1628:
1585:
That is, there are two tones on CV and V roots; two tones on bimoraic roots with breathy vowels, one of them falling; and four tones on bimoraic roots with other vowels, one of them falling. Thus there are four phonemic tones on CVCV, CVV, and CVN roots, the number expected if there are two possible
340:
for a similar situation in another language.) Nakagawa proposes that the contour and glottalized clicks are not single sounds, but sequences of a click and a uvular or glottal consonant, though Miller (2011) notes that such an analysis creates problems when extended to other languages with clicks.
1576:
Monosyllabic morphemes carry one of two tones, high and low. Bimoraic roots carry one of six tones: high-level, high-mid (or "high falling"), mid-low (or "mid"), low-mid dipping/rising, high falling (or "falling"), and low falling (or "low"). Low falling and low-mid are accompanied by a
1581:
phonation, the other four with a clear phonation. The high and low falling tones form a natural class, triggering for example a high tone on the suffix -si, whereas the other four root tones trigger a low tone on -si.
344:
Altogether there are thirteen such series, or "accompaniments", and all 52 possible combinations are found. Except for the lack of bilabial clicks, the inventory is nearly identical to that of some speakers of
1361:
Most words are of the form CV, CVV, CVCV, CVN, where C stands for a consonant, V for a vowel, and N for a nasal consonant /m, n/. In CVCV words, only a limited set of consonants /
1504:
and are also in complementary distribution: in CVV words and in CVCV and CVN words; some speakers use in CVV roots too, so that their pharyngeal vowels are reduced to .
290:
Gǀui has 93 consonants (with 56 clicks) or 52 consonants (and 20 clicks), depending on analysis. There are ten vowels, and two to six tones, again depending on analysis.
844:
in initial position, and prenasalized after a vowel. The contrast between glottalized oral and glottalized nasal clicks is unusual, but has also been reported from
2067:
318:
in related languages) have lost them over the past few centuries in Gǀui. Nonetheless, Gǀui has the largest known inventory of clicks of any Khoe language.
1331:
626:
1723:
1392:
The palatals, which are unique among
Khoisan languages to Gǁana-Gǀui, derive historically from the alveolars before non-pharyngealized vowels. In
1324:
836:
The voiced contour ('uvular') clicks tend to be prenasalized, . As in the majority of languages with clicks, the glottalized nasal series
2060:
1337:
1557:
in CVCV words when C1 is non-click palatal, for example. (This is because those sounds arose historically from alveolars followed by
1750:
236:
633:
640:
349:, which is in intense contact with Gǀui and may have borrowed some of its clicks from Gǀui, and lost others not found in Gǀui.
179:
352:
Miller (2011), in a comparative study with other languages, interprets
Nakagawa's description as follows. (Nakagawa's ⟨
2276:
2053:
1586:
tones on each mora, with moraic N carrying tone, though their contours are not simple juxtapositions of high/low + high/low.
856:
allophonically. They developed from glottalized nasal clicks before pharyngealized vowels, perhaps under ǂʼAmkoe influence:
619:
1369:/ may not occur at the beginning of a word, and due to restrictions with nasal vowels may be argued to be allophonic. The /
451:
416:
1292:
1019:
557:
336:, a transition from a click to a non-click release: effectively, the click transitions into a non-click consonant. (See
310:. As with many of the Tshu–Khwe languages, clicks have lost some of their importance under the influence of neighboring
165:
1699:
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1310:
1180:
1346:
1303:
1012:
1005:
853:
1992:
2156:
1077:
1026:
649:
1767:
89:
1640:
Brenzinger, Matthias (2011) "The twelve modern
Khoisan languages." In Witzlack-Makarevich & Ernszt (eds.),
1200:
1040:
189:
1972:
2271:
2215:
2084:
1900:
1642:
Khoisan languages and linguistics: proceedings of the 3rd
International Symposium, Riezlern / Kleinwalsertal
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1063:
1033:
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clicks. However, all Gǀui clicks are uvular (or pharyngeal); the 'uvular' part of the latter is part of an
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The modal and nasal vowels (but not the pharyngeals) occur as the second vowel (V2) of bimoraic roots, CVC
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1465:'thing, place, case' are all grammatical morphemes. These are reduced to three nasal vowels
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Nakagawa, Hirosi. 1995. "A Preliminary Report on the Click
Accompaniments in ǀGui".
2245:
1951:
1047:
852:
since
Nakagawa announced its discovery in Gǀui. The Khute dialect of Gǀui also has
376:
272:
1653:
Amanda Miller, 2011. "The
Representation of Clicks". In Oostendorp et al. eds.,
1561:, which are still found in Naro.) Uvular(ized) consonants cause vowel lowering.
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Aspects of the phonetic and phonological structure of the Gǀui language.
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1365:/ may occur in medial position (the second syllable). Of these, two /
1728:
1569:
Gǀui may be analyzed as having two abstract phonemic tones, plus
1644:(Research in Khoisan Studies 29). Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
1469:
after nasal consonants, including the glottalized nasal clicks.
2049:
1732:
1373:/ is pronounced after a lateral click or a pharyngeal vowel.
228:
314:. Many words which previously began with clicks (as shown by
1515:, though only modal vowels may follow the medial consonants
1724:
1450:
vowels, but they are described as part of the tone system.
196:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1442:. There are diphthongs and , but they are allophones of
222:
1519:, and only nasal vowels follow the medial consonants
237:
225:
1666:
Gerlach 2015: 362, from
Nakagawa 2006: 172
1476:, occur as the first vowel (V1) of bimoraic roots, C
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259:with 2,500 speakers (2004 Cook). It is part of the
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32:
1573:, which is covered here rather than under vowels.
1693:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
1553:There are other vowel restrictions. V1 is always
1713:Ph.D. dissertation, University of Witwatersrand.
321:Gǀui has been described with a contrast between
360:⟩ are analyzed as and , respectively.)
2061:
1744:
860:Preglottalized nasal clicks in Khute dialect
8:
1472:The modal vowels and the pharyngeal vowels,
302:, plus complex clicks variously analyzed as
1461:(CV or V) roots, which except for the noun
263:dialect cluster, and is closely related to
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1936:
1873:
1772:
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1729:
1538:The initial consonant (C1) may be any but
1488:N, though the modal vowels are reduced to
1422:. However, their pronunciation is and .
362:
29:
1523:. Either oral or nasal vowels may follow
899:
858:
1605:
1389:'to carve', which is not widely known.
190:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
880:"adam's apple" (pharyngealized vowel)
1611:
1609:
1527:or null (CVV roots). That is, medial
1396:this shift has only partly occurred.
905:
365:
267:. It has a number of loan words from
7:
1655:The Blackwell Companion to Phonology
1542:. The medial consonant (C2) may be
25:
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74:1,500 all Gǁana dialects (2011)
840:are pronounced with a glottal
1:
1531:may be seen as allophones of
1438:, and two pharyngeal vowels,
1414:, the ejective homologues of
243:in English, and also spelled
1700:An Outline of ǀGui Phonology
1677:An Outline of ǀGui Phonology
1430:Gǀui has five modal vowels,
1675:Nakagawa, Hirosi. (1996). "
1453:Only the five modal vowels
1406:have also been analyzed as
854:preglottalized nasal clicks
2293:
810:uvular ejective affricate
1901:Juǀʼhoan / Southern ǃKung
1698:Nakagawa, Hirosi. 1996. "
1385:occurs in a single word,
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932:
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367:
176:
1709:Nakagawa, Hirosi. 2006.
1704:African Study Monographs
1681:African Study Monographs
1496:N. This corresponds to
27:Khoe dialect of Botswana
1886:Sekele / Northern ǃKung
1492:before a nasal coda, C
1434:, three nasal vowels,
655:(prenasalized) voiced
271:. Gǀui, ǂʼAmkoe, and
178:This article contains
2277:Languages of Botswana
2077:Languages of Botswana
1706:, Suppl. 22, 101–124.
1683:, Suppl. 22, 101–124.
1500:in Gǁana. Pharyngeal
356:⟩ and ⟨
275:form the core of the
889:"egg" (modal vowel)
99:Kalahari (Tshu–Khwe)
902:
861:
298:Gǀui has 24 simple
900:
859:
615:glottalized nasal
368:affricated clicks
304:consonant clusters
2259:
2258:
2043:
2042:
2016:
2015:
1926:
1925:
1863:
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1760:Khoisan languages
1624:(25th ed., 2022)
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1358:
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1224:
1165:
1112:
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1001:
949:
942:
893:
892:
834:
833:
785:uvular affricate
245:ǀGwi, Dcui, Gcwi,
204:
203:
186:rendering support
182:phonetic symbols.
72:1,500 (2013)
16:(Redirected from
2284:
2157:Northern Ndebele
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1446:. Gǀui also has
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896:Other consonants
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1377:only occurs in
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400:
371:'sharp' clicks
312:Bantu languages
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238:
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184:Without proper
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85:
82:Language family
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68:Native speakers
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1718:External links
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1696:
1695:, 25.2, 49–63.
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277:Kalahari Basin
202:
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188:, you may see
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128:Language codes
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2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2085:Indo-European
2082:
2078:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1896:Central ǃKung
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1817:Korana/Griqua
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1579:breathy voice
1574:
1572:
1571:breathy voice
1564:
1562:
1551:
1536:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1457:occur in mono
1451:
1449:
1448:breathy-voice
1425:
1423:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1380:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1000:
996:
994:
990:
987:
985:
981:
976:
974:
972:
969:
965:
962:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
938:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
904:
895:
888:
886:
884:
883:
879:
877:
875:
874:
870:
867:
864:
863:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
827:
822:
817:
812:
809:
808:
802:
797:
792:
787:
784:
783:
777:
772:
767:
762:
760:
757:
756:
750:
745:
740:
735:
733:
729:
728:
722:
717:
712:
707:
704:
703:
697:
692:
687:
682:
679:
678:
672:
667:
662:
657:
654:
651:
646:
642:
638:
635:
631:
628:
624:
621:
617:
614:
613:
609:
605:
602:
598:
595:
591:
588:
584:
581:
578:
577:
573:
569:
566:
562:
559:
555:
552:
548:
546:
543:
542:
538:
534:
531:
527:
524:
520:
517:
513:
510:
507:
506:
502:
498:
495:
491:
488:
484:
481:
477:
475:
472:
471:
467:
463:
460:
456:
453:
449:
446:
442:
440:
437:
436:
432:
428:
425:
421:
418:
414:
411:
407:
405:
402:
399:Simple clicks
396:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
364:
361:
350:
348:
342:
339:
338:Nǁng language
335:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
306:or airstream
305:
301:
293:
291:
285:
283:
281:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:
233:
212:
208:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
181:
175:
172:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
153:
152:
147:
143:
139:
136:
131:
126:
112:
109:
108:
107:
104:
103:
101:
100:
98:
97:
96:
93:
92:
91:
87:
83:
77:
71:
65:
61:
57:
53:
50:
47:
43:
40:
38:Pronunciation
36:
31:
19:
18:Gǀwi language
1947:Lower Nossob
1794:
1710:
1703:
1692:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1654:
1649:
1641:
1636:
1619:
1584:
1575:
1568:
1552:
1537:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1462:
1452:
1429:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1360:
1219:affrication
835:
351:
343:
320:
297:
289:
253:Khoe dialect
248:
244:
213:(pronounced
210:
206:
205:
177:
149:
110:
2226:ǂKxʼauǁʼein
1983:Nǁng (Nǀuu)
1952:Taa (ǃXoon)
1546:. N may be
1474:/aˤoˤ/o͜aˤ/
1319:Approximant
509:glottalized
192:instead of
2266:Categories
2164:(official)
2100:(official)
1968:Boshof ǃUi
1905:ǂKxʼaoǁʼae
1768:Khoe–Kwadi
1621:Ethnologue
1600:References
868:other Gǀui
865:Khute Gǀui
730:voiceless
705:aspirated
280:sprachbund
90:Khoe–Kwadi
2137:Kgalagadi
2093:Afrikaans
1283:Fricative
1110:aspirated
999:voiceless
732:fricative
580:voiceless
474:aspirated
331:airstream
286:Phonology
151:Glottolog
135:ISO 639-3
55:Ethnicity
2216:Juǀʼhoan
2168:Tswapong
2147:Mbukushu
2132:Ikalanga
2022:Isolates
1807:Khoekhoe
1544:/bɾmnjw/
1490:/aeio͜a/
1484:V, and C
1251:ejective
1163:ejective
914:Alveolar
909:Bilabial
871:English
759:ejective
650:Contours
387:alveolar
316:cognates
308:contours
257:Botswana
198:Help:IPA
158:gwii1239
49:Botswana
2188:Khoisan
2122:Gciriku
2098:English
2030:Sandawe
1998:ǂUngkue
1915:ǂʼAmkoe
1853:Zorotua
1590:Dialect
1455:/aeiou/
1432:/aeiou/
1404:/tsqχʼ/
1379:mimesis
993:Plosive
947:affric.
934:Glottal
919:Palatal
846:ǂʼAmkoe
842:release
680:tenuis
392:palatal
382:lateral
347:ǂʼAmkoe
334:contour
269:ǂʼAmkoe
251:) is a
194:Unicode
2178:Zezuru
2162:Tswana
2152:Nambya
2142:Kuhane
2127:Herero
2008:ǁXegwi
1973:ǃGãǃne
1459:moraic
1440:/aˤoˤ/
1426:Vowels
1412:/tsχʼ/
1400:/tqχʼ/
1363:bmɾnjw
1217:Uvular
1057:voiced
929:Uvular
439:tenuis
404:voiced
377:dental
327:uvular
294:Clicks
62:(2013)
58:1,500
2251:Tshwa
2201:Gǁana
2117:Birwa
2109:Bantu
2035:Hadza
1993:ǁŨǁʼe
1988:Seroa
1890:Ekoka
1878:ǃKung
1848:Kwadi
1841:Kwadi
1832:Tshwa
1802:ǂHaba
1790:Gǁana
1595:Khute
1511:or CV
1480:CV, C
1467:/ãẽõ/
1436:/ãẽõ/
1420:/tsχ/
1408:/tχʼ/
1394:Gǁana
1267:tsqχʼ
1223:plain
955:Nasal
941:plain
924:Velar
838:/ᵑǃˀ/
829:ǂ͡qχʼ
824:ǃ͡qχʼ
819:ǁ͡qχʼ
814:ǀ͡qχʼ
545:nasal
511:oral
323:velar
261:Gǁana
106:Gǁana
2246:Taʼa
2241:Shua
2236:Naro
2231:Nama
2221:Khwe
2211:ǂHõã
2206:Gǀwi
2196:ǁAni
2173:Yeyi
2003:ǀXam
1961:ǃKwi
1869:Kxʼa
1827:Shua
1822:Naro
1812:Khwe
1795:Gǀwi
1785:Eini
1777:Khoe
1616:Gǀui
1565:Tone
1548:/mn/
1540:/nɾ/
1533:/bɾ/
1529:/mn/
1525:/jw/
1521:/mn/
1517:/bɾ/
1502:/oˤ/
1418:and
1416:/tχ/
1410:and
1402:and
1387:t'aa
1383:/tʼ/
1260:tqχʼ
850:Yeyi
848:and
804:ǂ͡qχ
799:ǃ͡qχ
794:ǁ͡qχ
789:ǀ͡qχ
779:ǂ͡qʼ
774:ǃ͡qʼ
769:ǁ͡qʼ
764:ǀ͡qʼ
724:ǂ͡qʰ
719:ǃ͡qʰ
714:ǁ͡qʰ
709:ǀ͡qʰ
674:ᶢǂ͡ɢ
669:ᶢǃ͡ɢ
664:ᶢǁ͡ɢ
659:ᶢǀ͡ɢ
608:ᵑ̊ǂʰ
601:ᵑ̊ǃʰ
594:ᵑ̊ǁʰ
587:ᵑ̊ǀʰ
358:ǃqxʼ
325:and
265:Naro
249:Cgui
239:GWEE
211:Gǀwi
207:Gǀui
171:|Gui
111:Gǀui
102:West
95:Khoe
60:Gǀui
33:Gǀui
1978:ǁKā
1940:Taa
1932:Tuu
1702:".
1679:".
1618:at
1559:/i/
1555:/i/
1498:/o/
1444:/o/
1375:/ŋ/
1371:n,ɾ
1367:n,ɾ
1235:tsχ
1201:kxʼ
1181:tsʼ
1131:tsʰ
752:ǂ͡χ
747:ǃ͡χ
742:ǁ͡χ
737:ǀ͡χ
699:ǂ͡q
694:ǃ͡q
689:ǁ͡q
684:ǀ͡q
641:ᵑǂˀ
634:ᵑǃˀ
627:ᵑǁˀ
620:ᵑǀˀ
537:ᵏǂʼ
530:ᵏǃʼ
523:ᵏǁʼ
516:ᵏǀʼ
501:ᵏǂʰ
494:ᵏǃʰ
487:ᵏǁʰ
480:ᵏǀʰ
354:kǃʔ
273:Taa
255:of
247:or
209:or
180:IPA
166:ELP
142:gwj
2268::
1608:^
1550:.
1535:.
1463:χò
1381:.
1230:tχ
1208:qʼ
1198:,
1195:kʼ
1188:cʼ
1176:)
1173:tʼ
1152:qʰ
1145:kʰ
1138:cʰ
1124:tʰ
1117:pʰ
1078:dz
1020:ts
983:)
572:ᵑǂ
565:ᵑǃ
558:ᵑǁ
551:ᵑǀ
466:ᵏǂ
459:ᵏǃ
452:ᵏǁ
445:ᵏǀ
431:ᶢǂ
424:ᶢǃ
417:ᶢǁ
410:ᶢǀ
229:iː
2069:e
2062:t
2055:v
1907:)
1903:(
1892:)
1888:(
1752:e
1745:t
1738:v
1657:.
1513:V
1509:V
1494:V
1486:V
1482:V
1478:V
1347:j
1338:l
1335:~
1332:ɾ
1325:w
1311:h
1304:χ
1293:s
1170:(
1099:ɢ
1092:g
1085:ɟ
1071:d
1064:b
1048:ʔ
1041:q
1034:k
1027:c
1013:t
1006:p
980:ŋ
977:(
968:n
961:m
232:/
226:w
223:ɡ
220:ˈ
217:/
200:.
20:)
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