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881:) came up behind Hintsa and shot him in the back of the head; furthermore, Hintsa's ears were cut off after his death. Other sources say his horse bolted and Harry Smith tried to shoot the fleeing man but both his pistols misfired. Giving chase, he caught hold of Hintsa and dragged him heavily to the ground. Hintsa was still full of fight. "He was jabbing at me furiously with his assegai," Colonel Smith recalled in his autobiography, and the king succeeded in breaking away to find cover in a nearby stream bed. There, while pleading for mercy, the top of his skull was blown off by one of Smith's officers; his corpse was subsequently badly mutilated by Smith and his men. These actions shocked the government in London, which condemned and repudiated Governor D’Urban. Hintsa's murder angered the Xhosa for decades thereafter.
559:
Jalamba, agree to another meeting for discussions. During the meeting he scattered large amounts of tobacco around and let the Xhosa have it. While some were distracted picking up the tobacco, Van
Jaarsveld and his gunmen proceeded to shoot at them leading to a death toll of anywhere from 100 to 200, including Jalamba. Soon after this, the Van Jaarsveld commandoes began attacking and looting the cattle of multiple other chiefdoms in the Zuurveld which included the amaGwali, amaNtinde, and amaMbalu. A large amount of the Xhosa population west of the river became dispersed, and Van Jaarsveld disbanded his commandoes on July 19, 1781, feeling he had fulfilled his job of expelling the Xhosa although many of them were able to move back into the area soon after.
1581:
1091:
1589:
1572:. The attack by the Gcaleka on the predominantly Fengu ethnic police force at a Cape Colony police outpost was thought by the Cape Colony government as tribal violence best left for local police management. Frere used the incident as a pretext for launching an invasion of the independent neighbouring state of Gcalekaland. Sarhili, the paramount-chief of Gcalekaland, was summoned by Frere, but declined the invitation in fear of arrest and coercion. Frere wrote to him to declare him deposed and at war. Frere contacted radical settler groups who desired further intervention on the Cape frontier, and did not quell rumours of an impending Xhosa invasion.
1623:. The commandos swiftly engaged and defeated an army of Gcaleka gunmen. They then crossed the frontier and pushed into Gcalekaland. Dividing into three lightly equipped, fast-moving columns, the commandos devastated the Gcaleka armies, which dispersed and fled eastwards. The Cape units tracked the fleeing remnants right through Gcalekaland, stopping only when they reached neutral Bomvanaland on the far side. The war was over in three weeks. Sarhili had also recently applied for peace. With few incentives to conquer or occupy the land, and with the violence subsiding, the Cape Government recalled their commandos, who returned home and disbanded.
1672:
1659:
Imperial infringements upon it. It also considered the slow-moving
British troop columns to be absurdly unsuitable for frontier warfare – immobile, ineffective and vastly more expensive than local Cape forces. This last point of contention was chiefly exacerbated by Frere's insistence that the Cape's government pay for his imported British imperial troops, as well as its own local forces. The Cape Government wanted to fund and use only its own local forces. It did not desire British troops to operate in the Cape Colony in the first place, and especially objected to being forced to fund them.
165:
1482:
725:
1037:. The conflict was also marked by widespread massacres of Xhosa and Thembu people by both British settlers and Fengu auxiliaries, many of them justified as revenge for earlier Xhosa attacks on British settlements and for the Xhosa's oppression and treatment of the Fengu people as second class citizens following their refugee exodus into the Xhosa Kingdom from the violence of the Mfecane. British soldiers generally characterised the Xhosa as treacherous savages and merciless barbarians, stereotypes which were used to justify their violent dispossession.
987:
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rapidly found himself held hostage and pressured with massive demands for cattle "restitution". Other sources say he offered himself as a hostage until the indemnity was paid and even suggested that he accompany
Colonel Smith in collecting Xhosa cattle. He attempted to escape at the Nqabarha River but was pursued, pulled off his horse, and immobilized with shots through the back and the leg. Immediately, a soldier named George Southey (brother of colonial administrator
1773:
province, where the next garrison (fresh and close to supplies) would take over the pursuit. The valley exits from the range were then fortified. Under this uninterrupted pressure the rebel forces quickly splintered and began to surrender, Sandile himself fled down into the valley of the Fish River where he was intercepted by a Fengu commando. In the final shoot out he was accidentally killed by a stray bullet. The surviving rebels were granted an amnesty.
1386:
50:
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1684:. Faced with growing discontent, the Cape demanded that the British Government fire Cunynghame, abandon its racial disarmament policy, and allow the Cape to deploy its (predominantly black) paramilitaries to establish order. However Frere refused and brought in Imperial troops to enforce the disarmament, and then to invade Gcalekaland once again. This time to annex it and occupy it for the purpose of white settlement.
769:. Nevertheless, the frontier region was seeing increasing amounts of admixture between Europeans, Khoikhoi, and Xhosa living and trading throughout the frontier region. The vacillation by the Cape Government's policy towards the return of the Xhosa to areas they previously inhabited did not dissipate Xhosa frustration toward the inability to provide for themselves, and they thus resorted to frontier cattle-raiding.
6835:
1287:, under attack from the Xhosa, having sustained forty-two casualties. The very next day, during Christmas festivities in towns throughout the border region, apparently friendly Xhosa entered the towns to partake in the festivities. At a given signal though, they fell upon the settlers who had invited them into their homes and killed them. With this attack, the bulk of the Ngqika joined the war.
3387:
1203:. Gradually, as the armies weakened, the conflict subsided into waves of petty and bloody recriminations. At one point, violence flared up again after Ngqika tribesmen supposedly stole four goats from the neighbouring Kat River Settlement. When the rains came, floods turned the surrounding lands into a quagmire. The violence slowly wound down as both sides weakened, immobile and fever-ridden.
532:. The Xhosa were already established in the area and herded cattle, which led to tensions between them and the colonists; these tensions were the primary reason for the Cape Frontier Wars. The Dutch East India Company had demarcated the Great Fish River as the eastern boundary of the colony in 1779, though this was ignored by many settlers, leading to the First Cape Frontier War breaking out.
1164:), unarmed, on a nearby mountain ridge. The meeting was initially tense – the fathers of both Sarhili and Stockenström had been killed whilst unarmed. Both men were also veterans of several frontier wars against each other and, while they treated each other with extreme respect, Stockenström nonetheless made the extreme demand that Sarhili assume responsibility for any future Ngqika attacks.
868:(known to the Europeans as the "Fingo people"), who had recently arrived fleeing from the Zulu armies and had been living under Xhosa subjection. Magistrates were appointed to administer the territory in the hope that they would gradually, with the help of missionaries, undermine tribal authority. Hostilities finally died down on 17 September 1836, after having continued for nine months.
1419:
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goats, dogs, fowls, and all manner of clothing and food in great amounts. They would also restore the elderly to youth and would usher in a utopian era of prosperity. However, she declared that the dead ancestors would only enact this on condition that the Xhosa first destroyed all their means of subsistence. They needed to kill all of their cattle and burn all of their crops.
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colonists, used his influence to rein in the frontier settlers and prevent any expansion onto Xhosa land. A level of trust also began to develop, and the Xhosa chiefs came to hold
Stockenström in exceptionally high regard as a man who, although he had defeated the Xhosa armies on multiple occasions, nonetheless treated them as diplomatic equals.
1184:
685:. The resulting empty territory was designated as a buffer zone for loyal Africans' settlements, but was declared to be off limits for either side's military occupation. It came to be known as the "Ceded Territories". The Albany district was established in 1820, on the Cape's side of the Fish River, and was populated with some
1130:
1304:. Large numbers of the "Kaffir Police" – a paramilitary police force the British had established to combat cattle theft – deserted their posts and joined Xhosa war parties. For a while, it appeared that while the Xhosa declared war, Khoi people of the eastern Cape were also fighting and taking up arms against the British.
1335:, which was defended by a small detachment of troops and local volunteers. The attack failed however, and Hermanus was killed. The Cape Government also eventually agreed to levy a force of local gunmen (predominantly Khoi) to hold the frontier, allowing Smith to free some imperial troops for offensive action.
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Up until now, Molteno had been heavily engaged in a high-level diplomatic battle with
Britain to preserve the Cape Colony's constitutional independence. However, with the Cape's frontier collapsing in chaos, he now made for the frontier in person, where he confronted the British Governor with a heavy
1679:
The second stage of the war began when Frere ordered the disarmament of all Black peoples of the Cape. There was confusion and uproar from the Cape's many black soldiers and a furious protest from the Cape
Government. Militia deserted and protests erupted, in the face of which Cunynghame panicked and
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In March 1878, British troops entered the mountain ranges to pursue
Sandile's rebels but were hopelessly outmaneuvered. They were eluded, led astray and ambushed time and time again, as the rebels easily slipped past their slow-moving troop columns. Flag signalling, path systems and other techniques
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under the overall rule of the
British Empire, the same policy that was successfully applied to Canada. This Confederation scheme required that the remaining independent Black States be annexed; a frontier war was seen as an ideal opportunity for such a conquest. Both the Cape Colony and Xhosa shared
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In the last month of the war (December 1847) Sir Harry Smith reached Cape Town as governor of the colony, and on the 23rd, at a meeting of the Xhosa chiefs, announced the annexation of the country between the
Keiskamma and the Kei rivers to the British crown, thus reabsorbing the territory abandoned
613:
The Fourth War was the first experienced under
British rule. The Zuurveld acted as a buffer zone between the Cape Colony and Xhosa territory, empty of the Boers and British to the east and the Xhosa to the west. In 1811, the Xhosa occupied the area, and flashpoint conflicts with encroaching settlers
1713:
Increasing numbers of Xhosa armies now poured across the frontier. Towns and farms throughout the region were now burning, and the remaining frontier forts filled with refugees fleeing the invasion. British troops remained thin on the ground as much of them still remained idle in Gcalekaland, where
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The drought had started in 1875 in Gcalekaland and had spread to other parts of the Transkei and Basutoland, as well as to the Cape Colony controlled Ciskei. By 1877, it had become the most severe drought ever recorded. In 1877, political tensions among Xhosa e began to emerge, particularly between
947:, instituted a completely new border policy. Stockenström, who professed considerable respect for the Xhosa, developed a system of formal treaties to guard the border and return any stolen cattle from either side (cattle raiding was a regular grievance). Diplomatic agents were exchanged between the
876:
Hintsa was the King of the Xhosa Kingdom and was recognised as Paramount by all Xhosa-speaking tribes and states in the Cape; his death proved to be an enduring memory in the collective imagination of the Xhosa nation. Originally assured of his personal safety during the treaty negotiations, Hintsa
438:
The reality of the conflicts between the Europeans and Xhosa involves a balance of tension. At times, tensions existed between the various Europeans in the Cape region, tensions between Empire administration and colonial governments, and tensions within the Xhosa Kingdom, e.g. chiefs rivalling each
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The British initially attempted to repeat the successful strategy of the Cape's previous campaign. After similarly dividing into three columns, the slow-moving foreign troops soon became disorientated and exhausted. They were unable to engage or even to find the dispersed Gcaleka, who were swiftly
1167:
After protracted negotiations, Sarhili agreed to return any raided cattle & other property and to relinquish claims to the Ngqika land west of the Kei. He also promised to use his limited authority over the frontier Ngqika to restrain cross-border attacks. A treaty was signed and the commandos
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On 28 May, a force of 8,000 Xhosa attacked the last remaining British garrison, at Fort Peddie, but fell back after a long shootout with British and Fengu troops. The Xhosa army then marched on Grahamstown itself, but was held up when a sizable army of Ndlambe Xhosa were defeated on 7 June 1846 by
1044:
led the Ngqika people in the Seventh Frontier War (1846–47), Eighth Frontier War (1850–53) and the Ninth Frontier War (1877–78), in which he was killed. These clashes marked the beginning of the use of firearms by Xhosa armies, scoring many victories for King Sandile, gaining him a reputation as a
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over several issues, including land ownership. The king appointed his eldest son Maqoma (despite him lacking experience in battle) and the renowned Jingqi to lead the fight that lasted from midday to the evening. Ngqika was defeated, losing about 500 men during what is considered by some as one of
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Finally the British adopted the strategy which the locals had been recommending from the beginning. This involved dividing the vast territory into 11 military provinces and stationing a mounted garrison in each. If a rebel regiment was encountered it was chased, until it entered the next military
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The exhausted Gcaleka finally pulled out from the conflict, but Sandile's rebel Ngqika armies fought on. The rebels eluded the Imperial troops once again and moved into the Amatola mountain range, beginning a final stage of guerrilla warfare. Cunynghame was meanwhile removed from his authority by
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Insurgents led by Maqoma established themselves in the forested Waterkloof. From this base they managed to plunder surrounding farms and torch the homesteads. Maqoma's stronghold was situated on Mount Misery, a natural fortress on a narrow neck wedged between the Waterkloof and Harry's Kloof. The
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rejected the treaty and sent an insulting letter back to the Xhosa paramount-chief, demanding greater acts of submission and servility. Furious, Stockenström and his local commandos resigned and departed from the war, leaving the British and the Xhosa – both starving and afflicted by fever – to a
1073:
The event that actually ignited the war was a trivial dispute over a raid. A Khoi escort was transporting a manacled Xhosa thief to Grahamstown to be tried for stealing an axe, when Xhosa raiders attacked and killed the Khoi escort. The Xhosa refused to surrender the murderer and war broke out in
959:
In the framework of this new system, the frontier settled and saw nearly a decade of peace. The Xhosa chiefs generally honoured Stockenström's treaty and returned any cattle that their people had raided. On the Cape side, Stockenström, who saw the major problem as being the land management of the
764:
The earlier Xhosa Wars did not quell British-Xhosa tension in the Cape's eastern border at the Keiskamma River. Insecurity persisted because the Xhosa remained expelled from territory (especially the so-called "Ceded Territories") that was then settled by Europeans and other African peoples. They
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to lead commandoes to force the Xhosa to move east of the river, if they were unresponsive to requests to do so. This led to multiple attacks by the commandoes to forcefully remove Xhosa polities out of the area. When the imiDange refused to move, Van Jaarsveld and his commandoes had their chief,
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and marauders, on both sides of the frontier, since the dismantlement of Stockenstrom's treaty system. Governor Maitland imposed a new system of treaties on the chiefs without consulting them, while a severe drought forced desperate Xhosa to engage in cattle raids across the frontier in order to
922:
The territorial expansion and creation of "Queen Adelaide Province" was also condemned by London as being uneconomical and unjust. The province was disannexed in December 1836, the Cape's border was re-established at the Keiskamma river, and new treaties were made with the chiefs responsible for
1463:
was predicted to occur on 18 February 1857. The Xhosa, especially the King, Sarhili, heeded the demand to destroy food sources and clothes and enforced it on others throughout the country. When the day came, the Xhosa nation waited en masse for the momentous events to occur, only to be bitterly
1440:
began to declare that she had received a message from the Xhosa people's ancestors, promising deliverance from their hardships. She preached that the ancestors would return from the afterlife in huge numbers, drive all Europeans into the sea, and give the Xhosa bounteous gifts of horses, sheep,
1605:; a fierce shoot-out followed but the Gcaleka forces were dispersed. Soon, several other outposts and stations along the frontier were coming under attack. The Cape Government now had to use all available diplomatic leverage it had to prevent British imperial forces from crossing the frontier.
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from Graaf-Reinet and Swellendam then started fighting in a string of clashes. The government then made peace with the Xhosa and allowed them to stay in Zuurveld. In 1801, another Graaff-Reinet rebellion started forcing more Khoi desertions and farm abandonments. The commandos could achieve no
1658:
The Cape government on the other hand was reluctant to see its local Commandos brought under British imperial command, in what it considered to be essentially a local conflict, not an imperial war of conquest. The Cape had only recently attained local democracy and was extremely suspicious of
1600:
Chief Sarhili faced intense pressure from belligerent factions within his own government and mobilised his armies for their movement to the frontier. The Cape Government reiterated its insistence that the matter was best left to local resolution and did not constitute an international war for
1547:
and the Gcaleka. A wedding celebration in September 1877 was the scene of a bar fight when the tensions emerged after Gcaleka harassed the Fengu in attendance. Later in the same day, Gcaleka attacked a Cape Colony police outpost, which was manned predominantly by a Fengu ethnic police force.
1717:
However Frere was lucky in that he still had access to the frontier militia and Fengu regiments of the Cape Government he had just overthrown. These forces, again under their legendary commander Veldman Bikitsha, managed to engage and finally defeat the Gcaleka on 13 January (near Nyumaxa).
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Large numbers of Xhosa were displaced across the Keiskamma by Governor Harry Smith, and these refugees supplemented the original inhabitants there, causing overpopulation and hardship. Those Xhosa who remained in the colony were moved to towns and encouraged to adopt European lifestyles.
897:'s formidable allies. They swiftly acquired firearms and formed mounted commandos for the defense of their new land. In the following wars, they fought alongside the Cape Colony as invaluable allies, not as subordinates, and won considerable renown and respect for their martial ability.
1601:
imperial military intervention. High-pressure negotiations by Cape Prime Minister John Charles Molteno extracted a promise from Britain that imperial troops would stay put and on no account cross the frontier. Gcaleka forces of 8000 attacked a Cape police outpost near the frontier at
1467:
The cattle killings continued into 1858, leading to the starvation of thousands. Disease was also spread from the cattle killings. This gave the settlers power over the remainder of the Xhosa nation who were often forced to turn to the colonists for food, blankets and other relief.
1654:
The council was torn apart by argument from the beginning, as Frere refused Gcaleka appeals and worked towards full British occupation of Gcalekaland for white settlement and his future confederation. Frere also increasingly insisted on having complete imperial control of the war.
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1261:
The war became known as "Mlanjeni's War", after the prophet Mlanjeni who arose among the homeless Xhosa, and who predicted that the Xhosa would be unaffected by the colonists' bullets. Large numbers of Xhosa began leaving the colony's towns and mobilizing in the tribal areas.
919:, repudiated d'Urban's actions and accused the Boer retaliation against cattle raiders as being what instigated the conflict. As a result, the Boer community lost faith in the British justice system and often took the law into their own hands when cattle rustlers were caught.
1522:
population of the frontier into the life patterns and practices of the Cape Colony had developed unevenly. The Fengu had rapidly adapted to and accepted the changes coming to southern Africa by taking to urban trade. The Gcaleka Xhosa resided predominately in the independent
1175:, who in later life became the Cape's first Prime Minister. Significantly, his experience of what he believed to be the ineptitude and injustice of the British Empire's frontier policy later informed his government's decisions to oppose the British in the final frontier war.
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frontiersmen and the amaXhosa. In December 1779, an armed clash occurred, resulting from allegations of cattle theft by Xhosa people. In November 1780, the Cape governor, Baron van Plettenberg declared that the eastern border of the Cape colony was the entire length of the
642:
The fifth frontier war, also known as the "War of Nxele", initially developed from an 1817 judgment by the Cape Colony government about stolen cattle and their restitution by the Xhosa. An issue of ducks and geese overcrowding the area brought on a civil war between the
1254:, hanging the Boer resistance leaders, and in the process alienating the Burghers of the Cape Colony. To cover the mounting expenses he then imposed exorbitant taxes on the local people of the frontier and cut the Cape's standing forces to less than five thousand men.
1206:
The war continued until Sandile was captured during negotiations and sent to Grahamstown. Although Sandile was soon released, the other chiefs gradually stopped fighting, and by the end of 1847 the Xhosa had been completely subdued after 21 months of fighting.
1703:
condemnation for bad intentions and incompetence. He demanded the free command of the Cape's indigenous forces to operate and contain the violence, making it clear that he was content to sacrifice his job rather than tolerate further British interference.
1494:
Government and its Fengu allies, the British Empire, and the Xhosa armies (Gcaleka and Ngqika). The Cape Colony addressed local needs through their own devices, creating a period of peace and prosperity, and achieved partial independence from Britain with
908:. In total, 40 farmers (Boers) were killed and 416 farmhouses were burnt down. In addition, 5,700 horses, 115,000 head of cattle, and 162,000 sheep were plundered by Xhosa tribespeople. In retaliation, sixty thousand Xhosa cattle were taken or retaken by
1311:, but found that he had alienated most of his local allies. His policies had made enemies of the Burghers and Boer Commandos, the Fengu, and the Khoi, who formed much of the Cape's local defences. Even some of the Cape Mounted Riflemen refused to fight.
782:, a brother of the chief who had been killed, swept across the frontier into the Cape Colony, pillaged and burned the homesteads, and killed all who resisted. Among the worst sufferers was a colony of freed Khoikhoi who, in 1829, had been settled in the
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as reliable "ambassadors", and colonial expansion into Xhosa land was forbidden. Land annexed from the Xhosa in the previous war was also returned and the displaced Xhosa moved back into this land, assuaging overpopulation in the Xhosa territories.
1105:
Large numbers of Xhosa then poured across the border as the outnumbered imperial troops fell back, abandoning their outposts. The only successful resistance was from the local Fengu, who heroically defended their villages from the Xhosa forces.
3149:
The Life and Times of Sir John Charles Molteno, K.C.M.G., First Premier of Cape Colony: Comprising a History of Representative Institutions and Responsible Government at the Cape and of Lord Carnarvon's Confederation Policy & of Sir Bartle
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After inflicting a string of defeats on the Ngqika, Stockenström took a small and select group of his mounted commandos across the Colony's border and rapidly pushed into the independent Xhosa lands beyond the frontier. They rode deep into the
1662:
Merriman, who Molteno had appointed to oversee the Cape's war effort, initially worked hard to cooperate with Frere, but increasingly came to share Molteno's views on the ineptitude and injustice of British imperial policy in southern Africa.
1503:, and legal recognition for indigenous systems of land tenure, had also gone some way to easing frontier tensions. Any further intrusion of the British government in Cape affairs to disrupt this state was thought unnecessary and ill-advised.
892:
The settlement of the Fengu in the annexed territory had far-reaching consequences. This wandering peoples claimed to be escaping oppression at the hands of the Gcaleka and, in return for the land they were given by the Cape, they became the
824:
The campaign inflicted a string of defeats on the Xhosa, such as at Trompetter's Drift on the Fish River, and most of the Xhosa chiefs surrendered. However, the two primary Xhosa leaders, Maqoma and Tyali, retreated to the fastnesses of the
1499:"; it had relatively little interest in territorial expansion. The frontier was policed lightly using small, highly mobile, mounted mixed-race commandos that were recruited locally from Boer, Fengu, Khoi and settler frontier peoples. The
1788:
nor the Xhosa had desired a war. Had Bartle Frere not moved to the frontier and drawn the conflict into Britain's greater Confederation scheme, it would almost definitely have remained as only a brief patch of localised ethnic strife.
1808:. Although Frere was recalled for misconduct in 1880, and the Confederation scheme was dropped, the new series of "Confederation Wars" was to last over the next 20 years. These wars would see the ending of all Black independence in
1688:
moving and regrouping. As the British scoured Gcalekaland, the regrouped Gcaleka army easily slipped past them and crossed the border into the Cape Colony. Here they were joined by Sandile who led his Ngqika nation into rebellion.
849:, commanded authority over all of the Xhosa tribes and therefore held him responsible for the initial attack on the Cape Colony, and for the looted cattle. D'Urban came to the frontier in May 1835, and led a large force across the
1295:
While the Governor was still at Fort Cox, the Xhosa forces advanced on the colony, isolating him there. The Xhosa burned British military villages along the frontier and captured the post at Line Drift. Meanwhile, the Khoi of the
777:
Cape responses to the Xhosa cattle raids varied, but in some cases were drastic and violent. On 11 December 1834, a Cape government commando party killed a chief of high rank, incensing the Xhosa: an army of 10,000 men, led by
442:
The conflicts between the amaXhosa and British were covered extensively in the metropolitan British press, generating increased demand among the British public for information about their country's far-off colonial conflicts.
1489:
The ninth and final frontier war – also known as the "Fengu-Gcaleka War" or "Ngcayechibi's War", the latter being the name of the headman at whose feast the initial bar fight occurred – involved several competing powers: the
1102:, was delayed at the Amatola Mountains, and the attacking Xhosa captured the centre of the three-mile long wagon train which was not being defended, carrying away the British officer's supply of wine and other supplies.
1283:, Governor Smith deposed him and declared him a fugitive. On 24 December, a British detachment of 650 men under Colonel Mackinnon was attacked by Xhosa warriors in the Boomah Pass. The party was forced to retreat to
1792:
Once the broader conflict had been ignited, however, the result was the annexation of all remaining Xhosa territory under British control. The war also led Britain to overthrow the Cape Colony's elected government.
1452:(diviner) who could communicate with the ancestors. They too killed their cattle and destroyed their crops. The cult grew and built up momentum, sweeping across the eastern Cape. The government authorities of the
4631:
1278:
Believing that the chiefs were responsible for the unrest caused by Mlanjeni's preaching, Governor Sir Harry Smith travelled to meet with the prominent chiefs. When Sandile refused to attend a meeting outside
1257:
In June 1850 there followed an unusually cold winter, together with an extreme drought. It was at this time that Smith ordered the displacement of large numbers of Xhosa squatters from the Kat River region.
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1880:
1377:. As the ship sank, the men (mostly new recruits) stood silently in rank, while the women and children were loaded into the lifeboats. They remained in rank as the ship slipped under and over 300 died.
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The combined Xhosa armies laid waste to the frontier region. Fengu towns and other frontier settlements were sacked, supply lines were cut and outposts were evacuated as the British fell back.
4785:
1765:
were tried, but to no effect. The British were very inexperienced with the environment and plagued by mismanagement, stretched supply lines, sickness and other hardships. Meanwhile, the local
390:
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1358:. With fresh men and supplies, the British expelled the remainder of Hermanus' rebel forces (now under the command of Willem Uithaalder) from Fort Armstrong and drove them west toward the
1534:
A series of devastating droughts across the Transkei threatened the relative peace which had prevailed for the previous few decades. In the memorable summary of the historian De Kiewiet:
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other, which usually led to Europeans taking advantage of the situation to meddle in Xhosa politics. A perfect example of this is the case of chief Ngqika and his uncle, chief Ndlambe.
821:, who reached Grahamstown on 6 January 1835, six days after news of the attack had reached Cape Town. It was from Grahamstown that the retaliatory campaign was launched and directed.
1643:
to direct the war against Gcalekaland. Frere and his Lieutenant General Sir Arthur Cunynghame were to represent the British Empire on this council, while two of Molteno's ministers,
1456:
feared chaos, famine and economic collapse, so they desperately appealed in vain to the Xhosa to ignore the prophecies. They even arrested Nongqawuse herself for disturbance caused.
1362:. Over the coming months, increasing numbers of Imperial troops arrived, reinforcing the heavily outnumbered British and allowing Smith to lead sweeps across the frontier country.
554:
despite many amaXhosa polities being already established west of the river, and no negotiations involving this decision were made with them beforehand. Van Plettenberg appointed
6204:
1710:
to formally dissolve the elected Cape government, which was now stubbornly standing in the way of the British Empire, and assume direct imperial control over the entire country.
3566:
1149:("Kreli"), the paramount chief of all the Xhosa. Due in part to the speed of their approach, they were barely engaged by Xhosa forces and rode directly into Sarhili's capital.
255:
250:
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5662:
5366:
1401:, who took charge in March. For the last six months, Cathcart ordered scourings of the countryside for rebels. In February 1853, Sandile and the other chiefs surrendered.
1033:. The Xhosa forces were greater in number, and some of them had by this time replaced their traditional weapons with firearms. Both sides engaged in the widespread use of
583:. Some frontiersmen, under Barend Lindeque, allied themselves with Ndlambe (regent of the Western Xhosas) to repel the Gqunukhwebe. Panic ensued and farms were abandoned.
6814:
6748:
1721:
The imperial troops assisted, but were tired, short of rations and unable to follow up on the victory. A subsequent attack was barely repelled on 7 February (Battle of
626:, characterized as involving no more bloodshed "than was necessary to impress on the minds of these savages a proper degree of terror and respect". About four thousand
6821:
1430:
which began among the Xhosa in 1856, and led them to destroy their own means of subsistence in the belief that it would bring about salvation by supernatural spirits.
595:
then revolted, joined with the Xhosa in the Zuurveld, and started attacking, raiding farms occupied by European and Dutch settlers, reaching Oudtshoorn by July 1799.
1404:
The 8th frontier war was the most bitter and brutal in the series of Xhosa wars. It lasted over two years and ended in the complete subjugation of the Ciskei Xhosa.
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5373:
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932:
967:, who led a large colonist movement to dismantle Stockenström's system and allow seizure of Xhosa lands. As one settler ominously declared of the Xhosa territory:
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In February 1852, the British Government decided that Sir Harry Smith's inept rule had been responsible for much of the violence, and ordered him replaced by
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2152:
Smith, Sir Harry. ‘'The Autobiography of Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Smith Baronet of Aliwal on the Sutlej.'’ Publisher: John Murray, Albemarle Street 1903
1856:
1565:
1507:
1006:, two main groups were involved: columns of imperial British troops sent from London, and local mixed-race "Burgher forces", which were mainly Khoi, Fengu,
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In the face of massive pressure and ruinous lawsuits, Stockenström was eventually dismissed and the new British governor, Maitland, abrogated the treaties.
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Xhosas defend a stronghold in the forested Water Kloof during the Eighth Xhosa War in 1851. Xhosa, Kat River Khoi-khoi and some army deserters are depicted
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The Autobiography of the Late Sir Andries Stockenström, Bart, Sometime Lieutenant-governor of the Eastern Province of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope
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by the British authorities. Refugees from the farms and villages took to the safety of Grahamstown, where women and children found refuge in the church.
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Xhosa (those that remained in their homeland). A Cape Colony-Ngqika defence treaty legally required military assistance to the Ngqika request (1818).
630:
subsequently (after the fifth war) settled on the Fish River. "Graham's Town" arose on the site of Colonel Graham's headquarters; in time this became
376:
185:
1781:
The war had lasted a year and was a final blow for the last independent Xhosa state, Gcalekaland, which was now administered as a British territory.
1327:
After these initial successes, however, the Xhosa experienced a series of setbacks. Xhosa forces were repulsed in separate attacks on Fort White and
856:
The terms stated that all the country from the Cape's prior frontier, the Keiskamma River, as far as the Great Kei River, was annexed as the British
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group led by Jan Boesak enabled the garrison to repulse Nxele, who suffered the loss of 1,000 Xhosa. Nxele was eventually captured and imprisoned on
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689:. The Grahamstown battle site continues to be called "Egazini" ("Place of Blood"), and a monument was erected there for the fallen Xhosa in 2001.
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Waterkloof conflicts lasted two years. Maqoma also led an attack on Fort Fordyce and inflicted heavy losses on the forces of Sir Harry Smith.
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2536:"War, Racism, and the Taking of Heads: Revisiting Military Conflict in the Cape Colony and Western Xhosaland in the Nineteenth Century"
1998:"On Heroes and Villains: The Times' reporting on the Cape Colony's Frontier Wars, 1818-1853 The South African Military History Society"
230:
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1531:'s cattle killing. They bitterly resented the material success of the Fengu, although some Gcaleka lived within the Cape's borders.
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The local Commandos were much more effective in the rough and mountainous terrain, of which they had considerable local knowledge.
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and Kat River Settlement revolted, under the leadership of a half-Khoi, half-Xhosa chief Hermanus Matroos, and managed to capture
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by order of Lord Glenelg. It was not, however, incorporated with the Cape Colony, but made a crown dependency under the name of
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Godlonton also used his considerable influence in the religious institutions of the Cape to drive his opinions, declaring that:
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864:. The new province was declared to be for the settlement of loyal tribes, rebel tribes who replaced their leadership, and the
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3614:
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2397:"Treacherous Savages & Merciless Barbarians: Knowledge, Discourse and Violence during the Cape Frontier Wars, 1834 -1853"
623:
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had served as a mountain stronghold for Xhosa insurgents many times before, with its vast, dark, creeper-entwined forests.
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Initially, however, the conflict had shown no signs of being anything more than a petty intertribal quarrel. Neither the
860:, and its inhabitants declared British subjects. A site for the seat of the province's government was selected and named
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were also subjected to territorial expansions from other Africans that were themselves under pressure from the expanding
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By the second half of the 18th century, European colonists gradually expanded eastward up the coast and encountered the
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Proconsul and Paramountcy in South Africa: The High Commission, British Supremacy, and the Sub-continent, 1806-1910
2342:"Acts of severity: colonial settler massacre of amaXhosa and abaThembu on the eastern frontier of the Cape Colony,
2141:
1301:
931:
164:
998:), known across southern Africa as skilled gunmen, were invaluable allies of the Cape Colony in its frontier wars.
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Sketch of the shoot-out as British Imperial Troops attempt to storm Sandile's position in the Amatola Mountains.
591:
The third war started in January 1799 with a Xhosa rebellion that General T. P. Vandeleur crushed. Discontented
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4288:
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803:
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1018:. Relations between the British Imperial troops and the local commandos broke down completely during the war.
861:
658:(also known as Makhanda) emerged at this time and promised "to turn bullets into water". Under the command of
508:
210:
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1025:(known to the Europeans as the "Gaika") were the chief tribe engaged in the war, assisted by portions of the
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The regular British forces suffered initial setbacks. A British column sent to confront the Rharhabe King,
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The treaty system began to unravel as the settlers gained a determined leader and spokesman in the form of
555:
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At first no one believed Nongquwuse's prophecy and the Xhosa nation ignored her prophecy. But when King
1366:
1308:
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667:
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History of the Abambo, Generally Known as Fingos. By the Rev. John Ayliff and the Rev. Joseph Whiteside
1026:
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During the Cape's lightning quick campaign, Governor Frere had established a "war-council" at nearby
1172:
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215:
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2201:
1691:
1414:
History of Cape Colony from 1806 to 1870 § Xhosa cattle-killing movement and famine (1854-1858)
943:
In the aftermath of the previous frontier war, the new lieutenant-governor of the Eastern Province,
6484:
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Nxele, Xhosa prophet who predicted that Xhosa ancestors would rise from the dead and win the battle
3242:
838:
814:
504:
168:
1616:
and Fengu origin) were deployed by Molteno under the leadership of Commander Veldman Bikitsha and
235:
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Chief Sarhili (centre seated) was under pressure from belligerent factions of his own government.
1359:
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818:
806:
in the north. Burgher and Khoi commandos also mobilised, and British Imperial troops arrived via
712:
698:
488:
302:
285:
3534:
1002:
The Seventh Xhosa War is often referred to as the "War of the Axe" or the "Amatola War". On the
600:
result, so in February 1803 a peace was arranged, leaving the Xhosas still in the big Zuurveld.
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2763:"Investigating the Origins of The Rose of Rhodesia, Part II: Harold Shaw Film Productions Ltd"
2668:
1944:
1865:
1841:
1830:
1758:
1750:
1681:
1338:
By the end of the month of January, the British were beginning to receive reinforcements from
1251:
1212:
857:
842:
826:
484:
152:
49:
3222:
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3281:
3070:
2549:
2362:
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1952:
1936:
1875:
1838:, South Africa’s first official war artist, who recorded the Eighth Frontier War (1850–1853)
1648:
1644:
1617:
1460:
1331:. Similarly, on 7 January, Hermanus and his supporters launched an offensive on the town of
1224:
1161:
1153:
1115:
1099:
1059:
1041:
964:
681:
The British colonial authorities pushed the Xhosa further east beyond the Fish River to the
551:
529:
2153:
1270:
1152:
Paramount Chief Sarhili and his generals agreed to meet Stockenström (with his commandants
6008:
5922:
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5484:
5408:
5329:
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4937:
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4921:
4897:
4613:
4553:
4492:
4486:
4414:
4294:
4198:
4180:
3831:
2265:"'An Unprecedented but Significant Atrocity': A Window into the War of the Axe, 1846-1847"
1809:
1680:
overreacted by unilaterally deploying the imperial troops to thinly encircle the whole of
1564:
In September 1877 the Cape Colony government rejected the second attempt to implement the
1445:
1398:
1146:
1121:
After much debate, they were forced to call in Stockenström and the local Burgher forces.
850:
682:
245:
3753:
1804:
the disastrous use of Britain's slow-moving troop columns was once again demonstrated at
1070:
to annex and settle the land that had been returned to the Xhosa after the previous war.
6904:
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6351:
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5908:
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4024:
3580:
2725:
Correspondence, Memoranda and Minutes connected with the Dismissal of the Late Ministry
2649:
1957:
1924:
1813:
1801:
1448:
began to kill his cattle, more and more people began to believe that Nongquwuse was an
1427:
1418:
1007:
618:
drove the Xhosa back beyond the Fish River in an effort that the first Governor of the
492:
420:
240:
141:
1515:
the view that actions to achieve such a scheme at that time would create instability.
733: Settled colonial area, showing districts established in 1820 (in various shades)
6853:
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6393:
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5477:
5447:
5440:
5149:
4751:
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3248:
Belangrijke historische dokumenten over Zuid Afrika: verzameld in den Haag en Berlijn
3143:
2561:
2290:
2264:
1835:
1766:
1609:
1519:
1511:
1332:
1067:
1011:
909:
795:
702:
686:
675:
627:
580:
476:
4763:
3293:
3251:. den Haag en Berlijn: Uitgegeven voor het Gouvernement van de Unie van Suid Afrika.
2374:
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4881:
4795:
4595:
4438:
4312:
3963:
3933:
3716:
1797:
1593:
1157:
1133:
Mobile mounted commandos were highly effective in the mountainous frontier terrain.
952:
865:
766:
644:
572:
525:
464:
431:
in South Africa. These events were the longest-running military resistance against
428:
416:
125:
80:
76:
4258:
3171:
Frontiers: The Epic of South Africa's Creation and the Tragedy of the Xhosa People
2366:
2282:
1695:
The great King of the Rharhabe, Sandile kaNgqika, veteran of several frontier wars
1527:
land to the east and had suffered greatly from the effects of war, alcoholism and
3487:
3476:
3465:
3246:
3201:
3190:
3169:
3147:
3123:
3112:
3091:
3025:
3004:
2993:
2965:
2954:
2910:
2889:
969:"The appearance of the country is very fine, it will make excellent sheep farms."
5930:
4873:
4715:
4360:
4156:
4090:
3897:
3747:
3045:
2414:
1846:
1785:
1635:
British Governor Bartle Frere sought to annex Gcalekaland to the British Empire.
1491:
1453:
1003:
948:
901:
894:
799:
631:
619:
568:
84:
2081:
The Land Wars: The Dispossession of the Khoisan and AmaXhosa in the Cape Colony
6512:
6043:
5156:
4961:
4945:
4162:
3795:
3632:
3467:
The War of the Axe and the Xhosa Bible: The Journal of the Rev. J.W. Appleyard
3285:
3266:
3125:
What They Said, 1795-1910: A Selection of Documents from South African History
2553:
2135:
1528:
1437:
1307:
Harry Smith finally fought his way out of Fort Cox with the help of the local
905:
707:
During the Fifth Frontier War in 1818, after a two-decade long conflict, King
663:
659:
3353:
3224:
Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1750–1870: A Tragedy of Manners
2956:
Select Constitutional Documents Illustrating South African History, 1795-1910
2396:
1948:
1940:
711:
ka Mlawu and his uncle Ndlambe’s people clashed again in a battle called the
5964:
5955:
5886:
5292:
5269:
5258:
4577:
4330:
4150:
3524:
3519:
3412:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 238–240.
3336:
2202:"Conquest of the Eastern Cape 1779-1878 | South African History Online"
2049:"Conquest of the Eastern Cape 1779-1878 | South African History Online"
2032:
2011. Conquest of the Eastern Cape 1779-1878. SA History. Accessed 13 March.
1861:
1355:
1339:
1328:
1199:
The effects of the drought were worsened through the use, by both sides, of
807:
513:
472:
424:
158:
889:
By the end of the sixth war, 7,000 people of all races were left homeless.
451:
2123:
1389:
A British column (74th Highlanders) under ambush in the Waterkloof forests
6741:
6232:
5877:
5001:
4858:
4306:
1908:
As of 2016 the Egazini monument has been vandalised and is in a bad state
1370:
1142:
846:
671:
596:
592:
518:
17:
3478:
Reminiscences of the Last Kafir War. Illustrated with Numerous Anecdotes
1631:
5142:
1725:
or "Centane") with considerable more help from the Fengu and the local
1722:
1536:"In South Africa, the heat of drought easily becomes the fever of war."
1524:
1434:
1129:
1054:
648:
54:
A column of Xhosa warriors, crossing a ravine in the frontier mountains
1183:
5869:
5025:
4804:
2180:"An Unstable Frontier The Role of Soldiers And Military Hintsa's War"
1796:
Bartle Frere next applied the same tactics to invade the independent
1613:
1544:
1540:
1030:
1022:
779:
744:
708:
1997:
973:"the British race was selected by God himself to colonize Kaffraria"
3027:
The First Son of South Africa to be Premier, Thomas Charles Scanlen
1274:
Chief Maqoma. Xhosa military leader in several of the frontier wars
5017:
3392:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2912:
The Dead Will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle-Killing
1744:
1690:
1670:
1630:
1587:
1579:
1555:
1485:
Map of southern Africa on the eve of the final frontier war (1876)
1480:
1417:
1384:
1313:
1269:
1233:
1182:
1128:
1094:
Shoot-out between Xhosa and long, slow-moving British army column.
1089:
1081:
985:
930:
655:
3267:"Nxele, Ntsikana and the origins of the Xhosa religious reaction"
1342:
and a force under Colonel Mackinnon was able to drive north from
1171:
Also leading his commando on this campaign was a young man named
666:'s son, Nxele led a 10,000 Xhosa force attack (22 April 1819) on
2849:. The Reader's Digest Association South Africa (Pty) Ltd, 1992.
1881:
Category:British military personnel of the 9th Cape Frontier War
853:
to confront Hintsa at his Great Place and dictate terms to him.
567:
The second war involved a larger territory. It started when the
546:
4767:
3548:
507:. Colonial expansion from the Cape into the valleys led to the
503:
immigrants, the supply station soon expanded into a burgeoning
614:
followed. An expeditionary force under the command of Colonel
455:
Map of the Cape Colony in 1809, showing its eastward expansion
3114:
The First Crisis in Responsible Government in the Cape Colony
2891:
Rethinking Resistance: Revolt and Violence in African History
2258:
2256:
1608:
The Cape's local paramilitaries (mounted commandos of mainly
415:) were a series of nine wars (from 1779 to 1879) between the
1584:
Cape Colony militia – Fengu and Boer – on the frontier, 1878
1242:
charging the enemy at Waterkloof during the 8th Frontier War
1925:"Surgeon-General SIR CHARLES MacDONAGH CUFFE, K.C.B., LL.D"
1464:
disappointed. With no means of subsistence, famine set in.
1373:
while bringing reinforcements to the war at the request of
2934:(3, illustrated ed.). Yale University Press. p.
2888:
Abbink, J; Bruijn, Mirjam de; Walraven, Klaas van (2008).
2239:"A Quest for a Treaty Stockenstrom, Godlonton And Bowker"
2162:
2160:
491:. Quickly expanding as a result of increasing numbers of
3489:
The Edges of War: A History of Frontier Wars (1702-1878)
1706:
Frere's next move was to appeal to the authority of the
1769:(Boer and Fengu) held back, reluctant to get involved.
3069:
Oliver, Roland; Fage, J. D.; Sanderson, G. N. (1985).
2311:
2309:
2307:
1250:
Harry Smith also attacked and annexed the independent
3093:
John X. Merriman: Paradoxical South African Statesman
1506:
The British Government sought to increase control in
3258:
Reader's Digest Family Encyclopedia of World History
2521:
2464:
1651:, were appointed to represent local Cape interests.
6797:
6703:
6536:
5984:
5975:
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5268:
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5132:
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5043:
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4802:
4502:
3973:
3726:
3587:
2748:
2629:
2490:"South Africa Holiday: Xhosa frontier wars 1840-78"
2818:
2816:
1899:I am indebted to Dr C. C. Saunders for this term
1714:they had been sent for the purpose of occupation.
1422:Nongqawuse (right) with fellow prophetess, Nonkosi
1596:, a supporter of local solutions to the conflict.
545:The First Frontier War broke out in 1779 between
3051:The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry
2992:; Shippard, S. G. A. (1964). C.W. Hutton (ed.).
2727:. Cape Town: Houses of Parliament Library. 1878.
1733:London, and his replacement, Lieutenant General
939:, 1st Baronet, and veteran of several Xhosa wars
716:the most historical battles in Southern Africa.
6885:Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa
5583:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
3364:(6). The South African Military History Society
3009:. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press.
2807:
1510:by uniting all the states of the region into a
1145:Xhosa heartland, directly towards the kraal of
753: Tribal areas under British administration
34:
2606:A History of South Africa, Social and Economic
2233:
2231:
467:was a small supply station established by the
4779:
3560:
1215:Colony, with King William's Town as capital.
384:
8:
3530:HIS 311 Lecture on Southern Africa 1800–1875
2509:
1857:Kaffir (Historical usage in southern Africa)
759: Military forts and district boundaries
739: Neutral zone since 1820, as agreed by
579:, a district between the Great Fish and the
27:Series of wars in southern Africa, 1779–1879
2043:
2041:
2039:
802:and inflicted a defeat on the Xhosa in the
647:(royal clan of the Rharhabe Xhosa) and the
5981:
5040:
4786:
4772:
4764:
3567:
3553:
3545:
2980:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2608:., Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. p.105
2137:Are heritage sites under threat in Makana?
391:
377:
180:
31:
2452:
2440:
2327:
1956:
1753:, setting for the final stage of the war.
1346:to resupply the beleaguered garrisons at
794:The response was swift and multifaceted.
5656:Reconstruction and Development Programme
3303:"Conquest of the Eastern Cape 1779-1878"
2964:Ayliff, John; Whiteside, Joseph (1912).
2870:
2859:"Confederation from the Barrel of a Gun"
2699:
2166:
2111:
1852:History of Cape Colony from 1806 to 1870
728:Eastern frontier of the colony, c. 1835
723:
450:
5252:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
2834:
2711:
1916:
1892:
927:Interlude: Stockenström's treaty system
344:
321:
274:
201:
192:
5733:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
3525:Burgher Commandos of the 7th Xhosa War
2973:
2795:
2783:
2736:
2673:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2666:
1983:
1971:
6910:South Africa–United Kingdom relations
3481:(2nd ed.). Cape Town: C. Struik.
2687:
2476:
2263:Blackbeard, Susan I. (25 July 2015).
1812:and eventually build up to the great
1323:British counter-attack (January 1851)
817:, mustered the combined forces under
7:
3826:Regulator Movement in North Carolina
3520:Irregular units of the 7th Xhosa War
2953:von Welfling Eybers, George (1918).
2617:
2340:Blackbeard, Susan I. (20 May 2015).
2315:
2222:
2126:, Frontier Legends Historical Tours.
2092:
2090:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2027:
2025:
2023:
1433:In April 1856 the 16-year-old Xhosa
6880:Military history of the Cape Colony
5663:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
5309:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
3192:A History of the Xhosa C. 1700-1835
2930:Thompson, Leonard Monteath (2001).
2909:Abbink, J; Peires, Jeffrey (1989).
2847:Illustrated History of South Africa
2822:
2534:Webb, Denver A. (30 January 2015).
1408:Cattle-killing movement (1856–1858)
1266:The Outbreak of War (December 1850)
1062:continued to use his newspaper the
1053:Tension had been simmering between
1014:, led by their commander-in-chief,
575:started to penetrate back into the
3260:. The Reader's Digest Association.
3117:. University of The Witwatersrand.
3054:. University of California Press.
2522:Abbink, Bruijn & Walraven 2008
2099:A Military History of South Africa
1996:Arndt, Jochen S. (December 2012).
1568:, this time put forth by Governor
1196:long, drawn-out war of attrition.
1191:However, British Imperial General
915:The British minister of colonies,
900:The conflict was the catalyst for
670:, which was held by 350 troops. A
25:
6920:African resistance to colonialism
6900:Wars involving the United Kingdom
6895:Wars involving the Dutch Republic
6822:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
6450:South African Party (Cape Colony)
3575:Colonial conflicts involving the
3195:. Grahamstown: Rhodes University.
3122:Malherbe, Vertrees Canby (1971).
2630:Oliver, Fage & Sanderson 1985
1058:survive. In addition, politician
6834:
6833:
3436:Extension of British Sovereignty
3398:Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). "
3385:
3320:"Fingo leaders gather at Peddie"
2604:Kiewiet, Cornelis W. de (1941),
2465:Stockenstrom & Shippard 1964
2270:South African Historical Journal
1871:Military history of South Africa
163:
147:
134:
48:
6464:South African Party (1977–1980)
6457:South African Party (1911–1934)
6373:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
6170:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
3651:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
3256:RD staff (1996). "Xhosa Wars".
3153:London: Smith, Elder & Co.
3072:The Cambridge History of Africa
2402:The Journal of Military History
1426:The great cattle-killing was a
1045:Xhosa hero and mighty warrior.
5782:2019 service delivery protests
5768:#FeesMustFall student protests
5513:1983 constitutional referendum
3754:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War
3339:. South African History Online
3322:. South African History Online
3305:. South African History Online
3227:. Cambridge University Press.
3189:Peires, Jeffrey Brian (1976).
3075:. Cambridge University Press.
2541:The Journal of African History
2395:Arndt, Jochen S. (July 2010).
2083:. pp. 119, 120, 121, 122.
1318:Skirmish during the Xhosa Wars
433:European colonialism in Africa
1:
6240:Johannesburg Reform Committee
5469:Israel–South Africa Agreement
4862:
4847:
4824:
4817:
4151:Black War (Van Diemen's Land)
3995:Castle Hill convict rebellion
3352:Gon, Philip (December 1982).
2367:10.1080/14623528.2015.1027072
2343:
2283:10.1080/02582473.2015.1058851
926:
923:order beyond the Fish River.
6875:19th century in South Africa
6870:18th century in South Africa
5895:Black Consciousness Movement
5649:Government of National Unity
2354:Journal of Genocide Research
1675:Engagement near Ibika – 1877
1381:Final stages of the conflict
1125:The local Burghers' campaign
604:Start of British involvement
461:European colonial settlement
6890:Wars involving South Africa
5606:Saint James Church massacre
5492:Weapons of mass destruction
3301:SAH staff (21 March 2011).
2808:Ayliff & Whiteside 1912
2584:"Cattle-Killings (1856–57)"
1626:
1179:Later stage of the conflict
336:South African Defence Force
6936:
5346:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
5224:South West Africa campaign
5123:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
5088:French Huguenot settlement
4668:Jewish revolt in Palestine
4313:Fenian Rebellion in Canada
3958:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign
3850:American Revolutionary War
3535:Fifth Kaffir War 1818–1819
3448:The Great Amaxosa Delusion
3274:Journal of African History
1627:Bartle Frere's War Council
1411:
1222:
872:The killing of King Hintsa
696:
106:Cape expansion to the east
6831:
6808:African National Congress
6261:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
5599:1992 apartheid referendum
4439:Jameson Raid South Africa
3418:The First and Second Wars
3318:SAH staff (12 May 1836).
3286:10.1017/s0021853700016716
3200:Ransford, Oliver (1974).
2959:. G.Routledge & Sons.
2932:A history of South Africa
2554:10.1017/S0021853714000693
858:"Queen Adelaide Province"
114:
58:
47:
39:
6254:Labour Party (1969–1994)
6247:Labour Party (1910–1958)
5803:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
5761:#RhodesMustFall protests
5360:1960 republic referendum
4650:Arab revolt in Palestine
4247:Second Anglo-Burmese War
3989:Second Anglo-Maratha War
3880:Australian frontier wars
3464:Frye, John, ed. (1971).
3358:Military History Journal
3111:Lewsen, Phyllis (1940).
3090:Lewsen, Phyllis (1982).
3003:Benyon, John A. (1980).
2970:. Butterworth, Transkei.
2749:von Welfling Eybers 1918
2510:Abbink & Peires 1989
2124:"The Nine Frontier Wars"
2002:Military History Journal
1941:10.1136/bmj.2.2859.589-b
1168:departed on good terms.
1078:Initial British setbacks
469:Dutch East India Company
6706:terrorist organisations
6506:National Party of Venda
5789:2019 Johannesburg riots
5402:Constructive engagement
5367:International isolation
5185:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
4644:Second Mohmand campaign
4379:Third Anglo-Burmese War
4343:Second Anglo-Afghan War
4145:First Anglo-Burmese War
4121:Third Anglo-Maratha War
3952:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
3862:Second Anglo-Mysore War
3856:First Anglo-Maratha War
3470:. Cape Town: C. Struik.
3409:Encyclopædia Britannica
3354:"The Last Frontier War"
3024:Hone, Basil T. (1993).
2582:Boddy-Evans, Alistair.
1708:British Colonial Office
1518:The integration of the
1298:Blinkwater River Valley
1291:Initial Xhosa victories
1124:
1021:On the Xhosa side, the
982:Seventh war (1846–1847)
819:Colonel Sir Harry Smith
609:Fourth War (1811–1812)
471:in 1652 at present-day
6865:19th-century conflicts
6860:18th-century conflicts
5712:Attack on Kennedy Road
5323:Congress of the People
4914:South African Republic
4584:Third Anglo-Afghan War
4469:First Mohmand campaign
4193:First Anglo-Afghan War
3892:Third Anglo-Mysore War
3414:History sub-sections:
3265:Peires, J. B. (1979).
3168:Mostert, Noël (1992).
1754:
1696:
1676:
1636:
1597:
1585:
1561:
1501:multi-racial franchise
1497:Responsible Government
1486:
1428:millennialist movement
1423:
1390:
1319:
1275:
1243:
1219:Eighth war (1850–1853)
1201:scorched earth tactics
1188:
1134:
1095:
1087:
1035:scorched earth tactics
999:
940:
813:The British governor,
761:
563:Second war (1789–1793)
456:
276:National Defence Force
42:colonisation of Africa
6282:Natal Indian Congress
6002:Afrikaner Broederbond
5856:Afrikaner nationalism
5642:1994 general election
5613:Bophuthatswana crisis
5506:Church Street bombing
5286:Apartheid legislation
5279:1948 general election
5199:South Africa Act 1909
4994:Union of South Africa
4814:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
4794:Political history of
4241:Second Anglo-Sikh War
3898:Cotiote (Wayanad) War
3784:French and Indian War
3486:Milton, John (1983).
3475:McKay, James (1970).
3221:Ross, Robert (1999).
3144:Molteno, Percy Alport
2990:Stockenstrom, Andries
1748:
1694:
1674:
1634:
1591:
1583:
1576:The Cape Colony's War
1559:
1484:
1472:Ninth war (1877–1879)
1421:
1388:
1317:
1309:Cape Mounted Riflemen
1273:
1240:Cape Mounted Riflemen
1237:
1186:
1132:
1093:
1085:
1068:Eastern Cape settlers
1064:Graham's Town Journal
989:
934:
904:'s manifesto and the
727:
720:Sixth war (1834–1836)
638:Fifth War (1818–1819)
622:, Lieutenant-General
587:Third war (1799–1803)
556:Adreaan Van Jaarsveld
541:First war (1779–1781)
528:in the region of the
475:as a place for their
454:
5916:Greater South Africa
5754:2014 platinum strike
5620:Shell House massacre
5548:Transkei coup d'état
5353:Sharpeville massacre
5116:Battle of Blaauwberg
5109:Battle of Muizenberg
5061:Battle of Salt River
4844:Mthethwa Paramountcy
4403:Hunza–Nagar Campaign
4211:First Anglo-Sikh War
4187:Egyptian–Ottoman War
3243:Theal, George McCall
2097:Stapleton, Timothy.
1826:Albany, South Africa
1727:Frontier Light Horse
1592:Cape Prime Minister
1566:Confederation scheme
1016:Andries Stockenström
945:Andries Stockenström
937:Andries Stockenström
839:Sir Benjamin d'Urban
815:Sir Benjamin d'Urban
804:Winterberg Mountains
511:between encroaching
96:Defeat of the Xhosas
6815:Democratic Alliance
5985:Civic and political
5849:Afrikaner Calvinism
5842:African nationalism
5691:African Renaissance
5381:UNSC Resolution 591
5302:Internal resistance
5203:National Convention
5171:Transvaal Civil War
5095:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
4978:Orange River Colony
4656:Waziristan campaign
4590:Waziristan campaign
4283:Revolt of Rajab Ali
3760:War of Jenkins' Ear
3492:. Cape Town: Juta.
3174:. New York: Knopf.
1935:(2859): 589. 1915.
1737:took over command.
1641:King William's Town
1575:
1344:King William's Town
879:Sir Richard Southey
862:King William’s Town
833:Terms of the treaty
509:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
427:in what is now the
407:(also known as the
331:Union Defence Force
211:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
194:Military history of
169:British Cape Colony
5555:Ciskei coup d'état
5374:UN Resolution 1761
5339:Women's March 1956
5192:South African Wars
5178:Mineral Revolution
4530:Bambatha Rebellion
4445:Anglo-Zanzibar War
4433:Chitral Expedition
4367:Anglo-Egyptian War
4139:Anglo-Ashanti wars
3844:Lord Dunmore's War
3802:Anglo-Cherokee War
3711:King William's War
3430:The War of the Axe
3335:SAH staff (2012).
3030:. Longford Press.
2751:, p. 448–450.
2455:, 1800s time-line.
2204:. Sahistory.org.za
1755:
1697:
1677:
1637:
1598:
1586:
1570:Henry Bartle Frere
1562:
1487:
1459:The return of the
1424:
1391:
1320:
1276:
1244:
1193:Peregrine Maitland
1189:
1135:
1096:
1088:
1000:
941:
762:
713:Battle of Amalinde
699:Battle of Amalinde
693:Battle of Amalinde
654:The Xhosa prophet
457:
409:Cape Frontier Wars
231:South African Wars
6915:Conflicts in 1834
6847:
6846:
6800:political parties
6793:
6792:
6770:Orde van die Dood
6380:Progressive Party
6086:Congress Alliance
5902:Cape Independence
5834:Political culture
5829:
5828:
5796:COVID-19 pandemic
5726:Marikana massacre
5562:Venda coup d'état
5316:Defiance Campaign
4906:Orange Free State
4836:Dutch Cape Colony
4761:
4760:
4692:Malayan Emergency
4602:Malabar rebellion
4463:Siege of Malakand
4409:Anglo-Manipur War
4265:Anglo-Persian War
3814:Anglo-Spanish War
3766:King George's War
3687:King Philip's War
3663:Anglo-Spanish War
3499:978-0-7021-1331-4
3337:"1800s time-line"
3234:978-1-139-42561-2
3213:978-0-351-17949-5
3181:978-0-7126-5584-2
3160:978-1-277-74131-5
3128:. Maskew Miller.
3103:978-0-949937-83-4
3082:978-0-521-22803-9
3061:978-0-520-03754-0
3037:978-0-9635572-5-4
3016:978-0-86980-228-1
2945:978-0-300-08776-5
2586:. About.com Guide
1866:British Kaffraria
1842:Hintsa ka Khawuta
1831:Amatola Mountains
1751:Amatola Mountains
1741:The Guerrilla War
1682:British Kaffraria
1360:Amatola Mountains
1252:Orange Free State
1213:British Kaffraria
843:Hintsa ka Khawuta
837:British governor
827:Amatola Mountains
401:
400:
322:Historical forces
226:Ndwandwe–Zulu War
179:
178:
153:Dutch Cape Colony
110:
109:
16:(Redirected from
6927:
6837:
6836:
6824:
6817:
6810:
6786:
6779:
6772:
6765:
6758:
6751:
6744:
6737:
6730:
6723:
6716:
6704:Paramilitary and
6696:
6694:Umkosi Wezintaba
6689:
6682:
6675:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6647:
6640:
6633:
6626:
6619:
6612:
6605:
6598:
6591:
6584:
6577:
6570:
6563:
6556:
6549:
6539:social movements
6537:Trade unions and
6529:
6522:
6515:
6508:
6501:
6494:
6487:
6480:
6473:
6466:
6459:
6452:
6445:
6438:
6431:
6424:
6417:
6410:
6403:
6396:
6389:
6382:
6375:
6368:
6361:
6354:
6347:
6340:
6333:
6326:
6319:
6312:
6305:
6298:
6291:
6284:
6277:
6270:
6263:
6256:
6249:
6242:
6235:
6228:
6221:
6214:
6207:
6200:
6193:
6186:
6179:
6172:
6165:
6158:
6151:
6144:
6137:
6130:
6123:
6116:
6109:
6102:
6095:
6088:
6081:
6074:
6067:
6060:
6053:
6051:Boerestaat Party
6046:
6039:
6032:
6025:
6018:
6011:
6004:
5997:
5982:
5968:
5959:
5950:
5941:
5934:
5925:
5918:
5911:
5904:
5897:
5890:
5881:
5872:
5865:
5858:
5851:
5844:
5822:
5812:
5805:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5777:
5770:
5763:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5686:
5679:
5672:
5665:
5658:
5651:
5644:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5601:
5594:
5585:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5541:Dakar Conference
5536:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5471:
5464:
5462:Israeli alliance
5457:
5450:
5443:
5432:
5425:
5418:
5416:Sporting boycott
5411:
5404:
5397:
5390:
5388:Academic boycott
5383:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5341:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5295:
5288:
5281:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5245:Great Depression
5240:
5233:
5231:Maritz rebellion
5226:
5206:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5145:
5125:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5081:Dutch settlement
5063:
5056:
5054:Bantu migrations
5041:
5029:
5021:
5013:
5005:
4997:
4989:
4986:Transvaal Colony
4981:
4973:
4965:
4957:
4954:Nieuwe Republiek
4949:
4941:
4933:
4925:
4917:
4909:
4901:
4893:
4890:Natalia Republic
4885:
4877:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4859:Ndwandwe Kingdom
4854:
4852:
4849:
4839:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4765:
4710:Cyprus Emergency
4536:Maritz rebellion
4524:Tibet expedition
4457:Benin Expedition
4277:Indian Rebellion
4271:Second Opium War
4253:Eureka Rebellion
4229:British Honduras
4205:New Zealand Wars
3790:Seven Years' War
3736:Queen Anne's War
3569:
3562:
3555:
3546:
3503:
3482:
3471:
3444:pp. 239–240
3442:War of 1850–1853
3426:pp. 238–239
3413:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3297:
3271:
3261:
3252:
3238:
3217:
3196:
3185:
3164:
3139:
3118:
3107:
3086:
3065:
3041:
3020:
2999:
2985:
2979:
2971:
2960:
2949:
2926:
2905:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2765:. Latrobe.edu.au
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2655:on 12 March 2014
2654:
2648:. Archived from
2647:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2348:
2345:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2260:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2235:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2094:
2085:
2084:
2076:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2055:on 24 March 2017
2051:. Archived from
2045:
2034:
2029:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1921:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1876:Sandile kaNgqika
1800:in 1879. In the
1667:The Imperial War
1649:Charles Brownlee
1645:John X. Merriman
1621:Charles Griffith
1618:Chief Magistrate
1225:Eighth Xhosa War
1112:General Somerset
1100:Sandile kaNgqika
1060:Robert Godlonton
1042:Sandile kaNgqika
965:Robert Godlonton
798:mobilised under
790:British campaign
784:Kat River Valley
758:
752:
738:
732:
552:Great Fish river
530:Great Fish River
483:to and from the
393:
386:
379:
308:Medical Services
256:Second World War
181:
167:
151:
140:
138:
137:
60:
59:
52:
32:
21:
6935:
6934:
6930:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6925:
6924:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6843:
6827:
6820:
6813:
6806:
6799:
6789:
6782:
6775:
6768:
6761:
6754:
6747:
6740:
6733:
6726:
6719:
6712:
6705:
6699:
6692:
6685:
6678:
6671:
6664:
6657:
6650:
6643:
6636:
6629:
6622:
6615:
6608:
6601:
6594:
6587:
6580:
6573:
6566:
6559:
6552:
6545:
6538:
6532:
6525:
6518:
6511:
6504:
6497:
6490:
6483:
6476:
6469:
6462:
6455:
6448:
6441:
6434:
6427:
6420:
6413:
6406:
6399:
6392:
6385:
6378:
6371:
6364:
6357:
6350:
6343:
6336:
6329:
6322:
6315:
6308:
6301:
6294:
6287:
6280:
6273:
6266:
6259:
6252:
6245:
6238:
6231:
6224:
6217:
6210:
6203:
6198:HNP (Herstigte)
6196:
6191:HNP (Herenigde)
6189:
6182:
6175:
6168:
6161:
6154:
6147:
6140:
6133:
6126:
6119:
6112:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6084:
6077:
6070:
6063:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6035:
6028:
6021:
6014:
6009:Afrikaner Party
6007:
6000:
5993:
5986:
5977:
5971:
5962:
5953:
5944:
5937:
5928:
5923:Honorary whites
5921:
5914:
5907:
5900:
5893:
5884:
5875:
5868:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5840:
5825:
5815:
5808:
5801:
5794:
5787:
5780:
5773:
5766:
5759:
5752:
5745:
5738:
5731:
5724:
5717:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5684:Soweto bombings
5682:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5654:
5647:
5640:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5590:
5581:
5574:
5567:
5560:
5553:
5546:
5539:
5532:
5525:
5518:
5511:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5485:Soweto Uprising
5483:
5476:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5446:
5439:
5428:
5421:
5414:
5409:Tar Baby Option
5407:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5358:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5330:Freedom Charter
5328:
5321:
5314:
5307:
5300:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5264:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5236:
5229:
5222:
5209:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5066:
5059:
5052:
5032:
5024:
5016:
5008:
5000:
4992:
4984:
4976:
4968:
4960:
4952:
4944:
4936:
4930:Griqualand West
4928:
4922:Griqualand East
4920:
4912:
4904:
4896:
4888:
4880:
4872:
4865:
4857:
4850:
4842:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4812:
4798:
4792:
4762:
4757:
4698:Kenya Emergency
4504:
4498:
4493:Second Boer War
4487:Boxer Rebellion
4415:Pahang Uprising
4295:Ambela campaign
4217:Río de la Plata
4199:First Opium War
4181:Aden Expedition
4013:Río de la Plata
3975:
3969:
3940:Irish Rebellion
3832:First Carib War
3728:
3722:
3645:Confederate War
3639:Irish Rebellion
3589:
3583:
3573:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3485:
3474:
3463:
3459:
3457:Further reading
3397:
3386:
3384:
3376:
3367:
3365:
3351:
3342:
3340:
3334:
3325:
3323:
3317:
3308:
3306:
3300:
3269:
3264:
3255:
3241:
3235:
3220:
3214:
3199:
3188:
3182:
3167:
3161:
3142:
3136:
3121:
3110:
3104:
3089:
3083:
3068:
3062:
3044:
3038:
3023:
3017:
3002:
2988:
2972:
2963:
2952:
2946:
2929:
2923:
2908:
2902:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2722:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2665:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2643:"Archived copy"
2641:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2346:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2147:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2078:
2077:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2037:
2030:
2021:
2011:
2009:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1822:
1816:decades later.
1810:southern Africa
1786:Cape Government
1779:
1743:
1669:
1629:
1578:
1554:
1508:southern Africa
1479:
1474:
1446:Sarili kaHintsa
1416:
1410:
1399:George Cathcart
1383:
1375:Sir Harry Smith
1369:was wrecked at
1325:
1293:
1268:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1181:
1127:
1080:
1066:to agitate for
1051:
984:
929:
887:
874:
835:
792:
775:
760:
756:
754:
750:
748:
736:
734:
730:
722:
705:
697:Main articles:
695:
683:Keiskamma River
640:
611:
606:
589:
565:
543:
538:
536:Early conflicts
449:
397:
368:
364:Military chiefs
340:
317:
270:
251:First World War
246:Second Boer War
216:Napoleonic Wars
195:
135:
133:
102:
88:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6933:
6931:
6923:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6852:
6851:
6845:
6844:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6818:
6811:
6803:
6801:
6795:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6787:
6780:
6773:
6766:
6763:Ossewabrandwag
6759:
6752:
6745:
6738:
6731:
6724:
6717:
6709:
6707:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6697:
6690:
6683:
6676:
6669:
6662:
6655:
6648:
6641:
6634:
6627:
6620:
6613:
6606:
6599:
6592:
6585:
6578:
6571:
6564:
6557:
6550:
6542:
6540:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6523:
6516:
6509:
6502:
6499:Unionist Party
6495:
6488:
6481:
6478:Torch Commando
6474:
6467:
6460:
6453:
6446:
6439:
6432:
6425:
6418:
6411:
6404:
6397:
6390:
6383:
6376:
6369:
6362:
6355:
6352:Orde Boerevolk
6348:
6341:
6334:
6327:
6320:
6313:
6306:
6299:
6292:
6285:
6278:
6271:
6264:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6236:
6229:
6222:
6215:
6208:
6201:
6194:
6187:
6180:
6173:
6166:
6159:
6152:
6145:
6138:
6131:
6128:DP (1989–2000)
6124:
6121:DP (1973–1977)
6117:
6114:Dominion Party
6110:
6103:
6096:
6089:
6082:
6075:
6068:
6061:
6054:
6047:
6040:
6033:
6026:
6019:
6012:
6005:
5998:
5995:Afrikaner Bond
5990:
5988:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5960:
5951:
5942:
5935:
5926:
5919:
5912:
5909:Day of the Vow
5905:
5898:
5891:
5882:
5873:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5845:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5813:
5806:
5799:
5792:
5785:
5778:
5771:
5764:
5757:
5750:
5743:
5736:
5729:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5677:Floor crossing
5673:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5645:
5637:
5635:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5616:
5609:
5602:
5595:
5592:Bisho massacre
5588:
5587:
5586:
5572:
5565:
5558:
5551:
5544:
5537:
5534:Operation Vula
5530:
5527:Rubicon speech
5523:
5520:Langa massacre
5516:
5509:
5502:
5495:
5488:
5481:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5458:
5451:
5444:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5426:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5384:
5377:
5363:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5282:
5274:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5238:Rand Rebellion
5234:
5227:
5219:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5195:
5188:
5181:
5174:
5167:
5164:Boer Republics
5160:
5153:
5146:
5138:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5076:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5057:
5049:
5047:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5022:
5014:
5010:Bophuthatswana
5006:
4998:
4990:
4982:
4974:
4970:Klein Vrystaat
4966:
4958:
4950:
4942:
4934:
4926:
4918:
4910:
4902:
4894:
4886:
4878:
4870:
4855:
4840:
4832:
4809:
4807:
4800:
4799:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4768:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4638:Barzani revolt
4635:
4629:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4569:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4521:
4515:
4508:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4490:
4484:
4478:
4475:Tirah campaign
4472:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4448:
4442:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4388:
4385:Central Africa
4382:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4355:First Boer War
4352:
4346:
4340:
4337:Anglo-Zulu War
4334:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4070:
4064:
4058:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4025:Froberg mutiny
4022:
4016:
4010:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3979:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3811:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3732:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3705:Williamite War
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3593:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3581:British Empire
3574:
3572:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3498:
3483:
3472:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3404:Chisholm, Hugh
3381:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3349:
3332:
3315:
3298:
3262:
3253:
3239:
3233:
3218:
3212:
3203:The Great Trek
3197:
3186:
3180:
3165:
3159:
3140:
3134:
3119:
3108:
3102:
3096:. Ad. Donker.
3087:
3081:
3066:
3060:
3042:
3036:
3021:
3015:
3000:
2986:
2961:
2950:
2944:
2927:
2921:
2906:
2901:978-9004126244
2900:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2863:
2839:
2827:
2812:
2800:
2788:
2776:
2761:Neil Parsons.
2753:
2741:
2729:
2716:
2704:
2692:
2680:
2634:
2632:, p. 387.
2622:
2610:
2597:
2574:
2526:
2514:
2502:
2481:
2469:
2457:
2453:SAH staff 2012
2445:
2441:SAH staff 1836
2433:
2427:
2409:(3): 709–735.
2387:
2361:(2): 107–132.
2347: 1826–47
2332:
2328:SAH staff 2012
2320:
2318:, p. 239.
2303:
2277:(2): 202–221.
2252:
2227:
2225:, p. 63-.
2215:
2193:
2171:
2156:
2145:
2128:
2116:
2104:
2086:
2079:Laband, John.
2066:
2035:
2019:
1988:
1976:
1964:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1901:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1814:Anglo-Boer War
1802:Anglo-Zulu War
1778:
1775:
1767:Cape commandos
1742:
1739:
1668:
1665:
1628:
1625:
1577:
1574:
1553:
1550:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1412:Main article:
1409:
1406:
1382:
1379:
1367:HMS Birkenhead
1324:
1321:
1302:Fort Armstrong
1292:
1289:
1267:
1264:
1231:
1228:
1223:Main article:
1220:
1217:
1180:
1177:
1126:
1123:
1079:
1076:
1050:
1047:
1012:Boer commandos
983:
980:
928:
925:
886:
883:
873:
870:
845:, King of the
841:believed that
834:
831:
796:Boer commandos
791:
788:
774:
771:
755:
749:
735:
729:
721:
718:
694:
691:
687:5,000 settlers
639:
636:
610:
607:
605:
602:
588:
585:
581:Sundays Rivers
564:
561:
542:
539:
537:
534:
505:settler colony
477:merchant ships
463:in modern-day
448:
445:
421:British Empire
399:
398:
396:
395:
388:
381:
373:
370:
369:
367:
366:
361:
356:
350:
347:
346:
342:
341:
339:
338:
333:
327:
324:
323:
319:
318:
316:
315:
313:Special Forces
310:
305:
300:
299:
298:
288:
282:
279:
278:
272:
271:
269:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
241:First Boer War
238:
236:Anglo–Zulu War
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
207:
204:
203:
199:
198:
190:
189:
177:
176:
175:
174:
173:
172:
161:
155:(1st and 2nd)
142:British Empire
130:
129:
128:
121:Xhosa Kingdom
117:
116:
112:
111:
108:
107:
104:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
74:
72:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
45:
44:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6932:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6842:
6841:
6830:
6823:
6819:
6816:
6812:
6809:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6796:
6785:
6781:
6778:
6774:
6771:
6767:
6764:
6760:
6757:
6753:
6750:
6746:
6743:
6739:
6736:
6732:
6729:
6725:
6722:
6718:
6715:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6702:
6695:
6691:
6688:
6684:
6681:
6680:Die Spoorbund
6677:
6674:
6670:
6667:
6663:
6660:
6656:
6653:
6649:
6646:
6642:
6639:
6635:
6632:
6628:
6625:
6621:
6618:
6614:
6611:
6607:
6604:
6600:
6597:
6593:
6590:
6586:
6583:
6579:
6576:
6572:
6569:
6565:
6562:
6558:
6555:
6551:
6548:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6535:
6528:
6524:
6521:
6520:Workers Party
6517:
6514:
6510:
6507:
6503:
6500:
6496:
6493:
6489:
6486:
6482:
6479:
6475:
6472:
6468:
6465:
6461:
6458:
6454:
6451:
6447:
6444:
6440:
6437:
6433:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6419:
6416:
6412:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6398:
6395:
6394:Radio Freedom
6391:
6388:
6384:
6381:
6377:
6374:
6370:
6367:
6363:
6360:
6356:
6353:
6349:
6346:
6345:Oranjewerkers
6342:
6339:
6335:
6332:
6328:
6325:
6321:
6318:
6314:
6311:
6307:
6304:
6300:
6297:
6293:
6290:
6286:
6283:
6279:
6276:
6272:
6269:
6265:
6262:
6258:
6255:
6251:
6248:
6244:
6241:
6237:
6234:
6230:
6227:
6223:
6220:
6216:
6213:
6209:
6206:
6202:
6199:
6195:
6192:
6188:
6185:
6181:
6178:
6174:
6171:
6167:
6164:
6160:
6157:
6153:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6139:
6136:
6132:
6129:
6125:
6122:
6118:
6115:
6111:
6108:
6104:
6101:
6097:
6094:
6090:
6087:
6083:
6080:
6076:
6073:
6069:
6066:
6062:
6059:
6055:
6052:
6048:
6045:
6041:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6027:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6013:
6010:
6006:
6003:
5999:
5996:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5987:organisations
5983:
5980:
5978:organisations
5974:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5943:
5940:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5927:
5924:
5920:
5917:
5913:
5910:
5906:
5903:
5899:
5896:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5871:
5867:
5864:
5860:
5857:
5853:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5821:
5819:
5814:
5811:
5807:
5804:
5800:
5797:
5793:
5790:
5786:
5783:
5779:
5776:
5775:Tshwane riots
5772:
5769:
5765:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5751:
5748:
5744:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5723:
5720:
5716:
5713:
5709:
5706:
5702:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5681:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5660:
5657:
5653:
5650:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5628:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5610:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5596:
5593:
5589:
5584:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5570:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5552:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5510:
5507:
5503:
5500:
5499:Project Coast
5496:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5478:Mafeje affair
5475:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5448:Durban Moment
5445:
5442:
5441:Rivonia Trial
5438:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5395:Disinvestment
5392:
5389:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5336:
5331:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5299:
5294:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5150:1820 Settlers
5147:
5144:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5035:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4860:
4856:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4789:
4784:
4782:
4777:
4775:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4626:Ikhwan revolt
4624:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4501:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4073:Spice Islands
4071:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4031:Santo Domingo
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3820:Pontiac's War
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3772:Carnatic Wars
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3742:Tuscarora War
3740:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3725:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3558:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3394:public domain
3383:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3338:
3333:
3321:
3316:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3135:9780623004579
3131:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2969:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2922:9780253205247
2918:
2914:
2913:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2873:, Xhosa Wars.
2872:
2871:RD staff 1996
2867:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2855:0-947008-90-X
2852:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2764:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2700:Malherbe 1971
2696:
2693:
2690:, p. 83.
2689:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2651:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2623:
2620:, p. 68.
2619:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2585:
2578:
2575:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2391:
2388:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2241:. New History
2240:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2216:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2182:. New History
2181:
2175:
2172:
2169:, p. 20.
2168:
2167:Ransford 1974
2163:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2117:
2114:, p. 55.
2113:
2112:Thompson 2001
2108:
2105:
2100:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1974:, p. 51.
1973:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1836:Thomas Baines
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1759:Amatola Range
1752:
1747:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1673:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1633:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1595:
1590:
1582:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1520:Black African
1516:
1513:
1512:Confederation
1509:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1420:
1415:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1387:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1333:Fort Beaufort
1330:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1272:
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1197:
1194:
1185:
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1148:
1144:
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1119:
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1113:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1092:
1084:
1077:
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1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1010:settlers and
1009:
1005:
1004:colonial side
997:
993:
988:
981:
979:
976:
974:
970:
966:
961:
957:
954:
950:
946:
938:
933:
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918:
913:
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890:
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869:
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848:
844:
840:
832:
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828:
822:
820:
816:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
789:
787:
785:
781:
772:
770:
768:
746:
742:
741:Lord Somerset
726:
719:
717:
714:
710:
704:
703:Ngqika people
700:
692:
690:
688:
684:
679:
677:
676:Robben Island
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
637:
635:
633:
629:
628:1820 Settlers
625:
621:
617:
608:
603:
601:
598:
594:
586:
584:
582:
578:
574:
571:clans of the
570:
562:
560:
557:
553:
548:
540:
535:
533:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
515:
510:
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498:
494:
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486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
453:
446:
444:
440:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:Xhosa Kingdom
414:
410:
406:
394:
389:
387:
382:
380:
375:
374:
372:
371:
365:
362:
360:
357:
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170:
166:
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157:
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150:
146:
145:
144:
143:
131:
127:
124:
123:
122:
119:
118:
113:
105:
100:
99:
95:
92:
91:
86:
82:
78:
73:
70:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
51:
46:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
6838:
6798:Histories of
6492:United Party
6401:Reform Party
6338:Orangia Unie
5963:
5954:
5947:Swart gevaar
5945:
5929:
5885:
5876:
5817:
5719:Blikkiesdorp
5101:
5045:Pre-colonial
4898:Natal Colony
4882:Zulu Kingdom
4796:South Africa
4596:Iraqi Revolt
4451:Matabeleland
4427:North Borneo
4421:Matabeleland
4373:Saskatchewan
4175:Upper Canada
4169:Lower Canada
4127:Persian Gulf
4084:
4043:Persian Gulf
3983:Newfoundland
3964:Polygar Wars
3934:Kandyan Wars
3886:Nootka Sound
3515:List of wars
3488:
3477:
3466:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3407:
3366:. Retrieved
3361:
3357:
3341:. Retrieved
3324:. Retrieved
3307:. Retrieved
3280:(I): 51–61.
3277:
3273:
3257:
3247:
3223:
3206:. Cardinal.
3202:
3191:
3170:
3148:
3124:
3113:
3092:
3071:
3050:
3046:Bundy, Colin
3026:
3005:
2998:. C. Struik.
2994:
2966:
2955:
2931:
2911:
2890:
2866:
2858:
2846:
2842:
2835:Mostert 1992
2830:
2803:
2791:
2779:
2767:. Retrieved
2756:
2744:
2732:
2724:
2723:Cape Times:
2719:
2712:Molteno 1900
2707:
2695:
2683:
2657:. Retrieved
2650:the original
2637:
2625:
2613:
2605:
2600:
2588:. Retrieved
2577:
2565:. Retrieved
2548:(1): 37–55.
2545:
2539:
2529:
2517:
2505:
2493:. Retrieved
2484:
2472:
2460:
2448:
2436:
2430:
2418:. Retrieved
2406:
2400:
2390:
2378:. Retrieved
2358:
2352:
2335:
2323:
2294:. Retrieved
2274:
2268:
2243:. Retrieved
2218:
2206:. Retrieved
2196:
2184:. Retrieved
2174:
2148:
2131:
2119:
2107:
2101:. p. 4.
2098:
2080:
2057:. Retrieved
2053:the original
2010:. Retrieved
2005:
2001:
1991:
1986:, p. 1.
1979:
1967:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1904:
1895:
1798:Zulu Kingdom
1795:
1791:
1783:
1780:
1771:
1763:
1756:
1731:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1686:
1678:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1638:
1607:
1599:
1594:John Molteno
1563:
1535:
1533:
1517:
1505:
1488:
1466:
1458:
1449:
1443:
1432:
1425:
1403:
1396:
1392:
1364:
1337:
1326:
1306:
1294:
1277:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1245:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1190:
1173:John Molteno
1170:
1166:
1151:
1139:
1136:
1120:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1074:March 1846.
1072:
1063:
1052:
1039:
1020:
1001:
995:
991:
977:
972:
968:
962:
958:
953:Xhosa Chiefs
942:
921:
917:Lord Glenelg
914:
899:
891:
888:
875:
855:
836:
823:
812:
793:
776:
767:Zulu Kingdom
763:
706:
680:
653:
641:
624:John Cradock
612:
590:
566:
544:
523:
512:
480:
479:to resupply
465:South Africa
458:
441:
437:
429:Eastern Cape
412:
408:
404:
402:
220:
196:South Africa
171:(4th to 9th)
132:
120:
115:Belligerents
81:South Africa
79:, currently
77:Eastern Cape
40:Part of the
29:
5931:Rooi gevaar
5810:2021 unrest
5740:Nkandlagate
5569:Third Force
5430:Rugby union
5028:(1981–1994)
5020:(1979–1994)
5012:(1977–1994)
5004:(1976–1994)
4996:(1910–1961)
4988:(1902–1910)
4980:(1902–1910)
4972:(1886–1891)
4964:(1885–1887)
4956:(1884–1888)
4948:(1882–1885)
4940:(1882–1883)
4932:(1870–1873)
4924:(1861–1879)
4916:(1856–1902)
4908:(1854–1902)
4900:(1843–1910)
4892:(1839–1843)
4884:(1816–1897)
4876:(1795–1910)
4874:Cape Colony
4866: 1780
4851: 1780
4838:(1652–1806)
4828: 1220
4821: 1075
4716:Suez Crisis
4614:Transjordan
4518:West Africa
4495:(1899–1902)
4489:(1898–1901)
4481:Six-Day War
4429:(1894–1905)
4417:(1891–1895)
4397:Mashonaland
4361:Mahdist War
4301:Shimonoseki
4231:(1847–1901)
4141:(1824–1901)
4109:Cape Colony
4007:Cape Colony
3966:(1799–1805)
3960:(1799–1803)
3948:(1798–1800)
3936:(1796–1818)
3910:Cape Colony
3900:(1793–1806)
3882:(1788–1934)
3778:Nova Scotia
3748:Yamasee War
3719:(1694–1700)
3693:Child's War
3681:2nd Tangier
3675:1st Tangier
3671:(1655–1739)
3621:Saint Kitts
3599:(1593–1603)
3450:p. 240
3438:p. 239
3432:p. 239
3420:p. 238
3400:Cape Colony
3379:Attribution
2796:Lewsen 1940
2784:Benyon 1980
2769:18 November
2737:Lewsen 1982
2524:, p. .
2512:, p. .
2420:28 February
2245:18 November
2208:18 November
2186:18 November
1984:Peires 1976
1972:Peires 1979
1847:Crimean War
1492:Cape Colony
1454:Cape Colony
949:Cape Colony
902:Piet Retief
895:Cape Colony
800:Piet Retief
668:Grahamstown
632:Grahamstown
620:Cape Colony
616:John Graham
569:Gqunukhwebe
485:East Indies
423:as well as
413:Kaffir Wars
101:Territorial
85:Cape Colony
6854:Categories
6749:Greyshirts
6513:Volksparty
6044:Black Sash
5705:Xenophobia
5698:Travelgate
5455:Border War
5259:Bantustans
5157:Great Trek
5102:Xhosa Wars
4962:Upingtonia
4946:Stellaland
4620:Pink's War
4512:Somaliland
4349:Basutoland
4103:Guadeloupe
4085:Xhosa Wars
4067:Seychelles
4049:Guadeloupe
4037:Martinique
3904:Rohilkhand
3868:Gold Coast
3838:Rohilkhand
3796:Bengal War
3633:Pequot War
3309:7 December
3150:Frere's...
2881:References
2688:Bundy 1979
2477:Theal 1911
1806:Isandlwana
1777:Conclusion
1529:Nongqawuse
1477:Background
1438:Nongqawuse
1435:prophetess
1348:Fort White
1285:Fort White
1230:Background
1049:Background
906:Great Trek
664:AmaNdlambe
459:The first
447:Background
405:Xhosa Wars
266:Border War
261:Korean War
221:Xhosa Wars
35:Xhosa Wars
5965:Volkstaat
5956:Uitlander
5887:Boerehaat
5863:Anarchism
5670:Arms Deal
5633:apartheid
5293:Pass laws
5270:Apartheid
5215:1910–1948
5134:1815–1910
5072:1652–1815
4752:Falklands
4748:(1963–67)
4742:(1962–66)
4736:(1962–90)
4724:(1962–76)
4712:(1955–59)
4706:(1954–59)
4700:(1952–60)
4694:(1948–60)
4688:(1946–50)
4680:Indonesia
4676:(1945–46)
4674:Indochina
4670:(1944–48)
4658:(1936–39)
4652:(1936–39)
4640:(1931–32)
4634:(1930–31)
4628:(1927–30)
4610:(1922–24)
4608:Kurdistan
4592:(1919–20)
4568:(1916–17)
4548:Nyasaland
4544:(1914–15)
4538:(1914–15)
4526:(1903–04)
4520:(1901–02)
4514:(1900–20)
4477:(1897–98)
4471:(1897–98)
4453:(1896–97)
4423:(1893–94)
4387:(1886–89)
4363:(1881–99)
4357:(1880–81)
4351:(1880–81)
4345:(1879–80)
4333:(1875–76)
4319:Abyssinia
4315:(1866–71)
4309:(1864–65)
4297:(1863–64)
4289:Kagoshima
4285:(1857–58)
4279:(1857–59)
4273:(1856–60)
4267:(1856–57)
4261:(1854–56)
4259:Åland War
4243:(1848–49)
4219:(1845–50)
4213:(1845–46)
4207:(1845–72)
4201:(1839–42)
4195:(1839–42)
4189:(1839–41)
4177:(1837–38)
4171:(1837–38)
4165:(1831–33)
4159:(1831–32)
4153:(1828–32)
4147:(1824–26)
4123:(1817–18)
4099:(1814–16)
4093:(1812–15)
4087:(1811–79)
4081:(1810–11)
4061:Mauritius
4033:(1808–09)
4015:(1806–07)
3991:(1803–05)
3954:(1798–99)
3924:(1795–96)
3918:(1795–96)
3894:(1789–92)
3870:(1781–82)
3864:(1779–84)
3858:(1775–82)
3852:(1775–83)
3840:(1773–74)
3834:(1769–73)
3828:(1765–71)
3822:(1763–66)
3816:(1762–63)
3804:(1758–61)
3798:(1756–65)
3792:(1756–63)
3786:(1754–63)
3780:(1749–55)
3774:(1746–63)
3768:(1744–48)
3762:(1740–42)
3756:(1722–25)
3750:(1715–17)
3744:(1711–15)
3738:(1702–13)
3713:(1688–97)
3707:(1688–91)
3695:(1686–90)
3689:(1675–78)
3665:(1654–60)
3659:(1654–67)
3653:(1649–53)
3647:(1641–53)
3635:(1634–38)
3605:(1609–46)
3424:Third War
2976:cite book
2857:. p.182,
2618:Hone 1993
2562:162203714
2415:614001884
2316:Cana 1911
2291:147296923
2223:Ross 1999
1949:0959-8138
1862:Kaffraria
1729:militia.
1461:ancestors
1365:In 1852,
1356:Fort Hare
1340:Cape Town
1329:Fort Hare
996:"Fingoes"
910:colonists
885:Aftermath
851:Kei river
808:Algoa Bay
597:Commandos
514:trekboers
473:Cape Town
425:Trekboers
291:Air Force
202:Conflicts
159:Trekboers
75:Nowadays
66:1779–1879
18:Gaika War
6840:Category
6742:Boeremag
6233:Jeugkrag
6184:Het Volk
5878:Baasskap
5820:incident
5423:Olympics
5002:Transkei
4805:polities
4803:Defunct
4740:Malaysia
4662:Ethiopia
4560:Peshawar
4325:Manitoba
4307:Duar War
3603:Virginia
3343:23 March
3326:23 March
3294:56329319
3245:(1911).
3146:(1900).
3048:(1979).
2915:. LULE.
2894:. LULE.
2823:Gon 1982
2669:cite web
2659:28 March
2411:ProQuest
2380:10 April
2375:70466648
2059:13 March
1820:See also
1735:Thesiger
1552:Outbreak
1371:Gansbaai
1352:Fort Cox
1281:Fort Cox
1162:Brownlee
1143:Transkei
1029:and the
951:and the
847:amaXhosa
773:Outbreak
743:and the
672:Khoikhoi
660:Mdushane
593:Khoikhoi
577:Zuurveld
519:Khoekhoe
517:and the
501:Huguenot
481:en route
419:and the
186:a series
184:Part of
87:frontier
71:Location
6645:SAAPAWU
5976:Defunct
5939:Slavery
5143:Mfecane
4734:Sarawak
4686:Sarawak
4578:Nigeria
4566:Mohmand
4554:Nigeria
4505:century
4163:Malacca
4157:Jamaica
4115:Algiers
4055:Reunion
4001:Surinam
3976:century
3922:Grenada
3916:Jamaica
3808:Jamaica
3729:century
3669:Jamaica
3597:Ireland
3590:century
3577:English
3406:(ed.).
3396::
3368:16 July
2590:29 July
2567:5 March
2495:1 March
2296:9 March
2142:YouTube
2012:3 March
1958:2303193
1723:Kentani
1525:Gcaleka
1450:igqirha
1158:Molteno
1147:Sarhili
1114:on the
1055:farmers
1027:Ndlambe
1008:British
747:(Xhosa)
649:Gcaleka
411:or the
359:Battles
296:History
103:changes
6596:FOSATU
6443:SAYRCO
6415:SADECO
6331:Occupy
5870:Azania
5818:Lady R
5747:Racism
5576:CODESA
5037:Events
5026:Ciskei
4938:Goshen
4868:–1819)
4853:–1817)
4754:(1982)
4730:(1962)
4728:Brunei
4718:(1956)
4682:(1945)
4664:(1943)
4646:(1935)
4622:(1925)
4616:(1923)
4604:(1921)
4598:(1920)
4586:(1919)
4580:(1918)
4574:(1917)
4572:Quebec
4562:(1915)
4556:(1915)
4550:(1915)
4532:(1906)
4483:(1899)
4465:(1897)
4459:(1897)
4447:(1896)
4441:(1896)
4435:(1895)
4411:(1891)
4405:(1891)
4399:(1890)
4393:(1888)
4391:Hazara
4381:(1885)
4375:(1885)
4369:(1882)
4339:(1879)
4327:(1870)
4321:(1868)
4303:(1864)
4291:(1863)
4255:(1854)
4249:(1852)
4237:(1848)
4235:Ceylon
4225:(1847)
4223:Canton
4183:(1839)
4135:(1823)
4133:Guiana
4129:(1819)
4117:(1816)
4111:(1815)
4105:(1815)
4075:(1810)
4069:(1810)
4063:(1810)
4057:(1810)
4051:(1810)
4045:(1809)
4039:(1809)
4027:(1807)
4021:(1807)
4009:(1806)
4003:(1804)
3997:(1804)
3985:(1800)
3942:(1798)
3930:(1795)
3928:Ceylon
3912:(1795)
3906:(1794)
3888:(1789)
3876:(1786)
3846:(1774)
3810:(1762)
3701:(1687)
3683:(1664)
3677:(1662)
3657:Acadia
3641:(1641)
3629:(1628)
3627:Quebec
3623:(1626)
3617:(1622)
3611:(1612)
3609:Swally
3496:
3402:". In
3390:
3292:
3231:
3210:
3178:
3157:
3132:
3100:
3079:
3058:
3034:
3013:
2942:
2919:
2898:
2853:
2560:
2413:
2373:
2289:
1955:
1947:
1864:, and
1614:Thembu
1545:Thembu
1543:, the
1541:Mfengu
1154:Groepe
1116:Gwangu
1031:Thembu
1023:Ngqika
780:Maqoma
757:
751:
737:
731:
709:Ngqika
645:Ngqika
499:, and
497:German
188:on the
139:
93:Result
6905:Xhosa
6777:PAGAD
6673:SATUC
6666:SARHU
6652:SACTU
6631:NURHS
6589:FNETU
6575:CTSWU
6568:CNETU
6561:BLATU
6436:SAYCO
6324:NUSAS
6205:IDASA
6016:AITUP
5631:Post-
5018:Venda
4632:Tirah
4542:Tochi
4331:Perak
4097:Nepal
4019:Egypt
3946:Malta
3874:Assam
3717:Ghana
3615:Ormuz
3290:S2CID
3270:(PDF)
2653:(PDF)
2646:(PDF)
2558:S2CID
2371:S2CID
2287:S2CID
1887:Notes
1603:Ibeka
1040:King
992:Fengu
866:Fengu
745:Gaika
656:Nxele
573:Xhosa
526:Xhosa
493:Dutch
489:Japan
345:Lists
126:Xhosa
6784:SANF
6714:APLA
6659:SAIF
6638:PAWE
6624:NEUM
6617:MUSA
6582:FCWU
6527:WOSA
6471:TNIP
6429:SASO
6422:SAIC
6408:SABP
6359:PAVN
6093:COSG
6072:CTEG
6065:CNIP
4746:Aden
4722:Oman
4704:Oman
4503:20th
4079:Java
3974:19th
3727:18th
3699:Siam
3588:17th
3509:Link
3494:ISBN
3370:2015
3345:2012
3328:2012
3311:2017
3229:ISBN
3208:ISBN
3176:ISBN
3155:ISBN
3130:ISBN
3098:ISBN
3077:ISBN
3056:ISBN
3032:ISBN
3011:ISBN
2982:link
2940:ISBN
2917:ISBN
2896:ISBN
2851:ISBN
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