1836:"We decline to grant the state unrestricted access to a wireless carrier's database of physical location information," Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. wrote for the majority. ... "Mapping a cellphone's location over the course of 127 days provides an all-encompassing record of the holder's whereabouts," he wrote, going on to quote from an earlier opinion. "As with GPS information, the time-stamped data provides an intimate window into a person's life, revealing not only his particular movements, but through them his 'familial, political, professional, religious and sexual associations.'" ... "cellphones and the services they provide are 'such a pervasive and insistent part of daily life' that carrying one is indispensable to participation in modern society."
31:
1735: 1878) ("Letters and sealed packages subject to letter postage in the mail can be opened and examined only under like warrant, issued upon similar oath or affirmation, particularly describing the thing to be seized, as is required when papers are subjected to search in one's own household. The constitutional guaranty of the right of the people to be secure in their papers against unreasonable searches and seizures extends to their papers, thus closed against inspection, wherever they may be.").
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The location of a mobile phone can be determined using the service provider's network infrastructure. The advantage of network-based techniques, from a service provider's point of view, is that they can be implemented non-intrusively without affecting handsets. Network-based techniques were developed
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shall issue only if the governmental entity offers specific and articulable facts showing that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the contents of a wire or electronic communication, or the records or other information sought, are relevant and material to an ongoing criminal investigation.
444:
listen for a signal sent from the phone and negotiate which tower is best able to communicate with the phone. As the phone changes location, the antenna towers monitor the signal, and the phone is "roamed" to an adjacent tower as appropriate. By comparing the relative signal strength from multiple
461:
A phone's location can be shared with friends and family, posted to a public website, recorded locally, or shared with other users of a smartphone app. The inclusion of GPS receivers on smartphones has made geographical apps nearly ubiquitous on these devices. Specific applications include:
1755:
A court issuing an order pursuant to this section, on a motion made promptly by the service provider, may quash or modify such order, if the information or records requested are unusually voluminous in nature or compliance with such order otherwise would cause an undue burden on such
228:
One of the key challenges of network-based techniques is the requirement to work closely with the service provider, as it entails the installation of hardware and software within the operator's infrastructure. Frequently the compulsion associated with a legislative framework, such as
319:(E-OTD). This avenue has not made significant headway, due to the difficulty of convincing different manufacturers to cooperate on a common mechanism and to address the cost issue. Another difficulty would be to address the issue of foreign handsets that are roaming in the network.
356:
Wi-Fi data can also be used to identify a handset's location. The poor performance of the GPS-based methods in indoor environment and the increasing popularity of Wi-Fi have encouraged companies to design new and feasible methods to carry out Wi-Fi-based indoor positioning. Most
344:, round-trip time, and signal strength. The type of information obtained via the SIM can differ from that which is available from the handset. For example, it may not be possible to obtain any raw measurements from the handset directly, yet still obtain measurements via the SIM.
260:
installed on the handset. This technique determines the location of the handset by putting its location by cell identification, signal strengths of the home and neighboring cells, which is continuously sent to the carrier. In addition, if the handset is also equipped with
396:
and network information to compute the location. Both types of data are thus used by the telephone to make the location more accurate (i.e., A-GPS). Alternatively tracking with both systems can also occur by having the phone attain its GPS-location directly from the
275:
The key disadvantage of handset-based techniques, from service provider's point of view, is the necessity of installing software on the handset. It requires the active cooperation of the mobile subscriber as well as software that must be able to handle the different
552:
which allows users to watch his entire movements during that time in fast-forward. Spitz concluded that technology consumers are the key to challenging privacy norms in today's society who "have to fight for self determination in the digital age."
221:" timing methods as the most accurate. The accuracy of network-based techniques is both dependent on the concentration of cell base stations, with urban environments achieving the highest possible accuracy because of the higher number of
452:
Newer phones may also allow the tracking of the phone even when turned on but not active in a telephone call. This results from the roaming procedures that perform hand-over of the phone from one base station to another.
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213:
The accuracy of network-based techniques varies, with cell identification being the least accurate (due to differential signals transposing between towers, otherwise known as "bouncing signals") and
2847:
268:
Another approach is to use a fingerprinting-based technique, where the "signature" of the home and neighboring cells signal strengths at different points in the area of interest is recorded by
57:. To locate a mobile phone using multilateration of mobile radio signals, the phone must emit at least the idle signal to contact nearby antenna towers and does not require an active call. The
522:
issues, since it enables someone to check where a person is without the person's consent. Strict ethics and security measures are strongly recommended for services that employ positioning.
1711:
and (c) that an invasion of a constitutionally protected area by federal authorities is, as the Court has long held, presumptively unreasonable in the absence of a search warrant.").
1800: 3 July 1984) ("the use of a beeper to conduct surveillance on Karo and his accomplices constituted an unlawful search and seizure in violation of the Fourth Amendment.").
165:
188:
Advanced systems determine the sector in which the mobile phone is located and roughly estimate also the distance to the base station. Further approximation can be done by
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606:
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city residents. Aggregate presence of mobile phone users could be tracked in a privacy-preserving fashion. This location data was used to locate protesters during
1750:
Requirements for Court Order.— A court order for disclosure under subsection (b) or (c) may be issued by any court that is a court of competent jurisdiction and
41:
is a process for identifying the location of a mobile phone, whether stationary or moving. Localization may be affected by a number of technologies, such as the
445:
antenna towers, a general location of a phone can be roughly determined. Other means make use of the antenna pattern, which supports angular determination and
1400:
646:
that the government violates the Fourth
Amendment by accessing historical records containing the physical locations of cellphones without a search warrant.
2833:
1891:
Varshavsky, Alex; Chen, Mikey; Froehlich, Jon; Haehnel, Dirk; Hightower, Jeffrey; Lamarca, Anthony; Potter, Fred; Sohn, Timothy; Tang, Karen; Smith, Ian.
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at the time, saying, "This is six months of my life You can see where I am, when I sleep at night, what I'm doing." He partnered up with
2708:
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1797:
1732:
1699: 18 December 18, 1967) ("(a) that an enclosed telephone booth is an area where, like a home, and unlike a field, a person has
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928:
883:
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In
January 2019, the location of her iPhone as determined by her sister helped Boston police find kidnapping victim Olivia Ambrose.
316:
144:
401:, and then having the information sent via the network to the person that is trying to locate the telephone. Such systems include
30:
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1995:
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use a combination of network-based and handset-based technologies for location determination. One example would be some modes of
1814:
1579:
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340:(UMTS) handsets, it is possible to obtain raw radio measurements from the handset. Available measurements include the serving
126:
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There are also hybrid positioning systems which combine several different location approaches to position mobile devices by
2990:
2638:
2610:
2447:
2397:
2049:
1662:
1291:
777:
602:
589:, and location data obtained from mobile phone networks is usually given the same protection as the communication itself.
1753:
In the case of a State governmental authority, such a court order shall not issue if prohibited by the law of such State.
2703:
2214:
1627: 22 June 2018) ("The Government's acquisition of Carpenter's cell-site records was a Fourth Amendment search.").
1254:
724:
2335:
2330:
2315:
2307:
2219:
1934:
637:
1188:
1850:"United States ∙ Carpenter v US: Supreme Court Rules Police Need a Warrant to Obtain Cell-Site Location Information"
536:
after suing the company. He described the data, which consists of 35,830 lines of data collected during the span of
272:
and matched in real-time to determine the handset location. This is usually performed independent from the carrier.
2975:
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to determine the location of GSM mobile phones, or dedicated trackers, usually with the intent to locate the user.
2980:
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2355:
1408:
1347:
749:
586:
385:
366:
1746:"Stored Communications Act (18 U.S. Code § 2703(d) - Required disclosure of customer communications or records)"
2906:
2881:
2791:
2170:
2111:
1117:
Ibrahim, M.; Youssef, M. (2011-06-01). "A Hidden Markov Model for
Localization Using Low-End GSM Cell Phones".
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374:
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signals between adjacent antenna towers. Qualified services may achieve a precision of down to 50 meters in
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68:
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72:
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1005:
Ibrahim, M.; Youssef, M. (2012-01-01). "CellSense: An
Accurate Energy-Efficient GSM Positioning System".
200:
and desolate areas may see miles between base stations and therefore determine locations less precisely.
2970:
2766:
2670:
2584:
2209:
1990:
1787:
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intrusion into a place that is in this sense private may constitute a violation of the Fourth
Amendment;
1686:
784:
1320:
1058:
Ibrahim, M.; Youssef, M. (2010-12-01). "CellSense: A Probabilistic RSSI-Based GSM Positioning System".
838:
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then significantly more precise location information can be then sent from the handset to the carrier.
160:
2939:
2688:
2153:
2054:
1980:
1073:
866:
Laitinen, H.; Lahteenmaki, J.; Nordstrom, T. (2001). "Database correlation method for GSM location".
761:
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on the issue of mobile phone privacy in which he showcased his own stored data that he received from
362:
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1985:
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The inviolability of the homes of citizens and privacy of correspondence are protected by law.
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1975:
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621:. Police access of seven days of a citizen's location data is unquestionably enough to be a
533:
529:
277:
50:
1768:
1651: 25 June 2014) ("Required a warrant to search mobile telecommunications devices.").
868:
IEEE VTS 53rd
Vehicular Technology Conference, Spring 2001. Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37202)
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where mobile traffic and density of antenna towers (base stations) is sufficiently high.
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185:, so knowledge of the location of the base station implies the cell phone is nearby.
1421:
D. Quercia, Ilias
Leontiadis, Liam McNamara, Cecilia Mascolo, Jon Crowcroft (2011).
1044:
938:
811:
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1950:
1423:
SpotME If You Can: Randomized
Responses for Location Obfuscation on Mobile Phones.
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2236:
1675: 23 January 2012) ("Limited use of GPS devices to track movements.").
429:
358:
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269:
222:
193:
46:
1900:
In 7th IEEE Workshop on Mobile
Computing Systems and Applications (HotMobile)
1873:
1849:
1497:
1146:
1036:
1028:
954:"Israeli spy firm suspected of accessing global telecoms via Channel Islands"
2277:
2039:
1292:"Brief for technology companies as amici curiae in support of neither party"
952:
Black, Crofton; Kirchgaessner, Stephanie; Sabbagh, Dan (December 16, 2020).
684:
466:
441:
398:
1477:
1273:"A common smartphone feature helped find missing woman - The Boston Globe"
2648:
2420:
2027:
2017:
2012:
1909:"Location tracking of GSM cellphones: now easier (and cheaper) than ever"
1826:. Vol. CLXII, no. 58, 002 (National ed.). pp. A1, A16
618:
545:
414:
329:
178:
158:
many years prior to the widespread availability of GPS on handsets. (See
909:"Geolocation propagation modeling for cellular-based mobile positioning"
2547:
2325:
2002:
1595:
673:
566:
537:
519:
370:
341:
285:
129: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1401:"China plans to track cellphone users, sparking human rights concerns"
248:, thereby being able to track the location of any cellphone globally.
91:
The location of a mobile phone can be determined in a number of ways.
2660:
2380:
1560:"Chapter X, Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens, Article 128".
1348:"Malte Spitz's TED Talk Takes On Mobile Phone Privacy Debate (VIDEO)"
582:
491:
485:
177:
and uses the concept that a powered mobile phone always communicates
984:
913:
IEEE 60th
Vehicular Technology Conference, 2004. VTC2004-Fall. 2004
236:
In December 2020, it emerged that the Israeli surveillance company
1439:"Chinese police are using cellphone data to track down protesters"
1127:
1068:
1019:
812:"Tracking a suspect by any mobile phone: Tracking SIM and handset"
565:
has proposed using this technology to track commuting patterns of
425:
421:
410:
197:
173:
The technology of locating is based on measuring power levels and
29:
1255:"Roving Bug in Cell Phones Used By FBI to Eavesdrop on Syndicate"
839:"Location Based Services for Mobiles: Technologies and Standards“
2022:
1919:
315:
hardware or software on the handset by the manufacturers, e.g.,
233:, is required before a service provider will deploy a solution.
54:
2829:
1923:
1701:
a constitutionally protected reasonable expectation of privacy;
1233:"Improving WLAN-Based Indoor Mobile Positioning Using Sparsity"
2733:
2158:
1482:. Fortsakis, Théodore. Netherlands: Kluwer Law International.
393:
333:
301:
262:
98:
58:
225:, and the implementation of the most current timing methods.
1060:
2010 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference GLOBECOM 2010
2131:
2126:
2116:
2099:
2094:
2083:
842:
83:
the location of a mobile phone, and thereby also its user.
1119:
2011 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)
870:. Vol. 4. Rhodes, Greece: IEEE. pp. 2504–2508.
843:
IEEE International Conference on Communication (ICC) 2008
217:
as moderately accurate, and newer "advanced forward link
308:, would be able to run such software, e.g. Google Maps.
75:
that disclose the actual coordinates of a mobile phone.
256:
The location of a mobile phone can be determined using
585:
most countries have a constitutional guarantee on the
1580:
The Legal Protection of the Secrecy of Correspondence
1513:"The origins and development of the right to privacy"
1253:
Declan McCullagh and Anne Broache (6 December 2008).
601:, there is a limited constitutional guarantee on the
2915:
2867:
2732:
2679:
2609:
2518:
2461:
2428:
2415:
2354:
2306:
2245:
2144:
2063:
1957:
970:Handset-based mobile phone tracking app example 1:
469:
specific locations of interest such as No Fly Zones
548:and made his information publicly available in an
1321:"Your phone company is watching - TEDGlobal 2012"
985:"Handset-based Mobile phone carrier tracking app"
609:. The use of location data is further limited by
34:An indoor location tracking map on a mobile phone
907:Wang, S.S.; Wylie-Green, M.P. (September 2004).
311:One proposed work-around is the installation of
1893:"Are GSM phones THE solution for localization?"
244:signaling system via cellular network provider
1815:"Warrant Required for Cellphone Tracking Data"
518:Locating or positioning touches upon delicate
170:for one of the first works relating to this.)
2841:
1935:
1240:Asilomar Conference on Signal Processing 2012
8:
1769:"47 CFR Subpart E - Privacy Act Regulations"
1608:
1606:
1604:
1461:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
676:Russian "Global Navigation Satellite System"
834:
832:
490:Recording a journey, for example to show a
2848:
2834:
2826:
2425:
2253:
1968:
1942:
1928:
1920:
1519:, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 9–23,
915:. Vol. 7. pp. 5155–5159 Vol. 7.
855:Mobile Positioning Using Wireless Networks
338:Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
27:Identifying the location of a mobile phone
1136:
1126:
1067:
1018:
1007:IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology
841:, Shu Wang, Jungwon Min and Byung K. Yi,
745:Radio resource location services protocol
145:Learn how and when to remove this message
240:may have gained access, in 2018, to the
803:
59:Global System for Mobile Communications
2902:Underwater acoustic positioning system
1454:
1437:Xiong, Nectar Gan, Yong (2022-12-02).
2945:Simultaneous localization and mapping
7:
1346:Fitzgerald, Britney (25 July 2012).
1301:. Supreme Court of the United States
440:In order to route calls to a phone,
127:adding citations to reliable sources
1854:European Data Protection Law Review
1177:ETSI TS 102 223 V9.1.0 SIM standard
363:Global Navigation Satellite Systems
45:of radio signals between (several)
2772:USA use restrictions while driving
2747:Legality of recording by civilians
1798:Supreme Court of the United States
1733:Supreme Court of the United States
1697:Supreme Court of the United States
1673:Supreme Court of the United States
1649:Supreme Court of the United States
1625:Supreme Court of the United States
1517:Comparative Privacy and Defamation
1476:Spyropoulos, Philippos K. (2009).
25:
2996:Mobile telecommunication services
1773:LII / Legal Information Institute
501:purposes such as fitness tracking
317:Enhanced Observed Time Difference
53:and the phone or by simply using
2809:
2808:
2797:
2785:
960:– via www.theguardian.com.
432:, and network environment data.
103:
1907:Dan Goodin (17 February 2012).
1902:. IEEE Computer Society: 20–28.
1372:Biermann, Kai (10 March 2011).
114:needs additional citations for
1399:Cecilia Kang (March 3, 2011).
1187:Ted Gibbons (25 August 2008).
61:(GSM) is based on the phone's
1:
1563:1936 Constitution of the USSR
1231:Pourhomayoun; Fowler (2012).
778:United States v. Jones (2012)
603:privacy of telecommunications
2792:Telecommunication portal
1479:Constitutional law in Greece
725:Mobile identification number
280:of the handsets. Typically,
1525:10.4337/9781788970594.00008
1259:The Chicago Syndicate -BLOG
1086:10.1109/GLOCOM.2010.5683779
921:10.1109/VETECF.2004.1405083
638:United States Supreme Court
571:protests in Beijing in 2022
3022:
2892:Hybrid positioning systems
2887:Real-time locating systems
2714:Phantom vibration syndrome
2709:Mental health from overuse
1615:Carpenter v. United States
1374:"Betrayed by our own data"
1207:"Q&A on Location Data"
876:10.1109/VETECS.2001.944052
772:Triggerfish (surveillance)
658:Carpenter v. United States
643:Carpenter v. United States
386:Hybrid positioning systems
330:Subscriber Identity Module
2882:Local positioning systems
2877:Indoor positioning system
2780:
2393:Open-source mobile phones
2256:
1971:
750:Real-time locating system
587:secrecy of correspondence
381:Hybrid positioning system
375:Wi-Fi positioning systems
65:to nearby antenna masts.
2907:Wi-Fi positioning system
1147:10.1109/icc.2011.5962993
1029:10.1109/TVT.2011.2173771
705:Local positioning system
181:with one of the closest
163:, issued 21 May 1996
2757:Photography and the law
2752:Mobile phones in prison
1866:10.21552/edpl/2018/4/17
1511:Campbell, John (2020),
791:Vehicle tracking system
720:Mobile device forensics
284:, such as one based on
73:location-based services
2986:Criminal investigation
1663:United States v. Jones
735:Positioning technology
664:Cellphone surveillance
636:In November 2017, the
625:search requiring both
79:companies use this to
35:
2804:Telephones portal
2767:Texting while driving
2704:External power supply
2403:Windows Phone devices
1848:Keyaerts, K. (2018).
1788:United States v. Karo
1687:Katz v. United States
1189:"Vodafone Local Zone"
785:United States v. Karo
457:Consumer applications
392:, which can both use
39:Mobile phone tracking
33:
2991:Espionage techniques
2940:Satellite navigation
2719:Radiation and health
2035:Standards comparison
1794:468 U.S. 705
1707:as well as physical
1693:389 U.S. 347
1669:565 U.S. 400
762:Satellite navigation
447:phase discrimination
123:improve this article
2897:Positional tracking
2869:Positioning systems
2861:positioning systems
1729:96 U.S. 727
1639:Riley v. California
1590:), 2009, number 1,
1578:Roxana Maria Roba.
1405:The Washington Post
1078:2010arXiv1004.3178I
983:Reynolds, Bethany.
756:Riley v. California
695:Information privacy
436:Operational purpose
2917:Navigation systems
1823:The New York Times
1584:Curentul "Juridic"
740:Phone surveillance
690:Indoor positioning
563:Chinese government
478:Locator apps like
206:localization uses
69:Mobile positioning
36:
2976:Mobile technology
2958:
2957:
2823:
2822:
2762:Telephone tapping
2605:
2604:
2553:Instant messaging
2411:
2410:
2140:
2139:
1534:978-1-78897-059-4
1489:978-90-411-2878-2
1411:on June 24, 2011.
1156:978-1-61284-232-5
1095:978-1-4244-5636-9
710:Mass surveillance
484:Dating apps like
278:operating systems
155:
154:
147:
77:Telecommunication
16:(Redirected from
3013:
2981:Crime prevention
2935:Robot navigation
2930:Radio navigation
2850:
2843:
2836:
2827:
2812:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2699:Electronic waste
2689:BlackBerry thumb
2639:Japanese culture
2426:
2386:iOS jailbreaking
2254:
2176:Operating system
1991:Network operator
1976:Channel capacity
1969:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1921:
1916:
1903:
1897:
1878:
1877:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1819:
1813:(23 June 2018).
1807:
1801:
1791:
1783:
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1759:
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1742:
1736:
1726:
1723:Ex parte Jackson
1718:
1712:
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1413:
1412:
1407:. Archived from
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1390:
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1169:
1168:
1140:
1130:
1121:. pp. 1–5.
1114:
1108:
1107:
1071:
1062:. pp. 1–5.
1055:
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1002:
996:
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980:
974:
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863:
857:
852:
846:
845:, Beijing, China
836:
827:
826:
824:
823:
808:
767:Secure telephone
623:fourth amendment
607:Fourth Amendment
534:Deutsche Telekom
365:(GNSS), such as
175:antenna patterns
169:
168:
164:
150:
143:
139:
136:
130:
107:
99:
71:may be used for
21:
18:GSM localization
3021:
3020:
3016:
3015:
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3012:
3011:
3010:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2950:Visual odometry
2911:
2863:
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2798:
2796:
2786:
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2776:
2728:
2681:
2675:
2601:
2514:
2457:
2453:Cloud computing
2419:
2417:
2407:
2398:Symbian devices
2364:Android devices
2350:
2302:
2293:Satellite phone
2288:Projector phone
2248:
2241:
2146:
2136:
2059:
1964:
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1398:
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1371:
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1352:Huffington Post
1345:
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1277:BostonGlobe.com
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1138:10.1.1.750.7082
1116:
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1111:
1096:
1057:
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1003:
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989:
987:
982:
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805:
800:
795:
730:Mobile security
680:Google Latitude
652:
595:
579:
559:
550:interactive map
523:
516:
499:quantified self
480:Find My Friends
459:
438:
383:
351:
328:Using the SIM (
325:
258:client software
254:
208:multilateration
166:
159:
151:
140:
134:
131:
120:
108:
97:
89:
63:signal strength
43:multilateration
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3019:
3017:
3009:
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3006:Geopositioning
3003:
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2963:
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2925:Dead reckoning
2921:
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2694:Driving safety
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2205:Text messaging
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1924:
1918:
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1886:
1885:External links
1883:
1880:
1879:
1860:(4): 525–530.
1840:
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1290:Waxman, Seth.
1282:
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1179:
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1050:
1013:(1): 286–296.
997:
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627:probable cause
615:administrative
594:
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542:data retention
515:
512:
508:
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495:
494:accomplishment
488:
482:
476:
473:GPS navigation
470:
458:
455:
437:
434:
405:, as well as,
382:
379:
350:
347:
346:
345:
324:
321:
290:Windows Mobile
253:
250:
231:Enhanced 9-1-1
153:
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26:
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2376:BlackBerry 10
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2283:Feature phone
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2262:Manufacturers
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2199:
2198:airplane mode
2196:
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2186:phone cloning
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1962:
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1952:
1951:Mobile phones
1945:
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1915:. Conde Nast.
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715:Mobile dating
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599:United States
593:United States
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299:
298:BlackBerry OS
295:
294:Windows Phone
291:
287:
283:
279:
273:
271:
266:
264:
259:
252:Handset-based
251:
249:
247:
246:Sure Guernsey
243:
239:
238:Rayzone Group
234:
232:
226:
224:
220:
219:trilateration
216:
215:triangulation
211:
209:
205:
201:
199:
195:
191:
190:interpolating
186:
184:
183:base stations
180:
176:
171:
162:
149:
146:
138:
128:
124:
118:
117:
112:This section
110:
106:
101:
100:
95:Network-based
94:
92:
86:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
2971:GSM standard
2619:Box breaking
2590:address book
2443:Distribution
2308:Form factors
2273:Camera phone
2260:
2237:Web browsing
2231:
2088:
2072:
1912:
1899:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1835:
1828:. Retrieved
1821:
1811:Liptak, Adam
1805:
1786:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1751:
1749:
1740:
1721:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1685:
1680:
1661:
1656:
1645:573 U.S.
1637:
1632:
1621:583 U.S.
1613:
1583:
1574:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1546:, retrieved
1516:
1506:
1478:
1471:
1446:. Retrieved
1442:
1432:
1425:
1417:
1409:the original
1404:
1394:
1382:. Retrieved
1377:
1367:
1355:. Retrieved
1351:
1341:
1329:. Retrieved
1324:
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1298:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1248:
1239:
1226:
1215:. Retrieved
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