Autogyro - Knowledge (XXG)

678: 620: 33: 483: 368: 4414: 1815: 399:, inventor, pilot, and aeronautical enthusiast. In 1921, he participated in a design competition to develop a bomber for the Spanish military. De la Cierva designed a three-engined aircraft, but during an early test flight, the bomber stalled and crashed. De la Cierva was troubled by the stall phenomenon and vowed to develop an aircraft that could fly safely at low airspeeds. The result was the first successful rotorcraft, which he named 189: 1152: 247: 225: 529: 1054: 4668: 422: 1787: 1431: 798: 1801: 4688: 1773: 1455: 318: 4678: 810: 1746:

been severely stalled and interrupted en-route by lengthy delays it was no longer deemed eligible for setting a first, continuously flown, speed record around the world and so this task was then left to James Ketchell to complete, by setting a first official speed record flight around the world for an Autogyro type aircraft, some three months later.

1388: 1225: 525:, the difference in lift produced between the right and left sides of the rotor as the autogyro moves forward. Three days later, the engine failed shortly after takeoff and the aircraft descended slowly and steeply to a safe landing, validating de la Cierva's efforts to produce an aircraft that could be flown safely at low airspeeds. 1306: 1427:(FAI): Speed over a closed circuit of 500 km (311 mi) without payload: 168.29 km/h (104.57 mph), speed over a closed circuit of 1,000 km (621 mi) without payload: 165.07 km/h (102.57 mph), and distance over a closed circuit without landing: 1,019.09 km (633.23 mi). 1702:

April 2019, Surplus and G-YROX continued eastwards from Larne, Northern Ireland, to cross Northern Europe and rendezvous with fellow gyroplane pilot James Ketchell piloting Magni M16 Gyroplane G-KTCH. Flying in loose formation the two aircraft made the first Trans-Russia flight by gyroplane together

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18 months from 2009 to 2010, the German pilot couple Melanie and Andreas Stützfor undertook the first world tour by autogyro, in which they flew several different gyroplane types in Europe, southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, the United States, and South America. The adventure was documented in

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An autogyro is characterized by a free-spinning rotor that turns because of the passage of air through the rotor from below. The downward component of the total aerodynamic reaction of the rotor gives lift to the vehicle, sustaining it in the air. A separate propeller provides forward thrust and can

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The first physical circumnavigation of the globe by an Autogyro, Oregon to Oregon, had taken Surplus and G-YROX, four years and 28 days to complete, after being dogged by long diplomatic delays in gaining the necessary permission to fly across Russian Federation Airspace. However, as the flight had

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first imported to Japan in 1938. The craft was initially developed for use as an observation platform and for artillery spotting duties. The army liked the craft's short take-off span, and especially its low maintenance requirements. Production began in 1941, with the machines assigned to artillery

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Development of the autogyro continued in the search for a means to accelerate the rotor before takeoff (called prerotating). Rotor drives initially took the form of a rope wrapped around the rotor axle and then pulled by a team of men to accelerate the rotor – this was followed by a

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and tilts the rotor in the desired direction to provide pitch and roll control (some autogyros do not tilt the rotor relative to the airframe, or only do so in one dimension, and have conventional control surfaces to vary the remaining degrees of freedom). The rudder pedals provide yaw control, and

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De la Cierva's early autogyros were fitted with fixed rotor hubs, small fixed wings, and control surfaces like those of a fixed-wing aircraft. At low airspeeds, the control surfaces became ineffective and could readily lead to loss of control, particularly during landing. In response, de la Cierva

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A crash in February 1926, caused by blade root failure, led to an improvement in rotor hub design. A drag hinge was added in conjunction with the flapping hinge to allow each blade to move fore and aft and relieve in-plane stresses, generated as a byproduct of the flapping motion. This development

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invented a combined helicopter and autogyro. The principal advantage of the Zaschka machine is its ability to remain motionless in the air for any length of time and to descend in a vertical line so that a landing could be accomplished on the flat roof of a large house. In appearance, the machine

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The rotor is mounted atop the vertical mast. The rotor system of all Bensen-type autogyros is of a two-blade teetering design. There are some disadvantages associated with this rotor design, but the simplicity of the rotor design lends itself to ease of assembly and maintenance and is one of the

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March 2010, flying a Rotorsport UK MT-03 Autogyro, registered G-YROX. Surplus was unable to get permission to enter Russian airspace from Japan, but he established nine world autogyro records on his flight between Northern Ireland and Japan between 2010 and 2011. FAI world records for autogyro

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Less common today is the tractor configuration. In this version, the engine and propeller are located at the front of the aircraft, ahead of the pilot and rotor mast. This was the primary configuration in early autogyros but became less common. Nonetheless, the tractor configuration has some

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years by Amelia Earhart. The following day, she increased the altitude by a further 261 m, reaching 8,399 m (27,556 ft), setting the new altitude world record with an autogyro. She improved by 350 m (+4.3%) the preceding record established by Andrew Keech in 2004.

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U.S. experimental aircraft certification. However, the CAA's assertion that autogyros have a poor safety record means that a permit to fly will be granted only to existing types of an autogyro. All new types of autogyro must be submitted for full type approval under CAP643

380:". Its main advantages are the simplicity and lightness of its construction and the unobstructed visibility. It was developed by Igor Bensen in the decades following World War II, who also founded the Popular Rotorcraft Association (PRA) to help it become more widespread. 1098: 384:

advantages compared to a pusher, namely greater yaw stability (as the center of mass is farther away from the rudder), and greater ease in aligning the center of thrust with the center of mass to prevent "bunting" (engine thrust overwhelming the pitch control).

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have been realized. In 2010, the first autogyro was handed over to the Kurdish Minister of Interiors, Mr. Karim Sinjari. The project for the interior ministry was to train pilots to control and monitor the approach and takeoff paths of the airports in

871:(ASW) duties. The spotter's position on the Ka-1 was modified to carry one small depth charge. Ka-1 ASW autogyros operated from shore bases as well as the two small carriers. They appear to have been responsible for at least one submarine sinking. 1361:(U.K.) held most of the autogyro world records during his autogyro flying career. These include a time-to-climb, a speed record of 189 km/h (111.7 mph), and the straight-line distance record of 869.23 km (540.11 mi). On 16 1147:

together with city funds, costing much less than a helicopter to buy ($ 75,000) and operate ($ 50/hour). Although it is able to land in 40-knot crosswinds, a minor accident happened when the rotor was not kept under control in a wind gust.

212:; the rotor blades are angled so that they not only give lift, but the angle of the blades causes the lift to accelerate the blades' rotation rate until the rotor turns at a stable speed with the drag force and the thrust force in balance. 1070:

reasons for its popularity. Aircraft-quality birch was specified in early Bensen designs, and a wood/steel composite is used in the world-speed-record-holding Wallis design. Gyroplane rotor blades are made from other materials such as

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for simplicity and to increase visibility for the pilot. Power can be supplied by a variety of engines. McCulloch drone engines, Rotax marine engines, Subaru automobile engines, and other designs have been used in Bensen-type designs.

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in 1923. De la Cierva's autogiro used an airplane fuselage with a forward-mounted propeller and engine, an un-powered rotor mounted on a mast, and a horizontal and vertical stabilizer. His aircraft became the predecessor of the modern

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The operation of a gyroplane's freewheeling rotor is often compared to that of an autorotating helicopter's ... It's better to think about a glider, because what the gyroplane's rotor blades are doing is gliding around the central

979:, in England in the 1960s, and autogyros built similar to Wallis' design appeared for many years. Ken Wallis' designs have been used in various scenarios, including military training, police reconnaissance, and in a search for the 269:

Because the craft must be moving forward with respect to the surrounding air to force air through the overhead rotor, autogyros are generally not capable of vertical takeoff (except in a strong headwind). A few types such as the

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model with the assistance of Spain's Military Aviation establishment, having expended all his funds on the development and construction of the first five prototypes. The C.6 first flew in February 1925, piloted by Captain

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A Critical Re-Examination of the Franklin Institute Rotating Wing Aircraft Meeting of October 28 – 29, 1938: Facts and Myths Surrounding the Foundations of Autogiro/Convertiplane/Helicopter Development in America and

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and thrust line and apply to all aircraft unless evidence is presented to the CAA that the CG/Thrust Line offset is less than 2 inches (5 cm) in either direction. The restrictions are summarised as follows:

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Modern autogyros typically follow one of two basic configurations. The most common design is the pusher configuration, where the engine and propeller are located behind the pilot and rotor mast, such as in the Bensen

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long taxi to bring the rotor up to speed sufficient for takeoff. The next innovation was flaps on the tail to redirect the propeller slipstream into the rotor while on the ground. This design was first tested on a

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design is a simple frame of square aluminium or galvanized steel tubing, reinforced with triangles of lighter tubing. It is arranged so that the stress falls on the tubes, or special fittings, not the bolts.

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front-to-back keel mounts a steerable nosewheel, seat, engine, and vertical stabilizer. Outlying mainwheels are mounted on an axle. Some versions may mount seaplane-style floats for water operations.

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Some autogyros, such as the Rotorsport MT03, MTO Sport (open tandem), and Calidus (enclosed tandem), and the Magni Gyro M16C (open tandem) & M24 (enclosed side by side) have type approval by the

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airfield in about eight minutes, a significant accomplishment for any rotorcraft of the time. Shortly after de la Cierva's success with the C.6, he accepted an offer from Scottish industrialist James

890:, based on the trained flight group and five combat-ready A-7 autogyros, the 1st autogyro artillery spotting aircraft squadron was formed, which was included in the strength of the 24th Army of the 521:

De la Cierva had fitted the rotor of the C.4 with flapping hinges to attach each rotor blade to the hub. The flapping hinges allowed each rotor blade to flap, or move up and down, to compensate for

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from the Caposile aerodrome in Venice, aiming to set a new altitude world record. She reached an altitude of 8,138.46 m (26,701 ft), breaking the women's world altitude record held for 84

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November 2002, at 89 years of age, Wallis increased the speed record to 207.7 km/h (129.1 mph) – and simultaneously set another world record as the oldest pilot to set a world record.

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A. Rawson. Being particularly impressed with the autogyro's safe vertical descent capability, Pitcairn purchased a C.8 L.IV with a Wright Whirlwind engine. Arriving in the United States on 11

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be placed in a puller configuration, with the engine and propeller at the front of the fuselage, or in a pusher configuration, with the engine and propeller at the rear of the fuselage.

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in 1929. Efforts in 1930 had shown that the development of a light and efficient mechanical transmission was not a trivial undertaking. In 1932 the Pitcairn-Cierva Autogiro Company of

4691: 1687:, across the continental United States, through northern Canada/Greenland, and in late July/August made the first crossing of the North Atlantic by autogyro aircraft to land back in 4868: 1256:

In 2005, the CAA issued a mandatory permit directive (MPD) which restricted operations for single-seat autogyros and were subsequently integrated into CAP643 Issue 3 published on 12

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Flight is not permitted in moderate, severe, or extreme turbulence and airspeed must be reduced to 63 mph (101 km/h; 55 kn) if turbulence is encountered mid-flight.

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Secondary flight controls include the rotor transmission clutch, also known as a pre-rotator, which when engaged drives the rotor to start it spinning before takeoff, and

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December 1928 accompanied by Rawson, this autogyro was redesignated C.8W. Subsequently, production of autogyros was licensed to several manufacturers, including the

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developed a direct control rotor hub, which could be tilted in any direction by the pilot. De la Cierva's direct control was first developed on the Cierva C.19 Mk.

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19 combat sorties for artillery spotting. Not one autogyro was lost in action, while the unit was disbanded in 1942 due to the shortage of serviceable aircraft.

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and under license from de la Cierva in the 1920s and 1930s, the Pitcairn & Kellett companies made further innovations. Late-model autogyros patterned after

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Flight is not permitted when surface winds exceed 17 mph (27 km/h; 15 kn) or if the gust spread exceeds 12 mph (19 km/h; 10 kn)

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Worldwide, over 1,000 autogyros are used by authorities for military and law enforcement. The first U.S. police authorities to evaluate an autogyro were the

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Whereas a helicopter works by forcing the rotor blades through the air, drawing air from above, the autogyro rotor blade generates lift in the same way as a

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was the first attempt to do so using an autogyro. The expedition set the record for the longest flight over water by an autogyro during the segment from

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in the Experimental category. Per FAR 1.1, the FAA uses the term "gyroplane" for all autogyros, regardless of the type of airworthiness certificate.

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to prevent terrorist encroachments. The gyroplane pilots also form the backbone of the pilot crew of the Kurdish police, who are trained to pilot on

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After a nine-year wait (since 2010), permission to fly U.K. registered gyroplanes through the Russian Federation was finally approved, and on 22

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was an aircraft transportation ship and the first in the world from which an autogyro took off and landed." Naval Ship Systems Command, US:

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apply to autogyros with type approval under CAA CAP643 Section T, which are subject to the operating limits specified in the type approval.

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for the first certified "Speed around the World, Eastbound" circumnavigation in an E-3a Autogyro. He completed his journey in 175 days.

1732: 1667:, from Larne in Northern Ireland, became the second person to attempt a world circumnavigation by gyroplane/autogyro type aircraft on 22 2944: 2020: 4724: 4564: 1329: 717: 708: 347:

to reduce blade pitch before driving the rotor. Collective pitch controls are not usually fitted to autogyros but can be found on the

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For full-size aircraft with powered rotors the rotor is normally tilted to achieve thrust (e.g. in a helicopter). Some toys (e.g.

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G-YROX was delayed (by the Russian impasse) in Japan for over three years before being shipped across the Pacific to the state of

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in October, an autogyro made a reconnaissance flight for the loyal troops, marking the first military employment of a rotorcraft.

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June 2019, Surplus piloting G-YROX, became the first person to circumnavigate the world in a gyroplane upon returning to the

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Over the nine years it had taken Surplus to complete the task, G-YROX flew 27,000 nautical miles (50,000 km) through 32

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may be operated only by pilots with more than 50 hours of solo flight experience following the issue of their licence.

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the book "WELTFLUG – The Gyroplane Dream" and in the film "Weltflug.tv –The Gyrocopter World Tour".

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When improvements in helicopters made them practical, autogyros became largely neglected. Also, they were susceptible to

1883: 1319: 959: 732: 281:, and roll control is by tilting the rotor laterally. The tilt of the rotor can be effected by utilizing a tilting hub ( 3030: 1015:(Stowable Aircrew Vehicle Escape Rotorseat) is an aircraft-stowable gyroplane escape device designed and built for the 5130: 4643: 4367: 802: 3261: 3225: 2409: 1276:

Open-frame aircraft are restricted to a minimum speed of 30 mph (48 km/h; 26 kn), except in the flare.

3586: 107:, in his attempt to create an aircraft that could fly safely at low speeds. He first flew one on 9 January 1923, at 4306: 3518: 2819: 2191: 1400: 1241: 1144: 985: 649: 256: 234: 4156:. American Helicopter Society 62nd Annual Forum. Phoenix, Arizona: American Helicopter Society International, Inc. 2139: 432: 5045:

aircraft functions as an aeroplane during normal (horizontal) flight and as a helicopter during low-speed flight.

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A-7 aircrew and ground support staff. In August 1941, per the decision of the chief artillery directorate of the

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as part of the ejection sequence, only one example was built and it did not enter service. It was powered by a

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August 2015. He established a further ten FAI World Records during this phase of the circumnavigation flight.

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in appearance, the autogyro's unpowered rotor disc must have air flowing upward across it to make it rotate.

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and was fascinated by its characteristics. At work, he was tasked with the analysis of the British military

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As of 2014, Andrew Keech (U.S.) holds several records. He made a transcontinental flight in his self-built

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to keep the rotor spinning generating enough lift to touch down and skid in a relatively soft landing via

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Bensen's success triggered several other designs, some of them fatally flawed with an offset between the

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After four years of experimentation, de la Cierva invented the first practical rotorcraft the autogyro (

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autogyro for reconnaissance, artillery-spotting, and anti-submarine uses. The Ka-1 was based on the

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does not differ much from the ordinary monoplane, but the carrying wings revolve around the body.

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and meant for aerial observation (motor behind pilot and camera). It had its maiden flight on 15

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February 2006 he broke two of his world records and set a record for distance, ratified by the

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January 1923, piloted by Alejandro Gomez Spencer at Cuatro Vientos airfield in Madrid, Spain (9

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in a Pitcairn PCA-2. He also set three world records for speed over a recognized course. On 9

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control. On pusher configuration autogyros, the rudder is typically placed in the propeller

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Until 2019, the autogyro was one of the last remaining types of aircraft which had not yet

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in the first half of the twentieth century. Gyroplane was later adopted as a trademark by

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units for spotting the fall of shells. These carried two crewmen: a pilot and a spotter.

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Later, the Japanese Army commissioned two small aircraft carriers intended for coastal

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to take off and land on the deck of a ship, when a C.30 performed trials on board the

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A certificated autogyro must meet mandated stability and control criteria; in the

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to qualified autogyros. Amateur-built or kit-built aircraft are operated under a

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hours of maintenance-free flight time during its 90-day operational contract.

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FAI Record ID #13115 – Speed over a closed circuit of 1000 km without payload

3226:"CAP 643 British Civil Airworthiness Requirements Section T Light Gyroplanes" 1891: 5077: 5042: 4633: 4600: 3639:

FAI Record ID #13113 – Speed over a closed circuit of 500 km without payload

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October 1925. Britain had become the world centre of autogyro development.

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Burke Wilford who developed the Reiseler Kreiser feathering rotor equipped

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First circumnavigation of the world and speed around the world, eastbound

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August 2005. The restrictions are concerned with the offset between the

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to maximize yaw control at low airspeed (but not always, as seen in the

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as the first circumnavigation of the world in an autogyro and from the

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series of 1934. In March 1934, this type of autogyro became the first

131:. De la Cierva's Autogiro is considered the predecessor of the modern 5093: 4896: 3719: 3426:"FAI Record ID #5346 – Autogyro, Time to climb to a height of 3000 m" 1676: 1352:

to a women's world altitude record of 18,415 ft (5,613 m).

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in England, following a demonstration of the C.6 before the British

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FAI Record ID #13111 – Speed over a closed circuit without landing

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A Pitcairn autogyro NC-12681 at St. Hubert, Quebec. 19 August 1932

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of 1972. All have been commercial failures, for various reasons.

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autogyro, a military version of the Cierva C.30, was used by the

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While autogyros are not helicopters, helicopters are capable of

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of the day, with a front-mounted engine and propeller. The term

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September 2019, Ketchell was awarded the world record from the

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solved this problem with a transmission driven by the engine.

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Royal Air Force Avro Rota Mk 1 Cierva Autogiro C30 A, at the

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Part 27: Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Rotorcraft

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Three different autogyro designs have been certified by the

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Jenkins, Dennis R.; Landis, Tony; Miller, Jay (June 2003).

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In World War II, Germany pioneered a very small gyroglider

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A modern, closed-cabin, pusher-propeller autogyro in flight

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Development of the Autogiro : A Technical Perspective

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June having also made the first gyroplane crossing of the

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September 1928, made the first rotorcraft crossing of the

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The first successful autogyro, the C.4, first flew in 1923

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FAI Record ID #17745 – Autogyro, distance without landing

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Leave No Man Behind: The Saga of Combat Search and Rescue

1438:

On 7 November 2015, the Italian astrophysicist and pilot

983:, as well as an appearance in the 1967 James Bond movie 355:

and the Westermayer Tragschrauber, and can provide near

327:

There are three primary flight controls: control stick,

2482:

Spain's first democracy: the Second Republic, 1931–1936

2066:"Cierva, Pitcairn and the Legacy of Rotary-Wing Flight" 510:, made the first documented flight of an autogyro on 17 4183: 1240:

T. Others operate under a permit to fly issued by the

735:

for the mail service between cities in the northeast.

3549:"The Eagle has landed – but pilot vows to try again" 1253:

T. The CAA allows gyro flight over congested areas.

4822: 4804: 4786: 4768: 4740: 4588: 4527: 4490: 4432: 4421: 4350: 4269: 4260: 3299:"CAA Removes Overflight Restrictions on Gyroplanes" 950:in 1955. Bensen submitted an improved version, the 536:

replica in Cuatro Vientos Air Museum, Madrid, Spain

217: 3749:"Donatella Ricci, record di volo con l'"autogiro"" 3271:. p. 20, Chapter 3, Section 5. Archived from 2833:"ALEA 2011: Autogyro debuts in the sky over Texas" 1128:in Salt Lake City, Utah. The aircraft completed 67 3957: 3955: 1727:. After crossing Alaska and western Canada, on 28 1434:MagniGyro M16 – Altitude world record holder 1104:Hawk 4 provided perimeter patrol during the 727:. They were, however, used in the 1930s by major 4093:Rotorcraft Flying Handbook, FAA Manual H-8083-21 3924: 3922: 3519:"Nottingham Features – Magnigyro record attempt" 3031:"Kurdistan's traffic police to have helicopters" 2721:"Olympic Security Aided by Groen Brothers' Hawk" 942:gyro glider designed by an expatriate Austrian, 2815:Tomball PD Gyroplane (Congressman McCaul Visit) 1155:Autogyros and helicopters of the Kurdish Police 494:in Spanish), in 1923. His first three designs ( 277:Pitch control is achieved by tilting the rotor 90:is provided independently, by an engine-driven 2657:American X-vehicles: an inventory, X-1 to X-50 2522: 2520: 2435:site=www.rcgroups.com Buhl A-1 autogyro – 1931 2023:. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015 1614:First physical circumnavigation of the world 1215:Certification by national aviation authorities 4876: 4718: 4240: 3579:"Class E (Rotorcraft) record claims ratified" 1411:, in October 2003, breaking the record set 72 335:. Typically, the control stick is termed the 8: 4220:. Hearst Magazines. April 1932. p. 538. 4212:"Feathering of Blades Increase Gyro's Speed" 4179:Jeff Lewis' in-depth history of the Autogyro 4099:. Washington, DC: Flight Standards Service, 3187:"Magni M16C Type Approval Data Sheet (TADS)" 2311: 2309: 1947:The Book of Origins: The first of everything 996:for commercial production: the Umbaugh U-18/ 922:The autogyro was resurrected after World War 3720:"History of Records: Andrew C. KEECH (USA)" 3061:"5 Traffic Helicopters Arrive in Kurdistan" 1309:A Super Genie autogyro readying for takeoff 196:engine configuration on a VPM M-16 autogyro 4883: 4869: 4861: 4725: 4711: 4703: 4429: 4266: 4247: 4233: 4225: 2886:"Flying the police aircraft of the future" 2860:"Flying the Police Aircraft of the Future" 2469:Naval Ship Systems Command technical news. 2375: 2373: 1468: 1030:making it the first jet-powered autogyro. 972:developed a miniature autogyro craft, the 5076:with novel thrust / lift solutions (e.g. 3483: 3481: 3420: 3418: 3220: 3218: 3154:Gyroplane type approval data sheet (TADS) 2990:"Iraq Defence & Security Summit 2012" 2913:"Gyroplanes in reach of non-millionaires" 2569:How the Helicopter Changed Modern Warfare 2059: 2057: 2055: 766:20 combat flights. The A-7 was the first 758:autogyros to provide fire correction for 462:Learn how and when to remove this message 4909: 2752:"Tomball Police Equipped with Gyroplane" 2011: 2009: 141:(derived from helicopter) was used by E. 5072:are not included in the table, nor are 3297:Van Wagenen, Juliet (31 October 2014). 3269:United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority 3233:United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority 3194:United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority 3158:United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority 1874: 1234:United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority 1143:, police, on a $ 40,000 grant from the 371:Montgomerie Merlin single-seat autogyro 192:The rotor head, pre-rotator shaft, and 4103:, U.S. Dept. of Transportation. 2001. 3787:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 3724:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 3705:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 3678:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 3651:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 3583:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 3493:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 3460:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 3430:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 3127:from the original on 20 September 2022 3007: 2199: 2189: 2037: 1759:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 1425:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 1228:A VPM M-16 commences its take-off roll 377: 214: 103:by its Spanish inventor and engineer, 4198:"Will Autogiro Banish Present Plane?" 3907:from the original on 26 November 2020 3876:from the original on 27 February 2021 3815:from the original on 29 November 2020 2884:Hardigree, Matt (12 September 2011). 2858:Hardigree, Matt (13 September 2011). 2691:"This is Not Your Father's Gyroplane" 2629:from the original on 25 February 2023 2586:from the original on 25 February 2023 2547:from the original on 25 February 2023 2232:from the original on 17 December 2013 1964:from the original on 25 February 2023 1925:from the original on 25 February 2023 1588:First crossing of the Atlantic Ocean 596:L.IV test flight piloted by Arthur H. 322:Russian Gyroplanes Gyros-2 Smartflier 274:have shown short takeoff or landing. 7: 4677: 3991:Norman Surplus (GYROX) list on FAI: 3973:from the original on 29 January 2020 3930:"First circumnavigation by autogyro" 3845:from the original on 11 January 2022 3805:"Norman Frank Surplus (GBR) (17629)" 3029:Mohammed, Fryad (17 December 2011). 2777:Hauck, Robert S (July–August 2011). 2348:"Juan de la Cierva and the Autogiro" 2219:"HIGH VELOCITY CURVE for GYROPLANES" 2021:"How they fly - Bensen explains all" 770:designed for combat, armed with one 716:Later that year, during the leftist 518:January according to de la Cierva). 444:adding citations to reliable sources 340:the throttle controls engine power. 4687: 4312:Number of helicopters and heliports 3747:Bianchi, Simone (8 November 2015). 3097:from the original on 25 August 2019 2925:from the original on 25 April 2020. 2911:Bretting, Sandra (20 August 2011). 2750:Supgul, Alexander (22 March 2011). 2572:. Pelican Publishing Company, Inc. 2484:. Univ of Wisconsin Press, p. 219. 2381:"The Contributions of the Autogyro" 2294:from the original on 15 August 2021 2263:from the original on 15 August 2021 1733:Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum 894:, combat active in the area around 882:organized new courses for training 577:led to the Cierva C.8, which, on 18 4606:Helicopter height–velocity diagram 3895:Basken, Christina (25 July 2019). 3585:. 26 February 2004. Archived from 3529:from the original on 26 April 2020 3373:from the original on 26 April 2020 3309:from the original on 25 April 2020 2872:from the original on 25 April 2020 2650:"Bensen Aircraft Corporation X-25" 2346:Sack, Harald (21 September 2014). 2251:Garrison, Peter (2 October 2015). 2178:from the original on 17 March 2012 2116:from the original on 25 April 2020 2106:"Mail Drop: Weird Gyroplane Facts" 1994:from the original on 25 April 2020 1574:Magni M22-Missing Link II (N322MG) 1330:Standard Airworthiness Certificate 1120:provided perimeter patrol for the 25: 4629:Mars Sample Retrieval Helicopters 3940:from the original on 30 July 2021 3555:. 21 October 2004. Archived from 3071:from the original on 28 June 2012 2695:Experimental Aircraft Association 1334:Special Airworthiness Certificate 1279:All aircraft are restricted to a 844:"Bachstelze" (wagtail), towed by 5092:) or balloon-wing hybrids (e.g. 4686: 4676: 4666: 4550:Loss of tail-rotor effectiveness 4412: 4255:Helicopters and other rotorcraft 3262:"CAP 733 Permit to Fly Aircraft" 3091:"Weltflug – The Gyroplane Dream" 2788:. pp. 52–54. Archived from 2727:. 2 January 2002. Archived from 1813: 1799: 1785: 1771: 1159:Since 2009, several projects in 1093:21st-century development and use 962:engines used on flying unmanned 848:to provide aerial surveillance. 693:V and saw the production on the 420: 245: 223: 4131:. Createspace Independent Pub. 4101:Federal Aviation Administration 3397:Official Amelia Earhart website 3366:Federal Aviation Administration 3334:Federal Aviation Administration 2966:. 23 April 2014. Archived from 2943:. 23 April 2014. Archived from 2385:Centennial of Flight Commission 2321:Centennial of Flight Commission 2033:air ... (is) deflected downward 1620:not submitted for speed record 1535:Oldest pilot to set the record 1326:Federal Aviation Administration 1057:Bensen Aircraft B8MG Gyrocopter 994:Federal Aviation Administration 910:October 1941 the autogyros made 684:with rear push propeller (1931) 431:needs additional citations for 363:Pusher vs tractor configuration 27:Rotorcraft with unpowered rotor 4535:Mast bumping and other hazards 4184:Popular Rotorcraft Association 3963:"James Ketchell (GBR) (19101)" 2831:Osborne, Tony (22 July 2011). 2566:Boyne, Walter (4 March 2011). 2410:"EL PRIMER VIAJE DEL AUTOGIRO" 1884:"European Helicopter Pioneers" 1532:Wallis Type WA-121/Mc (G-BAHH) 1510:Wallis Type WA-121/Mc (G-BAHH) 1019:. Designed to be installed in 585:followed by a tour of Europe. 1: 4830:Advancing Blade Concept (ABC) 4342:Wire strike protection system 4171:" : J. Gordon Leishman: 4128:Weltflug: The Gyroplane Dream 3709:Retrieved: 12 September 2014. 3682:Retrieved: 12 September 2014. 3655:Retrieved: 12 September 2014. 2960:"CEN14TA116 - Probable Cause" 2937:"CEN14TA116 - Full narrative" 1988:National Air and Space Museum 1683:June 2015, Surplus flew from 1526:Speed over a 3 km course 115:. The aircraft resembled the 3791:Retrieved: 22 November 2015. 2663:. p. 33. Archived from 2253:"Mail Drop: Gyroplane Facts" 1882:Goebel, Greg (1 June 2011), 1735:, McMinnville, Oregon, U.S. 1555:Magni M16 – Rotax 914 engine 1462:with its creator and pilot, 1320:Federal Aviation Regulations 1220:United Kingdom certification 1061:Bensen-type autogyros use a 733:United States Postal Service 588:United States industrialist 97:It was originally named the 5136:Vehicles introduced in 1923 4970:Tethered (static or towed) 4644:Radio-controlled helicopter 4373:Russian helicopter airlines 3147:"Type: RotorSport UK MT-03" 2501:Pulle, Matt (5 July 2007). 1301:United States certification 1132:missions and accumulated 75 1085:and thrust line, risking a 803:Imperial War Museum Duxford 540:De la Cierva developed his 5152: 4928:Lift: Lighter than air gas 4146:Charnov, Bruce H. (2006). 4125:Andreas G. Stuetz (2013). 2530:Soviet Autogyros 1929-1942 2480:Payne, Stanley G. (1993). 2284:"The little wing autogyro" 2140:"Gyrocopter - What is it?" 1401:Kitty Hawk, North Carolina 1242:Popular Flying Association 1145:U.S. Department of Justice 650:Willow Grove, Pennsylvania 48: 5031: 4920: 4912: 4907: 4662: 4410: 4206:. March 1931. p. 28. 4078:12 September 2014 at the 4068:12 September 2014 at the 4058:12 September 2014 at the 4048:12 September 2014 at the 4038:12 September 2014 at the 4028:12 September 2014 at the 4018:12 September 2014 at the 4008:12 September 2014 at the 3998:12 September 2014 at the 3698:12 September 2014 at the 3671:12 September 2014 at the 3644:13 September 2014 at the 3625:12 September 2014 at the 3615:12 September 2014 at the 3605:12 September 2014 at the 3014:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2608:Radar Development to 1945 2422:, 1924. Nº 1128, página 9 2044:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1905:George Galdorisi (2008). 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1470:List of autogyro records 635:In 1927, German engineer 612:in the United States and 610:Pitcairn Autogiro Company 590:Harold Frederick Pitcairn 557:G. Weir to establish the 244: 222: 160:garnered the interest of 54: 4616:Human-powered helicopter 4503:Manufacturers by country 4395:U.S. Air Force squadrons 3864:Tye, Dan (2 July 2019). 3780:24 November 2015 at the 2527:Maslov, Mikhail (2015). 1984:"Pitcairn-Cierva PCA-1A" 1715:June 2019 and landed at 1568:Distance without landing 1269:Aircraft with a cockpit/ 5126:Aircraft configurations 4742:Fairey Aviation Company 4363:Active Russian military 4358:Accidents and incidents 4189:7 February 2011 at the 2471:1966, v. 15–16, page 40 2451:8 December 2015 at the 2440:28 January 2015 at the 1725:International Date Line 1689:Larne, Northern Ireland 1679:, United States. From 1 1374:Expedition Global Eagle 1195:Helicopter autogyration 1114:Groen Brothers Aviation 956:United States Air Force 876:German invasion in USSR 559:Cierva Autogiro Company 129:Cierva Autogiro Company 67:that uses an unpowered 5066:Ground-effect vehicles 4942:Unpowered free flight 4654:Transverse flow effect 4560:Retreating blade stall 3934:Guinness World Records 2387:. 2003. Archived from 2323:. 2003. Archived from 1755:Guinness World Records 1611:Norman Surplus (U.K.) 1585:Norman Surplus (U.K.) 1466: 1435: 1392: 1317:these are outlined in 1310: 1293:These restrictions do 1229: 1156: 1109: 1058: 874:With the beginning of 853:Imperial Japanese Army 827:coastal radar stations 814: 806: 781:machine guns, and six 685: 632: 537: 487: 479: 372: 324: 197: 184:Principle of operation 109:Cuatro Vientos Airport 59:, "self-turning"), or 37: 5074:experimental aircraft 4934:Lift: Unpowered rotor 3969:. 30 September 2019. 3495:(FAI). Archived from 3462:(FAI). Archived from 3432:(FAI). Archived from 3329:"Current FAR by Part" 2779:"Broadening Horizons" 2697:(EEA). Archived from 2446:The Buhl A-1 Autogiro 2432:Buhl Aircraft Company 1944:Trevor Homer (2007). 1457: 1433: 1390: 1308: 1227: 1154: 1100: 1056: 1021:naval combat aircraft 1002:Avian 2/180 Gyroplane 954:, for testing to the 842:Focke-Achgelis Fa 330 829:during and after the 812: 800: 680: 660:Buhl Aircraft Company 622: 531: 485: 477: 370: 320: 293:), or servo-flaps. A 230:Takeoffs and Landings 191: 79:. While similar to a 35: 4988:(None – see note 2) 4965:(None – see note 2) 4937:Lift: Powered rotor 4513:Used in World War II 4380:NATO reporting names 3589:on 12 September 2014 3525:. 5 September 2002. 3123:. 14 November 2017. 3067:. 28 February 2012. 2605:Burns, R.W. (1988). 2415:10 July 2018 at the 1950:. Hachette Digital. 1821:United States portal 1397:Little Wing Autogyro 1391:Little Wing Autogyro 1372:the globe. The 2004 1106:2002 Winter Olympics 1063:pusher configuration 918:Postwar developments 768:rotary-wing aircraft 440:improve this article 178:pusher configuration 4840:Compound helicopter 4120:on 27 October 2012. 3811:. 10 October 2017. 3403:on 22 December 2007 2689:O'Connor, Timothy. 2391:on 14 December 2010 2317:"Juan De La Cierva" 2259:. Flying Magazine. 2150:on 26 December 2010 1749:Subsequently, on 22 1685:McMinnville, Oregon 1565:Paul A Salmon (USA) 1504:Time to climb 3000m 1471: 1211:of its rotor disc. 1013:Kaman KSA-100 SAVER 998:Air & Space 18A 986:You Only Live Twice 760:artillery batteries 523:dissymmetry of lift 349:Air & Space 18A 291:Air & Space 18A 272:Air & Space 18A 156:The success of the 117:fixed-wing aircraft 5131:Spanish inventions 5055:balloon helicopter 4814:Heliplane (Type-1) 4575:Servo transparency 4173:Hofstra University 3499:on 3 December 2013 3466:on 3 December 2013 3436:on 3 December 2013 3278:on 2 December 2007 3242:on 2 December 2007 3203:on 16 October 2015 3167:on 2 December 2007 3065:Iraq Business News 2994:The Aussie Aviator 2513:on 2 October 2012. 2217:Gremminger, Greg. 2104:(2 October 2015). 2073:Hofstra University 2064:Charnov, Bruce H. 1911:. Voyageur Press. 1894:on 5 February 2012 1658:22 September 2019 1616:(4 years 28 days) 1469: 1467: 1436: 1393: 1311: 1230: 1181:EC 120 B 1157: 1110: 1078:-based composite. 1059: 1017:United States Navy 815: 807: 749:Red Army Air Force 747:of 1939–1940, the 686: 633: 538: 488: 480: 373: 325: 198: 38: 5108: 5107: 5090:flettner airplane 5026: 5025: 4858: 4857: 4700: 4699: 4649:Search and rescue 4570:Vortex ring state 4523: 4522: 4460:Piasecki Aircraft 4450:Juan de la Cierva 4408: 4407: 4217:Popular Mechanics 4175:, New York, 2003. 4138:978-1-4937-6094-7 3559:on 23 August 2019 3121:Popular Mechanics 2918:Houston Chronicle 2786:Air Beat Magazine 2758:on 19 August 2011 2725:Aero-News Network 2579:978-1-4556-1568-1 2540:978-1-910294-65-9 2420:MADRID CIENTIFICO 2288:gyroplane passion 2192:cite encyclopedia 1957:978-1-405-51610-5 1918:978-0-7603-2392-2 1858:Piasecki Aircraft 1662: 1661: 1577:10 November 2015 1415:years earlier by 1399:"Woodstock" from 1262:centre of gravity 1083:centre of gravity 1034:Bensen Gyrocopter 1004:of 1967, and the 981:Loch Ness Monster 831:Battle of Britain 682:Buhl A-1 Autogyro 637:Engelbert Zaschka 472: 471: 464: 412:Early development 393:Juan de la Cierva 267: 266: 170:Buhl A-1 Autogyro 105:Juan de la Cierva 16:(Redirected from 5143: 5101: 5058: 5046: 4974:Tethered balloon 4931:Lift: Fixed wing 4910: 4885: 4878: 4871: 4862: 4727: 4720: 4713: 4704: 4690: 4689: 4680: 4679: 4670: 4639:List of aircraft 4545:Ground resonance 4540:Dynamic rollover 4430: 4416: 4267: 4249: 4242: 4235: 4226: 4221: 4207: 4157: 4155: 4142: 4121: 4119: 4113:. 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Archived from 2343: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2313: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2231: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2201: 2197: 2195: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2146:. Archived from 2136: 2130: 2129: 2123: 2121: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2081: 2075:. Archived from 2070: 2061: 2050: 2049: 2043: 2035: 2030: 2028: 2013: 2004: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1890:, archived from 1879: 1823: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1809: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1795: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1781: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1752: 1741: 1730: 1722: 1714: 1701: 1694: 1682: 1670: 1472: 1449: 1442:took off with a 1422: 1414: 1364: 1259: 1252: 1247: 1239: 1205:collective pitch 1189: 1135: 1131: 1049: 935: 925: 913: 909: 905: 892:Soviet Air Force 880:Soviet Air Force 785:or four FAB-100 775:PV-1 machine gun 765: 725:ground resonance 692: 673: 607: 603: 599: 580: 572: 556: 517: 513: 467: 460: 456: 453: 447: 424: 416: 345:collective pitch 253: 249: 248: 231: 227: 226: 215: 144: 81:helicopter rotor 63:, is a class of 58: 52: 21: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5140: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5082:Flying Bedstead 5064: 5052: 5036: 5027: 4903: 4889: 4859: 4854: 4818: 4806:Kayaba Industry 4800: 4782: 4764: 4736: 4731: 4701: 4696: 4672:Aviation portal 4658: 4624:Mars helicopter 4584: 4555:Low-g condition 4519: 4486: 4467:Fairey Rotodyne 4455:Skyworks Global 4423: 4417: 4404: 4346: 4307:Flight controls 4256: 4253: 4210: 4203:Popular Science 4196: 4193:(United States) 4191:Wayback Machine 4164: 4162:Further reading 4153: 4145: 4139: 4124: 4117: 4111: 4096: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4080:Wayback Machine 4070:Wayback Machine 4060:Wayback Machine 4050:Wayback Machine 4040:Wayback Machine 4030:Wayback Machine 4020:Wayback Machine 4010:Wayback Machine 4000:Wayback Machine 3990: 3986: 3976: 3974: 3961: 3960: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3928: 3927: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3879: 3877: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3848: 3846: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3803: 3802: 3795: 3782:Wayback Machine 3772: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3746: 3745: 3738: 3728: 3726: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3700:Wayback Machine 3690: 3686: 3673:Wayback Machine 3663: 3659: 3646:Wayback Machine 3636: 3632: 3627:Wayback Machine 3617:Wayback Machine 3607:Wayback Machine 3592: 3590: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3532: 3530: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3502: 3500: 3487: 3486: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3439: 3437: 3424: 3423: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3359: 3358: 3354: 3344: 3342: 3341:on 23 June 2001 3327: 3326: 3322: 3312: 3310: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3264: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3074: 3072: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3041:on 18 July 2012 3028: 3027: 3023: 3006: 2999: 2997: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2970:on 12 July 2014 2958: 2957: 2950: 2948: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2883: 2882: 2875: 2873: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2792: 2781: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2761: 2759: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2734: 2732: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2652: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2623: 2615:. p. 139. 2604: 2603: 2599: 2589: 2587: 2580: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2550: 2548: 2541: 2526: 2525: 2518: 2507:Dallas Observer 2500: 2499: 2495: 2479: 2475: 2462: 2458: 2453:Wayback Machine 2442:Wayback Machine 2430: 2426: 2417:Wayback Machine 2408: 2404: 2394: 2392: 2379: 2378: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2330: 2328: 2315: 2314: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2198: 2188: 2181: 2179: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2153: 2151: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2119: 2117: 2110:Flying Magazine 2102:Garrison, Peter 2100: 2099: 2095: 2085: 2083: 2082:on 3 March 2016 2079: 2068: 2063: 2062: 2053: 2036: 2026: 2024: 2015: 2014: 2007: 1997: 1995: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1967: 1965: 1958: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1928: 1926: 1919: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1863:ARC Aerosystems 1843:Fairey Rotodyne 1819: 1814: 1812: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1779:Aviation portal 1777: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1750: 1739: 1728: 1720: 1712: 1707:. To cross the 1699: 1692: 1680: 1668: 1649:44,450 km 1623:Autogyro MT-03 1594:Autogyro MT-03 1544:Donatella Ricci 1529:207.7 km/h 1447: 1440:Donatella Ricci 1420: 1412: 1370:circumnavigated 1362: 1342: 1303: 1257: 1250: 1245: 1237: 1222: 1217: 1197: 1187: 1161:Iraqi Kurdistan 1133: 1129: 1122:Winter Olympics 1095: 1087:power push-over 1047: 1036: 1025:Williams WRC-19 933: 923: 920: 911: 907: 903: 878:June 1941, the 823:Royal Air Force 795: 763: 741: 718:Asturias revolt 706:seaplane tender 690: 674:December 1931. 671: 605: 601: 597: 583:English Channel 578: 570: 567:RAE Farnborough 554: 515: 511: 468: 457: 451: 448: 437: 425: 414: 390: 365: 315: 313:Flight controls 251: 246: 229: 224: 218:External videos 186: 151:Bensen Aircraft 142: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5149: 5147: 5139: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5113: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5098:hybrid airship 5060: 5059: 5048: 5047: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5023: 5014: 5009: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4989: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4954: 4949: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4895:by methods of 4890: 4888: 4887: 4880: 4873: 4865: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4826: 4824: 4823:Related topics 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4810: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4798: 4792: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4774: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4746: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4722: 4715: 4707: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4684: 4674: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4436: 4434: 4427: 4419: 4418: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4385:Prison escapes 4382: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4365: 4360: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4332:Rotor solidity 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4273: 4271: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4244: 4237: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4208: 4194: 4181: 4176: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4158: 4143: 4137: 4122: 4109: 4084: 4083: 3984: 3951: 3918: 3887: 3856: 3826: 3793: 3766: 3755:on 4 June 2016 3736: 3711: 3684: 3657: 3630: 3570: 3553:Yorkshire Post 3540: 3510: 3477: 3447: 3414: 3393:"Achievements" 3384: 3352: 3320: 3303:Aviation Today 3289: 3253: 3214: 3178: 3138: 3108: 3082: 3052: 3021: 2981: 2947:on 29 May 2014 2928: 2903: 2850: 2823: 2806: 2769: 2742: 2712: 2681: 2640: 2621: 2597: 2578: 2558: 2539: 2516: 2503:"Blade Runner" 2493: 2473: 2456: 2424: 2402: 2369: 2338: 2327:on 6 June 2011 2305: 2274: 2243: 2209: 2200:|website= 2161: 2131: 2093: 2051: 2005: 1975: 1956: 1936: 1917: 1897: 1873: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1825: 1824: 1810: 1796: 1793:England portal 1782: 1766: 1763: 1665:Norman Surplus 1660: 1659: 1656: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641:James Ketchell 1638: 1634: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1592: 1591:5.3 km/h 1589: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1571:1653.0 km 1569: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1514: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1356:Wing Commander 1350:Pitcairn PCA-2 1348:(U.S.) flew a 1346:Amelia Earhart 1341: 1338: 1302: 1299: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1277: 1274: 1244:similar to the 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1196: 1193: 1141:Tomball, Texas 1094: 1091: 1035: 1032: 936:330 gyroglider 919: 916: 855:developed the 794: 791: 762:, carrying out 740: 737: 713:off Valencia. 668:Etienne Dormoy 631:Mk.IV Autogiro 547:Joaquín Loriga 470: 469: 428: 426: 419: 413: 410: 395:was a Spanish 389: 386: 364: 361: 314: 311: 265: 264: 261:Pitcairn PA-36 242: 241: 220: 219: 185: 182: 166:Etienne Dormoy 162:industrialists 148: 122: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5148: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4923: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4886: 4881: 4879: 4874: 4872: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4845:Convertiplane 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4760:FB-1 Gyrodyne 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4723: 4721: 4716: 4714: 4709: 4708: 4705: 4693: 4685: 4683: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4664: 4661: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4596:Bamboo-copter 4594: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4565:Dynamic stall 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4508:Most-produced 4506: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4420: 4415: 4401: 4400:U.S. military 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4317:Manufacturers 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4250: 4245: 4243: 4238: 4236: 4231: 4230: 4227: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4152: 4151: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4123: 4116: 4112: 4110:1-56027-404-2 4106: 4102: 4095: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3988: 3985: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3906: 3902: 3901:Hangar Flying 3898: 3891: 3888: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3857: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3712: 3708: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3694: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3604: 3601: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3541: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3511: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3372: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3356: 3353: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3324: 3321: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3290: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3182: 3179: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3109: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3083: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3022: 3017: 3011: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2932: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2914: 2907: 2904: 2891: 2887: 2871: 2867: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2851: 2838: 2834: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2807: 2791: 2787: 2780: 2773: 2770: 2757: 2753: 2746: 2743: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2685: 2682: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2651: 2644: 2641: 2628: 2624: 2622:0-86341-139-8 2618: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2601: 2598: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2562: 2559: 2546: 2542: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2490:0-299-13674-4 2487: 2483: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2406: 2403: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2342: 2339: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2278: 2275: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2247: 2244: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2213: 2210: 2205: 2193: 2177: 2173: 2172: 2165: 2162: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2078: 2074: 2067: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2041: 2034: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2010: 2006: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1979: 1976: 1963: 1959: 1953: 1949: 1948: 1940: 1937: 1924: 1920: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1901: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1878: 1875: 1868: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1811: 1808: 1797: 1794: 1783: 1780: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1747: 1743: 1736: 1734: 1726: 1718: 1710: 1709:Bering Strait 1706: 1703:to reach the 1696: 1690: 1686: 1678: 1673: 1666: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1473: 1465: 1461: 1460:Little Nellie 1456: 1452: 1445: 1444:MagniGyro M16 1441: 1432: 1428: 1426: 1418: 1417:Johnny Miller 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1340:World records 1339: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1321: 1316: 1315:United States 1307: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1254: 1243: 1235: 1226: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1194: 1192: 1184: 1183:helicopters. 1182: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1153: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1067: 1064: 1055: 1051: 1044: 1043: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1006:McCulloch J-2 1003: 1000:of 1965, the 999: 995: 990: 988: 987: 982: 978: 976: 971: 967: 965: 964:target drones 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 929: 917: 915: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 872: 870: 869:antisubmarine 865: 862: 858: 854: 849: 847: 843: 839: 834: 832: 828: 825:to calibrate 824: 820: 811: 804: 799: 792: 790: 788: 784: 783:RS-82 rockets 780: 776: 773: 769: 761: 757: 754: 750: 746: 738: 736: 734: 731:, and by the 730: 726: 721: 719: 714: 712: 711: 707: 704: 700: 696: 683: 679: 675: 669: 665: 662:produced its 661: 657: 655: 654:United States 651: 647: 641: 638: 630: 626: 621: 617: 615: 611: 595: 591: 586: 584: 574: 568: 564: 560: 552: 548: 543: 535: 530: 526: 524: 519: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 484: 476: 466: 463: 455: 445: 441: 435: 434: 429:This section 427: 423: 418: 417: 411: 409: 407: 402: 398: 394: 387: 385: 381: 379: 369: 362: 360: 359:performance. 358: 354: 353:McCulloch J-2 350: 346: 341: 338: 334: 330: 329:rudder pedals 323: 319: 312: 310: 308: 307:McCulloch J-2 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 275: 273: 262: 258: 254: 243: 240: 236: 232: 221: 216: 213: 211: 207: 202: 195: 190: 183: 181: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 154: 152: 146: 140: 139: 134: 130: 126: 120: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 101: 95: 93: 89: 84: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 57: 51: 47: 43: 34: 30: 19: 5011: 4961:autorotation 4834: 4755:Jet Gyrodyne 4621: 4445:CarterCopter 4439: 4297:Disk loading 4287:Autorotation 4215: 4201: 4148: 4127: 4115:the original 4092: 3987: 3975:. Retrieved 3966: 3942:. Retrieved 3933: 3909:. Retrieved 3900: 3890: 3878:. Retrieved 3870:Adventure 52 3869: 3859: 3847:. Retrieved 3838: 3829: 3817:. Retrieved 3808: 3785: 3769: 3757:. Retrieved 3753:the original 3727:. Retrieved 3714: 3703: 3687: 3676: 3660: 3649: 3633: 3593:12 September 3591:. Retrieved 3587:the original 3573: 3561:. Retrieved 3557:the original 3552: 3543: 3531:. Retrieved 3522: 3513: 3501:. Retrieved 3497:the original 3468:. Retrieved 3464:the original 3450: 3438:. Retrieved 3434:the original 3405:. Retrieved 3401:the original 3396: 3387: 3375:. Retrieved 3364: 3355: 3343:. Retrieved 3339:the original 3332: 3323: 3311:. Retrieved 3302: 3292: 3280:. Retrieved 3273:the original 3256: 3244:. Retrieved 3237:the original 3205:. Retrieved 3198:the original 3181: 3169:. Retrieved 3162:the original 3153: 3141: 3131:20 September 3129:. Retrieved 3120: 3111: 3099:. Retrieved 3085: 3073:. Retrieved 3064: 3055: 3043:. Retrieved 3039:the original 3034: 3024: 2998:. 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