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In the early Middle Ages, Lombard kings conquered and invaded Istria several times, sometimes in alliance with the Slavs, as in 601 (or 602), although the extent of their settlement of the peninsula is a matter of debate. Gulfaris was renowned for his good deeds. He might have been the same person as
98:. Gulfaris is said to have opposed the Istrian supporters of the Three Chapters schism. He was called "glorious son" by Pope Gregory. Gulfaris is best known for being the subject of an epistle by
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Bileta, Vedran. "At the
Crossroads of Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages - The Rise and Fall of the Military Elite of Byzantine Istria": 112.
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Bileta, Vedran. "On the
Fringes of the Shrinking Empire - The Militarization of Administration and Society in Byzantine Istria": 17, 20, 66.
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provinces. Unlike the exarch, who was of eastern origin, the provincial commanders came from different backgrounds.
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Gregory's Letter-Bearers: A Study of the Men and Women who carried letters for Pope Gregory the Great
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Gulfaris remained in Istria after the establishment of the
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312:"Gregory's letter to Gulfaris at Catholic Culture"
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