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67:. Fruticose lichens are not a monophyletic and holophyletic lineage, but are a form encountered in many classes. Fruticose lichens have a complex vegetation structure, and are characterized by an ascending, bushy or pendulous appearance. As with other lichens, many fruticose lichens can endure high degrees of
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and a hollow center or a dense central cord. The structure of fruticose lichens depends also on their mycobionts. Lichen undergoes diffuse growth and the thallus elongates over time. New branch cells grow through the wall materials of older neighboring cells. Microenvironmental conditions influence
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layer grows around the circumference of the branches of the lichen. Many fruticose lichens have fine, round, hair-like structures and are loosely attached to rocks and trees. Although fruticose lichens are defined as being bushy, some can exhibit a flattened and strap-like appearances. Highly
206:, or in arid conditions. Fruticose lichens are most commonly distributed in mountains, forests and arctic tundra. The accumulation rate of lichen varies within different environments. Lichen biomass accumulation rates decrease from mountain to alpine belts and from tree top to base.
168:, among others. Each type of fruticose lichen will differ in structure, and some types will be more dominant in a particular environment compared to other forms of fruticose lichen.
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branched fruticose lichen have a high surface to volume ratio that results in a rapid drying and wetting pattern compared to lichens that have a lower surface to volume ratio.
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individual thalli and branches, causing non-uniform growth. There may be many stages of growth for fruticose lichen from the beginning to end of their life cycle.
599:
Arseneau, Marie-Josée; Ouellet, Jean-Pierre; Sirois, Luc (1998-10-01). "Fruticose arboreal lichen biomass accumulation in an old-growth balsam fir forest".
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lichen, fruticose lichen is composed of a holdfast which will act as an anchor for the lichen to grow in rock fissures, over loose sand or soil.
634:
Nelson, Peter R.; McCune, Bruce; Swanson, David K. (2015-08-17). "Lichen traits and species as indicators of vegetation and environment".
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Suetina, Yu G.; Glotov, N. V. (2010-02-09). "Ontogeny and morphogenesis of the fruticose lichen Usnea florida (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg".
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Although they lack economic importance comparable to that of their algal and fungal components, some lichens play an important role in
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Sanders, William B.; Tokamov, Sherzod A. (2015-01-01). "Diffuse growth in the fruticose beard lichen
Ramalina usnea (L.) R. Howe".
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430:"Development of thallus axes in Usnea longissima (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota), a fruticose lichen showing diffuse growth"
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Fruticose or ‘shrubby’ lichens differ from other forms of lichen because their bushy form is attached to the
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There are many different varieties of fruticose lichen. They are encountered in the following classes:
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has a fruticose thallus consisting of thin branches that result in the formation of dense mats.
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533:"Morphological effects on the water balance of Antarctic foliose and fruticose lichens"
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Fruticose growth forms can be found world-wide in wet humid climates, in
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The internal structure of a fruticose lichen branch has a dense outer
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Characteristic of fruticose lichen is the shape of the thallus. Like
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300:(Second ed.). Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
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236:"Basidiomycete yeasts in the cortex of ascomycete macrolichens"
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Huiskes, A.h.l.; Gremmen, N.j.m.; Francke, J.w. (1997-03-01).
47:-like shrubby or bushy growth structure. It is formed from a
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Sanders, William B.; Ríos, Asunción de los (2012-06-01).
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569:20.500.11755/ebe4e2c2-a5bf-47dc-93b8-c3edbc603297
330:. Slough, England: Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd.
185:has thin branches that are loosely entangled.
111:only at the base of the lichen. A continuous
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351:Hawksworth, D.L.; Hill, David J. (1984).
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234:Spribille, Toby (21 July 2016).
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190:Distribution and accumulation
101:Teloschistes chrysophthalmus
648:10.1639/0007-2745-118.3.252
43:that is characterized by a
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601:Canadian Journal of Botany
434:American Journal of Botany
296:Nash, Thomas, ed. (2010).
198:Group of fruiticose lichen
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491:10.1134/S1062360410010030
399:10.1017/S0024282914000504
355:The lichen-forming fungi
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326:Baron, George (1999).
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75:and mountain regions.
49:symbiotic relationship
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328:Understanding Lichens
204:temperate rainforests
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182:Pseudephebe pubescens
174:Pseudephebe minuscula
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63:and one, two or more
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91:Growth and structure
552:1997AntSc...9...36H
447:10.3732/ajb.1100287
252:2016Sci...353..488S
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25:Letharia vulpina
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298:Lichen Biology
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150:Lecanorales
138:Arthoniales
69:desiccation
57:green algae
222:References
65:mycobionts
53:photobiont
621:0008-4026
578:1365-2079
499:1062-3604
456:0002-9122
407:1096-1135
132:Diversity
109:substrate
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515:12566798
507:20184119
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415:86505939
278:27445309
85:crustose
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536:(PDF)
511:S2CID
411:S2CID
113:algal
51:of a
45:coral
41:fungi
617:ISSN
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503:PMID
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361:ISBN
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