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mourning family to the preta whose spirit is often symbolized by a clay mound somewhere in the house. These rice balls are offered in three sets of 16 over one year, which is the amount of time it takes for a preta to complete its transformation into its next phase of life. The rice balls are offered to the preta because in this transient state between cremation and rebirth, the preta is said to undergo intense physical suffering. The three stages are the impure sixteen, the middle sixteen and the highest sixteen that occur over the course of the mourning period. After the physical body of the deceased is cremated, the first six rice balls are offered to ghosts in general, while the next ten are offered specifically to the preta or the spirit of the person who just died. These ten rice balls are said to help the preta form its new body which is now the length of a forearm. During the second stage, sixteen rice balls are offered to the preta, as through each stage of grief it is believed that pretas become even hungrier. At the last and final stage, the preta is said to have a new body, four rice balls are offered and five spiritual leaders of
Brahmans are fed so that they can symbolize digesting the sins of the deceased during their life.
685:, they are much more varied. The descriptions below apply mainly in this narrower context. The development of the concept of the preta started with just thinking that it was the soul and ghost of a person once they died, but later the concept developed into a transient state between death and obtaining karmic reincarnation in accordance with the person's fate. In order to pass into the cycle of karmic reincarnation, the deceased's family must engage in a variety of rituals and offerings to guide the suffering spirit into its next life. If the family does not engage in these funerary rites, which last for one year, the soul could remain suffering as a preta for the rest of
868:(in the form of money, clothes, gadgets, transportation, estates, accommodation, luxuries, etc.) thus linking the concept of the preta with the deceased's materialism in their lifetime. Though many pretas or hungry ghosts cling to their material possessions during their human lifetime, some other ghosts represented in the festivals long for their loved ones during their human life. During the festivals, people give offerings to the spirits and hope for blessings from their ancestors in return. Thus, the hungry ghost festivals commemorating the pretas are a natural part of some Asian cultures and are not limited to only Hindu or Buddhist belief systems.
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insensitivity. The second type of pretas are those who suffer from internal obscurations, who have small mouths and large stomachs. Often, their mouths are so small that they cannot eat enough food to fill the large space in their stomachs and thus remain constantly hungry. The last of the three subtypes are pretas that suffer from specific obscurations like creatures who live on and eat their bodies. The other broad category of pretas that travel through time and space are always scared and have a tendency to inflict pain on others.
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digestion from the waste products, and thus the same logic is applied to sins of the deceased in their living relatives eating and digesting the symbolic rice balls. In engaging in these rituals, the chief mourner of the deceased individual is the symbolic representation of the spirit or preta. During the period of mourning, the chief mourner can only eat one meal a day for the first eleven days following the death, and also not sleep on a bed, engage in sexual activity or any personal grooming or hygiene practices.
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818:. Some of them can eat a little, but find it very difficult to find food or drink. Others can find food and drink, but find it very difficult to swallow. Others find that the food they eat seems to burst into flames as they swallow it. Others see something edible or drinkable and desire it but it withers or dries up before their eyes. As a result, they are always hungry.
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In addition, there are many festivals around Asia that commemorate the importance of hungry ghosts or pretas and such festivals exist in
Tibetan Buddhist tradition as well as Chinese Taoist tradition. Countries such as China, Cambodia, Tibet, Thailand, Singapore, Japan, and Malaysia engage in hungry
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Pretas are crucial elements of Hindu culture, and there are a variety of very specific funerary rituals that the mourning family must engage in to guide the deceased spirit into its next cycle of karmic rebirth. Rice balls, which are said to symbolize the body of the deceased, are offered from the
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or "actions" of previous lives where a soul takes birth in humanoid bodies with the absence of one to three elements. Jiva or soul/spirit is bound to take rebirth after death in a body composed of five or more elements. A soul in transient mode is pure and its existence is comparable to that of a
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The types of suffering are specified into two main types of pretas, those that live collectively, and those that travel through space. Of the former, there are three subtypes, the first being pretas who suffer from external obscurations. These pretas suffer constant hunger, thirst or temperature
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While there are specific steps that guide the preta into its new life, during the mourning process, the deceased's family must undergo a series of restrictions to assist the preta and ease its suffering. In Indian cultures, food and digestion is symbolic as it separates the food essential for
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Pretas are invisible to the human eye, but some believe they can be discerned by humans in certain mental states. They are described as human-like, but with sunken, mummified skin, narrow limbs, enormously distended bellies and long, thin necks. This appearance is a metaphor for their mental
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Pretas are generally seen as little more than nuisances to mortals unless their longing is directed toward something vital, such as blood or flesh. However, in some traditions, pretas try to prevent others from satisfying their own desires by means of
1080:. They are described as being abnormally tall with tiny mouths, able to emit a high-pitched sound that only by monks or shamans can hear. Elders often tell children not to swear or be rude to their parents, lest they become pret in the afterlife.
732:, literally "gone forth, departed". In Classical Sanskrit, the term refers to the spirit of any dead person, but especially before the obsequial rites are performed, but also more narrowly to a ghost or evil being.
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Generally, however, pretas are seen as beings to be pitied. Thus, in some
Buddhist monasteries, monks leave offerings of foods, beverages, incenses, lights, fruits or flowers to them before meals.
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a malevolent spirit believed to be the spirit of a corrupt old woman named Yey Plang (យាយប្លង់) who was in charge of preparing food for the royal family and for monks in temples near the
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ghost festivals, and in China this is usually on the 15th day of the 7th lunar month according to their calendar. Many rituals involve burning symbolized material possessions, such as
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In general in
Buddhist tradition, a preta is considered one of the six forms of existence (Gods, demigods, humans, animals, ghosts and hell beings) once a person dies and is reborn.
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832:, and the two types of being are easily confused. The simplest distinction is that beings in hell are confined to their subterranean world, while pretas are free to move about.
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as defined is the common constituent throughout the universe and the remaining four are common to the properties of the planets, stars and afterlife places such as the
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In addition to hunger, pretas suffer from immoderate heat and cold; they find that even the moon scorches them in the summer, while the sun freezes them in the winter.
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situation: they have enormous appetites, signified by their gigantic bellies, but a very limited ability to satisfy those appetites, symbolized by their slender necks.
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human-like creatures with bulging stomachs with dependable size and rather thin throats. They are frequently shown licking up spilled water in temples, accompanied by
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935:. This is the reason that Pretas cannot eat or drink as the rest of the three elements are missing and no digestion or physical intake is possible for them.
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784:), desperately begging to humans, and scavenging things, or winding up in severe pain representing their personal agony. Otherwise they may be shown as
696:, they are afflicted with an insatiable hunger for a particular substance or object. Traditionally, this is something repugnant or humiliating, such as
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figure appear prominently in the cultures of India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and
Myanmar.
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Pretas are believed to have been false, corrupted, compulsive, deceitful, jealous or greedy people in a previous life. As a result of their
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Monier-Williams, Monier M. Sir. A Sanskrit-English dictionary. Delhi, India : Motilal
Banarsidass Publishers, 1990.
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Parry, Jonathan (1985). "Death and
Digestion: The Symbolism of Food and Eating in North Indian Mortuary Rites".
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Gyan, Prakash (1986). "Reproducing
Inequality: Spirit Cults and Labor Relations in Colonial Eastern India".
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greater than that of humans, particularly an extreme level of hunger and thirst. They have their origins in
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Pretas dwell in the waste and desert places of the earth, and vary in situation according to their past
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Tzohar, Roy (2017). "Imagine Being a Preta: Early Indian Yogācāra
Approaches to Intersubjectivity".
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1407:"How the Hungry Ghost Mythology Reconciles Materialism and Spirituality in Thai Death Rituals"
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The
Sanskrit term was taken up in Buddhism to describe one of six possible states of rebirth.
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Since 657, some Japanese Buddhists have observed a special day in mid-August to remember the
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748:), literally "starving ghost", is thus not a literal translation of the Sanskrit term.
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Garuda Purana. J.L. Shastri/A board of scholars. Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi 1982.
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1028:), it is believed that the hungry ghosts may be released from their torment.
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679:" from the Chinese and East Asian adaptations. In early sources such as the
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Through the belief and influence of Hinduism and Buddhism in much of Asia,
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pretas are very real beings. They are a form, a body consisting only of
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via the spread of Buddhism. Preta is often translated into English as "
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Garuda Purana (Ernest Wood, S.V. Subrahmanyam, 1911) abridged version
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The sufferings of the pretas often resemble those of the dwellers in
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Sharma, H. R. Funeral Pyres Report. Benares Hindu University 2009.
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927:(god) but in the last form of physical birth. The elements except
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788:. Often, pretas are usually depicted naked and while others wears
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1602:"Failed desires conjure Shyam Selvadurai's the Hungry Ghosts"
27:
Type of supernatural being in South and East Asian religions
1246:
Krishan, Y. (1985). "The Doctrine of Karma and Śrāddhas".
1492:
Ultimate Ambiguities: Investigating Death and Liminality
1406:
1388:"Contemplating the Suffering of Hungry Ghosts (Pretas)"
1076:
of the Buddhist tradition that have become part of the
538:
1348:
Headley, Robert Kirk (1997). "គ្រក់" [Grák].
1087:, like in other Asian cultures, people are reborn as
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1248:
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
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62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
972:condemned to feces-eating watches a child wearing
904:) which constitutes a body on Earth (others being
1331:"Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary 1899 Basic"
728:means "departed, deceased, a dead person", from
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1039:is often used to mean spoiled child, or brat.
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2488:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
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1664:Firth, Shirley. "End of Life: A Hindu View"
1022:. Through such offerings and remembrances (
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1691:
1405:Hackley, Rungpaka; Hackley, Chris (2015).
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1217:Destination Saigon: Adventures in Vietnam
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122:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1386:Adrian Cirlea, Josho (29 August 2017).
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1351:Khmer-English, English-Khmer dictionary
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3878:List of Buddhist architecture in China
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151:A Burmese depiction of hungry ghosts (
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7:
1000:, "hungry ghost"), a borrowing from
918:). There are other forms as per the
60:adding citations to reliable sources
1443:Hackley. "How the Hungry": 337–354.
1280:Garuda Purana 2.7.92-95, 2.22.52-55
836:Relations between pretas and humans
4384:Non-human races in Hindu mythology
3665:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
968:餓鬼草紙 "Scroll of Hungry Ghosts": a
25:
1494:. Berghahn Books. pp. 66–68.
1335:www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de
988:In Japan, preta is translated as
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3893:Thai temple art and architecture
3638:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
1878:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
1744:
1731:
1721:
1629:. Benares Hindu University 2009.
36:
1745:
1583:from the original on 2013-01-31
1490:Berger, Peter; Krosen, Justin.
1392:Amida-Ji Retreat Temple Romania
47:needs additional citations for
3883:Japanese Buddhist architecture
3685:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
2765:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
1956:Places where the Buddha stayed
795:In Cambodia, a special female
1:
3898:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
1622:. The Lancet 2005, 366:682-86
1577:"รวมตำนานผีไทย | หน้า 2"
760:Pretas are often depicted in
3655:Buddhism and the Roman world
3631:Decline of Buddhism in India
3626:History of Buddhism in India
1726: Topics in
764:(particularly that from the
2853:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
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1411:Qualitative Market Research
671:and have been adopted into
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3803:The unanswerable questions
1686:Funerals - assorted quotes
1642:, S.V. Subrahmanyam, 1911.
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3888:Buddhist temples in Korea
2451:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
2354:Three planes of existence
1961:Buddha in world religions
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1620:End of Life: A Hindu View
1309:10.1007/s11841-016-0544-y
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3670:Persecution of Buddhists
2891:Four stages of awakening
2272:Three marks of existence
1858:Physical characteristics
1423:10.1108/QMR-08-2014-0073
844:A preta depicted during
213:Vietnamese folk religion
3033:Ten principal disciples
1916:(aunt, adoptive mother)
811:between 1927 and 1941.
3743:Buddhism and democracy
3256:Tibetan Buddhist canon
3251:Chinese Buddhist canon
2483:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
2478:Early Buddhist schools
1456:Cite journal requires
1214:Mason, Walter (2010).
1055:
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786:balls of smoke or fire
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3753:Eight Consciousnesses
1863:Life of Buddha in art
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661:Chinese folk religion
205:Chinese folk religion
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4230:East Asian religions
3660:Buddhism in the West
3231:Early Buddhist texts
2846:Four Right Exertions
2312:Ten spiritual realms
1805:Noble Eightfold Path
1627:Funeral Pyres Report
1507:Modern Asian Studies
807:during the reign of
673:East Asian religions
604:Glossary of Buddhism
56:improve this article
4353:Religion portal
4100:Temple of the Tooth
3979:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
3018:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
2511:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
2294:Two truths doctrine
2114:Mahapajapati Gotamī
1914:Mahapajapati Gotamī
1015:, "hungry ghost").
898:five great elements
647:being described in
643:name for a type of
540:ཡི་དྭགས་ (yi dwags)
138:
4275:Western philosophy
3873:Dzong architecture
3695:Vipassana movement
3690:Buddhist modernism
3118:Emperor Wen of Sui
2886:Pratyekabuddhayāna
2819:Threefold Training
2621:Vipassana movement
2337:Hungry Ghost realm
2157:Avidyā (Ignorance)
2104:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
1853:Great Renunciation
1848:Eight Great Events
1730:
1672:, 2005, 366:682–86
1354:. Dunwoody Press.
1120:Buddhist cosmology
1085:Sri Lankan culture
1056:
986:
984:, c. 12th century.
902:classical elements
850:
719:The Sanskrit term
266:Hungry Ghost Realm
189:Ancestor spirits,
166:Legendary creature
148:
4361:
4360:
3999:Om mani padme hum
3705:Women in Buddhism
3621:Buddhist councils
3491:Western countries
3279:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
3040:Shaolin Monastery
2617:Samatha-vipassanā
2227:Pratītyasamutpāda
2031:Metteyya/Maitreya
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1778:Four Noble Truths
1165:Kanjirottu Yakshi
1033:Japanese language
738:The Chinese term
635:), also known as
609:
608:
271:
270:
156:
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
4396:
4351:
4350:
4339:
4338:
4178:Sacred languages
4026:Maya Devi Temple
3989:Mahabodhi Temple
3793:Secular Buddhism
3758:Engaged Buddhism
2598:
2446:Tibetan Buddhism
2397:Vietnamese Thiền
1996:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
1947:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1748:
1747:
1735:
1725:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1692:
1618:Firth, Shirley.
1606:
1605:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1538:
1523:
1522:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1427:
1426:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1383:
1364:
1363:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1292:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1243:
1232:
1231:
1211:
1071:
1014:
999:
747:
746:
724:
723:
669:Indian religions
631:
626:Standard Tibetan
623:
598:
583:
572:
571:
556:
542:
541:
527:
520:
519:
504:
503:
489:
482:
481:
480:
464:
463:
450:
449:
447:
429:
418:
417:
403:
392:
391:
377:
366:
365:
351:
340:
339:
325:
314:
313:
299:
292:
291:
273:
201:Indian religions
186:Similar entities
150:
139:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4379:Japanese ghosts
4364:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4345:
4327:
4279:
4194:
4109:
3846:Ordination hall
3807:
3709:
3680:Buddhist crisis
3592:
3289:
3241:Mahayana sutras
3217:
3213:Thích Nhất Hạnh
3044:
2917:
2857:
2807:Bodhisattva vow
2492:
2358:
2298:
2257:Taṇhā (Craving)
2192:Five hindrances
2143:
2035:
1965:
1819:
1764:
1736:
1719:
1660:
1615:
1613:Further reading
1610:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1586:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1555:10.2307/2802753
1549:(20): 612–630.
1540:
1539:
1526:
1513:(20): 209–230.
1504:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1488:
1469:
1455:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1430:
1417:(18): 427–441.
1404:
1403:
1399:
1385:
1384:
1367:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1294:
1293:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1254:(1/4): 97–115.
1245:
1244:
1235:
1228:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1101:
955:
949:
874:
838:
754:
717:
573:
521:
505:
483:
478:
465:
443:
419:
393:
367:
341:
315:
293:
277:
276:Translations of
264:
253:
211:
207:
203:
157:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4402:
4400:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4366:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4343:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4289:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4210:
4204:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4119:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4013:
4008:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3910:Greco-Buddhist
3902:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3861:Burmese pagoda
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3817:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3643:Greco-Buddhism
3640:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3576:United Kingdom
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3521:Czech Republic
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3400:
3395:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3285:Abhidharmadīpa
3282:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3203:B. R. Ambedkar
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3123:Songtsen Gampo
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2802:Eight precepts
2799:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2590:
2580:
2575:
2573:Five Strengths
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2212:Mental factors
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2064:Mahamoggallāna
2061:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1979:Avalokiteśvara
1975:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1659:
1658:External links
1656:
1655:
1654:
1643:
1633:
1630:
1623:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1593:
1568:
1524:
1497:
1467:
1458:|journal=
1428:
1397:
1365:
1340:
1322:
1303:(2): 337–354.
1282:
1273:
1233:
1226:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1140:Ghost Festival
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1046:Depictions of
1031:In the modern
1002:Middle Chinese
978:and holding a
948:
945:
896:), two of the
873:
870:
837:
834:
799:is known as a
780:(specifically
753:
750:
716:
713:
663:as undergoing
607:
606:
600:
599:
592:
586:
585:
564:
558:
557:
550:
544:
543:
536:
530:
529:
514:
508:
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492:
491:
474:
468:
467:
458:
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451:
438:
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386:
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379:
360:
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353:
334:
328:
327:
308:
302:
301:
286:
280:
279:
269:
268:
248:
244:
243:
241:Southeast Asia
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
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198:
194:
193:
187:
183:
182:
173:
169:
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149:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4401:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4342:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
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4276:
4273:
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4261:
4258:
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4253:
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4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
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4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4189:
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4176:
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4149:
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4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4115:Miscellaneous
4112:
4106:
4105:Vegetarianism
4103:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
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4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
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4046:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3927:Buddha in art
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
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3779:
3776:
3774:
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3764:
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3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3581:United States
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
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3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
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3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:Padmasambhava
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3050:Major figures
3047:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2996:Western tulku
2994:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2797:Five precepts
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:Dhamma vicaya
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2543:Buddhābhiṣeka
2541:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:Enlightenment
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2177:Dhamma theory
2175:
2173:
2172:Buddha-nature
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:Samantabhadra
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1912:
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1904:
1902:
1896:
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1891:
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1822:
1816:
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1799:
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1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
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1779:
1776:
1775:
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1767:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1651:81-208-0069-9
1648:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1636:Garuda Purana
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:Sharma, H.R.
1624:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1604:. 2013-05-22.
1603:
1597:
1594:
1582:
1578:
1572:
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1556:
1552:
1548:
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1537:
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1533:
1531:
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1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1486:
1484:
1482:
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1476:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1450:
1439:
1437:
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1433:
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1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
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1344:
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1336:
1332:
1326:
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1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:9781459603059
1223:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1207:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1175:Maudgalyayana
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1110:Bhoot (ghost)
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1078:Thai folklore
1075:
1074:hungry ghosts
1070:
1065:
1061:
1058:In Thailand,
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1006:
1003:
995:
991:
983:
982:
977:
976:
971:
967:
962:
958:
954:
946:
944:
940:
936:
934:
930:
926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
908:
903:
899:
895:
891:
890:
885:
884:
879:
871:
869:
867:
861:
858:
856:
847:
842:
835:
833:
831:
826:
822:
819:
817:
812:
810:
809:King Monivong
806:
802:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
758:
751:
749:
741:
736:
733:
731:
727:
714:
712:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
690:
688:
684:
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
627:
619:
615:
614:
605:
601:
597:
593:
591:
587:
582:
577:
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
549:
545:
537:
535:
531:
526:
515:
513:
509:
499:
497:
493:
488:
475:
473:
469:
459:
457:
453:
439:
437:
433:
428:
423:
413:
411:
407:
402:
397:
387:
385:
381:
376:
371:
361:
359:
355:
350:
345:
335:
333:
329:
324:
319:
309:
307:
303:
298:
287:
285:
281:
274:
267:
263:
260:
256:
252:
249:
245:
242:
238:
234:
231:
227:
224:
221:
219:Other name(s)
217:
214:
210:
206:
202:
199:
195:
192:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
154:
145:
140:
137:
126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4293:Bodhisattvas
4213:Christianity
4208:Baháʼí Faith
4073:Dharmachakra
4063:Prayer wheel
4053:Prayer beads
3821:Architecture
3700:969 Movement
3484:Saudi Arabia
3462:Central Asia
3455:South Africa
3277:
3260:
3193:Panchen Lama
3098:Buddhapālita
2694:Satipatthana
2689:Mindful Yoga
2602:Recollection
2516:Brahmavihara
2387:Japanese Zen
2382:Chinese Chan
2342:Animal realm
2336:
2149:Key concepts
1971:Bodhisattvas
1783:Three Jewels
1667:
1626:
1619:
1596:
1585:. Retrieved
1571:
1546:
1542:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1491:
1449:cite journal
1414:
1410:
1400:
1391:
1350:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1300:
1296:
1276:
1251:
1247:
1216:
1209:
1150:Hungry ghost
1115:Bon Festival
1092:
1088:
1082:
1059:
1057:
1047:
1036:
1030:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1004:
989:
987:
979:
973:
969:
965:
956:
953:Hungry ghost
941:
937:
928:
906:
888:
881:
875:
862:
859:
851:
827:
823:
820:
813:
805:royal palace
800:
796:
794:
769:
766:Heian period
762:Japanese art
759:
755:
739:
737:
734:
729:
725:
718:
708:
706:
691:
680:
677:hungry ghost
645:supernatural
637:hungry ghost
636:
632:
612:
611:
610:
261:
250:
223:Hungry ghost
172:Sub grouping
152:
135:
118:
112:October 2008
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
4138:Dharma talk
3967:Asalha Puja
3763:Eschatology
3566:Switzerland
3546:New Zealand
3474:Middle East
3383:Philippines
3303:Afghanistan
3108:Bodhidharma
3093:Buddhaghosa
3013:Householder
2923:Monasticism
2876:Bodhisattva
2731:Prostration
2684:Mindfulness
2612:Anapanasati
2595:Kammaṭṭhāna
2392:Korean Seon
2332:Asura realm
2327:Human realm
2267:Ten Fetters
2222:Parinirvana
2124:Uppalavanna
2089:Mahākaccana
2074:Mahākassapa
2006:Kṣitigarbha
2001:Ākāśagarbha
1898:Suddhodāna
1843:Four sights
1770:Foundations
1640:Ernest Wood
1035:, the word
752:Description
4368:Categories
4255:Psychology
4235:Gnosticism
4223:Comparison
4218:Influences
4200:Comparison
4083:Bhavacakra
4041:Kushinagar
4016:Pilgrimage
3962:Māgha Pūjā
3917:Bodhi Tree
3733:Buddhology
3723:Abhidharma
3715:Philosophy
3648:Menander I
3516:Costa Rica
3467:Uzbekistan
3308:Bangladesh
3262:Dhammapada
3246:Pali Canon
3208:Ajahn Chah
3188:Dalai Lama
3088:Kumārajīva
3083:Vasubandhu
3058:The Buddha
2966:Zen master
2901:Sakadagami
2881:Buddhahood
2812:Pratimokṣa
2627:Shikantaza
2583:Meditation
2558:Deity yoga
2429:Madhyamaka
2322:Deva realm
2217:Mindstream
2167:Bodhicitta
2079:Aṅgulimāla
1946:Devadatta
1922:Yaśodharā
1825:The Buddha
1815:Middle Way
1669:The Lancet
1587:2012-10-04
1201:References
1135:Ganachakra
1105:Bhavacakra
1054:, Thailand
966:Gaki zōshi
951:See also:
933:underworld
886:(air) and
866:joss paper
770:Gaki-Zoshi
682:Petavatthu
590:Vietnamese
255:shmashanas
82:newspapers
4323:Festivals
4303:Buddhists
4265:Theosophy
4068:Symbolism
4058:Hama yumi
4031:Bodh Gaya
3798:Socialism
3773:Evolution
3748:Economics
3586:Venezuela
3501:Australia
3496:Argentina
3420:Sri Lanka
3415:Singapore
3333:Indonesia
3295:Countries
3236:Tripiṭaka
3198:Ajahn Mun
3073:Nagarjuna
3068:Aśvaghoṣa
2951:Anagārika
2946:Śrāmaṇerī
2941:Śrāmaṇera
2936:Bhikkhunī
2896:Sotāpanna
2785:Passaddhi
2726:Offerings
2701:Nekkhamma
2578:Iddhipada
2498:Practices
2468:Theravada
2441:Vajrayana
2434:Yogachara
2404:Pure Land
2317:Six Paths
2304:Cosmology
2084:Anuruddha
2059:Sāriputta
2049:Kaundinya
2041:Disciples
2016:Vajrapāṇi
1868:Footprint
1833:Tathāgata
1360:277922363
1317:171169300
1260:0378-1143
1160:Jikininki
1093:peréthaya
1052:Wat Muang
1005:nga kjwɨj
846:Kali Puja
774:emaciated
665:suffering
639:, is the
472:Mongolian
176:Nocturnal
4341:Category
4270:Violence
4240:Hinduism
4188:Sanskrit
4143:Hinayana
4128:Amitābha
4088:Swastika
3957:Uposatha
3947:Holidays
3932:Calendar
3778:Humanism
3616:Kanishka
3606:Timeline
3430:Thailand
3398:Kalmykia
3393:Buryatia
3378:Pakistan
3363:Mongolia
3358:Maldives
3353:Malaysia
3318:Cambodia
3183:Shamarpa
3178:Nichiren
3128:Xuanzang
3063:Nagasena
2981:Rinpoche
2711:Pāramitā
2553:Devotion
2473:Navayana
2461:Dzogchen
2424:Nichiren
2372:Mahayana
2364:Branches
2242:Saṅkhāra
1991:Mañjuśrī
1948:(cousin)
1940:(cousin)
1908:(mother)
1900:(father)
1888:Miracles
1838:Birthday
1755:Glossary
1728:Buddhism
1581:Archived
1268:41693599
1155:Jiangshi
1099:See also
994:Japanese
947:Buddhism
878:Hinduism
872:Hinduism
790:fundoshi
698:cadavers
687:eternity
653:Buddhism
649:Hinduism
641:Sanskrit
630:ཡི་དྭགས་
618:Sanskrit
358:Japanese
262:Buddhism
259:cemetery
251:Hinduism
197:Folklore
180:revenant
162:Grouping
4318:Temples
4298:Buddhas
4260:Science
4250:Judaism
4245:Jainism
4163:Lineage
4123:Abhijñā
4093:Thangka
4036:Sarnath
4021:Lumbini
3942:Funeral
3937:Cuisine
3813:Culture
3788:Reality
3738:Creator
3728:Atomism
3598:History
3571:Ukraine
3531:Germany
3450:Senegal
3440:Vietnam
3368:Myanmar
3168:Shinran
3158:Karmapa
3133:Shandao
3103:Dignāga
3028:Śrāvaka
3008:Donchee
3003:Kappiya
2961:Sayadaw
2931:Bhikkhu
2906:Anāgāmi
2863:Nirvana
2829:Samadhi
2716:Paritta
2657:Tonglen
2652:Mandala
2607:Smarana
2588:Mantras
2536:Upekkha
2506:Bhavana
2456:Shingon
2409:Tiantai
2262:Tathātā
2252:Śūnyatā
2247:Skandha
2237:Saṃsāra
2232:Rebirth
2207:Kleshas
2197:Indriya
2099:Subhūti
1984:Guanyin
1938:Ānanda
1930:Rāhula
1810:Nirvana
1750:Outline
1563:2802753
1195:Wendigo
1190:Tingsha
1009:Chinese
907:prithvī
730:pra-ita
633:yi dags
596:ngạ quỷ
548:Tagalog
534:Tibetan
512:Sinhala
446:/pʰèːt/
332:Chinese
312:ပြိတ္တာ
306:Burmese
247:Habitat
96:scholar
71:"Preta"
18:Gaki-do
4389:Undead
4374:Ghosts
4313:Sutras
4308:Suttas
4173:Siddhi
4158:Koliya
4133:Brahmā
4048:Poetry
3994:Mantra
3984:Kasaya
3856:Pagoda
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2834:Prajñā
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2282:Dukkha
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1025:segaki
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778:demons
659:, and
657:Taoism
525:pretha
518:ප්රේත
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410:Korean
396:UNGEGN
370:Rōmaji
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889:akaśa
855:magic
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487:birid
479:ᠪᠢᠷᠢᠳ
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103:JSTOR
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