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up to 12m deepāand some wetlands were drained to aid in the excavation of gum. As field gum became scarce, "bush gum" was obtained by purposely cutting the bark of kauri trees and returning months later to retrieve the hardened resin. Due to the damage caused to the trees by the cutting the practice was banned in state forests in 1905. Gum chips, small lumps useful for the manufacture of linoleum, were difficult to find. By 1910, the process of washing and sieving to retrieve the chips became common. The process was later mechanised.
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Digging in swamps was more complicated. A longer spear (up to 8m) was often used, often fitted with a hooked end to scoop out the lumps. Scrub was often cleared first with fire; some became uncontrolled and swamp fires could burn for weeks. Holes were often dug by teams in both hills and swampsāoften
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The gum varied in colour depending on the condition of the original tree. It also depended on where the gum had formed and how long it had been buried. Colours ranged from chalky-white through red-brown to black. The most prized was pale gold, as it was hard and translucent. The size of each lump
154:(the name given to resin used in such a way). Kauri gum was particularly useful for this, and from the mid-1840s was exported to London and America. Tentative exports had begun a few years earlier, for use in marine glue and as fire-kindlers; gum was part of an export cargo to Australia in 1814.
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Gum-digging was the major source of income for settlers in
Northland, and farmers often worked the gumfields in the winter months to subsidise the poor income from their unbroken land. By the 1890s, 20,000 people were engaged in gum-digging, of which 7000 worked full-time. Gum-digging was not
177:'s main export in the second half of the 19th century, sustaining much of the early growth of the city. Between 1850 and 1950, 450,000 tons of gum were exported. The peak in the gum market was 1899, with 11,116 tons exported that year, with a value of
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Most gum was dug from the ground using gum-spears (pointed rods to probe for gum) and "skeltons", defined as blade-edged spades for cutting through old wood and roots as well as soil. Once the gum was retrieved it would need to be scraped and cleaned.
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in the 1860s. They were transient workers, rather than settlers, and much of their income was sent out of the country, resulting in resentment from the local workforce. In 1898, the "Kauri Gum
Industry Act" was passed, which reserved gum-grounds for
366:(generally by sea) for sale to merchants and exporters. There were six major export firms in Auckland who dealt in gum, employing several hundred workers who graded and rescraped the gum for export, packing them in cases made from kauri timber.
377:, were buying gum from local MÄori for Ā£5 ($ 8.25) a ton or trading it for goods. The majority of the gum was exported to America and London (from whence it was distributed throughout Europe), although smaller amounts were sent to Australia,
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Gum-diggers worked in the old kauri fields, most of which were then covered by swamp or scrub, digging for gum. Much of the population was transient, moving from field to field, and they lived in rough huts or tents (which were called
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Kauri gum forms when resin from kauri trees leaks out through fractures or cracks in the bark, hardening upon exposure to air. Lumps commonly fall to the ground and can be covered with soil and forest litter, eventually
264:
By 1850, most of the surface gum had been harvested, and people began digging for it. The hillsides yielded shallow-buried gum (about 1 m), but in swamps and beaches it was buried much deeper (4 m or below).
161:
at lower temperatures, by the 1890s 70% of all oil varnishes made in
England used kauri gum. It was used to a limited extent in paints during the late 19th century, and from 1910 was used extensively in manufacturing
194:
also varied greatly. Swamps tended to yield the small nuggets known as "chips", whereas hillsides tended to produce larger lumps. The majority were the size of acorns, although some were found which weighed a few
284:
Gum-diggers were men and women who dug for kauri gum in the old kauri fields of New
Zealand at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The term may be a source for the nickname "
961:
300:", after the Maori for 'house'). It was extremely hard work and not well paid, but it attracted many Maori and European settlers, including women and children. There were many
166:. From the 1930s, the market for gum dropped as synthetic alternatives were found, but there remained niche uses for the gum in jewellery and specialist high-grade varnish for
577:
73:. Even afterwards, ancient kauri fields and the remaining forests continued to provide a source for the gum. Between 1820 and 1900, over 90% of Kauri forests were
61:), which historically had several important industrial uses. It can also be used to make crafts such as jewellery. Kauri forests once covered much of the
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480:"In the forests of New Zealand, indigenous Maori and Western scientists work through past injustices to save a threatened species together"
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989,700 US). The average annual export was over 5,000 tons, with the average price gained Ā£63 ($ 103.91 US) per ton.
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tattooing. Kauri gum was also crafted into jewellery, keepsakes and small decorative items. Like
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Kauri Gum and the
Gumdiggers: A Pictorial History of the Kauri Gum Industry in New Zealand
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Gumdiggers generally sold their gum to local gumbuyers, who transported it to
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Taonga, New
Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
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121:(older gum was softened by soaking and mixing with juice of the
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253:, Coromandel, in 1769, although he suspected it came from the
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suggests the age of most kauri gum is a few thousand years.
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556:"Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand: Origins and uses"
143:, kauri gum sometimes includes insects and plant material.
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Appendices to the
Journals of the House of Representatives
40:
from kauri gum. The carving is owned and displayed by the
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reported the presence of resinous lumps on the beach at
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As early as the 1830s and 1840s, merchants, including
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Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand: Gumdigging
740:Te Ara Encyclopedia of NZ: Dalmatians: Gumdiggers
321:by ferry at weekends to dig in the fields around
125:). Highly flammable, the gum was also used as a
345:North Auckland Kauri Forest c. 1890 ā c. 1910
261:spoke of their presence in Northland in 1819.
202:. Kauri gum shares a few characteristics with
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113:had many uses for the gum, which they called
8:
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210:. While amber can be millions of years old,
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576:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
157:Since kauri gum would mix more easily with
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618:"Te Ara Encyclopedia of NZ: The Industry"
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532:. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
458:"Te Ara Encyclopedia of NZ: Kauri Forest"
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554:Gilbert Mair, 1843ā1923 (1 March 2009).
206:, another fossilised resin found in the
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918:Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
894:The Dunmore Book of New Zealand Records
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337:Group of gum-diggers in gumfield (1908)
876:The Gumdiggers: The Story of Kauri Gum
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861:. Auckland: Birkenhead City Council.
729:Te Ara Encyclopedia of NZ: Damaltians
661:"Encyclopedia of NZ, 1966: Kauri Gum"
7:
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705:, 1898, Hā12, p. 31, and quoted in
288:" given to New Zealand soldiers in
146:Kauri gum was used commercially in
150:, and can be considered a type of
117:. Fresh gum was used as a type of
25:
401:Northland temperate kauri forests
304:, who had first come to work the
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892:Dunmore, Patricia (ed.) (1977).
663:. Teara.govt.nz. 22 April 2009
233:Most of the gumfields were in
1:
620:. Teara.govt.nz. 2 March 2009
460:. Teara.govt.nz. 1 March 2009
36:A 19th-century carving of a
421:"How and where kauri grows"
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971:Non-timber forest products
857:McClure, Margaret (1987).
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839:Hayward, Bruce W (1982).
707:Te Ara Encyclopedia of NZ
933:15 December 2007 at the
77:or burnt by Europeans.
859:The Story of Birkenhead
306:South Island goldfields
2101:Culture of New Zealand
2086:Economy of New Zealand
1985:(Iberian agroforestry)
1223:Pacific mountain onion
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2005:Indian forest produce
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105:Kauri gum, unpolished
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35:
1248:Bare-toothed russula
880:A.H. & A.W. Reed
381:, Japan and Russia.
44:Museum, New Zealand.
1859:musical instruments
1117:Woodland strawberry
208:Northern Hemisphere
97:Kauri gum, polished
847:: Lodestar Press.
530:Collections Online
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55:from kauri trees (
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900:: Dunmore Press.
818:Hayward, pp 42ā43
791:Hayward, pp 12ā13
782:Hayward, pp 10ā11
526:"Category: kauri"
319:WaitematÄ Harbour
257:, and missionary
58:Agathis australis
16:(Redirected from
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2010:Mushroom hunting
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827:Hayward, p 44
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19:
2057:
2030:Wildcrafting
2015:Naval stores
1993: /
1981:
1950:Tendu leaves
1906:Natural dyes
1776:Gutta-percha
1728: /
1675:
1666:Frankincense
1626:
1582:
1539:Mango butter
1484:Cocoa butter
1475:
1472:Chaulmoogra
1442:Allanblackia
1373:Black pepper
1258:Birch bolete
1208:Canada onion
1193:Wild ginseng
1188:Saw palmetto
1129: /
1019: /
893:
878:. Auckland:
875:
872:Reed, Alfred
858:
840:
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724:
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702:
701:recorded in
697:
686:
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665:. Retrieved
643:
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622:. Retrieved
612:
560:. Retrieved
534:. Retrieved
529:
520:
515:Hayward, p 3
511:
506:Hayward, p 2
487:. Retrieved
483:
474:
462:. Retrieved
452:
428:. Retrieved
424:
414:
391:Kauri Museum
371:Gilbert Mair
368:
361:
352:
348:
315:
294:
283:
263:
247:Captain Cook
232:
192:
172:
156:
145:
134:
127:fire-starter
123:puha thistle
114:
108:
79:
63:North Island
56:
48:
47:
29:
1965:Willow bark
1796:Maple syrup
1791:Maple sugar
1766:Fruit syrup
1749:chewing gum
1739:Birch syrup
1596:Shea butter
1268:Chanterelle
1213:Crow garlic
1203:Bear garlic
1198:Wild onions
1176:filƩ powder
1097:Lingonberry
1082:Huckleberry
647:Reed, p 114
290:World War I
269:Gum-diggers
251:Mercury Bay
159:linseed oil
119:chewing gum
83:fossilising
18:Gum digging
2075:Categories
1876:Birch beer
1871:Birch bark
1828:Spruce gum
1811:akpeteshie
1801:Palm sugar
1771:Gum arabic
1761:Date sugar
1711:Turpentine
1591:Sandalwood
1494:Eucalyptus
1489:Eucalyptol
1378:Brazil nut
1253:Bay bolete
1107:Strawberry
1062:Cocoa bean
1057:Breadfruit
1047:Blackberry
1021:tree fruit
898:Wellington
834:References
681:Reed, p 20
489:30 January
430:30 January
396:Dammar gum
323:Birkenhead
302:Dalmatians
279:Dargaville
239:Coromandel
189:Appearance
42:Dargaville
2096:Kauri gum
1995:gardening
1955:Thatching
1806:Palm wine
1651:Birch tar
1579:Sal-seed
1504:Japan wax
1457:Candlenut
1398:Malva nut
1363:Areca nut
1284:Matsutake
1240:Mushrooms
1181:root beer
1171:Sassafras
1159:Sago palm
1102:Raspberry
1087:Jackfruit
1052:Blueberry
1004:Wild game
379:Hong Kong
255:mangroves
235:Northland
218:Gumfields
181:600,000 (
49:Kauri gum
2048:Category
1864:textiles
1696:Pine tar
1661:Creosote
1611:Tea-tree
1606:Tea-seed
1574:Pongamia
1564:Phulwara
1549:Nagkesar
1544:Murumuru
1519:Kpangnan
1467:Carnauba
1408:Pine nut
1393:Hazelnut
1383:Cinnamon
1368:Bay leaf
1358:Allspice
1280:(reishi)
1112:Tamarind
1077:Gambooge
1037:Bilberry
931:Archived
874:(1972).
845:Auckland
667:25 April
624:25 April
572:cite web
562:25 April
464:25 April
385:See also
364:Auckland
243:Auckland
175:Auckland
164:linoleum
2059:Commons
1974:Related
1938:Tanbark
1933:Shellac
1923:Quinine
1896:Gambier
1816:ogogoro
1716:Varnish
1681:Lacquer
1671:Gamboge
1656:Camphor
1646:Benzoin
1556: (
1462:Capuacu
1447:Babassu
1413:Vanilla
1324:Truffle
1309:Red cap
1278:Lingzhi
1067:Coconut
1042:Binukaw
1017:Berries
536:18 July
329:Methods
168:violins
148:varnish
1982:Dehesa
1943:tannin
1928:Rattan
1891:Forage
1854:edible
1849:Bamboo
1844:Amadou
1823:Rubber
1744:Chicle
1686:Mastic
1638:Resins
1621:Ucuuba
1616:Tucuma
1601:Tamanu
1558:kernel
1529:Mafura
1499:Illipe
1452:Bacuri
1403:Nutmeg
1347:spices
1072:Durian
1032:Banana
904:
886:
865:
851:
298:whares
286:Digger
196:pounds
75:logged
71:swamps
69:, and
67:scrubs
1911:henna
1886:Ferns
1837:Other
1786:Latex
1706:Rosin
1701:Pitch
1691:Myrrh
1676:Kauri
1534:Mahua
1524:Kusum
1514:Kombo
1509:Kokum
1431:waxes
1388:Clove
1294:Morel
1228:Ramps
1164:queen
1139:Betel
1131:roots
992:Honey
484:Ensia
407:Notes
204:amber
152:copal
141:amber
115:kapia
111:MÄori
53:resin
27:Resin
1918:Peat
1901:Moss
1881:Cork
1781:Kino
1569:Pilu
1554:Palm
1342:Nuts
997:pine
987:Furs
902:ISBN
884:ISBN
863:ISBN
849:ISBN
669:2011
626:2011
578:link
564:2011
538:2010
491:2023
466:2011
432:2023
373:and
241:and
136:moko
131:flax
109:The
89:Uses
1730:gum
1726:Sap
1426:Oil
1263:Cep
51:is
2077::
896:.
882:.
843:.
764:^
652:^
600:^
586:^
574:}}
570:{{
546:^
528:.
499:^
482:.
440:^
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237:,
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1560:)
1478:)
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956:t
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566:.
540:.
493:.
468:.
434:.
296:"
179:Ā£
20:)
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