48:
1527:
94:
1652:
1574:
76:
1042:
263:, though there was never an empire or a distinctive “Ngäbe territory”. Most Ngäbe lived in dispersed villages, which were run by chiefs and influential families. Few, if any, Ngäbe occupied the mountainous region in which they now live. They retreated to that area under pressure from Spanish colonists and development of low-lying areas.
634:-blend shirts and polyester trousers. Some men wear farmer's hats made out of pita leaves, but most wear baseball caps adopted from urban residents. For most of the year, both genders wear "chancletas" (sandals) or rubber boots when moving about, due to Panama's heavy rainfall and the lack of infrastructure in the Comarca.
828:, the hosts receive the challenged in their town and provide food and drink (generally fermented corn, banana, and palm leaf liquor). The second day consists of much of the same. The unstated goal of both sides is to exhaust the other by festivities before the games on the third day. At dawn on the third day, the best
1039:
840:
from the same town can face one another, and players must hit each other below the knees. The "below the knees" rule is enforced by spectators and "teammates" of the players, the implied consequence being a fist fight. On the fourth day, the challenged leave, and the hosts take care of the inebriated
642:
Spanish missionaries introduced Roman
Catholicism in the early 1600s. Since the late 19th century, Protestant, Mormon and Evangelical missionaries of various types have also worked among the people. While the people are predominately Catholic, some Ngäbe have since adopted various forms of protestant
394:
The
Traditional Authorities include a congress, which is led by a general congressional president and three regional congressional presidents. The congress works in conjunction with a general Chief, three Regional Chiefs (regional level), and seven Local Chiefs (district level). The Chief acts mostly
470:
In order to survive, many Ngäbe resort to working in the cash economy. They pick coffee, work on large cattle ranches, and on banana plantations to make cash. Also, some Ngäbe sell traditional beaded necklaces on the side of the roads in Panama. The Ngäbe women make many traditional crafts, both for
820:
The event is initiated when one town invites to host and challenge another town. A good harvest or a reciprocal obligation to host are typical catalysts. Once a date is selected, the host presents the challenged with a knotted rope—each knot represents a day, and the rope is used as a countdown for
626:
for modesty's sake, as the Ngäbe traditionally wore loincloths and little else. The dresses are usually adorned with geometric patterns at the sleeve and neck lines, the waist, and at the bottom of the skirt. The classic Ngäbe geometric pattern is called "pintura" (paint), or "dientes" (teeth), and
390:
In 2012, the Ngäbe adopted a system intended to integrate their traditional government with the modern
Panamanian system. As such, the Ngäbe have Official Administrative Authorities and Traditional Authorities. The Administrative Authorities include: a governor and vice governor, mayors for each of
793:
Besikö, thereafter more commonly known as Mama Chi, was also told that her people's failure to adhere to these principles within five years would result in the death of all Ngäbe. Mama Chi's preaching affected a great many Ngäbe, who adopted the principles to varying degrees of strictness. Not all
593:
After a death, the immediate family will stay up all night with the body for several nights, drinking cacao and coffee, eating, and talking. Candles must remain lit all night. On the days leading up to the funeral, neighbors and friends will visit to offer their condolences; they will sit with the
816:
is a four-day festival and Ngäbe traditional sport. The sport consists of two players, who take turns throwing a four-foot-long balsa stick at their opponent's legs. The objective is to hit the opponent below the knees until he can no longer continue. Opponents meet before the match to decide how
855:
Outside of the
Comarca, balseria has a negative reputation in Panama; it is officially outlawed by the government. The general attitude is that balseria is a drunken, violent mess. According to the Ngäbe, while alcohol and violence are present during balseria, it is primarily a cultural event, a
482:
Many of the coastal-living Ngäbe men, such as those living on the Bocas del Toro islands or on Punto
Valiente, rely on ocean resources to provide for their families. They go spearfishing and lobster diving. They both consume and sell what they catch, depending on their circumstances at the time.
590:. The government has established some women's clinics in Ngobe territory, seeking to improve women's health. The staff have had to adapt some of their practices to accommodate the women's culture and to encourage traditional midwives to come to the hospital.
586:) while pregnant, and pregnancy is almost never discussed, even during birth. When the baby is deemed healthy, people consider it safe to acknowledge the pregnancy. Many women have traditionally given birth in their homes, with the help of their mother or a
356:, Urracá escaped and made his way back to the mountains, vowing to fight the Spaniards unto death. He fulfilled his vow. Urracá was so feared by the Spaniards that they avoided combat with his forces. When Urracá died in 1531, he was still a free man.
285:
who in the 16th century united nearby communities in a more than seven-year struggle against the
Conquistadors. Those Ngäbe who survived on the outskirts of this region began to slowly intermarry with the Latinos and became part of what are now termed
340:
433:
and do not own modern technology. Because of the rugged geography, building roads and new infrastructure to Ngäbe reservations has been expensive and difficult for the government. Some Ngäbe choose to live secluded from modern societies.
281:, Latino cattle ranchers, and the development of large banana plantations successively forced the Ngäbe into the less desirable mountainous regions in the west. Many Ngäbe were never defeated in battle, including the famous cacique
797:
These original orders have been combined with
Christian principles. Mama Tada is now considered more of a xenophobic, folk-style Christianity. Practitioners are noted as wary and resentful of Latinos, and do not drink or practice
597:
A deep hole is dug, and a tunnel, or shelf is carved out in the bottom part of the hole. The casket is placed in the tunnel, so that the dirt that fills the hole does not fall on top of the casket. The mound is covered in
347:
Urracá became famous by defeating the
Spaniards time after time. He forced Diego de Albitez, a captain of the Spanish, to sign a peace treaty in 1522. He was betrayed and sent in chains to the town of Nombre de Dios on the
293:
In the early 1970s the
Torrijos administration tried to encourage the Ngäbe to form more compact communities by building roads, schools, clinics, and other infrastructure in designated points in what is now the
417:
The
Comarca Ngäbe-Bugle is approximately 2,500 square miles, encompassing areas of the three westernmost provinces of Panamá: Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui and Veraguas. Altitude varies from about 350 feet above
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Since roughly the 1960s, Ngäbe women have worn full-length, short-sleeve dresses called "naguas". They extend from the neck to the ankles. It is widely believed that the dresses were introduced by Catholic
466:
production of chickens and pigs is maintained. In the higher elevations, such livestock is supplemented by hunting (where permitted). The primary crop for the Ngäbe on the Atlantic slopes is green bananas.
922:
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo (National Institute of Statistics and Census), Republic of Panama (2010). Indigenous Population in the Republic, by Sex, Indigenous Group, and Age Groups, 2010.
1131:
704:. Both parents were of African descent. Alphonse first worked in the area as an engineer, but became increasingly interested in the Guaymi people. He lived, worked and raised his own family among the
1337:
162:, encompassing 23,600 hectares: Coto Brus, Abrojos Montezuma, Conte Burica, Altos de San Antonio and Guaymi de Osa. In the early 21st century, there are approximately 200,000-250,000 speakers of the
602:
leaves. When chewed, these sting and stain the mouth. They are put on the grave to prevent evil spirits from coming near. The deceased's possessions are placed on top of the grave as grave goods.
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802:. The Ngabe who practiced Mama Tada created a stronger sense of brotherhood. This religion is believed to have contributed to the Ngäbe's unified effort to earn their own autonomous area.
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typically dress in traditional Ngäbe clothing and colors. They wear feathers, animal skins, and even entire animals on their backs. Some men also wear the woman's traditional dress, or
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of each town lead a procession to a predetermined location and begin the games by facing one another. The dawn matches are supposed to be the best of the day and may feature up to 60
817:
many sticks will be thrown by each (10 being few, 40 being a lot, and 20 being average). There is no tournament structure, and matches are initiated by challenge and request.
1330:
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The Ngäbe traditionally organized in millions of farms or otherwise lived nomadically in family units. The chiefdoms were run by a chief, who often had an assistant, or
301:
In 1997, after years of struggle with the Panamanian government, the Ngäbe were granted a Comarca, or semi-autonomous area. The majority now live within its boundaries.
533:. Many townships along the riverbanks will be flooded, adversely affecting an estimated 5000 Ngöbe farmers. The Barro Blanco project is financed by European banks from
740:
Methodists established a main church in Cusapin and smaller congregations around the Peninsula. The Methodist Church also established a medical clinic in Cusapin.
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established a mission field among the Guaymi Indians about 1926-27, under the leadership of the Rev. Ephraim S. Alphonse (1896-1995). Born locally on the island of
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the event. In the weeks leading up to balseria, participants in each town blow animal horns and other makeshift trumpets to announce the imminence of the event.
1323:
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and many hymns into the Guaymi dialect. He created a Guaymi Grammar and developed a dictionary in Guaymi, Spanish and English. These were later printed by the
557:. In February 2012 many Ngöbe protested against the new dam; two were killed in the confrontation and more than 100 injured or arrested. Many international
652:
613:
for four days in order to purify the body. After four days, each family member eats a spoonful of cooked bananas with salt and sugar to break this fast.
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Development projects like the Cerro Colorado mining project put Ngobe-Bugle ancestral lands in peril. Part of their area is under risk to be flooded by
763:. She was given several messages and commands for her people. While the exact commands of the vision have been hotly disputed, they roughly consist of:
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the seven districts, and representatives of each county within the districts. These are elected by the people. (Or appointed by national government?)
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being thrown. After the inaugural match, the rest of the day is informal. Matches are initiated through challenges. The only rules are that no two
546:
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was completed in 2011 as a project for flood control and production of hydroelectric power. The government took over great areas of the Ngöbe
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503:
1222:
Camara de Comercio, Industrias y Agricultura de Panama. Centro de Estudio Economicos CEECAM. Desempeño Economico – 1 Trimestre del año 2010.
375:
in the early 19th century, the Ngäbe remained in the mountains. In the 21st century, some are slowly assimilating into Panamanian society.
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The Ngäbe lived in two large groups: those of the lowlands along the Atlantic coast, and those of the tropical forest in the highlands of
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977:
759:(and possibly Jesus – there are several stories) allegedly appeared before a Ngäbe woman named Besikö (pronounced "bessy-go") over the
298:. This marked a social change in lifestyle, as formerly dispersed villages and family units did converge and form larger communities.
127:
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Lewis, M. P. (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version:
402:
The Seven Districts: Besiko, Jirondai, Kankintu, Kusapín, Mirono, Münä, Nole Duima, Ñürüm, Santa Catalina o Calovébora (Bledeshia)
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Hugh Govan and Rigoberto Carrera (2010) "Strengthening Indigenous Cultural Heritage through Capacity Building in Costa Rica", In
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their own use and their families', but also to sell as extra income. These include handmade bags from plant fibers called
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1132:"NGÖBE WOMEN'S KEY TO CHILDBIRTH IN SAN VITO HOSPITAL: TRADITIONAL MIDWIVES, SPIRITUAL LEADERS AND SPECIAL DIET"
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868:, education, income, and social and economic investment indices. They are also most recently second lowest in
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1234:"Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Panama : Guaymi (Ngobe-Bugle)"
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907:. Scores of Ngabe men, women, and children were arrested in response to protest against the project.
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364:
266:
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60.5% of Ngäbes ten years older or above are literate and attend an average of 4.1 years of school
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1706:
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Among all the provinces in Panama, the Comarca Ngäbe-Bugle consistently score lowest in terms of
852:, to hide their legs during the match. Horns, whistles, and improvised trumpets are widely used.
443:
767:
Disengagement from Latino society, including schooling, merchant activities, and general contact
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number around 8,000. Some writings of the faith have been translated into the native language.
429:(through an electrification project), as well as cell phone service. Most still live below the
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Working with them to learn the language, he devised a written form and translated the four
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as a voice of the people but can hold considerable and influential power in that capacity.
273:
in northwestern Panama. He was repelled by a Ngäbe leader with either the name or title of
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is said to represent mountains, animal teeth, the ripples of the river, or dragon scales.
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459:
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1701:
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Abolition of fighting and killing over land, wife-beating, and maltreatment of children
673:
530:
368:
305:
316:; each was named after its chief and each spoke a different language. The chiefs were
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to over 7,000 feet in the central mountains; only about half of this land is arable.
260:
256:
999:"Ley 33 de 2012 QUE CREA DOS DISTRITOS Y 6 CORREGIMIENTOS EN LA COMARCA NGÄBE-BUGLÉ"
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Mama Tada is a Ngäbe religion (some argue a cult), dating from September 1961. The
623:
526:
278:
1628:
1618:
1578:
1487:
756:
542:
507:
506:, flooding it under waters of the reservoir behind the dam. According to a 2012
180:). Local newspapers and other media often alternatively spell the name Ngäbe as
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1189:
697:
339:
274:
236:
225:
221:
159:
135:
99:
734:
668:
631:
479:, and beaded bracelets and necklaces. The men weave hats from plant fibers.
463:
419:
967:. Young, Philip D. University of Illinois Press. Urbana. 1971. Pages 38-42.
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282:
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566:
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372:
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147:
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complied within five years and the apocalyptic prediction proved false.
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in the nineteenth century. When Panama broke away from Spain and joined
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587:
534:
240:
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17:
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and agricultural laborers. On the Pacific slopes, the main crops are
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and his men contacted the Ngäbe in 1502, in what is now known as the
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81:
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have protested against the project, such as the German organization
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unique sport, and a chance to demonstrate pride in their heritage.
610:
455:
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232:
1085:"UN's Offsetting Project Barro Blanco Hampers Panama Peace-Talks"
1213:. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1971, pp. 212 - 217
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451:
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Ngawbe: Tradition and change among the Western Guaymí of Panama
1016:
Ngawbe: Tradition and change among the Western Guaymí of Panama
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Ngawbe: Tradition and change among the Western Guaymí of Panama
518:, no compensation was made to the people whose land was taken.
172:
is an outdated name, derived by the Spanish colonists from the
770:
Abolition of fences and therefore the end of property disputes
367:. They never surrendered and fought until the collapse of the
1299:
936:
786:
Saturday, the day of the vision, is a day for rest and prayer
158:. They also have five indigenous territories in southwestern
1027:
723:. Copies of Alphonse's work are held in the archives of the
554:
978:"Panama-The Government of Torrijos and the National Guard"
1018:. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1971, pp. 4-5
780:
Treatment of all fellow Ngäbe as "brothers and sisters"
727:
in Washington, DC. The government honored him with the
605:
After the funeral, some families abstain from eating
138:
in Central America. The Ngäbe mostly live within the
1263:"Panama: Village of the damned - People & Power"
220:. Ngäbe means "people" in their native language of
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952:, eds. Luisa Maffi and Ellen Woodley. Earthsacan.
34:Ethnic group of present-day Panama and Costa Rica
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328:in the Azuero Peninsula; and the greatest chief
1232:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
442:In the early 21st century, most Ngäbe work as
1556:
1331:
399:The Three Regions: Ñö Kribo, Kädriri, Nedrini
255:Ngäbe territory originally extended from the
8:
789:All Ngäbe should behave like good Christians
462:, and several species of beans. Small-scale
290:or rural Panamanians with indigenous roots.
40:
1049:University of Wisconsin Digital Collections
653:Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
1563:
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1324:
1316:
1178:"In Panama, some Guaymis blaze a new path"
192:does not contain the sound represented by
46:
39:
1111:"Help the Ngobe protect their rainforest"
1312:, National Museum of the American Indian
895:(that is, they make less than $ 2 a day)
696:, he was the son of John Alphonse, from
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1166:
960:
958:
915:
630:Men typically wear collared cotton-and-
547:Netherlands Development Finance Company
841:and injured, who are unable to leave.
594:family members for part of the night.
130:within the territories of present-day
7:
1347:Ancestry and ethnicity in Costa Rica
1158:Laughing Pioneer: Alphonse of Panama
888:Ngäbe average annual income is $ 430
737:is the name of a traditional deity.
549:, FMO) and counts toward the global
68:Regions with significant populations
925:http://www.contraloria.gob.pa/inec/
885:Ngäbe life expectancy is 67.9 years
731:and a Medal of Belisario de Porras
200:, slightly higher than the English
1188:(October–December). Archived from
950:Biocultural Diversity Conservation
224:. Numerous Ngäbe have migrated to
25:
891:91.7% of the population lives in
700:, and Carlotha Reid, a native of
1764:Indigenous peoples in Costa Rica
1650:
1572:
1525:
1455:Indigenous peoples of Costa Rica
1300:A Ngäbe development organization
92:
74:
1174:International Community, Bahá'í
1134:. Health Systems Research. 2018
1060:"Panama: Village of the Damned"
882:91.2% of Ngäbes are unemployed
729:Order of Vasco Nuñez de Balboa
582:A woman is considered "sick" (
352:coast. According to historian
277:. Since that contact, Spanish
243:are distinct languages in the
1:
773:Abolition of alcohol and the
539:German Investment Corporation
516:Panama: Village of the Damned
387:, and a council of advisers.
1769:Indigenous peoples in Panama
643:Christian views, including:
553:goals set by nations at the
308:found three distinct Guaymi
1236:. Unhcr.org. Archived from
559:environmental organizations
312:in what is today's western
1785:
937:http://www.ethnologue.com/
708:on the Cusapin Peninsula.
529:project is planned on the
475:, colorful dresses called
425:A few Ngäbe have acquired
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26:
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1176:(October–December 1994).
228:in search of work on the
113:
62:
45:
686:British Methodist Church
569:, addressed to the DEG.
208:. Spanish speakers hear
1754:Ethnic groups in Panama
1749:Circum-Caribbean tribes
1156:, and Dermott Monahan,
1030:Video of Kra bag making
725:Smithsonian Institution
694:Bocas del Toro Province
271:Bocas del Toro province
1579:Ancestry and ethnicity
1305:Ngäbe Botanical garden
1294:US Library of Congress
354:Bartolomé de las Casas
344:
343:Guaymi Indian painting
176:term for this people (
29:Ngabe (disambiguation)
1532:Costa Rica portal
872:and employment rate.
702:Bluefields, Nicaragua
679:Seventh-day Adventism
342:
196:, a low-back rounded
1265:. Al Jazeera English
911:Notes and references
860:Socioeconomic status
824:On the first day of
267:Christopher Columbus
27:For other uses, see
648:Jehovah's Witnesses
444:subsistence farmers
413:Ngäbe-Buglé Comarca
296:Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé
140:Ngäbe-Buglé comarca
52:Ngäbe women and men
42:
1261:People and Power.
1152:Ephraim Alphonse,
1064:Al Jazeera English
1045:2015-07-22 at the
1040:Kra / chacara bags
525:of the Ngöbe, the
345:
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1209:Young, Philip D.
1014:Young, Philip D.
866:human development
563:Rainforest Rescue
427:solar electricity
365:Chiriquí Province
334:Veraguas Province
332:, in what is now
247:language family.
128:indigenous people
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743:Members of the
706:Valiente people
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600:otoe de lagardo
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541:, DEG) and the
500:Changuinola Dam
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142:in the Western
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37:Ethnic group
1639:Ngöbe–Buglé
1445:Nicaraguans
1286:Ngäbe Bugle
1182:One Country
1138:28 November
757:Virgin Mary
655:(Mormonism)
543:Netherlands
508:documentary
288:campesinos,
1743:Categories
1591:Indigenous
1435:Colombians
1269:2014-01-27
1244:2014-01-27
1196:2013-01-12
984:2014-01-27
698:Martinique
512:Al Jazeera
379:Government
226:Costa Rica
160:Costa Rica
144:Panamanian
136:Costa Rica
100:Costa Rica
63:c. 270,000
1430:Americans
751:Mama Tada
735:Noncomala
669:Methodism
632:polyester
523:territory
487:Conflicts
464:livestock
420:sea level
109:Languages
1680:Cimarron
1440:Mexicans
1423:Americas
1373:European
1296:– Guaymí
1043:Archived
903:project
846:balseria
838:balseros
830:balseros
826:balseria
814:Balseria
807:Balseria
800:balseria
777:festival
775:balseria
690:Carenero
638:Religion
567:petition
493:province
458:, otoy,
407:The land
373:Colombia
361:Veraguas
350:Atlantic
245:Chibchan
188:because
178:guaymiri
152:Chiriquí
148:Veraguas
1712:Mexican
1707:Mestizo
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1675:African
1509:Chinese
1473:Cabécar
1414:Mulatto
1396:Swedish
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1363:Mestizo
1116:7 March
1095:7 March
1069:7 March
715:of the
713:Gospels
588:midwife
573:Culture
535:Germany
521:In the
504:reserve
491:In the
438:Economy
306:Spanish
275:Quibían
259:to the
251:History
241:Buglere
237:Ngäbere
222:Ngäbere
190:Spanish
174:Buglere
126:are an
1729:Portal
1702:Jewish
1692:Indian
1624:Movere
1609:Embera
1599:Bokota
1583:Panama
1502:Asians
1483:Movere
1478:Maleku
1468:Bribri
1463:Boruca
1381:German
1160:(1945)
834:balsas
498:, the
330:Urracá
326:Parita
314:Panama
310:tribes
283:Urracá
233:fincas
230:coffee
216:or an
170:Guaymí
132:Panama
97:
82:Panama
79:
18:Guaymi
1717:White
1634:Ngäbe
1604:Cueva
1493:Ngäbe
1002:(PDF)
850:nagua
692:, in
617:Dress
611:sugar
477:nagua
456:yucca
385:cabra
320:, in
186:Ngöbe
182:Ngobe
124:Ngäbe
41:Ngäbe
1629:Naso
1619:Guna
1514:Jews
1488:Naso
1186:1994
1140:2018
1118:2013
1097:2013
1071:2013
812:The
684:The
607:salt
584:bren
460:ñame
452:corn
448:rice
363:and
318:Natá
304:The
239:and
154:and
134:and
122:The
1581:in
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609:or
510:by
473:kra
206:saw
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545:(
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