian
1778:Italian languages
1509:Judeo-Aramaic languages
1409:Malaysian Sign Language
1240:Mongolian+Tibetan
669:10.25162/zfsl-2012-0007
628:Arregi, Karlos (2010).
312:
1816:
1503:Judeo-Arabic languages
1397:Bolivian Sign Language
1214:Chinese Pidgin English
305:
298:
195:, by first-generation
152:
146:
140:
2040:Chinese+English
1934:Swedish+English
1723:Sinhalese+Tamil
1264:Inter-topolects
1228:English+Tagalog
906:Chinese+Tagalog
1910:Danish+English
1780:Macaronic Portuguese
1735:North Moluccan Malay
1626:Macaronic Portuguese
1292:Malay+Javanese
1021:Manglish (Malayalam)
707:"Fragnol Audio Clip"
212:Isleños in Louisiana
181:in Equatorial Guinea
42:improve this article
2162:Languages of Canada
1792:Dekasegi Portuguese
1774:Porglish/Portuglish
1669:Dekasegi Portuguese
274:
224:French Costa Ricans
197:Spaniards in France
2167:Languages of Haiti
2078:Canadian Ukrainian
1953:Portuñol/Portunhol
1786:Bengali Portuguese
1768:Portuñol/Portunhol
1401:Thai Sign Language
1376:Gallo-Italic
1191:Jordanian+Bengali
273:Frespañol calques
272:
210:Historically, the
189:Dominican Republic
2139:
2138:
1997:Frespañol/Fragnol
1887:Solombala English
1822:Gira da Tabatinga
1749:Makassarese
1486:Cappadocian Greek
1360:Meridional French
1348:Frespañol/Fragnol
1288:Tangwang language
1066:Singaporean
1056:Solombala English
641:978-90-272-4831-2
511:
510:
480:Convenient store
419:Tarte galicienne
220:French Argentines
170:Romance languages
118:
117:
110:
92:
2179:
2157:Spanish language
2070:Belarusian
1951:Portuguese
1869:Belarusian
1832:Judeo-Portuguese
1819:
1667:Portuguese
1624:Portuguese
1442:Portuguese
1125:Vietnamese
1043:Portuguese
796:
789:
782:
773:
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619:
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315:
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275:
256:Uses and calques
151:in Spanish) and
113:
106:
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93:
91:
50:
26:
18:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2098:
2059:
2029:
2025:Te Parau Tinito
2013:
2007:Norwegian
1959:Belgranodeutsch
1940:
1903:
1897:
1875:Norwegian
1859:Ukrainian
1855:Deutschrussisch
1842:
1838:Macanese Patois
1812:Cafundó dialect
1755:
1713:Baba Malay
1685:
1642:
1597:
1565:Judeo-Malayalam
1563:Malayalam
1559:Judaeo-Georgian
1490:
1461:
1432:Belgranodeutsch
1426:Deutschrussisch
1413:
1388:
1382:
1335:
1302:
1294:Baba Malay
1248:Hezhou language
1197:
1162:
1025:Malaysian
1019:Malayalam
969:Hungarian
871:
811:
805:
800:
770:
769:
761:
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739:
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724:
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627:
626:
622:
612:
610:
602:
601:
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570:
561:
552:
516:
258:
228:adopted Spanish
127:(also known as
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
2185:
2183:
2175:
2174:
2172:Code-switching
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2106:
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2100:
2099:
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2086:
2080:
2074:
2067:
2065:
2061:
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2044:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1989:Galician
1987:
1981:
1971:
1961:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1899:
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1889:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1857:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1790:Japanese
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1751:Makassar Malay
1747:
1741:
1739:Ambonese Malay
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1632:Fiuman dialect
1630:Croatian
1628:
1622:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1567:
1561:
1557:Georgian
1555:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1533:Judaeo-Spanish
1529:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1491:
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1488:
1482:
1476:
1469:
1467:
1463:
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1459:
1453:
1447:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1392:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1378:Franco-Italian
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1352:Japanese
1350:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1329:Javanese
1327:
1317:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1284:
1282:Maojia dialect
1278:
1272:
1270:Shaozhou Tuhua
1262:
1258:Japanese
1256:
1250:
1244:
1242:Wutun language
1238:
1232:
1226:
1216:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1187:Cypriot Arabic
1183:
1177:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1156:Englishization
1153:
1145:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1070:
1064:
1060:Sicilian
1058:
1048:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
987:Japanese
985:
979:
973:
967:
965:Hong Kong
962:
956:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
879:
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869:
863:
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855:Wutun language
851:
845:
835:
828:
822:
815:
813:
807:
806:
803:Interlanguages
801:
799:
798:
791:
784:
776:
768:
767:
750:
733:
718:
698:
663:(3): 227–258.
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324:
321:
317:
316:
309:
302:
295:
291:
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279:
257:
254:
177:code-switching
166:mixed together
116:
115:
30:
28:
21:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2184:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2125:Scots Yiddish
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:English
2108:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2091:
2088:Russian
2087:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2076:English
2075:
2073:
2072:West Polesian
2069:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2053:Visayan
2052:
2049:
2046:English
2045:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2001:Guarani
2000:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1963:English
1962:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1891:Chinese
1890:
1888:
1884:
1881:English
1880:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1835:
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1829:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1784:Bengali
1783:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1772:English
1771:
1769:
1766:Spanish
1765:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1729:Ternate
1728:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1711:Chinese
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:Chinese
1678:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1663:Bonin English
1660:
1656:
1653:English
1652:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1638:Judeo-Italian
1635:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1614:Spanish
1613:
1611:
1608:English
1607:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1593:Judeo-Marathi
1590:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1543:English
1542:
1538:
1534:
1531:Spanish
1530:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1484:Turkish
1483:
1481:
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31:This article
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2082:Polish
1996:
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1830:Hebrew
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1525:German
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40:Please help
35:verification
32:
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2131:Lachoudisch
2123:Scots
1743:Dutch
1591:Indic
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1569:Tatar
1480:Judeo-Greek
1457:Lachoudisch
1387:French Sign
1319:Malay
1286:Santa
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1095:Tamil
1047:/Portuglish
1015:Maltenglish
975:Irish
958:Hindi
942:Greek
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894:Czech
137:portmanteau
57:"Frespañol"
2146:Categories
1918:Russenorsk
1877:Russenorsk
1760:Portuguese
1675:Franponais
1659:Wasei-eigo
1354:Franponais
1276:E language
1147:See also:
1119:Urdu
1107:Thai
993:Wasei-eigo
977:Béarlachas
590:References
540:m'exprimer
467:Dépanneur
387:Sac-à-dos
374:Guisantes
346:Pantúnflas
342:Pantuflas
339:Pantoufle
294:Insurance
193:Costa Rica
125:frespagnol
68:newspapers
2119:Yeshivish
2064:Ukrainian
2042:Hokaglish
2009:Norspañol
1975:Cocoliche
1965:Spanglish
1936:Swenglish
1924:Norspañol
1904:languages
1871:Trasianka
1616:Cocoliche
1610:Itanglese
1553:Yeshivish
1474:Greeklish
1438:Denglisch
1372:Zarphatic
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1274:Tai
1230:Hokaglish
1210:Chinglish
1143:Yeshivish
1084:Swenglish
1074:Spanglish
983:Itanglese
954:Yeshivish
944:Greeklish
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932:Franglais
908:Hokaglish
902:Chinglish
896:Czenglish
861:Hokaglish
812:languages
810:Multiple
693:164235171
677:0044-2747
584:Spanglish
579:Macaronic
544:exprimire
520:Spanglish
483:Épicerie
432:To speak
422:Empanada
384:Backpack
336:Slippers
299:Assurance
242:immigrant
121:Frespañol
2115:Yinglish
2094:Balachka
2018:Tahitian
1991:Castrapo
1979:Lunfardo
1912:Danglish
1883:Runglish
1865:Balachka
1707:Manglish
1703:Singlish
1681:Kyowa-go
1647:Japanese
1620:Lunfardo
1575:Krymchak
1549:Yinglish
1389:Language
1315:Dunglish
1260:Kyowa-go
1224:Manglish
1220:Singlish
1175:Arablish
1139:Yinglish
1115:Turklish
1109:Tinglish
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1068:Singlish
1062:Siculish
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1027:Manglish
1009:Konglish
1003:Kanglish
971:Hunglish
960:Hinglish
926:Finglish
920:Dunglish
914:Danglish
890:Banglish
884:Arablish
843:Manglish
839:Singlish
826:Dobhashi
685:24548797
568:See also
514:Identity
502:Manzana
490:Epicería
486:Mercado
454:Escuela
426:Èmpanade
390:Mochila
378:Petipuás
323:Chômage
246:Americas
205:Montreal
185:Haitians
183:, among
142:français
2117:,
2113:,
2111:Heblish
2103:Yiddish
2092:,
2090:Surzhyk
2055:Bisalog
2050:/Englog
2048:Taglish
2034:Tagalog
1985:Chipilo
1977:,
1969:Llanito
1967:,
1945:Spanish
1893:Kyakhta
1885:,
1863:,
1861:Surzhyk
1847:Russian
1826:Kalunga
1817:cupópia
1805:Hunsrik
1733:,
1661:,
1657:,
1655:Engrish
1618:,
1602:Italian
1587:Yevanic
1581:Knaanic
1573:,
1551:,
1547:,
1545:Heblish
1537:Haketia
1535:,
1527:Yiddish
1451:Yiddish
1444:Hunsrik
1331:Javindo
1323:,
1296:,
1268:,
1266:Linghua
1254:Kyakhta
1212:,
1202:Chinese
1141:,
1133:Bislish
1092:/Englog
1090:Taglish
1078:Llanito
1076:,
1054:,
1039:Poglish
1033:Namlish
995:,
991:,
989:Engrish
952:,
950:Heblish
876:English
849:Yiddish
712:YouTube
574:Globish
550:History
474:Dèpanor
470:Tienda
458:Escuele
448:School
438:Hablar
435:Parler
406:Pastel
403:Gâteau
358:Señora
355:Madame
330:Tchomás
288:Fragnol
267:dèpanor
263:Fragnol
250:English
233:During
187:in the
163:Spanish
154:español
148:francés
135:) is a
133:fragnol
82:scholar
2003:Jopará
1930:Svorsk
1798:Talian
1719:Betawi
1571:Karaim
1495:Hebrew
1418:German
1340:French
1321:Betawi
1298:Betawi
1236:Daohua
1167:Arabic
1127:Vinish
1121:Urdish
867:Betawi
691:
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638:
613:18 May
499:Pomme
496:Apple
464:Store
451:École
442:Habler
394:Sacodó
306:Seguro
239:French
159:French
129:frañol
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2084:Balak
1745:Petjo
1690:Malay
1466:Greek
1325:Petjo
1307:Dutch
832:Sabir
762:(PDF)
745:(PDF)
689:S2CID
681:JSTOR
506:Pomma
400:Cake
368:Peas
362:Madán
352:Mrs.
326:Paro
237:many
199:, or
175:Such
89:JSTOR
75:books
1705:and
1222:and
841:and
673:ISSN
636:ISBN
615:2023
410:Gató
222:and
191:and
161:and
145:(or
61:news
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