420:, for example, reflects upon the way Gaia philosophy has been used and advocated in various societal settings by environmentalists, spiritualists, managers, economists, and scientists and engineers. As Marshall explains, most social scientists had already given up on systems ideas of society in the 1960s before Gaia philosophy was born under James Lovelock's ideas since such ideas were interpreted as supporting conservatism and traditionalism. Gaia theory also influenced the dynamics of green politics.
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works in such a way as to keep its systems in some kind of equilibrium that is conducive to life. Today many scientists consider that such a view (and any stronger views) are unlikely to be correct. An even stronger claim is that all lifeforms are part of a single planetary being, called Gaia. In this view, the atmosphere, the seas, the terrestrial crust would be the result of interventions carried out by Gaia, through the
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412:. Whilst a few social scientists who draw inspiration from 'organic' views of society have embraced Gaia philosophy as a way to explain the human-nature interconnections, most professional social scientists are more involved in reflecting upon the way Gaia philosophy is used and engaged with within sub-sections of society.
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of the ecosystem: as each individual species pursues its own self-interest, their combined actions tend to have counterbalancing effects on environmental change. Proponents of this view sometimes point to examples of life's actions in the past that have resulted in dramatic change rather than stable
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there is a spectrum of Gaia hypotheses, ranging from the undeniable to radical. At one end is the undeniable statement that the organisms on the Earth have radically altered its composition. A stronger position is that the Earth's biosphere effectively acts as if it is a self-organizing system which
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Many believe that these ideas cannot be considered scientific hypotheses; by definition a scientific hypothesis must make testable predictions. As the above claims are not currently testable, they are outside the bounds of current science. This does not mean that these ideas are not theoretically
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There are some mystical, scientific and religious predecessors to the Gaia philosophy, which had a Gaia-like conceptual basis. Many religious mythologies had a view of Earth as being a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts (e.g. some Native
American religions and various forms of
173:, and claims the resident life forms of a host planet coupled with their environment have acted and act like a single, self-regulating system. This system includes the near-surface rocks, the soil, and the atmosphere. Gaia hypothesis criticism]]). These theories are, however, significant in
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levels rise, plants are able to grow better and thus remove more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Other biological effects and feedbacks exist, but the extent to which these mechanisms have stabilized and modified the Earth's overall climate is largely not known.
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manipulating the climate in order to make conditions more conducive to life. Scientists contend that there is no evidence at all to support this last point of view, and it has come about because many people do not understand the concept of
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The more speculative versions of Gaia, including versions in which it is believed that the Earth is actually conscious, sentient, and highly intelligent, are usually considered outside the bounds of what is usually considered science.
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breath for its dayly refreshment & vitall ferment & transpires again with gross exhalations, And according to the condition of all other things living ought to have its times of beginning youth old age & perishing."
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course) and its usefulness to the survival of other species. While there were a number of precursors to Gaia hypothesis, the first scientific form of this idea was proposed as the Gaia hypothesis by
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The Gaia hypothesis is sometimes viewed from significantly different philosophical perspectives. Some environmentalists view it as an almost conscious process, in which the Earth's
385:. Most biologists would accept Daisyworld-style homeostasis as possible, but would certainly not accept the idea that this equates to the whole biosphere acting as one organism.
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is generally credited with making the idea respectable in
Western scientific circles in the 20th century. Building to some degree on his observations and artifacts, e.g. the
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355:, a microbiologist, in 1979. Her version is sometimes called the "Gaia Theory" (note uppercase-T). Her model is more limited in scope than the one that Lovelock proposed.
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Whether this sort of system is present on Earth is still open to debate. Some relatively simple homeostatic mechanisms are generally accepted. For example, when
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testable. As one can postulate tests that could be applied, given enough time and space, then these ideas should be seen as scientific hypotheses.
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manipulating the climate in order to make conditions more conducive to life. Scientists contend that there is no evidence to support this belief.
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The most extreme form of Gaia theory is that the entire Earth is a single unified organism with a highly intelligent mind that arose as an
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A book edited by Allan Hunt
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These are conjectures and perhaps can only be considered as social and maybe political philosophy; they may have implications for
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Becking (1931) 'Gaia of leven en aarde' (Gaia or life and earth), inaugural lecture for a chair at Leiden university.
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in such a way as to promote its habitability. Gaia concepts draw a connection between the survivability of a species (hence its
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is literally viewed as a single unified organism. Some evolutionary biologists, on the other hand, view it as an undirected
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of the Earth he created, others began to ask if there was a way to make the Gaia theory scientifically sound.
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One of the most problematic issues with referring to Gaia as an organism is its apparent failure to meet the
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has been credited as the first to incorporate scientific ideas into a Gaia theory, which he did with his
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wrote of the earth, "Thus this Earth resembles a great animal or rather inanimate vegetable, draws in
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146:) is a broadly inclusive term for relating concepts about, humanity as an effect of the life of this
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while not identifying exclusively with any specific religion, sprang from the gaia hypothesis.
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has asserted that the planet is not the offspring of any parents and is unable to reproduce.
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Depending on how strongly the case is stated, the hypothesis conflicts with mainstream
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Lucky Planet: Why Earth is
Exceptional – and What that Means for Life in the Universe
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believed that Earth should be viewed as a single cell; he derived this view from
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On Gaia: A Critical
Investigation of the Relationship between Life and Earth
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On Gaia: A Critical
Investigation of the Relationship between Life and Earth
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delivered an inaugural lecture about Gaia in the sense of life and earth.
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The Unity of Nature, 2002, Imperial
College Press: London and Singapore
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Making Magic with Gaia: Practices to Heal
Ourselves and Our Planet
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New Models in
Geography - Vol 1: The Political-Economy Perspective
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597:- Categorises entire planets to be individual conscious organisms
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of the whole biosphere. In this view, the Earth's biosphere is
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The Politics of Nature: Explorations in Green Political Theory
765:"CAWeb - CAW Articles - Theagenesis: The Birth of the Goddess"
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holds that all organisms on a life-giving planet regulate the
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Tyrrell, Toby (26 October 2013), "Gaia: the verdict is…",
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Dharma Gaia: A Harvest of Essays in Buddhism and Ecology
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and many Catholic humanist thinkers of the 20th century.
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Of Natures obvious laws & processes in vegetation,
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Sacred Gaia: holistic theology and earth system science
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Gaia's gift: earth, ourselves, and God after Copernicus
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The Emerald Planet: How plants changed Earth's history
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Gaia and God: An Ecofeminist Theology of Earth Healing
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Magazine, independently articulated the Gaia Thesis.
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56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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627:Gaia and Climate Change: A Theology of Gift Events
340:The first scientifically rigorous theory was the
744:The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher
404:view of Gaia theory is the role of humans as a
351:A variant of this hypothesis was developed by
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116:Learn how and when to remove this message
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858:An Introduction to the Earth-Life System
645:Scientists debate gaia: the next century
396:Gaia in the social sciences and politics
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408:who may be able to accomplish global
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668:Francesca Ciancimino Howell (2002),
54:adding citations to reliable sources
1025:Richard Peet, Nigel Thrift (1989).
633:Earthy realism: the meaning of Gaia
472:, an earth-centered philosophical,
700:Gaia An Atlas of Planet Management
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1031:. Routledge. pp. 90, 97–99.
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987:. Routledge. pp. 8, 9, 14.
643:Stephen Henry Schneider (2004),
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686:George Ronald Williams (1996),
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296:diversity of living organisms.
181:Predecessors to the Gaia theory
41:needs additional citations for
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900:10.1016/s0262-4079(13)62532-4
688:The molecular biology of Gaia
2629:Ordinary language philosophy
2679:Contemporary utilitarianism
2594:Internalism and externalism
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706:Gaia: the growth of an idea
704:Lawrence E. Joseph (1991),
496:criterion of being able to
320:Gaia in biology and science
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863:Cambridge University Press
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252:in 1970 in an article in
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536:(James Lovelock's ideas)
524:Environmental philosophy
429:Rosemary Radford Ruether
2634:Postanalytic philosophy
2575:Experimental philosophy
1012:March 15, 2012, at the
981:Dobson, Andrew (1995).
829:Oxford University Press
789:Waltham, David (2014).
680:Anne Primavesi (2000),
676:Gaia: the next big idea
655:Anne Primavesi (2003),
625:Anne Primavesi (2008),
275:as Zell-Ravenheart and
2767:Social constructionism
1779:Hellenistic philosophy
1195:Theoretical philosophy
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1160:Philosophy of language
915:Tyrrell, Toby (2013),
692:Peter Bunyard (1996),
661:Alan Marshall (2002),
250:Oberon Zell-Ravenheart
16:Broadly inclusive term
3150:Philosophy portal
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2649:Reformed epistemology
1175:Philosophy of science
698:Norman Myers (1993),
674:Mary Midgley (2001),
637:Pepper Lewis (2005),
631:Mary Midgley (2007),
617:Toby Tyrrell (2013),
21:Gaia (disambiguation)
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2121:Acintya bheda abheda
2100:Renaissance humanism
1811:School of the Sextii
1185:Practical philosophy
1180:Political philosophy
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
3194:Nature and religion
2141:Nimbarka Sampradaya
2052:Korean Confucianism
1799:Academic Skepticism
950:www.crystalinks.com
663:The Unity of Nature
649:Tyler Volk (2003),
519:Climate engineering
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2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2717:Existentialism
2714:
2712:Deconstruction
2709:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2545:Applied ethics
2541:
2539:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2509:Nietzscheanism
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2451:Utilitarianism
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2349:Transcendental
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2287:Existentialism
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2075:Augustinianism
2072:
2066:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1988:Zoroastrianism
1985:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1910:
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1908:
1903:
1893:
1892:
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1886:
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1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1845:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1831:Church Fathers
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1776:
1771:
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1756:
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1744:
1739:
1734:
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1713:
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1494:
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1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1395:
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1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1346:Libertarianism
1343:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1150:Metaphilosophy
1147:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1060:. p. 65.
1044:
1037:
1017:
1000:
993:
970:
961:
937:
931:
904:
878:
871:
844:
837:
810:
803:
797:. Icon Books.
781:
756:
747:
735:
732:Dibner MS 1031
722:
721:
719:
716:
715:
714:
708:
702:
696:
690:
684:
678:
672:
666:
659:
653:
647:
641:
635:
629:
623:
613:
610:
609:
608:
603:
598:
592:
587:
582:
580:Technogaianism
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
545:James Kirchner
542:
537:
531:
526:
521:
516:
509:
506:
489:
486:
452:Allen Ginsberg
425:
422:
402:social science
397:
394:
363:carbon dioxide
346:James Lovelock
337:of the Earth.
324:Main article:
321:
318:
289:James Kirchner
284:
283:Range of views
281:
277:Isaac Bonewits
209:paleontologist
182:
179:
175:green politics
167:James Lovelock
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3211:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3164:
3163:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:Miscellaneous
3088:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
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2958:
2956:
2954:
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2941:
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2926:
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2921:
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2911:
2909:
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2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:Miscellaneous
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:Structuralism
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2757:Postmodernism
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2747:Phenomenology
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:Vienna Circle
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2614:Moral realism
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:Phenomenology
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2356:Individualism
2354:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2221:Judeo-Islamic
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2197:ʿIlm al-Kalām
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:Shuddhadvaita
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2080:Scholasticism
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1576:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1531:Conceptualism
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1460:Particularism
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:Functionalism
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1412:Eliminativism
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:Compatibilism
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1256:Particularism
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1069:
1067:1-933392-29-0
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:Animate Earth
1048:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
996:
990:
986:
985:
977:
975:
971:
965:
962:
951:
947:
941:
938:
934:
932:9780691121581
928:
924:
921:, Princeton:
920:
919:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
888:New Scientist
882:
879:
874:
872:9780521729536
868:
864:
860:
859:
854:
848:
845:
840:
834:
830:
826:
825:
820:
814:
811:
806:
804:9781848316560
800:
795:
794:
785:
782:
771:on 2010-06-17
770:
766:
760:
757:
751:
748:
745:
739:
736:
733:
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724:
717:
713:
709:
707:
703:
701:
697:
695:
691:
689:
685:
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679:
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667:
664:
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658:
654:
652:
648:
646:
642:
640:
636:
634:
630:
628:
624:
622:
621:
616:
615:
612:Books on Gaia
611:
607:
604:
602:
601:Superorganism
599:
596:
593:
591:
590:Urban ecology
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
507:
505:
503:
499:
495:
487:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
465:
464:Robert Aitken
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
423:
421:
419:
415:
414:Alan Marshall
411:
407:
403:
395:
393:
391:
386:
384:
383:neo-Darwinism
379:
376:
372:
367:
364:
361:
356:
354:
353:Lynn Margulis
349:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
327:
319:
317:
313:
311:
306:
302:
297:
295:
290:
287:According to
282:
280:
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273:
268:
263:
259:
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256:
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247:
245:
240:
238:
234:
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210:
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199:
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180:
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176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
151:
149:
145:
141:
138:
134:
131:(named after
130:
120:
117:
109:
106:December 2006
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
3155:
3141:
2812:
2803:Postcritique
2793:Kyoto School
2752:Posthumanism
2732:Hermeneutics
2587: /
2528:Contemporary
2504:Newtonianism
2467:Cartesianism
2426:Reductionism
2262:Conservatism
2257:Collectivism
2195:
1923:Sarvāstivadā
1901:Anekantavada
1826:Neoplatonism
1794:Epicureanism
1727:Pythagoreans
1666:Confucianism
1632:Contemporary
1622:Early modern
1526:Anti-realism
1480:Universalism
1437:Subjectivism
1233:Epistemology
1053:
1047:
1027:
1020:
1003:
983:
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953:. Retrieved
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43:verification
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2798:Objectivism
2737:Neo-Marxism
2699:Continental
2609:Meta-ethics
2589:Coherentism
2494:Hegelianism
2431:Rationalism
2391:Natural law
2371:Materialism
2297:Historicism
2267:Determinism
2158:Navya-Nyāya
1933:Sautrāntika
1928:Pudgalavada
1864:Vaisheshika
1717:Presocratic
1617:Renaissance
1556:Physicalism
1541:Materialism
1447:Normativity
1432:Objectivism
1417:Emergentism
1407:Behaviorism
1356:Metaphysics
1322:Determinism
1261:Rationalism
639:Gaia Speaks
550:Guy Murchie
460:Joanna Macy
456:David Abram
444:Gary Snyder
410:homeostasis
390:consciously
360:atmospheric
310:homeostasis
305:consciously
171:homeostasis
3189:Matriarchy
3178:Categories
3097:Amerindian
3004:Australian
2943:Vietnamese
2923:Indonesian
2472:Kantianism
2421:Positivism
2411:Pragmatism
2386:Naturalism
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2344:Subjective
2282:Empiricism
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2131:Bhedabheda
2015:East Asian
1938:Madhyamaka
1918:Abhidharma
1784:Pyrrhonism
1551:Nominalism
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1475:Skepticism
1465:Relativism
1455:Absolutism
1384:Naturalism
1294:Deontology
1266:Skepticism
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1205:Aesthetics
1109:Philosophy
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775:2009-03-09
718:References
560:Odic force
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440:Dalai Lama
294:coevolving
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213:geologist
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188:shamanism
159:biosphere
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508:See also
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474:holistic
470:Gaianism
279:put it.
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