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action. All plans of the ORTF were submitted to the CC and the normal consensus process. The intent of the
Emergency Decision-making mechanism was to allow, in cases of mass arrests of CC member or other similar disruptive state action, to allow the CC or a reconstituted CC, to make emergency decisions by consensus without sending the proposal back to regional groups for the normal and necessarily slow back and forth consensus process. This Emergency Decision making mechanism was adopted after concerns were raised that it was a means to allow the action to become more radical, and to adopt measures such as fence cutting to gain access to the Seabrook site. No one suggested it was potentially a tool to abandon an action.
260:, in a building surrounded by perhaps two thousand Clams. Thousands of Clams showing up in Washington for a nonviolent action at the NRC would certainly shake things up. Clam organizer Chuck Matthai in discussions of what to do after the landowners withdrew land advised Clams to reshape their imagination in response to changed circumstances. This led to what key organizers and the CC felt was a good path forward. Unfortunately, the Emergency Decision was widely considered a violation of the spirit of the consensus process that had governed Clam decision making. The rally at Seabrook took place, but the civil disobedience action at the NRC, though spirited, was small.
195:" 10. Government being instituted for the common benefit, protection, and security, of the whole community, and not for the private interest or emolument of any one man, family, or class of men; therefore, whenever the ends of government are perverted, and public liberty manifestly endangered, and all other means of redress are ineffectual, the people may, and of right ought to reform the old, or establish a new government. The doctrine of nonresistance against arbitrary power, and oppression, is absurd, slavish, and destructive of the good and happiness of mankind."
191:. Activist Guy Chichester eventually sawed down a Seabrook Station emergency warning siren pole, resulting in charges of "criminal mischief", a Class B felony. Although there was no doubt that he had cut down the pole, Chichester was acquitted. In his appeal Chichester's lawyer Patrick Fleming argued that according to article 10 of the New Hampshire state constitution, any citizen has a right to act to protect his or herself when the state fails to do so, which is known as the "Right of Revolution:"
306:
agreed that they would be willing to tear down fencing protecting the site but avoid fighting with police when confronted and also try to avoid arrest. The new strategy was controversial, and many former
Clamshell members decided not to get involved once the more confrontational tactics were decided on. Many of the demonstrators would equip themselves with helmets and gas masks in anticipation of police violence against them, and the critics argued that this would be too provocative.
81:, Jeff Brummer, Anna Gyorgy, Kristie Conrad, Kate Walker, Robin Read, and other activists in 1976. The Granite State Alliance, a social-change organization, had launched PEP, the People's Energy Project, several years earlier, in opposition to the proposed Seabrook nuclear power plant. The Clamshell Alliance's coalescence began in 1975 as New England activists and organizations began to respond to U.S. president
236:; as well as tensions between local Seacoast residents and supporters, who were providing land for thousands of Clams to camp and stage the occupation, and Clams living far away, many of whom scheduled vacations for a non-violent occupation and likely time in custody. The political tension within Clamshell, combined with pressure from authorities on locals, a media frenzy with anticipatory headlines such as "
338:, on June 4, 1989. Over 1,000 Clams were arrested after climbing the fence, opposing Seabrook plant licensing and operation. Clamshell carpenters had built hinged ladders which allowed Clams to quickly climb over the fence without cutting fences, and kept the enforcers on the inside of the fence and unable to come out and attack demonstrators. Numerous actions took place at the
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government of New
Hampshire, feeling that a massive arrest on the site would overwhelm the state, undermine support and finance for the Seabrook nuclear project, and also result in the costs of hiring police from neighboring states, incarcerating thousands of Clams and paying court expenses, offered to let Clamshell hold a
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at
Seabrook?", finally resulted in local landowners withdrawing their land as camping and staging sites near the Seabrook site. What is clear is that Seacoast landowners did not feel that the thousands of Clams expected to arrive on their land were thousands of supporters who would do what was needed
232:, owner of Seabrook, would not accept. But the Rath proposal helped exacerbate tensions within the Alliance among those calling for more radical action, those supporting more classic civil disobedience, and those who were beginning to question the usefulness of large civil disobedience actions in the
228:, for a rally on the site was first vigorously debated within Clamshell. Clamshell eventually "accepted" the Rath proposal, through normal Alliance wide consensus process, with a list of conditions very unfavorable to continued Seabrook nuclear construction and operation that the state government and
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In 1978 the
Clamshell Alliance split after the Coordinating Committee (CC) agreed to call off a large disobedience planned at the power plant site in June. This was made as an "Emergency Decision", bypassing the normal consensus process obtaining input and consensus by regional Clam groups. The state
305:
Composed of several "clusters" throughout New
England and metropolitan New York that were themselves composed of smaller "affinity groups", CDAS decided, using the consensus process, to attempt to occupy the power plant site. The first attempted occupation was planned for October 1979, and activists
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of roughly 5 to 20 people, with the affinity groups organized into regional cluster groups of roughly 200 to 500 members. Each affinity group met to decide issues by consensus, and the clusters operated typically by an affinity groups spokes-council. The highly anticipated action, scheduled to begin
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armories for up to two weeks. On May 13, 1977, 550 demonstrators were released without having to post bail because the cost of the imprisonment was costing New
Hampshire tens of thousands of dollars. At the time it was one of the largest mass arrests in United States history. The number of arrests
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nuclear plant in
Pennsylvania a few months earlier. The activists made several attempts to get through fencing and at one point entered the site but were met by state police equipped with pepper spray, tear gas, and in one case, a fire hose spraying water on them. Dozens of arrests were made. The
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fair and concert on the site. This proposal was eventually accepted by
Clamshell and a highly successful rally of 20,000 people was held on the site with thousands of Clams also camped out on the Seabrook site. But the political consequences within Clamshell led to a split in the Alliance and the
92:
In 2007, veterans of the
Clamshell Alliance marked the 30th anniversary of its founding with the creation of a website called "To the Village Square: Nukes, Clams and Democracy", which relates the story of the Clamshell Alliance and why it matters today. The Clamshell Alliance opposes all nuclear
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Many Clamshell members felt that the agreement which was made as an "emergency decision" was a betrayal of the democratic consensus process that was an integral part of Clamshell's organization just at the time when the state and the Public Service Company of New Hampshire appeared at their most
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The following year, several hundred Clams attempted to block the delivery of the first reactor containment vessel to the site, but police kept the roads clear. This was the last large New England Clamshell Action. The Coalition dissolved not long afterward after stirring a lot of debate in the
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The Emergency Decision mechanism to allow decisions without the normal consensus process of sending CC proposals back to Clamshell regions and their affinity groups to obtain consensus was suggested by Roy Morrison of the ORTF (Occupation/Restoration Task Force) that was planning the June 1978
256:" journey by train of thousands of Clams to blockade the NRC that would license the Seabrook plant. It seemed like an excellent tactical pivot at the time by those making the decision. Seabrook construction had been halted before by an NRC Board meeting in
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in lieu of fines. Actions were still media events capable of swaying public opinion, but their larger impact was limited. Clamshell Alliance members attempted to have their actions taken more seriously by the courts, and began staging
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In 2007, veterans of the Clamshell Alliance marked the 30th anniversary of its founding with the creation of a website called "To the Village Square: Nukes, Clams and Democracy", which relates the story of the Clamshell Alliance.
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photographing members attending a New England-wide Coordinating Committee meeting. It was reasonably feared that the state would undertake preemptive arrests of the CC (Coordinating Committee) members to disrupt the action.
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CDAS, regrouping over the following winter, again attempted an occupation on the site in April 1980. This time, a smaller group of activists, about 2,000, met police at the fences but were also repulsed by the police.
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was three times more than the New Hampshire prison system capacity. Clamshell activists used this detention for training and networking, and long considered the detention a blunder on the part of the governor.
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The dissidents within Clam broke off to form another organization to be called the Coalition for Direct Action at Seabrook (CDAS), which would take more militant but still nonviolent action on the site.
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to help protect them from harm. Clamshell had allowed a gap to grow between the local supporters and the Alliance as a whole that was exploited by the State and the Seabrook builders.
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Nevertheless, the attempted occupation on October 6, 1979, drew over 2,500 activists who felt energized after growing disillusionment with nuclear power with the near meltdown at the
166:"The overwhelming success of the Clamshell Alliance's occupation can be attributed to three factors; the planning and leadership of the Clamshell Alliance itself; the strength of the
187:. While this action resulted in jail time for criminal trespass, the local courts would not rule on the question of "competing harms" or the "Right of Revolution" granted by the
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The Clamshell Alliance was an inspiration to other communities who wished to organize opposition to nuclear power plants. Hundreds of groups with similar names, such as the
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In later years, New Hampshire authorities minimized the impact of mass civil disobedience at the Seabrook plant by treating activist trespass as a violation, and allowing
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By the spring of 1978, in preparation for the June 24 action, over 5,000 Clams had been trained in non-violence by Clamshell non-violence trainers, and organized into
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The Emergency Decision was undertaken to accept the Rath proposal and hold a legal rally on site and at the same time to hold a mass non-violent civil disobedience at
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had increased awareness and added the requirement for an evacuation plan prior to commissioning. In the end, only one of the two planned reactors went on line.
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action on the Seabrook site. Three weeks later, a second occupation involved 180 New England residents who were arrested and held in a local armory overnight.
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were discovered by Robin Read and Cathy Wolff looking out the window at a van parked across the street from the Clamshell office at 92 Congress Street in
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In July 1976 the Clamshell Alliance adopted a Declaration of Nuclear Resistance as a guiding set of principles in a meeting of 60-75 activists.
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On May 1, 1977, over 2,000 protesters occupied the Seabrook Nuclear Power Plant construction site. 1,414 of these activists were arrested.
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Clam office headquarters. Several thousand were arrested at the Seabrook site. One of the largest actions took place on the day of the
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had signed legislation prohibiting the utility from billing consumers for the costs of construction work in progress (CWIP), and the
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and the spirit and discipline of the occupiers; and the strong impact that women in key leadership roles exerted on the events."
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The alliance conducted non-violent demonstrations in the late 1970s and 1980s. Clamshell protesters occupied the
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154:$ 500. The defendants refused to pay the bail as a form of bail solidarity. They were held in jails and
348:, the utility with majority ownership of the Seabrook Station, was bankrupted by the project. Governor
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In the 1980s numerous civil disobedience actions were organized by New Hampshire-based Clams with a
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anti-nuclear movement about what could be considered appropriate tactics in a non-violent movement.
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occupation was not successful in taking over the site but drew much national media attention.
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in California, adopted similar non-violent organizing techniques to oppose nuclear power and
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with timeline, scanned articles, essay and links about the Clamshell Alliance's activities
712:"Clamshell Alliance: Thirteen Years of Anti-Nuclear Activism at Seabrook", by Paul Gunter
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June 24, 1978, would have been by far the largest civil disobedience action of its kind.
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convinced the district judges not to release them on their own recognizance and made the
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vulnerable. The Emergency Decision mechanism had been adopted in spring of 1978 after
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Nuclear Implosions: The Rise and Fall of the Washington Public Power Supply System
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Licensed to Kill? The Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Shoreham Power Plant
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eventual formation of the Coalition for Direct action at Seabrook (CDAS).
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Critical Masses: Opposition to Nuclear Power in California, 1958–1978
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Lionel Delevingne's photographs- From Seabrook to Chernobyl 1976-2006
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with sit-ins at the Governor's office to oppose Seabrook licensing.
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University of New Hampshire collection of Clamshell Alliance papers
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SEABROOK 1977: A Seminal Protest of 1970's Environmental Activism
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Poster by the Clamshell Alliance promoting the occupation of the
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On August 1, 1976, 18 New Hampshire residents were arrested for
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construction site with multiple protests to delay construction.
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501:"Tracking the protest movements that had roots in New England"
582:"Guy Chichester, Clamshell Alliance Co-Founder, 1935-2009"
621:"Antinuclear coalition set for fresh assault on Seabrook"
27:
Anti-nuclear organization in U.S. state of New Hampshire
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Making a Real Killing: Rocky Flats and the Nuclear West
644:"2,500 Protesters Are Driven Back at Seabrook Facility"
85:'s "Project Independence", which sought to build 1,000
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Conservation Fallout: Nuclear Protest at Diablo Canyon
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Peacework Magazine: Clamshell Special Issue, July 1996
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Peacework Magazine: Clamshell Special Issue, July 1996
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Anti-nuclear organizations based in the United States
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Nuclear Inc. The Men and Money Behind Nuclear Energy
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426:"To the Village Square: Nukes, Clams and Democracy"
552:"No-Nukers Demonstrate Their Strength at Seabrook"
54:. The alliance has been dormant for many years.
885:Institute for Energy and Environmental Research
224:The Rath Proposal, made by NH Attorney General
609:. New Hampshire Radical History. May 26, 2021.
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522:"Seabrook, NH Nuclear Plant Occupation Page"
537:"The Clamshell Alliance Holds Nukes at Bay"
765:Anti-nuclear movement in the United States
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716:Seabrook Construction Site Occupation Page
375:Anti-nuclear protests in the United States
370:Anti-nuclear movement in the United States
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50:nuclear power plant in the U.S. state of
910:Nuclear Information and Resource Service
207:around the country and internationally.
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346:Public Service Company of New Hampshire
230:Public Service Company of New Hampshire
1281:Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power
865:Corporate Accountability International
664:"250 Protest at Seabrook Nuclear Site"
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666:. The Harvard Crimson. March 4, 1981.
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183:of the office of Republican Governor
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1303:Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy
915:Physicians for Social Responsibility
860:Committee for Nuclear Responsibility
796:Nuclear history of the United States
499:Michael Kenney (December 30, 2009).
119:Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant
111:Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant
850:Alliance for Nuclear Responsibility
806:Canceled nuclear reactors in the US
475:, Pantheon Books, New York, p. 74.
34:The logo of the Clamshell Alliance
25:
1403:Organizations established in 1976
895:Musicians United for Safe Energy
823:Anti-nuclear advocates in the US
682:- history and current activities
550:Asinof, Richard (May 11, 1977).
297:Occupy Seabrook, October 6 1979
252:The original intent was for a "
535:Michael Aron (July 28, 1977).
46:founded in 1976 to oppose the
1:
779:Anti-nuclear groups in the US
724:a film by Turning Tides Films
626:The Christian Science Monitor
211:1978: New England Clam splits
1357:Atomic Ed and the Black Hole
1271:Carbon-Free and Nuclear-Free
870:Critical Mass Energy Project
57:The group was co-founded by
1413:Anti–nuclear power movement
1334:Nuclear Politics in America
1298:The Doomsday Machine (book)
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813:Nuclear weapons and the US
354:Three Mile Island accident
189:New Hampshire Constitution
1011:Carrie Barefoot Dickerson
905:Nuclear Control Institute
488:. The Clamshell Alliance.
402:, acronym for the phrase
340:New Hampshire State House
336:Tiananmen Square massacre
258:Manchester, New Hampshire
248:headquarters in downtown
44:anti-nuclear organization
900:Nevada Desert Experience
471:Mark Hertsgaard (1983).
1243:White House Peace Vigil
945:Three Mile Island Alert
801:Nuclear power in the US
454:"The Siege of Seabrook"
113:construction site, 1977
1339:We Almost Lost Detroit
950:Women Strike for Peace
730:official Facebook page
698:Intro & Editorial
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162:Richard Asinof wrote:
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79:Robert "Renny" Cushing
35:
1377:Nuclear Tipping Point
1076:Hermann Joseph Muller
456:. Time. May 16, 1977.
404:"not in my back yard"
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135:in Clamshell's first
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33:
1293:The Cult of the Atom
955:Kings Bay Plowshares
875:Friends of the Earth
607:"Clamshell Alliance"
148:Meldrim Thomson, Jr.
920:Plowshares movement
784:California movement
710:Ecologia newsletter
1362:The China Syndrome
1248:Y-12 Weapons Plant
1183:Lawrence Livermore
1096:Eugene Rabinowitch
976:William J. Bichsel
855:Clamshell Alliance
818:Protests in the US
728:Clamshell Alliance
680:Clamshell Alliance
649:The New York Times
390:Michael F. Brennan
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137:civil disobedience
133:disorderly conduct
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40:Clamshell Alliance
36:
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1367:Countdown to Zero
1228:Three Mile Island
1193:Naval Base Kitsap
925:Ploughshares Fund
890:Mothers for Peace
791:Great Peace March
704:Table of Contents
486:"About Clamshell"
311:Three Mile Island
176:community service
129:criminal trespass
16:(Redirected from
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1198:Nevada Test Site
1141:Victor Weisskopf
1136:Harvey Wasserman
1026:Randall Forsberg
845:Abalone Alliance
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584:. Archived from
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558:. Archived from
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539:. Rolling Stone.
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520:Harold Marcuse.
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428:. Archived from
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380:Abalone Alliance
322:1980s and beyond
250:Washington, D.C.
201:Abalone Alliance
89:plants by 2000.
71:Harvey Wasserman
48:Seabrook Station
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1308:Killing Our Own
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629:. May 22, 1980.
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556:Valley Advocate
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674:External links
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652:. Oct 8, 1979.
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75:Guy Chichester
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1131:Louis Vitale
1116:Martin Sheen
1106:Bonnie Raitt
1101:Phil Radford
1061:Bernard Lown
1056:Amory Lovins
1016:Paul M. Doty
986:Larry Bogart
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1253:Yankee Rowe
1208:Rocky Flats
1203:Rancho Seco
1086:Graham Nash
1081:Ralph Nader
1051:Sam Lovejoy
1036:Paul Gunter
1031:John Gofman
940:Sierra Club
218:solar power
95:New England
59:Paul Gunter
1397:Categories
1213:San Onofre
1168:Bodega Bay
1111:Carl Sagan
592:2009-02-12
436:2007-11-28
410:References
395:Macy Morse
278:Portsmouth
238:Kent State
185:Judd Gregg
144:Republican
101:Activities
1163:Black Fox
1041:John Hall
254:Clamtrack
146:governor
93:power in
1382:Silkwood
1223:Shoreham
1218:Seabrook
1188:Montague
364:See also
234:Seacoast
226:Tom Rath
1153:protest
772:General
566:June 8,
332:Concord
181:sit-ins
1233:Trojan
1126:Thomas
964:People
837:groups
42:is an
1349:Films
1263:Books
1155:sites
1151:Main
400:NIMBY
835:and
568:2021
289:CDAS
152:bail
131:and
38:The
246:NRC
1399::
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20:)
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