3922:
1095:
761:
3191:
842:(openings on top of the skull). The frontals form part of these shelves, but do not reach the fenestrae, with the rest of the shelves formed by the postfrontals and parietals. The front half of the outer edges of the fenestrae are formed by the postorbitals internally, but these bones are excluded from the exterior surface by the contacts between two pairs of skull roof bones, the postfrontals and supratemporals. These bones, in addition to the parietals, form the exterior rim of the temporal fenestrae.
983:
962:
in size and no additional digit in front of it present. Sometimes there is an additional digit behind the main digits of the hindfin, although there usually is not. Type B is characterized by broader hindflippers without the size reduction of the upper digit II elements, as well an additional digit in front of and another behind the main ones. The skulls of the two types also differ, with type A having a more robust skull, a shorter snout, and a wider angle between the two halves of the
3928:
3202:
141:
119:
967:
were due to growth, and instead considered that they most likely represented differences between males and females. Since members of type A have proportionately longer trunks and shorter tails than type B, the researchers considered type A to be the females, although no pregnant specimens are known to confirm this. In modern lizards, the larger trunks of females increase the amount of room for eggs. While as an ichthyopterygian,
3208:
947:
3916:
2681:
3197:
2675:
2687:
1021:, produced more drag than the other taxa, due to their large flippers. However, when the models were scaled to the actual size of the animals, it became clear that ichthyosauriforms became increasingly efficient swimmers in their first 25 million years of evolution, largely due to body size. Additionally, while Triassic ichthyosaurs such as
1132:. 23 metres (75 ft) away from the skeletons, a tail potentially belonging to the consumed thalattosaur was found. As the thalattosaur skeleton shows little evidence of digestion, and the neck of the ichthyosaur appears to have been broken, Jiang and colleagues hypothesized that soon after eating its prey, the ichthyosaur died.
966:
where it splits at the front than type B. Additionally, the temporal fenestrae are more than twice as long as wide in type B but less than twice as long as wide in type A. Since there was no significant difference in skull or body size between the two types, Shang and Li rejected that the differences
961:
with sufficient good preservation could be divided into two morphotypes, though they were all sufficiently similar to belong to the same species. The morphotypes were named "type A" and "type B." Type A is characterized by long, narrow hindflippers, with the upper elements of digit II being reduced
533:
was conducted by
Michael Maisch and colleagues in 2006. They described multiple specimens; GNG dq-46, a good skull discovered by farmers at Wolonggang in 1998, then sent to the Guanling National Geopark of Fossil Biota where it was prepared by Jin-ZhaoDing and Da-Peng Zhang; GNG dp-22, a partial
1120:, another marine reptile. The thalattosaur was estimated by Jiang and colleagues to have been approximately 4 metres (13 ft) long when complete compared to the 4.8 metres (16 ft) long ichthyosaur, and about one seventh of the predator's mass. The authors noted that
937:
have four primary digits, in both cases representing digits II to V, but additional accessory digits may be present. The phalanges (digit bones) towards the tip of digit II in the hindfins are much larger than those closer to the base of the digit in some specimens.
1155:
could not widen its skull, its gape was apparently sufficient to swallow the thalattosaur; its small shoulder bones also would have helped make it easier to swallow large animals by making the ribcage less constricted. Swallowing could have been accomplished using
1128:, and predation upon large animals was likely more common among marine reptiles than previously thought. Jiang and colleagues considered it most likely that the thalattosaur was killed by the ichthyosaur, due to its completeness and the scarcity of marine
1066:
would have been stored them in two different regions, a configuration seen in no other vertebrate. Instead, they speculated that the clusters formed after death, or even that some gastroliths might have killed the animal after moving into and clogging its
838:(two pairs of skull roof bones). The low, thin, well-developed sagittal crest on the parietals splits in two at its front and rear ends. A reasonably prominent flat shelf is present in the front regions of the depressions surrounding each
779:(front upper tooth-bearing bones) do not extend beneath the external nares. However, a spear-shaped projection of each premaxilla forms most of the upper rim of each external naris. The external nares are oval-shaped and small. The
1006:
coefficients. Through their simulations, the researchers found that the water would have stagnated around the snouts of the ichthyosauriforms, then flowed more quickly across their bodies before slowing down in the animal's
1061:
in its stomach region. These stones vary in size from 0.6 to 3.7 centimetres (0.24 to 1.46 in) in diameter and generally are rather round. They are preserved in two clusters, although Cheng and colleagues doubted that
606:
ichthyosaurs instead of novel evolutionary changes, and stated that further research was still needed before the two could be synonymized. A 2011 paper by P. Martin Sander and colleagues considered
1988:
Sander, P.M.; Griebeler, E.M.; Klein, N.; Juarbe, J.V.; Wintrich, T.; Revell, L.J.; Schmitz, L. (2021). "Early giant reveals faster evolution of large body size in ichthyosaurs than in cetaceans".
803:
are distinctively shaped, having convex front, straight rear and lower, and weakly concave upper margins. The front thirds of their upper borders are formed by the prefrontals, which are small in
526:, was named by Chen Xiaohong and Cheng Long, based on the nearly perfectly-preserved specimen TR 00001, the holotype, and the additional specimen SPCV30014, a three-dimensionally preserved skull.
395:
is a large ichthyosaur, typically measuring approximately 5 metres (16 ft) long with some specimens exceeding 6 metres (20 ft). The snout is long and powerful, and there is a low
1135:
Jiang and colleagues noted that while teeth suited for grasping are useful in procuring cephalopods, they can also be used to hold prey underwater, thereby causing it to drown, as done by
1151:, also do not have teeth with cutting edges. The thalattosaur's trunk may have been swallowed in as many as four pieces, but it seems most likely that it was swallowed whole. Even though
1002:. They found that the body shapes of the different ichthyosauriforms, when scaled to the same size and the effects of the limbs disregarded, all resulted in similar net energy costs and
1827:
Dal Sasso & Pinna, 1996 (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Middle
Triassic Besano Formation of Monte San Giorgio, Italy/Switzerland: taxonomic and palaeobiological implications"
403:(shoulder blades) are shaped like sickles, and an opening is enclosed between each set of lower leg bones. Each limb contains a minimum of four digits. Two distinct morphotypes of
810:
The portion of the skull located behind the orbits is rather short, not much more than half of the orbital length in adults. There is a large, triangular indentation behind the
496:
was named based on Gmr 009, a well-preserved specimen, although it is missing the hips, a hindflipper, and much of its tail. Li Chun and You Hai-Lu named a new species of
4030:
1660:
Ji, C.; Jiang, D. Y.; Motani, R.; Rieppel, O.; Hao, W. C.; Sun, Z. Y. (2016). "Phylogeny of the
Ichthyopterygia incorporating recent discoveries from South China".
594:
as a distinct genus. While he considered the two genera to be quite similar, he noted that the majority of the traits that had been used to synonymize it with
2219:
534:
skull mixed up with the remains of other ichthyosaurs; and GNG D-41, a complete, though incompletely prepared, skeleton. Pan Xinru and colleagues restudied
437:
as stomach contents, their ingestion may have been accidental, as stomach stones are very uncommon in ichthyosaurs. Despite its small, smooth-edged teeth,
3921:
1283:"The Late Triassic black shales of the Guanling area, Guizhou Province, south‐west China: A unique marine reptile and pelagic crinoid fossil lagerstätte"
4017:
565:, using this new specimen to provide information on the shoulders, hips, and tail, which until then had been poorly known. However, they considered
4089:
1091:
has gastroliths, they considered it most likely that the stones in TR 00001 were swallowed accidentally when attacking prey near the seafloor.
4094:
893:-shaped, and lack constricted bases. The front edges of their blades are smooth and bow forwards, and do not have hook-like projections. The
744:) measures 5.4 m (18 ft) long and the complete skeleton GNP-d41 measures more than 6 m (20 ft) long. These specimens of
901:(a shoulder bone between the collarbones) is shaped like the letter T. The central, lower projection of it is very small and narrow. The
717:, but phylogenetic analyses have generally found results similar to those of Ji and colleagues, where the species is not found to be the
4084:
1083:
control, this is controversial, and Cheng and colleagues found the roughly 1 kilogram of stones to be insufficient to usefully serve as
913:(lower arm bones) are concave, leaving an opening between the two bones in each flipper. This is also seen in the lower leg bones, the
561:, IVPP V 11853, a nearly complete articulated skeleton, missing only some parts of the flippers. They further described the anatomy of
4099:
3190:
2164:"An Upper Triassic (Norian) ichthyosaur (Reptilia, Ichthyopterygia) from northern Alaska and dietary insight based on gut contents"
1281:
Wang, X.; Bachmann, G. H.; Hagdorn, H.; Sander, P. M.; Cuny, G.; Chen, X.; Wang, C.; Chen, L.; Cheng, L.; Meng, F.; Xu, G. (2008).
701:, and thus rejected the assignment of the former species to this genus. However, they found no traits unambiguously linking it to
2212:
1194:
740:, the total length of the nearly complete skeleton IVPP V 11853 exceeds 5.2 m (17 ft), while TR 00001 (the holotype of
140:
1907:
732:
has been described as moderate to very large in size for an ichthyosaur. XNGM-WS-50-R4, a nearly complete skeleton assigned to
1094:
3927:
783:(back upper tooth-bearing bones) extend quite far forwards. They also bear long, rearwards extensions that almost touch the
1555:"Short-Snouted Toothless Ichthyosaur from China Suggests Late Triassic Diversification of Suction Feeding Ichthyosaurs"
3201:
2205:
818:(paired bones towards the back of the skull) is hidden on the outside of the skull by two other pairs of bones, the
3964:
705:
either, thus also rejected its assignment to that genus. Further studies have variably referred to the species as "
3207:
2086:
Gutarra, S.; Moon, B. C.; Rahman, I. A.; Palmer, C.; Lautenschlager, S.; Brimacombe, A. J.; Benton, M. J. (2019).
775:
has a long, powerful snout. An extensive groove is present in front of each external naris (nostril opening). The
506:, from the same region in 2002 based on two nearly complete skulls. They noted that this was the first time that
3959:
3915:
760:
538:
and published their results in another 2006 paper, in which they described GNG D-41 in more detail. They found
1620:
1433:
1372:
1342:
1256:
975:, a similar trend in trunk-tail proportions is also seen in another group of vivaporous marine reptiles, the
2088:"Effects of body plan evolution on the hydrodynamic drag and energy requirements of swimming in ichthyosaurs"
1503:
Cao and Luo in Yin et al., 2000 (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) from the late triassic of
Guanling County, Guizhou"
1457:"A new species of large-sized and long-body ichthyosaur from the Late Triassic Guanling biota,Guizhou,China"
986:
Computer simulation of flow velocity from
Gutarra and colleagues' study; warmer colors indicate faster flow
3985:
2680:
2674:
1761:
Jiang, D. Y.; Motani, R.; Tintori, A.; Rieppel, O.; Ji, C.; Zhou, M.; Wang, X.; Lu, H.; Li, Z. G. (2020).
1419:
748:
are estimated to have weighed between 914–1,404 kg (2,015–3,095 lb). Additionally, specimens of
682:. He still maintained it as provisionally valid though, as detailed investigation had not yet been done.
4056:
3954:
232:
1528:
982:
2044:
1774:
1726:
1566:
1189:
2686:
1424:
1049:-like) swimming styles. This switch likely explains why these later ichthyosaurs had deeper bodies.
885:
is elongate, containing around 170 vertebrae, and is abruptly bent downwards near its end. The wide
3314:
3157:
2304:
2163:
866:
3171:
626:. In 2020, Da-Yong Jiang and colleagues described XNGM-WS-50-R4, a specimen that they assigned to
407:
are known, differentiated by skull and limb morphology, which likely represent males and females.
3427:
2846:
2731:
2481:
2366:
2353:
2316:
2228:
2183:
2068:
2013:
1877:
1730:
1677:
1437:
1304:
1260:
1177:
991:
815:
631:
547:
374:
261:
135:
4061:
853:) lack prominent outwardly-directed projections. The space between the pterygoids is large. The
3196:
1406:
Cheng, L.; Wings, O.; Chen, X.; Sander, P. M. (2006). "Gastroliths in the
Triassic ichthyosaur
4043:
4035:
3745:
3620:
3585:
3541:
3066:
2446:
2117:
2060:
2005:
1970:
1858:
1800:
1594:
857:(upper rear lower jaw bones) bear deep depressions that are confluent with depressions on the
839:
118:
4048:
3865:
3814:
3782:
3665:
3470:
3326:
3271:
2825:
2762:
2175:
2107:
2099:
2052:
1997:
1960:
1950:
1848:
1838:
1790:
1782:
1722:
1714:
1669:
1584:
1574:
1429:
1294:
1252:
819:
477:
322:
1106:
are rather small and do not have cutting edges, suitable for holding on to prey items like
17:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3650:
3554:
3502:
3403:
3164:
3143:
3136:
3014:
2993:
2853:
2563:
2524:
2490:
2462:
2411:
1071:. As the gastroliths did not resemble the surrounding rock, the scientists concluded that
976:
792:
784:
519:
371:
341:, of which multiple skeletons are known. It has been reassigned as a species of the genus
334:
2048:
1778:
1570:
946:
3858:
3851:
3823:
3592:
3530:
3523:
3486:
3479:
3458:
3353:
3299:
3056:
3036:
3006:
2958:
2942:
2925:
2878:
2786:
2778:
2771:
2537:
2112:
2087:
1965:
1934:
1853:
1822:
1795:
1762:
1589:
1554:
1008:
995:
963:
897:(another pair of shoulder bones) have prominent indentations in their front edges. The
846:
827:
823:
814:, the bones that form the lower rims of the orbits. The contact between the jugals and
498:
441:
is known to have been able to consume other large marine reptiles, as evidenced from a
396:
359:
349:
271:
2162:
Druckenmiller, P. S.; Kelley, N.; Whalen, M. T.; McRoberts, C.; Carter, J. G. (2014).
1912:(Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), and description of a new species from Southwestern Germany"
791:(a pair of skull roof bones) extend as far back as to be level with the middle of the
4078:
3844:
3722:
3629:
3608:
3412:
3345:
3335:
3292:
3252:
2794:
2746:
2717:
2704:
2634:
2506:
2499:
2422:
2404:
2187:
2136:
2017:
1498:
1441:
1308:
1299:
1282:
1264:
1236:
1125:
906:
898:
835:
511:
485:
450:
330:
195:
76:
1821:
Bindellini, G.; Wolniewicz, A.S.; Miedema, F.; Scheyer, T.M.; Dal Sasso, C. (2021).
1734:
1681:
3803:
3796:
3775:
3760:
3715:
3685:
3570:
3516:
3389:
3126:
3074:
2974:
2966:
2934:
2891:
2837:
2811:
2592:
2585:
2545:
2513:
2455:
2072:
2032:
1026:
1017:
1003:
831:
718:
678:
unconvincing, however, and that this species was probably just a junior synonym of
639:
599:
571:
473:
442:
414:
343:
290:
252:
1718:
1673:
2179:
1579:
1235:
Maisch, M. W.; Pan, X. R.; Sun, Z. Y.; Cai, T.; Zhang, D. P.; Xie, J. L. (2006).
990:
In 2019, Susana
Gutarra and colleagues studied the energy demands of swimming in
3678:
3643:
3562:
3368:
3361:
3238:
3225:
3150:
3085:
3044:
2981:
2905:
2435:
2391:
2380:
2273:
1699:
1529:"Phylogeny, systematics, and origin of the Ichthyosauria – the state of the art"
1116:
1107:
1087:
for an animal potentially weighing as much as a ton. Since no other specimen of
1058:
1034:
796:
318:
51:
4008:
1786:
752:
reaching around 7 m (23 ft) in total length have also been reported.
662:, based on material from Guizhou, China. In 2010, Maisch moved this species to
3872:
3830:
3737:
3730:
3636:
3577:
3444:
3285:
3259:
3021:
2867:
2860:
2612:
2603:
2552:
2289:
2258:
1763:"Evidence supporting predation of 4-m marine reptile by Triassic megapredator"
1136:
1068:
1042:
972:
854:
811:
788:
776:
654:
434:
380:
96:
61:
1456:
3767:
3752:
3600:
3419:
2572:
2001:
1114:
sp. specimen XNGM-WS-50-R4 contains the torso and limbs of the thalattosaur
399:
on the rear part of its skull. The tail is bent downwards near its end, the
347:
in the past, though it has since been considered distinct. The ichthyosaurs
152:
101:
2121:
2103:
2064:
2009:
1974:
1862:
1804:
1598:
4002:
3789:
2913:
2738:
2252:
1080:
894:
635:
603:
367:
172:
91:
86:
71:
66:
56:
41:
2056:
1955:
1843:
1139:. To detach the prey's head and tail, the researchers hypothesized that
795:(eye sockets), where they contact another pair of skull roof bones, the
4022:
3837:
2619:
2264:
1169:
1157:
1129:
1084:
902:
886:
858:
780:
652:
In 2007, X. Chen and colleagues named a new species of the ichthyosaur
481:
469:
400:
326:
311:
182:
106:
81:
1882:(Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Late Triassic in Guanling, Guizhou"
869:. They have 3 to 5 very fine vertical ridges, but lack cutting edges.
2246:
2197:
1033:-like) locomotion, later ichthyosaurs switched to the more efficient
926:
922:
918:
905:(upper arm bones) have straight rear margins. The inner edges of the
890:
850:
515:
465:
162:
3979:
1079:. While the function of gastroliths has been interpreted by some as
638:
stage of the Middle
Triassic. It was dug up in 2010 and contained a
830:(an opening on top of the skull) is flanked by sharp ridges on the
1625:(Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Triassic Guanling Biota, China"
1093:
1076:
981:
945:
914:
759:
489:
314:
1497:
Pan, X.; Jiang, D.; Sun, Z.; Cai, T.; Zhang, D.; Xie, J. (2006).
1143:
would have sharply twisted its head to tear them off, as done by
579:
as a distinct species. They concurred with previous studies that
1144:
1046:
910:
557:
In 2009, Shang Qing-Hua and Li Chun described a new specimen of
445:
skeleton in the stomach region of one specimen, indicating that
426:
3983:
3943:
3223:
2702:
2351:
2239:
2201:
1939:(Reptilia: Ichthyosauriformes) based on digital reconstruction"
1057:
Unusually for an ichthyosaur, TR 00001 preserves more than 100
736:
sp. measures 4.8 m (16 ft) long. As for specimens of
1038:
1030:
422:
418:
685:
In 2016, Ji and colleagues found no characteristics uniting "
575:
that they synonymized it with that genus, although they kept
429:-like swimming of later ichthyosaurs. While one specimen of
1241:(Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Upper Triassic of China"
1098:
XNGM-WS-50-R4 (topmost), with stomach contents shown below
674:. He considered the characteristics used to differentiate
1434:
10.1666/0022-3360(2006)80[583:GITTIP]2.0.CO;2
1257:
10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[588:COOGTR]2.0.CO;2
1102:
Unlike a typical predator of large animals, the teeth of
957:
A 2013 study by Shang and Li found that all specimens of
1075:
must have obtained them somewhere else, perhaps near a
1700:"A new phylogeny of ichthyosaurs (Reptilia: Diapsida)"
1347:
in the
Guanling biota (Late Triassic), Guizhou, China"
877:
There are about 65 vertebrae in front of the hips in
1553:
Sander, P.M.; Chen, X.; Cheng, L.; Wang, X. (2011).
1507:
622:
has since been accepted as valid and different from
3992:
3813:
3664:
3619:
3540:
3500:
3469:
3442:
3402:
3387:
3334:
3313:
3269:
3236:
3124:
3084:
3055:
2992:
2924:
2877:
2836:
2809:
2761:
2715:
2633:
2602:
2571:
2562:
2523:
2489:
2480:
2445:
2421:
2390:
2364:
2315:
2288:
2033:"Triassic marine reptiles gave birth to live young"
518:, in addition to the first occurrence outside the
1816:
1814:
865:are conical, have somewhat blunted tips, and are
413:, like other early ichthyosaurs, would have used
1164:ate other prey items as well, as evidenced by a
768:sp., XNGM-WS-50-R4, with a close-up of the teeth
590:However, in 2010, Maisch provisionally accepted
1168:specimen preserving fish bones as well as some
670:, noting that it was distinctly different from
1908:"A revision of the Early Jurassic ichthyosaur
2213:
1935:"The anatomy of the palate in Early Triassic
1230:
614:, and while Shang and Li again used the name
421:-like) locomotion, unlike the more efficient
8:
1876:Chen, X.H.; Cheng, L.; Sander, P.M. (2007).
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1522:
1520:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1693:
1691:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
881:, followed by 2 hip vertebrae. The tail of
3980:
3940:
3670:
3546:
3508:
3497:
3450:
3399:
3395:
3320:
3310:
3277:
3244:
3233:
3220:
3121:
2998:
2883:
2817:
2758:
2723:
2712:
2699:
2577:
2568:
2529:
2486:
2427:
2396:
2372:
2361:
2348:
2294:
2285:
2236:
2220:
2206:
2198:
2137:"Gut contents in the Triassic ichthyosaur
1377:from the Upper Triassic of Guizhou, China"
1276:
1274:
998:and models of nine taxa, one of which was
861:(lower tooth-bearing bones). The teeth of
117:
31:
2111:
1964:
1954:
1852:
1842:
1794:
1727:1983/463e9f78-10b7-4262-9643-0454b4aa7763
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1588:
1578:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1423:
1298:
2031:Cheng, Y. N.; Wu, X. C.; Ji, Q. (2004).
1206:
1343:"On the occurrence of the ichthyosaur
1160:above the water and inertia. However,
587:were junior synonyms of this species.
1933:Yin, Y. L.; Ji, C.; Zhou, M. (2021).
925:(wrist bone) is present beneath each
721:of the type species of either genus.
7:
933:. Both the forefins and hindfins of
889:(shoulder blades) are asymmetrical,
510:had ever been reported from outside
492:named by Y. Cao and Y. Luo in 2000.
337:. The type species of this genus is
2141:from the Guanling biota in Guizhou"
1906:Maxwell, E. E.; Cortés, D. (2020).
1707:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
366:. The genus is also known from the
2168:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2092:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1662:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1245:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
787:(a pair of skull roof bones). The
529:A study of the cranial anatomy of
480:(which was deposited in the lower
321:which is known primarily from the
25:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3206:
3200:
3195:
3189:
2685:
2679:
2673:
1300:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00735.x
1195:Timeline of ichthyosaur research
522:. In 2003, another ichthyosaur,
139:
130:in Geological Museum of Guizhou
2135:Cheng, L.; Chen, X. H. (2007).
4090:Late Triassic reptiles of Asia
1:
1719:10.1080/14772019.2017.1394922
1674:10.1080/02724634.2015.1025956
1621:"On the sexual dimorphism of
1619:Shang, Q. H.; Li, C. (2013).
1341:Shang, Q. H.; Li, C. (2009).
4095:Prehistoric animals of China
2180:10.1080/02724634.2014.866573
1580:10.1371/journal.pone.0019480
1461:Geological Bulletin of China
1455:Chen, X.; Cheng, L. (2003).
1147:and crocodiles, which, like
377:; additionally, the species
1937:Chaohusaurus brevifemoralis
1501:Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae
1371:Li, C.; You, H. L. (2002).
1239:Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae
952:Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae
462:Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae
339:Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae
245:Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae
128:Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae
18:Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae
4116:
4085:Late Triassic ichthyosaurs
1916:Palaeontologia Electronica
1825:Besanosaurus leptorhynchus
1787:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101347
610:to be quite distinct from
3950:
3939:
3912:
3673:
3549:
3511:
3496:
3453:
3398:
3323:
3309:
3280:
3247:
3232:
3219:
3187:
3120:
3001:
2886:
2820:
2757:
2726:
2711:
2698:
2671:
2580:
2532:
2430:
2399:
2375:
2360:
2347:
2297:
2284:
2235:
647:Callawayia wolonggangense
630:sp., which came from the
600:ancestral characteristics
267:
260:
238:
231:
136:Scientific classification
134:
125:
116:
34:
27:Extinct genus of reptiles
4100:Ichthyosauromorph genera
693:and the type species of
585:Cymbospondylus asiaticus
581:Panjiangsaurus epicharis
544:Cymbospondylus asiaticus
540:Panjiangsaurus epicharis
524:Panjiangsaurus epicharis
356:Panjiangsaurus epicharis
282:Panjiangsaurus epicharis
2002:10.1126/science.abf5787
1412:Journal of Paleontology
1172:in its stomach region.
2104:10.1098/rspb.2018.2786
1632:Vertebrata PalAsiatica
1527:Maisch, M. W. (2010).
1384:Vertebrata PalAsiatica
1354:Vertebrata PalAsiatica
1237:"Cranial osteology of
1099:
987:
954:
769:
285:Chen & Chang, 2003
4057:Paleobiology Database
1097:
985:
949:
763:
642:as stomach contents.
464:was one of three new
358:, named in 2003, are
354:, named in 2002, and
296:(Cao & Luo, 2000)
251:Cao & Luo, 2000 (
3994:Guizhouichthyosaurus
3029:Guizhouichthyosaurus
2951:Guizhouichthyosaurus
2899:Guizhouichthyosaurus
1823:"Cranial anatomy of
1698:Moon, B. C. (2019).
1190:List of ichthyosaurs
1174:Guizhouichthyosaurus
1162:Guizhouichthyosaurus
1153:Guizhouichthyosaurus
1149:Guizhouichthyosaurus
1141:Guizhouichthyosaurus
1122:Guizhouichthyosaurus
1112:Guizhouichthyosaurus
1110:. Nevertheless, the
1104:Guizhouichthyosaurus
1089:Guizhouichthyosaurus
1073:Guizhouichthyosaurus
1064:Guizhouichthyosaurus
1023:Guizhouichthyosaurus
1013:Guizhouichthyosaurus
1000:Guizhouichthyosaurus
994:using computational
969:Guizhouichthyosaurus
959:Guizhouichthyosaurus
950:Life restoration of
935:Guizhouichthyosaurus
931:Guizhouichthyosaurus
883:Guizhouichthyosaurus
879:Guizhouichthyosaurus
873:Postcranial skeleton
863:Guizhouichthyosaurus
805:Guizhouichthyosaurus
801:Guizhouichthyosaurus
773:Guizhouichthyosaurus
766:Guizhouichthyosaurus
750:Guizhouichthyosaurus
734:Guizhouichthyosaurus
730:Guizhouichthyosaurus
703:Guizhouichthyosaurus
664:Guizhouichthyosaurus
628:Guizhouichthyosaurus
620:Guizhouichthyosaurus
608:Guizhouichthyosaurus
592:Guizhouichthyosaurus
569:to be so similar to
567:Guizhouichthyosaurus
563:Guizhouichthyosaurus
559:Guizhouichthyosaurus
536:Guizhouichthyosaurus
531:Guizhouichthyosaurus
447:Guizhouichthyosaurus
439:Guizhouichthyosaurus
431:Guizhouichthyosaurus
411:Guizhouichthyosaurus
405:Guizhouichthyosaurus
393:Guizhouichthyosaurus
387:Guizhouichthyosaurus
307:Guizhouichthyosaurus
210:Guizhouichthyosaurus
36:Guizhouichthyosaurus
3315:Temnodontosauroidea
2057:10.1038/nature03050
2049:2004Natur.432..383C
1956:10.7717/peerj.11727
1844:10.7717/peerj.11179
1779:2020iSci...23j1347J
1623:Shastasaurus tangae
1571:2011PLoSO...619480S
616:Shastasaurus tangae
457:History of research
3945:Related categories
3428:Protoichthyosaurus
2847:Barracudasauroides
2732:Quasianosteosaurus
2482:Ichthyosauriformes
2367:Ichthyosauromorpha
2354:Ichthyosauromorpha
2317:Ichthyosauromorpha
2229:Ichthyosauromorpha
2098:(1898): 20182786.
1996:(6575): eabf5787.
1878:"A new species of
1124:appeared to be an
1100:
988:
971:would have been a
955:
770:
632:Zhuganpo Formation
375:Zhuganpo Formation
277:Li & You, 2002
4072:
4071:
4044:Open Tree of Life
3986:Taxon identifiers
3977:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3965:Triassic reptiles
3935:
3934:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3746:Kazakhstanosaurus
3660:
3659:
3621:Ophthalmosaurinae
3586:Myobradypterygius
3542:Ophthalmosauridae
3438:
3437:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3215:
3214:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3067:Qianichthyosaurus
2805:
2804:
2694:
2693:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2629:
2628:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2447:Parahupehsuchinae
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2043:(7015): 383–386.
1178:generalist feeder
1176:was apparently a
1015:, in addition to
992:ichthyosauriforms
840:temporal fenestra
715:G. wolonggangense
676:G. wolonggangense
668:G. wolonggangense
618:in a 2013 paper,
602:of that group of
303:
302:
297:
286:
278:
16:(Redirected from
4107:
4065:
4064:
4052:
4051:
4039:
4038:
4026:
4025:
4013:
4012:
4011:
3981:
3941:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3866:Simbirskiasaurus
3815:Platypterygiinae
3783:Pervushovisaurus
3671:
3666:Platypterygiidae
3547:
3509:
3498:
3471:Stenopterygiidae
3451:
3400:
3396:
3327:Temnodontosaurus
3321:
3311:
3278:
3272:Neoichthyosauria
3245:
3234:
3221:
3210:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3122:
2999:
2884:
2826:Cymbospondylidae
2818:
2763:Cymbospondylidae
2759:
2724:
2713:
2700:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2578:
2569:
2530:
2487:
2428:
2397:
2373:
2362:
2349:
2295:
2286:
2279:
2278:
2237:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2199:
2192:
2191:
2174:(6): 1460–1465.
2159:
2153:
2152:
2145:Geology in China
2132:
2126:
2125:
2115:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2028:
2022:
2021:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1968:
1958:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1889:Geology in China
1886:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1856:
1846:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1758:
1739:
1738:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1657:
1640:
1639:
1629:
1616:
1603:
1602:
1592:
1582:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1494:
1469:
1468:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1427:
1403:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1351:
1338:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1278:
1269:
1268:
1232:
1053:Diet and feeding
1025:would have used
977:pachypleurosaurs
921:. An additional
867:set into sockets
799:. The orbits of
699:C. neoscapularis
634:, dating to the
478:Xiaowa Formation
383:" wollongangense
323:Xiaowa Formation
295:
284:
276:
247:
243:
207:
194:
144:
143:
121:
111:
48:
47:Ladinian–Carnian
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4060:
4055:
4047:
4042:
4034:
4029:
4021:
4016:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3988:
3978:
3969:
3960:Marine reptiles
3946:
3931:
3878:
3809:
3709:Brachypterygius
3701:Athabascasaurus
3693:Arthropterygius
3656:
3651:Ophthalmosaurus
3615:
3555:Arthropterygius
3536:
3505:
3503:Ophthalmosauria
3492:
3465:
3447:
3434:
3404:Ichthyosauridae
3392:
3375:
3330:
3305:
3274:
3265:
3241:
3228:
3211:
3177:
3165:Svalbardosaurus
3144:Pachygonosaurus
3137:Barracudasaurus
3100:
3080:
3051:
3015:Californosaurus
2994:Euichthyosauria
2988:
2920:
2873:
2854:Contectopalatus
2832:
2814:
2801:
2753:
2720:
2707:
2690:
2649:
2625:
2598:
2564:Eoichthyosauria
2558:
2525:Ichthyopterygia
2519:
2491:Omphalosauridae
2468:
2463:Parahupehsuchus
2441:
2417:
2412:Nanchangosaurus
2386:
2369:
2356:
2331:
2311:
2280:
2242:
2241:
2231:
2226:
2196:
2195:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2030:
2029:
2025:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1760:
1759:
1742:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1668:(1): e1025956.
1659:
1658:
1643:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1606:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1536:Palaeodiversity
1531:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1499:"Discussion on
1496:
1495:
1472:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1425:10.1.1.898.7202
1405:
1404:
1395:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1316:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1234:
1233:
1208:
1203:
1186:
1055:
944:
875:
758:
727:
660:C. wolonggangse
650:
548:junior synonyms
520:Middle Triassic
459:
372:Middle Triassic
360:junior synonyms
335:southwest China
256:
249:
241:
240:
227:
205:
192:
138:
112:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
46:
45:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4113:
4111:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4077:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4053:
4040:
4027:
4014:
3998:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3859:Plutoniosaurus
3855:
3852:Platypterygius
3848:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3824:Caypullisaurus
3819:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3764:
3757:
3749:
3742:
3734:
3727:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3697:
3689:
3682:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3625:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3605:
3597:
3593:Nannopterygius
3589:
3582:
3574:
3567:
3559:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3531:Macropterygius
3527:
3524:Delphinosaurus
3520:
3512:
3506:
3501:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3487:Stenopterygius
3483:
3480:Magnipterygius
3475:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:Chacaicosaurus
3454:
3448:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3406:
3393:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3365:
3358:
3354:Excalibosaurus
3350:
3341:
3339:
3332:
3331:
3324:
3318:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3300:Suevoleviathan
3296:
3289:
3281:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3256:
3248:
3242:
3237:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3132:
3130:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3071:
3062:
3060:
3057:Toretocnemidae
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3041:
3037:Mikadocephalus
3033:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3007:Auroroborealia
3002:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2971:
2963:
2959:Himalayasaurus
2955:
2947:
2943:Guanlingsaurus
2939:
2930:
2928:
2926:Shastasauridae
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2895:
2887:
2881:
2879:Merriamosauria
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2842:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2821:
2815:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2791:
2787:Thalattoarchon
2783:
2779:Phantomosaurus
2775:
2772:Cymbospondylus
2767:
2765:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2727:
2721:
2716:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2581:
2575:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2538:Isfjordosaurus
2533:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2495:
2493:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2451:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2376:
2370:
2365:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2298:
2292:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2240:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2193:
2154:
2139:Panjiangsaurus
2127:
2078:
2023:
1980:
1925:
1898:
1868:
1810:
1740:
1713:(2): 129–155.
1687:
1641:
1604:
1545:
1516:
1470:
1447:
1418:(3): 583–588.
1408:Panjiangsaurus
1393:
1375:Cymbospondylus
1363:
1314:
1270:
1251:(3): 588–597.
1205:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1182:
1054:
1051:
996:fluid dynamics
964:sagittal crest
943:
940:
874:
871:
849:(rear pair of
828:pineal foramen
816:quadratojugals
757:
754:
742:Panjiangsaurus
726:
723:
711:wolonggangense
691:wolonggangense
649:
644:
508:Cymbospondylus
499:Cymbospondylus
458:
455:
397:sagittal crest
385:may belong to
350:Cymbospondylus
329:stage of the
301:
300:
299:
298:
287:
279:
272:Cymbospondylus
265:
264:
258:
257:
250:
236:
235:
229:
228:
224:G. tangae
220:
218:
214:
213:
203:
199:
198:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
132:
131:
123:
122:
114:
113:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
49:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4112:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3942:
3938:
3929:
3925:
3923:
3917:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3845:Maiaspondylus
3842:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3723:Cryopterygius
3720:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3630:Acamptonectes
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3610:
3609:Thalassodraco
3606:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3441:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3413:Ichthyosaurus
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3386:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:Eurhinosaurus
3343:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:Leptonectidae
3333:
3329:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3293:Hauffiopteryx
3290:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3253:Hudsonelpidia
3250:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3158:Sphaerodontes
3155:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2797:
2796:
2795:Xinminosaurus
2792:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2748:
2747:Xinminosaurus
2744:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2718:Ichthyosauria
2714:
2710:
2706:
2705:Ichthyosauria
2701:
2697:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2676:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2635:Ichthyosauria
2632:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2507:Omphalosaurus
2504:
2502:
2501:
2500:Cartorhynchus
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:Hupehsuchidae
2420:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2405:Eohupehsuchus
2402:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1910:Hauffiopteryx
1902:
1899:
1895:(6): 974–982.
1894:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1773:(9): 101347.
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:(4): 253–264.
1637:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1565:(5): e19480.
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:(4): 228–235.
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1410:from China".
1409:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1376:
1367:
1364:
1360:(3): 178–193.
1359:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:Palaeontology
1284:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1126:apex predator
1123:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
984:
980:
978:
974:
970:
965:
960:
953:
948:
941:
939:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
899:interclavicle
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
872:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:palatal bones
848:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
767:
762:
755:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
724:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:
648:
645:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
573:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:North America
509:
505:
501:
500:
495:
491:
487:
486:Late Triassic
484:stage of the
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
456:
454:
452:
451:apex predator
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
388:
384:
382:
376:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
351:
346:
345:
340:
336:
332:
331:Late Triassic
328:
325:of the lower
324:
320:
316:
313:
309:
308:
294:
292:
288:
283:
280:
275:
273:
269:
268:
266:
263:
259:
254:
248:
246:
237:
234:
233:Binomial name
230:
226:
225:
219:
216:
215:
212:
211:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:Ichthyosauria
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
142:
137:
133:
129:
124:
120:
115:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
3993:
3955:Ichthyosaurs
3919:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3804:Undorosaurus
3802:
3797:Sveltonectes
3795:
3788:
3781:
3776:Parrassaurus
3774:
3766:
3761:Muiscasaurus
3759:
3751:
3744:
3736:
3729:
3721:
3716:Catutosaurus
3714:
3707:
3699:
3691:
3686:Aegirosaurus
3684:
3677:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3607:
3599:
3591:
3584:
3576:
3571:Jabalisaurus
3569:
3561:
3553:
3529:
3522:
3517:Argovisaurus
3515:
3485:
3478:
3457:
3426:
3418:
3411:
3390:Thunnosauria
3367:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3325:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3258:
3251:
3194:
3172:Tibetosaurus
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3127:Nomina dubia
3125:
3075:Toretocnemus
3073:
3065:
3043:
3035:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3005:
2980:
2975:Shastasaurus
2973:
2967:Ichthyotitan
2965:
2957:
2950:
2949:
2941:
2935:Besanosaurus
2933:
2912:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2892:Besanosaurus
2890:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:Mixosauridae
2824:
2812:Hueneosauria
2793:
2785:
2777:
2770:
2745:
2737:
2730:
2678:
2618:
2611:
2593:Utatsusaurus
2591:
2586:Parvinatator
2584:
2551:
2546:Chaohusaurus
2544:
2536:
2514:Sclerocormus
2512:
2505:
2498:
2461:
2456:Eretmorhipis
2454:
2434:
2410:
2403:
2379:
2269:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2130:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2040:
2036:
2026:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1928:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1901:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1871:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1770:
1766:
1710:
1706:
1665:
1661:
1635:
1631:
1622:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1539:
1535:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1366:
1357:
1353:
1345:Shastasaurus
1344:
1293:(1): 27–61.
1290:
1286:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1134:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1101:
1088:
1072:
1063:
1056:
1027:anguilliform
1022:
1018:Chaohusaurus
1016:
1012:
999:
989:
968:
958:
956:
951:
942:Paleobiology
934:
930:
882:
878:
876:
862:
844:
820:postorbitals
809:
804:
800:
797:postfrontals
772:
771:
765:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:
719:sister taxon
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
684:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
653:
651:
646:
640:thalattosaur
627:
624:Shastasaurus
623:
619:
615:
612:Shastasaurus
611:
607:
596:Shastasaurus
595:
591:
589:
584:
580:
576:
572:Shastasaurus
570:
566:
562:
558:
556:
551:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
523:
507:
504:C. asiaticus
503:
497:
493:
474:ichthyosaurs
461:
460:
446:
443:thalattosaur
438:
430:
415:anguilliform
410:
409:
404:
392:
391:
386:
378:
363:
355:
348:
344:Shastasaurus
342:
338:
306:
305:
304:
291:Shastasaurus
289:
281:
270:
244:
239:
223:
222:
209:
208:
127:
126:Skeleton of
35:
29:
3679:Acuetzpalin
3644:Mollesaurus
3563:Gengasaurus
3369:Wahlisaurus
3362:Leptonectes
3239:Parvipelvia
3226:Parvipelvia
3151:Pessosaurus
3086:Parvipelvia
3045:Shonisaurus
2982:Shonisaurus
2906:Pessopteryx
2436:Hupehsuchus
2392:Hupehsuchia
2381:Baisesaurus
2274:Neodiapsida
2151:(1): 61–65.
1117:Xinpusaurus
1108:cephalopods
1059:gastroliths
1041:-like) and
1035:carangiform
973:live-bearer
855:surangulars
785:prefrontals
777:premaxillae
725:Description
435:gastroliths
319:ichthyosaur
4079:Categories
3873:Sisteronia
3831:Kyhytysuka
3738:Janusaurus
3731:Grendelius
3637:Baptanodon
3578:Janusaurus
3445:Baracromia
3286:Dearcmhara
3260:Macgowania
3095:see below↓
3022:Callawayia
2868:Phalarodon
2861:Mixosaurus
2644:see below↓
2613:Gulosaurus
2604:Grippiidae
2553:Thaisaurus
2326:see below↓
2305:Sauropsida
2290:Sauropsida
2263:Subclass:
2259:Sauropsida
1949:: e11727.
1880:Callawayia
1837:: e11179.
1542:: 151–214.
1513:: 697–703.
1201:References
1137:crocodiles
1069:intestines
1043:thunniform
847:pterygoids
824:squamosals
695:Callawayia
672:Callawayia
655:Callawayia
433:contained
381:Callawayia
3768:Palvennia
3753:Keilhauia
3601:Palvennia
3420:Malawania
2573:Grippidia
2245:Kingdom:
2188:129908740
2018:245444783
1442:131465028
1420:CiteSeerX
1309:129366371
1265:129117115
1166:G. tangae
895:coracoids
859:dentaries
836:parietals
764:Skull of
746:G. tangae
738:G. tangae
680:G. tangae
577:S. tangae
552:G. tangae
494:G. tangae
476:from the
364:G. tangae
352:asiaticus
274:asiaticus
217:Species:
159:Kingdom:
153:Eukaryota
4009:Q3281334
4003:Wikidata
3790:Sumpalla
2914:Wimanius
2739:Tholodus
2265:Diapsida
2253:Chordata
2251:Phylum:
2247:Animalia
2122:30836867
2065:15549103
2010:34941418
1975:34268013
1863:33996277
1805:32822565
1767:iScience
1735:90912678
1682:85621052
1599:21625429
1559:PLOS ONE
1184:See also
1170:bivalves
1081:buoyancy
887:scapulae
832:frontals
781:maxillae
636:Ladinian
604:Triassic
401:scapulae
368:Ladinian
262:Synonyms
183:Reptilia
173:Chordata
169:Phylum:
163:Animalia
149:Domain:
42:Triassic
4049:4128748
4036:1234738
4023:4818019
3838:Leninia
2620:Grippia
2257:Class:
2113:6458325
2073:4391810
2045:Bibcode
1990:Science
1966:8269639
1922:: 1–43.
1854:8106916
1796:7520894
1775:Bibcode
1590:3100301
1567:Bibcode
1390:: 9–16.
1158:gravity
1130:carrion
1085:ballast
919:fibulae
482:Carnian
470:species
449:was an
327:Carnian
312:extinct
242:†
221:†
202:Genus:
189:Order:
179:Class:
4062:170540
2186:
2120:
2110:
2071:
2063:
2037:Nature
2016:
2008:
1973:
1963:
1861:
1851:
1803:
1793:
1733:
1680:
1597:
1587:
1440:
1422:
1307:
1263:
927:ulnare
923:carpal
915:tibiae
903:humeri
891:sickle
826:. The
812:jugals
793:orbits
789:nasals
546:to be
516:Europe
466:genera
425:- and
370:-aged
310:is an
293:tangae
4031:IRMNG
2270:Clade
2184:S2CID
2069:S2CID
2014:S2CID
1943:PeerJ
1885:(PDF)
1831:PeerJ
1731:S2CID
1703:(PDF)
1678:S2CID
1628:(PDF)
1532:(PDF)
1438:S2CID
1380:(PDF)
1350:(PDF)
1305:S2CID
1261:S2CID
1145:orcas
1077:beach
911:ulnae
907:radii
756:Skull
666:, as
598:were
490:China
488:) of
315:genus
4018:GBIF
2303:see
2118:PMID
2061:PMID
2006:PMID
1971:PMID
1859:PMID
1801:PMID
1595:PMID
1047:tuna
1009:wake
1004:drag
917:and
909:and
845:The
834:and
822:and
583:and
542:and
514:and
468:and
427:tuna
253:type
52:PreꞒ
2176:doi
2108:PMC
2100:doi
2096:286
2053:doi
2041:432
1998:doi
1994:374
1961:PMC
1951:doi
1849:PMC
1839:doi
1791:PMC
1783:doi
1723:hdl
1715:doi
1670:doi
1585:PMC
1575:doi
1430:doi
1295:doi
1253:doi
1039:cod
1031:eel
929:of
713:or
550:of
472:of
423:cod
419:eel
362:of
333:in
317:of
4081::
4059::
4046::
4033::
4020::
4005::
2272::
2182:.
2172:34
2170:.
2166:.
2149:34
2147:.
2143:.
2116:.
2106:.
2094:.
2090:.
2067:.
2059:.
2051:.
2039:.
2035:.
2012:.
2004:.
1992:.
1969:.
1959:.
1945:.
1941:.
1920:23
1918:.
1914:.
1893:34
1891:.
1887:.
1857:.
1847:.
1833:.
1829:.
1813:^
1799:.
1789:.
1781:.
1771:23
1769:.
1765:.
1743:^
1729:.
1721:.
1711:17
1709:.
1705:.
1690:^
1676:.
1666:36
1664:.
1644:^
1636:51
1634:.
1630:.
1607:^
1593:.
1583:.
1573:.
1561:.
1557:.
1538:.
1534:.
1519:^
1511:42
1509:.
1505:.
1473:^
1465:22
1463:.
1459:.
1436:.
1428:.
1416:80
1414:.
1396:^
1388:40
1386:.
1382:.
1358:47
1356:.
1352:.
1317:^
1303:.
1291:51
1289:.
1285:.
1273:^
1259:.
1249:26
1247:.
1243:.
1209:^
1180:.
1011:.
979:.
807:.
709:"
707:C.
697:,
689:"
687:C.
658:,
554:.
502:,
453:.
389:.
102:Pg
44:,
3771:?
3756:?
3741:?
3726:?
3704:?
3696:?
3612:?
3604:?
3596:?
3581:?
3566:?
3558:?
3462:?
3431:?
3423:?
3372:?
3357:?
3349:?
3338:?
3317:?
3070:?
3059:?
3048:?
3040:?
3032:?
3010:?
2985:?
2970:?
2962:?
2954:?
2946:?
2938:?
2917:?
2909:?
2829:?
2798:?
2790:?
2782:?
2750:?
2742:?
2541:?
2221:e
2214:t
2207:v
2190:.
2178::
2124:.
2102::
2075:.
2055::
2047::
2020:.
2000::
1977:.
1953::
1947:9
1865:.
1841::
1835:9
1807:.
1785::
1777::
1737:.
1725::
1717::
1684:.
1672::
1601:.
1577::
1569::
1563:6
1540:3
1444:.
1432::
1373:"
1311:.
1297::
1267:.
1255::
1045:(
1037:(
1029:(
417:(
379:"
255:)
206:†
193:†
107:N
97:K
92:J
87:T
82:P
77:C
72:D
67:S
62:O
57:Ꞓ
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
