306:
led by the Orsini was also in the same position. With a two-thirds vote required for a canonical election, a bitter struggle was inevitable. The struggle began in Rome as soon as the death was known, with a revolt against the Orsini faction by a pro-Angevin faction headed by
Riccardo Annibaldi. When the revolt failed, the Annibaldi fled the city, but then managed to get the people of Viterbo, where the Conclave was meeting, to revolt against their PodestĂ (Governor), another Orsini papal nephew named Orso Orsini. Annibaldi became the "Protector of the Conclave", and managed the city for the benefit of the French faction. There were three Orsini cardinals, however, and with only a little support from two or three of their uncle's cardinals, the French faction could get nowhere. That situation continued for some five months.
359:
212:. King Charles of Sicily, the Senator of Rome, acted as governor of the Conclave. His administration of the Conclave was exceedingly rigorous, though unfair in his favoring the French faction. It is no surprise that one of his supporters was chosen pope. Adrian immediately ratified the peace treaty which had been worked out by the Genoese (or at least the pro-French Genoese) and King Charles. Ultimately King Charles' manipulations came to nothing, when Adrian died thirty nine-days later, on August 18. Before he died, however, he did one important act. He suspended the papal Constitution "
31:
266:, who had been the principal political factor in Roman and Italian politics since 1265. Nicholas manipulated Charles into resigning the Senatorship, which Nicholas took into his own hands. He also required Charles to resign his post as Rector of Tuscany, where the Pope placed two of his nephews instead. This ensured a continuous struggle during Nicholas' reign between Guelfs and Ghibbelines, French and Romans. It furthermore ensured that the future Conclave on his death would pit the Imperial party and French party against each other.
336:
concluded, Jacobus resigned the election, and the Pope appointed
Bartholomeo, Abbot of S. Gregorio in Clivo Scauri instead. He was also a member of a committee of cardinals who had been appointed by Pope Nicholas IV to examine the election of an Abbess of the monastery of S. Victorino in Benevento, but then Nicholas died and the examination continued under Martin IV, but Cardinal Guillaume of S. Marco died before the final papal decision, which was given on 23 November 1282.
144:
including
Guillaume de Bray, signed a document entrusting the choice of a pope to a committee of six cardinals, providing that five of the six had to agree on the candidate for a successful election. But Cardinal Guillaume was not a member of the Committee of Compromise. After the Election had taken place on September 1, 1271, and an outsider, a non-cardinal had been elected, while the Cardinals were awaiting the arrival of the pope-elect,
327:
for their actions against the
Cardinals in Conclave. Martin IV and the Papal Curia therefore moved to Orvieto, where he was crowned in the Cathedral of S. Pietro on Sunday, March 23, 1281, and where he resided for the next fifteen months. On June 27, 1284, Martin IV was forced to leave Orvieto because of the hostility of Raynerius, the Captain of the People. On October 4, 1284, he arrived in Perugia, where he died on March 28, 1285.
234:
opponents to the appeal withdrew their objections, and so
Cardinal Guillaume and his colleagues were appointed by Pope Innocent V to proceed to the examination of the election itself and the candidate. Then Innocent V died, and shortly after that Adrian V as well, and it was finally John XXI who accepted the examiners' judgment and ratified the election. On 27 March, 1277, the election of an Archimandrite (Abbot) of the
97:
taken place in
October, 1264, but the successful candidate was not present in Perugia. Cardinal Guy Folques (Fulcoldi) was in northern France. He had been appointed Apostolic Legate to England, with powers to intervene in the baronial war between King Henry III and Simon de Montfort, but his entry into England had been blocked. He did not reach Perugia to accept the papal throne until 5 February 1265.
194:
326:
He immediately approached the Roman leaders, hoping to be crowned at S. Peter's, according to tradition. He was flatly refused. The Romans wanted nothing to do with the puppet of
Charles I and the Annibaldi. He would not be crowned in Viterbo, since the city was under Interdict and Excommunication
318:
was held until after the
Conclave had concluded. Even with this degree of intimidation, though, it took the cardinals to agree on a French candidate, Cardinal Simon de Brion, who had been Papal Legate in France for more than a decade, and who had been the leading figure in bringing Charles of Anjou
305:
Pope
Nicholas III died at his summer retreat at Soriano near Viterbo on 22 August 1280. Guillaume de Bray was one of thirteen cardinals alive at the time of the Pope's death. His party, the French-Angevin, had sufficient votes to exclude any candidate they considered unfriendly, but the Roman party
277:
On 18 March 1279, he and nine other cardinals subscribed two bulls for the benefit of the
Monastery of Cluny, and yet another on 7 May 1279. In the spring of 1279 he sat on a cardinalatial committee that advised the Pope on the disputed election to the See of Sorrento. In September, he was a member
139:
Pope Clement IV died in Viterbo on 29 November 1268. At his own request he was buried in the Dominican church, S. Maria in Gradi, though his body was transferred, during the Sede Vacante, to the Cathedral of S. Lorenzo. The act was carried out by the Bishop, Archpriest and Canons of the Cathedral,
60:
It is claimed Guillaume was Master of Theology, but the Cardinal's tombstone indicates that he was learned in Canon and Civil Law. There is no reference to him ever having been a Papal Legate, a Nuncio, or a provincial Rector (governor). So far as it is known, his career as a cardinal was entirely
233:
in the case of the election of Bishop Henri of Therouane, approval of which had been refused by the Archbishop of Reims under Pope Gregory X. An appeal had been lodged with Pope Gregory, and Cardinal Matteo Rosso Orsini had been assigned as Auditor. But Gregory had died in January, 1276, and the
225:
having been present, due to illness, at the discussions which lead to the suspension of "Ubi Periculum". Adrian was planning these revisions during a trip to Viterbo when he suddenly died. He had not been ordained, consecrated or crowned. The Conclave of September, 1276, in Viterbo, therefore,
143:
The vacancy in the Holy See lasted two years, nine months and two days. Since the cardinals were absolutely unable to agree on one of themselves as a possible pope, they decided to follow a different sanctioned procedure for electing a pope, called the "Way of Compromise". Each of the cardinals,
108:
confirmed a judgment made by Cardinal Guillaume of S. Marco and Cardinal Ottavio Ubaldini of S. Maria in Via lata, on a dispute involving members of the Roman Curia and the townspeople of Perugia regarding the paying of rents for domiciles when they were absent from the Curia or when no audiences
112:
On 4 February 1266, Cardinal Guillaume subscribed a bull in favor of the Abbey of Cluny. Next day he subscribed a bull in favor of the Hospital of S. Pietro in Prato. In December, 1266, Pope Clement granted Cardinal Guillaume the privilege of disposing of prebendaries in the dioceses of Laon and
96:
Cardinal Guillaume was one of eighteen or nineteen cardinals who participated in the papal election that took place in Perugia in the Episcopal Palace. Their choice was between a supporter of the Imperial party (Manfred) or the Angevin party (Charles of Anjou). A canonical election seems to have
285:
Another case concerned the Church of Vannes. When Bishop Guy died in October, 1270, the Cathedral Chapter split into two parties and engaged in a double election. Both sides appealed to Pope Gregory X, who appointed an examination committee. The case was still pending when Gregory died, and
383:
Le grand dictionnaire historique, ou Le melange curieux de l'histoire sacrée et profane, qui contient en abrégé: les vies et les actions remarquables des patriarches, des juges, des rois ... & de ceux qui se sont rendus recommendables en toutes sortes de professions, par leur science ...:
335:
Under Martin IV (Simon de Brion), Cardinal Guillaume continued to be appointed to episcopal and abbatial examination committees. Early in 1282, he was one of the examiners of the election of the monk Jacobus de Roma to be abbot of S. Paul's Outside the Walls' but, before the examination was
1132:
Arnolfo di Cambio : il monumento del Cardinale Guillaume de Bray dopo il restauro : atti del convegno internazionale di studio "Il monumento del Cardinal Guillaume De Braye di Arnolfo di Cambio dopo il restauro," Roma-Orvieto, 9-11 dicembre 2004 : in ricordo di Angiola Maria
220:
and ratified by the Second Council of Lyon in 1274. This constitution provided the rules and regulations for the operation of a Conclave. Adrian and the Cardinals agreed that it did not work well, and that it needed revisions. Cardinal Guillaume of S. Marco is specifically mentioned as
269:
Early in the year 1278, Cardinal Guillaume was a member of a committee of three cardinals who examined the canonical election and the personal character of Arnoldus de Villa, Bishop of Dax. The appointment was approved on their recommendation by Pope Nicholas. A similar case, that of
120:(Judge) in the case of a disputed election at the Monastery of S. Pierre de Altovillari in the diocese of Reims; his decision was confirmed by the Pope on 21 August 1267. Pope Clement IV confirmed a judgment of Cardinal Guillaume in favor of the Preceptor of the Knights of the
208:. He was also one of thirteen cardinals who took part in the Conclave of July, 1276, which was held in Rome, where Innocent V had died. The Conclave began on 2 July and concluded on 11 July with the election of Cardinal Ottobono Fieschi of Genoa, who took the name
100:
On 16 June 1265, Cardinal Guillaume of S. Marco subscribed a papal bull in favor of the Monastery of S. Maria in Donnico and similarly on 7 July 1265, for the Monastery of Fructuensis, and on 1 August 1265, for the Monastery of S. Gertrude in Cologne.
203:
Cardinal Guillaume de Bray was one of the twelve (or thirteen) cardinals who participated in the papal Conclave of 20–21 January 1276, at Arezzo, where Gregory X had died, in which Pierre de Tarentaise, OP, of Savoy, was elected and chose the name
226:
was the scene of considerable disorder both in the Roman Curia and in the townspeople. Once the disorders were quelled, the election was quick. The eleven Cardinals who were present agreed on Cardinal Peter of Lisbon, who became Pope John XXII.
278:
of the committee that examined the election of William Wickwane, Archbishop-elect of York; a technical defect in the canonical election was found, and the election overturned. But Pope Nicholas then immediately provided (appointed)
250:
Cardinal Guillaume de Bray was one of the cardinals who sat in Consistory at S. Peter's on 4 May 1278, when King Rudolf's ambassador, Fr. Conradus, O.Min., publicly ratified the agreements reached between the King and the late
84:
in Rome, though the French Urban IV himself (Jacques Pantaléon of Troyes in Champagne) never visited Rome once during his reign. Cardinal Guillaume's earliest subscription on a papal document was on 9 January 1263.
313:
was released, but the other two were hauled off to imprisonment. Three days later, the late Pope's brother, Cardinal Giordano Orsini, was released and allowed to rejoin his colleagues in Conclave. But Cardinal
140:
anticipating that popular enthusiasm which began to see miracles at the dead pope's body might lead to a canonization. They preferred that the Cathedral should benefit rather than the Dominicans.
290:
appointed another committee, of which Cardinal Guillaume de Bray was a member. But then Pope John died on 20 May 1277, and it was only on 12 December 1279, that the election was settled by
576:
fasc. I (Paris 1893), p. 397, no. 1159. Jean de Courtenay-Champignelles was son of Robert Tige, and brother of Pierre de Courtenay, who died on Crusade in Egypt in 1250: Louis Le Gendre,
163:
Under Pope Gregory X, Cardinal Guillaume was named Auditor (judge) in the case of a monastery election in the diocese of Agen; the case was still active on 15 February 1278 under
174:
on 1 May 1274. On 6 June 1274, a Consistory was held in Lyons, and Cardinal Guillaume de Bray is listed on a document as one of thirteen cardinals in attendance on that day.
309:
But suddenly, on 2 February 1281, the Conclave was invaded by a mob led by Riccardo Annibaldi and six of his captains, and the three Orsini cardinals were seized. Cardinal
1140:
Arnolfo di Cambio e la sua epoca: costruire, scolpire, dipingere, decorare : atti del convegno internazionale di studi, Firenze-Colle di Val d'Elsa, 7-10 marzo 2006
148:, from the Holy Land, on 23 November 1271, they ordered an inquiry into the removal of the Pope's body, and placed Cardinal Guillaume de Bray of S. Marco and Cardinal
88:
Pope Urban died at Perugia on 2 October 1264, where he had taken refuge from an insurrection against him in Orvieto. The papal throne was vacant for seventeen weeks.
297:
Early in 1280 Cardinal Guillaume was Auditor (judge) in the case of a disputed election in the monastery of S. Launomarius Blesensis in the Diocese of Chartres.
262:
On March 12, 1278, Pope Nicholas III (Orsini) created nine new cardinals, most of whom were not of the French or Angevin faction. This was a challenge to King
1180:
1170:
81:
131:
and Cardinal Guillaume de Bray in the matter of a contested election for the position of Abbot of a monastery in the diocese of Châlons-sur-Marne.
1165:
80:
in a consistory held at Viterbo on 22 May 1262. The reasons for his creation are completely unknown. He was assigned the Titulus of the
339:
Cardinal Guillaume de Bray died in Orvieto on 29 April 1282, and was buried in the Church of the Dominicans, with a monument designed by
358:
1175:
315:
1155:
1056:, p. 35. His funeral monument in the church of San Domenico there has an inscription which states OBIIT•TERCIO•KL•MAII.
152:
of S. Eustachio in charge. They ordered that the body and its monument be returned to the Church of S. Maria in Gradi.
30:
167:. He was also Auditor in the case of a double election in the diocese of Monopoli after the death of Bishop Giulio.
68:
of the Church of Reims. He was already Archdeacon when he appears as Dean of the Cathedral of Laon (ca. 1250-1262).
889:(Paris 1898), p. 138-139, no. 120 (Viterbo, 13 August 1278). Boccamazza was a nephew of Cardinal Giacomo Savelli (
811:(Paris 1892), p. 39 no. 121. There was no Guillelmum tituli S. Mariae presbyterum; he was G. tituli S. Marci.
712:
Specilegio Vaticano di documenti inediti e rari estratti dagli Archivi e dalla Biblioteca della Sede Apostolica
310:
859:
II (Boston-New York 1912), pp. 37-102. David Abulafia, "The state of research. Charles of Anjou reassessed,"
181:
on his return trip from Lyon in 1275. He was present at Lausanne on 20 October 1275, when the German King
171:
54:
255:
at Lausanne on 20 October 1275. On 3 February 1279, he was one of nine cardinals who subscribed the new
185:
swore his oath of fealty to the Roman Church, in anticipation of his being crowned Emperor by the Pope.
1160:
279:
271:
263:
182:
121:
578:
Nouvelle histoire de France depuis le commencement de la monarchie jusques Ă la mort de Louis XIII
128:
340:
291:
164:
274:, the Archbishop-elect of Monreale (and future cardinal), was handled in the summer of 1278.
890:
636:
Tomus 21, 1257-1285 (Barri-Ducis: Ludovicus Guerin 1870), under the year 1271, § 8, p. 258.
1135:(Roma: Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 2010; Firenze : L.S. Olschki, 2010).
660:
Storia della citta di Viterbo, illustrata con note e nuovi documenti in gran parte inediti
634:
Caesaris S. R. E. Cardinalis Baronii, Od. Raynaldi et Jac. Laderchii Annales Ecclesiastici
230:
205:
149:
105:
772:
Bullarum, Diplomatum, et Privilegiorum Sanctorum Romanorum Pontificum editio Taurinensis
242:
on the recommendation of a committee of cardinals which included Guillaume of S. Marco.
320:
252:
235:
217:
178:
145:
46:
752:. The uncertainty arises over the presence or absence of Cardinal Riccardo Annibaldi.
1149:
287:
239:
213:
77:
404:(ed. A. Olduin) II (Rome 1677), p. 160, where it is attributed to Petrus Frizonius,
784:
John P. Adams, Sede Vacante and Conclave of September, 1276. retrieved 02/05/2016.
397:
193:
17:
1112:
Il conclave di Viterbo (1268-1271) e le sue origini: saggio con documenti inediti
1098:
Monumento al cardinale Guglielmo De Braye nella chiesa di San Domenico in Orvieto
381:
229:
Cardinal Guillaume de Bray had been one of the episcopal examiners appointed by
750:
John P. Adams, Sede Vacante and Conclave of January 1276. retrieved 02/05/2016.
343:, that is his first signed work. The inscription gives the Cardinal credit for
124:
in Germany against a monastery in the diocese of Constanz on 23 December 1267.
492:
Die englische Legation des Cardinals Guido Fulcoldi, des spaeteren Clemens IV.
160:
In 1272, Guillaume de Bray was named Chamberlain of the College of Cardinals.
65:
783:
1015:
749:
478:
649:, Volume V. 2, second edition, revised (London: George Bell, 1906) 457-460.
524:
fasc. I (Paris 1893), p. 493, no. 1706; p. 500, no. 1750; p. 503, no. 1769.
209:
27:
French ecclesiastic and Roman Catholic Cardinal, poet, and mathematician
1052:
recorded in the Necrology of the Church of Meaux: Paravicini-Bagliani,
989:
R. Sternfeld, "Das Konklave von 1280 und die Wahl Martins IV. (1281),"
50:
35:
113:
Reims, which had been granted to Archbishop-elect Jean de Courtenai.
1126:
Kardinale im Konklave. Die lange Sedisvakanz der Jahre 1268 bis 1271
1016:
John P. Adams, The Sede Vacante of 1290-1281. retrieved 02/07/2016.
398:
Salvador Miranda, notice of Guillaume de Bray. retrieved 02/06/2016.
1093:, Volume V. 2, second edition, revised (London: George Bell, 1906).
991:
Mitteilungen des Instituts fĂĽr Ă–sterreichische Geschichtsforschung
357:
192:
127:
On 5 January 1268, the Pope confirmed a judgment made by Cardinal
29:
673:
Untersuchungen und Urkunden uber die Camera Collegii Cardinalium
1107:(Roma: Presso la SocietĂ alla Biblioteca Vallicelliana, 1980).
402:
Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S.R.E. Cardinalium
710:
Isidorus Carini, "Brevis Historia Concilii Lugdunensis," in
1082:
E. Jordan, "Les promotions de cardinaux sous Urbain IV,"
632:(Siena 1887), pp. 208-209. Augustinus Theiner (Editor),
945:(Paris 1898), pp. 230-231, no. 559 (19 September 1279).
259:
for the Canons and Beneficiati of S. Peter's Basilica.
1119:
Viterbo: Profile of a Thirteenth-century Papal Palace
725:
Codex diplomaticus dominii temporalis Sanctis Sedis
714:
Volume I (Roma: Ermanno Loescher 1890), pp. 250-251.
319:
to Italy in the first place. He chose to be called
432:
La France pontificale: La metropole de Reims: Reims
1072:Tome IV (Paris: Poinçot, 1787). "Guillaume XXIII".
1077:Memorie delle cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa
400:The claim comes from Alfonso Chacon (Ciaconius),
1039:Members of the French School at Rome (editors),
1026:Members of the French School at Rome (editors),
697:Members of the French School at Rome (editors),
170:He was present at the opening ceremonies of the
1084:Revue d' histoire et de littérature religieuses
53:, 29 April 1282) was a French ecclesiastic and
1128:(Stuttgart: W. de Gruyter-Max Niemeyer 2008) .
1091:History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages
971:(Paris 1938), pp. 278, no. 627 (5 April 1280).
876:(Paris 1898), p. 12-13, no. 51 (5 April 1278).
116:In the summer of 1267, Guillaume de Bray was
8:
1030:(Paris 1901), p. 40 no. 105 (6 March 1282).
932:(Paris 1898), p. 219 no. 527 (22 June 1279).
417:"Lex et decreta" might indicate that he was
355:(mathematics, Canon and civil law, poetry).
177:He was one of the cardinals who accompanied
49:in the Ile-de-France, date unknown; died in
798:(Paris 1892), p. 4 no. 5 (17 October 1276).
619:fasc. I (Paris 1893), pp. 189-190, no. 559.
447:, I, editio altera (Monasterii 1913), p. 8.
1070:Nouvelle histoire des cardinaux François
906:(Paris 1898), pp. 173-174, nos. 458-459.
738:Dell' historia ecclesiastica di Piacenza
1105:I Testamenti dei Cardinali del Duecento
563:fasc. I (Paris 1893), p. 527, no. 1931.
550:fasc. I (Paris 1893), p. 526, no. 1928.
479:John P. Adams, Sede Vacante, 1264-1265.
373:
740:parte seconda (Piacenza 1651), p. 483.
606:fasc. I (Paris 1893), p. 193, no. 574.
593:fasc. I (Paris 1893), p. 164, no. 512.
64:His earliest known office was that of
434:(Paris: Etienne Repos, 1864), p. 314.
7:
76:He was created a cardinal-priest by
958:(Paris 1898), pp. 254-255, no. 595.
919:(Paris 1898), pp. 179-180, no. 475.
837:(Paris 1916), pp. 197-213, no. 517.
824:(Paris 1938), pp. 311-313, no. 688.
662:Volume II (Roma 1888), pp. 243-249.
1181:Cardinals created by Pope Urban IV
1171:13th-century French mathematicians
1121:(Cambridge University Press 1996).
647:History of Rome in the Middle Ages
25:
774:Tomus IV (Turin 1859), pp. 37-38.
246:Reign of Nicholas III (1277-1281)
456:Roy. "Guillaume XXIII," pp. 1-2.
857:Italy in the Thirteenth Century
494:(MĂĽnster 1904). Aiden Gasquet,
445:Hierarchia catholica medii aevi
92:Reign of Clement IV (1265-1268)
1103:Agostino Paravicini Bagliani,
1043:(Paris 1901), p. 123 no. 297.
727:Volume 1 (Romae 1861), p. 186.
701:(Paris 1901), p. 122 no. 287.
537:fasc. I (Paris 1893), no. 141.
216:", which had been drawn up by
156:Reign of Gregory X (1272-1276)
34:Monument of Cardinal de Bray,
1:
1166:13th-century French cardinals
189:1276: The Year of Four Popes
122:Order of S. John of Jerusalem
72:Reign of Urban IV (1261-1264)
1114:(Assisi: Porziuncola, 1993).
969:Les registres de Nicolas III
956:Les registres de Nicolas III
943:Les registres de Nicolas III
930:Les registres de Nicolas III
917:Les registres de Nicolas III
904:Les registres de Nicolas III
887:Les registres de Nicolas III
874:Les registres de Nicolas III
835:Les registres de Nicolas III
822:Les registres de Nicolas III
686:Les registres de Nicolas III
630:Le tombe dei pape in Viterbo
511:(MĂĽnster 1903), pp. 174-181.
467:Regesta pontificum Romanorum
238:of Cardona was confirmed by
1138:Vittorio Franchetti Pardo,
861:Journal of Medieval History
617:Les Registres de Clément IV
604:Les Registres de Clément IV
591:Les Registres de Clément IV
574:Les Registres de Clément IV
561:Les Registres de Clément IV
548:Les Registres de Clément IV
535:Les Registres de Clément IV
522:Les Registres de Clément IV
498:(London 1905), pp. 395-401.
104:At Perugia on 21 May 1265,
57:, poet, and mathematician.
1197:
688:(Paris 1898), p. 5 no. 13.
469:II (Berlin 1875), p. 1540.
199:Franciscan Church, Viterbo
1176:People from medieval Rome
331:Death of Cardinal de Bray
135:The Election of 1268-1271
496:Henry III and the Church
311:Latino Malabranca Orsini
61:inside the Roman Curia.
1089:Ferdinand Gregorovius,
1079:I, parte 2 (Roma 1792).
1004:Kardinal Simon de Brion
675:(Leipzig 1898), p. LI.
671:Paul Maria Baumgarten,
628:Francesco Cristofori,
580:. (Paris 1718), p. 194.
362:Inscription on Monument
55:Roman Catholic Cardinal
1041:Registres de Martin IV
1028:Registres de Martin IV
863:26 (2000), pp. 93–114.
699:Registres de Martin IV
419:Doctor in utroque iure
365:
282:as Archbishop anyway.
200:
172:Second Council of Lyon
39:
1142:(Roma: Viella, 2006).
761:Gregorovius, 474-475.
481:retrieved 02/07/2016.
408:(Paris 1638), p. 236.
387:. 1745. p. 1344.
361:
301:Election of Martin IV
197:Mausoleum of Adrian V
196:
33:
993:21 (1910), pp. 1-53.
809:Registre de Jean XXI
796:Registre de Jean XXI
723:Augustinus Theiner,
183:Rudolf I of Habsburg
1156:13th-century births
465:Augustus Potthast,
364:of Cardinal de Bray
316:Matteo Rosso Orsini
272:Giovanni Boccamazza
264:Charles I of Naples
1075:Lorenzo Cardella,
980:Potthast, p. 1754.
507:Joseph Heidemann,
490:Joseph Heidemann,
366:
236:Basilian monastery
201:
150:Uberto de Coconato
129:Odo of Chateauroux
82:Church of S. Marco
40:
18:Guillaume de Braye
1124:Andreas Fischer,
1110:Antonio Franchi,
1086:5 (1900) 322–334.
1002:Nikolaus Backes,
855:H. D. Sedgwick,
509:Papst Clemens IV.
443:Conradus Eubel,
341:Arnolfo di Cambio
292:Pope Nicholas III
165:Pope Nicholas III
146:Teobaldo Visconti
109:were being held.
43:Guillaume de Bray
16:(Redirected from
1188:
1057:
1050:
1044:
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1018:
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1007:
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978:
972:
965:
959:
952:
946:
939:
933:
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920:
913:
907:
900:
894:
891:Pope Honorius IV
883:
877:
870:
864:
853:
847:
846:Eubel, pp. 9-10.
844:
838:
831:
825:
818:
812:
805:
799:
792:
786:
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409:
406:Gallia Purpurata
395:
389:
388:
378:
280:William Wickwane
21:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1146:
1145:
1117:Gary M. Radke,
1065:
1060:
1051:
1047:
1038:
1034:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1010:
1006:(Breslau 1910).
1001:
997:
988:
984:
979:
975:
966:
962:
953:
949:
940:
936:
927:
923:
914:
910:
901:
897:
884:
880:
871:
867:
854:
850:
845:
841:
832:
828:
819:
815:
806:
802:
793:
789:
782:
778:
770:A. Tomassetti,
769:
765:
760:
756:
748:
744:
735:
731:
722:
718:
709:
705:
696:
692:
683:
679:
670:
666:
657:
653:
645:F.Gregorovius,
644:
640:
627:
623:
614:
610:
601:
597:
588:
584:
571:
567:
558:
554:
545:
541:
532:
528:
519:
515:
506:
502:
489:
485:
477:
473:
464:
460:
455:
451:
442:
438:
429:
425:
416:
412:
396:
392:
380:
379:
375:
371:
363:
333:
303:
248:
231:Pope Innocent V
198:
191:
158:
137:
106:Pope Clement IV
94:
74:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1194:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1045:
1032:
1019:
1008:
995:
982:
973:
960:
947:
934:
921:
908:
895:
878:
865:
848:
839:
826:
813:
800:
787:
776:
763:
754:
742:
736:Pietro Campi,
729:
716:
703:
690:
677:
664:
658:Cesare Pinzi,
651:
638:
621:
608:
595:
582:
565:
552:
539:
526:
513:
500:
483:
471:
458:
449:
436:
423:
410:
390:
372:
370:
367:
349:lex et decreta
332:
329:
302:
299:
253:Pope Gregory X
247:
244:
218:Pope Gregory X
190:
187:
179:Pope Gregory X
157:
154:
136:
133:
93:
90:
73:
70:
38:, San Domenico
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1193:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1096:F. Paniconi,
1095:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1005:
999:
996:
992:
986:
983:
977:
974:
970:
964:
961:
957:
951:
948:
944:
938:
935:
931:
925:
922:
918:
912:
909:
905:
899:
896:
892:
888:
882:
879:
875:
869:
866:
862:
858:
852:
849:
843:
840:
836:
830:
827:
823:
817:
814:
810:
804:
801:
797:
791:
788:
785:
780:
777:
773:
767:
764:
758:
755:
751:
746:
743:
739:
733:
730:
726:
720:
717:
713:
707:
704:
700:
694:
691:
687:
681:
678:
674:
668:
665:
661:
655:
652:
648:
642:
639:
635:
631:
625:
622:
618:
612:
609:
605:
599:
596:
592:
586:
583:
579:
575:
569:
566:
562:
556:
553:
549:
543:
540:
536:
530:
527:
523:
517:
514:
510:
504:
501:
497:
493:
487:
484:
480:
475:
472:
468:
462:
459:
453:
450:
446:
440:
437:
433:
427:
424:
420:
414:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
391:
386:
385:
377:
374:
368:
360:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
330:
328:
324:
322:
317:
312:
307:
300:
298:
295:
293:
289:
283:
281:
275:
273:
267:
265:
260:
258:
254:
245:
243:
241:
240:Pope John XXI
237:
232:
227:
224:
219:
215:
214:Ubi Periculum
211:
207:
195:
188:
186:
184:
180:
175:
173:
168:
166:
161:
155:
153:
151:
147:
141:
134:
132:
130:
125:
123:
119:
114:
110:
107:
102:
98:
91:
89:
86:
83:
79:
78:Pope Urban IV
71:
69:
67:
62:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
1139:
1131:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1100:(Roma 1906).
1097:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1063:Bibliography
1053:
1048:
1040:
1035:
1027:
1022:
1011:
1003:
998:
990:
985:
976:
968:
963:
955:
950:
942:
937:
929:
924:
916:
911:
903:
898:
886:
881:
873:
868:
860:
856:
851:
842:
834:
829:
821:
816:
808:
803:
795:
790:
779:
771:
766:
757:
745:
737:
732:
724:
719:
711:
706:
698:
693:
685:
680:
672:
667:
659:
654:
646:
641:
633:
629:
624:
616:
611:
603:
598:
590:
585:
577:
573:
568:
560:
555:
547:
542:
534:
529:
521:
516:
508:
503:
495:
491:
486:
474:
466:
461:
452:
444:
439:
431:
430:H. Fisquet,
426:
418:
413:
405:
401:
393:
382:
376:
352:
348:
344:
338:
334:
325:
308:
304:
296:
284:
276:
268:
261:
257:Constitution
256:
249:
228:
222:
202:
176:
169:
162:
159:
142:
138:
126:
117:
115:
111:
103:
99:
95:
87:
75:
63:
59:
42:
41:
1161:1282 deaths
807:E. Cadier,
794:E. Cadier,
615:E. Jordan,
602:E. Jordan,
589:E. Jordan,
572:E. Jordan,
559:E. Jordan,
546:E. Jordan,
533:E. Jordan,
520:E. Jordan,
1150:Categories
1068:Jean Roy,
1054:Testamenti
369:References
206:Innocent V
66:Archdeacon
321:Martin IV
45:(born at
1133:Romanini
967:J. Gay,
954:J. Gay,
941:J. Gay,
928:J. Gay,
915:J. Gay,
902:J. Gay,
885:J. Gay,
872:J. Gay,
833:J. Gay,
820:J. Gay,
684:J. Gay,
345:mathesis
288:John XXI
210:Adrian V
118:Auditor
51:Orvieto
36:Orvieto
353:poesis
351:, and
47:Bray
384:F-G
323:.
223:not
1152::
347:,
294:.
893:)
421:.
20:)
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