368:), was unable to resist the attack. Dali forces reached Xichuan's capital Chengdu Municipality and withdrew, but Niu, in fear of another Dali attack, gathered the people of the surrounding regions into Chengdu. Emperor Xizong ordered several circuits to send forces to aid Xichuan, while ordering Gao to head to Xichuan to handle the matters involving Dali. He subsequently made Gao the military governor of Xichuan to replace Niu, as well as the mayor of Chengdu. Gao, realizing that he was looking at a potential major epidemic if the people were all confined to the city of Chengdu, ordered, even before he could reach Chengdu, that the city gates be opened and the people allowed to exit, and it was said that the people were initially very pleased by his arrival. Upon arrival in spring 875, Gao launched a minor retributive strike against Dali, and then built a number of key forts on the border with Dali. It was said that because of his defensive buildup, Dali did not further make attacks against Xichuan, although Gao's petition to launch a major attack against Dali was rejected by Emperor Xizong.
387:, further angered the soldiers by employing sorcery before battles and announcing the reason why sorcery was needed as that the Xichuan soldiers were weak and cowardly. He also withdrew commissions from officials who had initially served as non-commissioned administrators, and employed heavy punishment. In summer 875, the Raiders attacked Gao's headquarters, although Gao hid himself and was not injured in the attack. Gao thereafter issued a public apology restoring the Raiders' commissions and salaries. Later that month, at night, he had the Raiders and their families arrested and massacred. A woman, before she was executed, was said to have proclaimed thus against Gao:
665:) was killed, imperial forces there scattered, leaving no defenses against Huang's advances toward Luoyang and Chang'an. Around the new year 881, Emperor Xizong, with Huang's forces approaching Chang'an, abandoned it and fled to Xichuan Circuit. Upon reaching there in spring 881, Emperor Xizong still was hopeful that Gao would launch an army to recapture the two capitals, and therefore issued an edict authorizing Gao to commission generals and officials as he saw fit, but this was not sufficient to entice Gao to launch his troops. Meanwhile, upon Huang's entry into Chang'an, Huang declared himself the emperor of a new state of Qi.
297:), believing that Li Weizhou would again intercept them, took a roundabout route and avoided Li's and Wang Yanquan's camp, and then headed for Chang'an. Upon Zeng's and Wang Huizan's arrival in Chang'an, Emperor Yizong was pleased by the reports, and issued another order promoting Gao and allowing him to keep his command. When Gao received the edict at Haimen, he returned to the Jiaozhi front—where Li Weizhou and Wang Yanquan had taken over but had lifted the siege. He resumed the siege, and finally captured it in winter 866, killing Duan and the local chieftain Zhu Daogu (
640:) and headed into Huainan territory. Despite Bi Shiduo's urging to engage Huang, Gao had become fearful of Huang after Zhang's death and refused to engage Huang. Gao, instead, sent urgent pleas to the imperial government for aid—disappointing the imperial government in that it was hopeful that Gao would be able to destroy Huang by himself. Emperor Xizong issued an edict rebuking Gao for returning the reinforcements, and Gao submitted another petition satirizing Emperor Xizong by pointing out that Emperor Xizong
601:), and his troops were stricken by a plague. At that time, Zhang was set to attack him, and Huang was unable to resist such an attack. He therefore submitted much gold to Zhang, and further wrote Gao, offering to surrender to Gao. Gao, hoping to accept Huang's surrender as his accomplishment and further capture Huang by trickery, offered to recommend Huang as a military governor. Further, although reinforcements were arriving at Huainan from Zhaoyi (昭義, headquartered in modern
841:) and rose against the headquarters forces then nominally under Gao but actually under Lü's control. Bi's forces put Yang Prefecture under siege. With Bi proclaiming that he would surrender himself if Gao put Lü and Zhang Shouyi to death, Gao, fearing that Lü would slaughter Bi's family and precipitate a further battle, took Bi's family under his own protection. From this point on, the battle for Yang Prefecture effectively became a three-way battle between Bi, Gao, and Lü.
680:), just east of the city, but refused to advance further. He also ordered the nearby circuits' forces to join him, but Zhou Bao discovering that Gao had no actual intent to attack Huang, Zhou refused to mobilize Zhenhai troops and refused to join Gao, believing that Gao was intending to act against him. The two exchanged testy letters, and thereafter, their friendship was completely gone. Gao subsequently used Zhou's hostility as the excuse to demobilize.
625:) Circuits, Gao, not wanting to have his accomplishment be divided, submitted a petition stating that he no longer needed the assistance and returned the reinforcements. When Huang found out that Gao's reinforcements had left Huainan, he cut off relations with Gao and challenged Huainan forces to a battle. Gao, in anger, ordered Zhang to attack, but surprisingly, Huang prevailed over Zhang in the battle and killed Zhang, and his fortunes were revived.
569:) Prefectures to intercept Huang when the latter flees. Emperor Xizong, however, declined Gao's proposal. Gao subsequently captured Guang Prefecture and held it for some time. Meanwhile, Emperor Xizong transferred Gao to Huainan Circuit to serve as its military governor; Gao also continued to serve as the director of the salt and iron monopolies and food supplies for the two capitals. Zhou Bao replaced him at Zhenhai.
885:) and headed for Yang Prefecture. Yang and Lü joined their forces, and they were soon joined by several other officers, including Zhang Shenjian. While he could not capture Yang Prefecture quickly, Yang defeated every attack that Qin and Bi made against him, and Qin and Bi began to believe that Gao was using magic against their forces. A female sorcerer, Wang Fengxian (
239:) disliked Gao and wanted him to leave, so Li hurried Gao into action. Gao thus agreed to take 5,000 men to head west toward Annan and asked Li to follow up with the remaining forces, but after Gao departed, Li took over the remaining troops and did not render him any aid. Hearing that Gao was arriving, the Dali emperor Qiulong (
829:), preparing an attack on Huainan Circuit, Gao prepared to defend against Qin's attack. At this time, though, Bi, who was one of the commanders commissioned to resist Qin, came to believe that Lü was going to act against him next, and therefore gathered his forces, along with fellow officers Zheng Hanzhang (
674:), the sorcerers that Gao trusted indicated that this was a sign of ill fortune, that the offices would soon be empty. Gao thus tried to dispel the misfortune by mobilizing his troops and claiming that he was ready to attack Huang. He exited the city with 80,000 men and stationed himself at Dongtang (
307:, and commissioned him the military governor of Jinghai. It was said that Gao then rebuilt Jiaozhi's defenses such that Dali did not attack again. He further carried out a major project to remove obstacles for sea transportation between Jinghai and Lingnam East Circuit (嶺南東道, headquartered in modern
391:
Gao Pian, you, without good cause, stripped the officers and soldiers who accomplished much of their commissions, clothes, and food, and this angered everyone. You did not examine yourself, but instead used trickery to kill nearly 10,000 innocents. How would Heaven, Earth, the spirits, and the gods
284:
Receiving the order to turn his command over to Wang, Gao left his army, which by this point was sieging
Jiaozhi, with Wei, while heading back to Haimen to meet Wang and turn over the command. Meanwhile, though, the messengers that Gao and Wei had sent previously to submit reports to Emperor Yizong,
813:
Meanwhile, Gao was beginning to realize that Lü had, in effect, becoming the ruler of
Huainan, and that he was unable to exercise his own power independently. He tried to curb Lü's powers, and Lü started planning to eventually remove Gao and replace Gao himself. Meanwhile, it was said that various
589:
In 880, with the imperial treasury drained by the campaigns against agrarian rebels, the director of finances suggested that the rich merchants and the foreign merchants be forced to loan 50% of their assets to the imperial treasury. Gao spoke against the proposal, pointing out that with the empire
688:
With Gao Pian, while nominally serving as the overall commander against Huang Chao, refusing to act against Huang's Qi state, Wang Duo, who was then again chancellor and with
Emperor Xizong at Xichuan, offered to lead the operations against Qi. Emperor Xizong agreed, and, in spring 882, made Wang
163:). It was said that few officers distinguished themselves against the Dangxiang at the time, but Gao often took opportunities to attack the Dangxiang and was often successful. He was thereafter promoted to be the prefect and defender of Qin Prefecture (秦州, in modern
590:
afflicted by widespread famine and the people joining the agrarian rebels in droves, only the merchants still supported the imperial government, and that this proposal would turn them against the imperial government as well. Emperor Xizong thus cancelled the plan.
644:
his offer to return the reinforcements. Gao thereafter claimed to be ill and refused to engage Huang. Thereafter, the relationship between the imperial government chilled considerably. Meanwhile, with Gao refusing to engage, the imperial general Cao
Quanzhen
586:, who had previously recommended Gao to serve as the overall commander against Huang, was again made chancellor. Meanwhile, Gao recruited 70,000 soldiers to add to the ranks of the soldiers under his command, and was much honored for his success against Huang.
810:. Zhu, hoping to turn Gao into an ally, had Li Yun issue an edict restoring the titles of overall commander and director of the monopolies to Gao. Gao, in response, submitted a petition requesting that Li Yun take the throne, and Li Yun subsequently did so.
758:), tried to remove Wang by transferring him to Tianping Circuit. Wang, believing himself to be unjustly punished (as he had contributed much to Qi's destruction and the recapture of Chang'an) refused to be transferred to Tianping. When Wang and his ally
814:
signs of misfortune were appearing at
Huainan's capital Yang Prefecture, but when Zhou Bao was forced to flee Run Prefecture after a mutiny against him in 887, Gao believed that the signs of misfortune pointed to Zhou, and believed himself to be safe.
460:). Because many of Wang's followers were from Tianping Circuit, and Gao was respected by the Tianping people, Emperor Xizong transferred Gao to Zhenhai Circuit to serve as its military governor, as well as the prefect of its capital Run Prefecture (
802:). With the imperial officials concluding that Tian was the root of all of the imperial government's troubles, most of them refused to follow Emperor Xizong to Xingyuan. Zhu took the opportunity to proclaim a distant relative of Emperor Xizong's,
862:) to aid Bi. Soon, Yang Prefecture fell, and Lü fled. Bi briefly took control of the headquarters, before turning it over to Qin Yan as he promised. Qin Yan and Bi then put Gao and his family members under arrest at a Taoist temple.
329:), who fought in the campaign against Dali and had much contributions, was made the military governor of Jinghai to replace him. Gao Pian was subsequently made the military governor of Tianping Circuit (天平, headquartered in modern
906:) the honorary title of deputy military governor and had him be in charge of reburying Gao Pian and his family. Before Gao Pian could be reburied, however, Gao Yu himself died, and later, Gao Pian's old subordinate Guang Shiqian (
689:
the overall commander against Qi instead, stripping that title from Gao, but allowing him to remain the military governor of
Huainan and the director of the monopolies. By this point, Gao had become very trusting of the sorcerer
708:
In summer 882, Emperor Xizong stripped Gao of his authorities as the director of the monopolies—thus depriving him of a major source of revenues—and although he bestowed on Gao the honorary chancellor title of
419:) to Dali, assuring peace and that Tang would eventually give Qiulong a Tang princess to marry. It was said that because of these initiatives, Dali made no attempt to interfere with his defensive buildup.
719:) and created Gao the Prince of Bohai, Gao was still incensed. He submitted an angry and rude petition, complaining that he was not given sufficient authority, complaining that Wang Duo and Wang's deputy
651:), with only 6,000 men against Huang's 150,000 men, tried to hold off the Huang advance, but was unable to do so. Subsequently, when a mutiny occurred at Zhongwu Circuit (忠武, headquartered in modern
891:), informed Qin that a famous person would need to die to end Yang Prefecture's misfortunes, and Qin therefore resolved to put Gao to death. On 24 September, he sent his officer Liu Kuangshi (
263:), and their joint forces repeatedly defeated Dali forces. When his reports of victory reached Haimen, however, Li Weizhou intercepted them and refused to relay them to the imperial capital
396:
against you, so one day your family will be slaughtered like mine, you will be subjected to false accusations and humiliation like I, and you will be subjected to fear and distress like I!
140:
who commanded the Shence Armies. At some point, he became the discipline officer in the Right Shence Army. While he served at the Shence Armies, he had a friendship with fellow officer
267:. As a result, Emperor Yizong was surprised that Gao was submitting no reports at all. Li then submitted a report stating that Gao was stopping at Feng Prefecture (峯州, in modern
1305:
1340:
1350:
1345:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1370:
132:. It was said that, although Gao Pian's family had served for generations in the Shence Armies, he was good at writing in his youth and often had discussions with
383:) to aid in the defense of Chengdu. Upon Gao's arrival, he withdrew the commissions of the Raiders, and even stopped supplying them with food. He, a devout
400:
Gao was said to have even considered executing
Raiders who were not at Chengdu at the time of the mutiny, and he only stopped when his subordinate Wang Yin (
1355:
1375:
474:) and created the Duke of Yan, hoping that Wang's followers would submit to him. Most of Wang's followers, however, joined another rebel leader,
582:
After Gao Pian was transferred to
Huainan Circuit, Zhang Lin continued to have success against Huang Chao. As a result, the former chancellor
541:) Prefectures, he could take his own forces and head directly toward Guang Prefecture to face Huang. He further proposed that the chancellor
1315:
900:
After Yang Xingmi captured Yang
Prefecture later in the year and forced Qin Yan and Bi to flee, Yang bestowed on Gao's grandnephew Gao Yu (
705:), such that Lü was, in effect, taking over control of the circuit's governance, and anyone who dared to speak against Lü suffered death.
323:
In 868, Gao Pian was recalled to Chang'an to serve as a general of the imperial guards. At his recommendation, his grandnephew Gao Xun (
198:
recommended Gao Pian, who had by that point become a general of the imperial guards, to take over the Tang forces then under Zhang Yin (
1310:
844:
With Bi's forces unable to capture Yang
Prefecture quickly, however, Bi sought aid from Qin Yan, who was then the governor (觀察使,
430:). He was also made the director of the salt and iron monopolies and the food supplies for the two capitals (i.e., Chang'an and
371:
However, Gao soon precipitated a mutiny against him. When Dali had previously attacked Chengdu in 870, the officer Yang Qingfu (
490:) to attack Huang, and they had a victory over Huang. A number of Huang's followers surrendered to Zhang and Liang, including
303:), who was allied with Dali forces. Upon Gao's capture of Jiaozhi, Emperor Yizong converted Annan District to a new circuit,
192:
136:
scholars. He was also considered intelligent, and was respected by the honored officers in the Shence Armies, including the
1365:
511:), Gao submitted a petition to Emperor Xizong. He suggested that with Zhang stationed at Chen Prefecture (郴州, in modern
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1248:
1220:
1199:
1183:
1152:
1125:
1107:
1091:
1068:
971:
794:), the Hezhong and Hedong forces approached Chang'an, and Emperor Xizong was forced to flee to Xingyuan (興元, in modern
1360:
406:) pointed out that they could not have participated in the mutiny, and that he, as a Taoist, should be more merciful.
1320:
98:). A rebellion against him in 887 resulted in intense internal warfare in Huainan Circuit and his imprisonment by
936:
897:) to execute Gao, Gao's sons, brothers, nephews, and their families. The bodies were thrown into a single pit.
593:
In summer 880, Huang, who was returning north from Guang Prefecture, was stuck at Xin Prefecture (信州, in modern
119:
452:, Wang's followers scattered, and a substantial portion pillaged Zhenhai Circuit (鎮海, headquartered in modern
268:
1236:
1045:
1029:
137:
988:
275:) and refusing to advance. Emperor Yizong was outraged, and in summer 866, sent the general Wang Yanquan (
338:
148:
668:
Meanwhile, with two wild pheasants flying into the offices of Huainan's capital county Guangling County (
803:
422:
In 878, Gao was transferred to be the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern
337:) and was said to have governed it well. In 873, when Emperor Yizong died and was succeeded by his son
545:, who had been put in charge of the operations against Huang, station his troops at Wu (梧州, in modern
449:
996:
191:). Several successive Tang operations failed to make any headway against Dali forces. In 864, the
1300:
877:) to aid him. Yang gathered the troops of Lu Prefecture and nearby He Prefecture (和州, in modern
471:
865:
Meanwhile, Lü, now outside Yang Prefecture, issued a letter in Gao's name summoning the officer
115:
1243:
1231:
1120:
1024:
821:, a former Tang general who had proclaimed himself emperor at Cai Prefecture (蔡州, in modern
755:
354:
In 874, Dali launched a major attack on Tang's Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern
42:
940:
930:
746:
In 885, with Huang destroyed and Emperor Xizong returned to Chang'an, the powerful eunuch
736:
304:
180:
26:
1255:
966:
751:
1294:
728:
690:
629:
410:
155:
rebellion. Gao was put in command of 10,000 men stationed at Changwu (長武, in modern
50:
31:
818:
133:
111:
73:
22:
633:
984:
743:, and thereafter, Gao refused to submit any revenues to the imperial government.
80:
incursions, but later became known for his failure to repel the rebel army under
878:
866:
747:
732:
724:
264:
129:
204:) the military governor of Lingnan West Circuit (嶺南西道, headquartered in modern
783:
740:
720:
475:
315:), such that the difficulties for supplying Jiaozhi in the past were removed.
110:
Gao Pian might have been born in 821. He was a grandson of the famed general
81:
992:
723:
were incompetent, and comparing Emperor Xizong to such failed leaders as the
849:
822:
759:
538:
530:
499:
495:
453:
341:, Gao was still at Tianping, and was given the honorary chancellor title of
312:
308:
216:
195:
152:
739:. Emperor Xizong responded harshly, in an edict drafted by the chancellor
330:
212:), to attack Annan. He was given the title of protector general of Annan.
281:) to replace Gao, intending to summon Gao back to Chang'an to punish him.
795:
775:
602:
594:
562:
542:
534:
512:
423:
334:
215:
As of fall 865, Gao was still training his army at Haimen (海門, in modern
164:
156:
141:
94:
85:
786:
the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern
502:. This defeat caused Huang to head south, toward Lingnan East Circuit.
799:
791:
779:
771:
763:
652:
618:
614:
598:
558:
550:
526:
491:
457:
431:
409:
In 876, Gao built a ring of outer walls for Chengdu. He also sent the
393:
359:
355:
272:
220:
209:
205:
188:
160:
99:
89:
77:
774:
the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern
84:
and his mismanagement of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern
933:
807:
767:
762:
the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern
610:
606:
554:
546:
384:
999:
both indicated that he was born in 821, but neither cited a source.
882:
874:
870:
853:
826:
787:
656:
637:
622:
583:
566:
516:
427:
230:
184:
168:
750:, who controlled imperial governance and who had a dispute with
505:
With Huang approaching Lingnan East's capital Guang Prefecture (
319:
As military governor of Tianping, Xichuan, and Jingnan Circuits
72:), was a Chinese military general, poet, and politician of the
16:
Chinese general, poet, and politician during the Tang dynasty
377:) had recruited a group of soldiers known as the "Raiders" (
183:
forces captured Annan District (安南, headquartered in modern
257:). Gao, meanwhile, was joined by the eunuch Wei Zhongzai (
754:
the military governor of Hezhong Circuit (河中, in modern
561:), Zhao (昭州, in modern Guilin), and Yong (永州, in modern
362:), and the Tang military governor of Xichuan, Niu Cong (
466:). He was also given the honorific title of acting
251:) to aid the general defending Annan, Duan Qiuqian (
869:, then the prefect of Lu Prefecture (廬州, in modern
392:permit you to do so? I will make an accusation to
848:) of Xuanshe Circuit (宣歙, headquartered in modern
147:Early in the reign of Emperor Xianzong's grandson
223:) and not yet attacking Annan's capital Jiaozhi (
233:). The eunuch monitor of his army, Li Weizhou (
389:
122:. Gao Pian's father was named Gao Chengming (
907:
901:
892:
886:
857:
836:
830:
714:
700:
694:
675:
669:
660:
646:
520:
506:
485:
479:
461:
443:
414:
401:
378:
372:
363:
346:
324:
298:
292:
286:
276:
258:
252:
246:
240:
234:
224:
199:
123:
67:
57:
8:
659:) and Zhongwu's military governor Xue Neng (
478:. In 879, Gao sent his officers Zhang Lin (
128:), and served as an officer of the imperial
76:. He initially gained renown for defeating
693:, as well as Lü's associates Zhang Shouyi (
144:, and he honored Zhou as an older brother.
92:), which he governed as military governor (
1306:9th-century executions by the Tang dynasty
1212:
1210:
1208:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1341:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Tianping Circuit
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
617:), and Yiwu (義武, headquartered in modern
448:) defeated and killed the agrarian rebel
1351:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Zhenhai Circuit
1346:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Xichuan Circuit
1336:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Jingnan Circuit
1331:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Jinghai Circuit
1326:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Huainan Circuit
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
920:
770:) subsequently defeating Tian's allies
609:), Ganhua (感化, headquartered in modern
573:As military governor of Huainan Circuit
442:In 878, after the general Zeng Yuanyu (
438:As military governor of Zhenhai Circuit
1371:9th-century Chinese military personnel
114:, who had suppressed the rebellion of
7:
926:
924:
856:). Qin sent his officer Qin Chou (
171:), and was again successful there.
102:, who eventually put him to death.
934:Chinese-Western Calendar Converter
14:
343:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
1356:Tang dynasty nonimperial princes
628:In fall 880, Huang crossed the
1376:Three Hundred Tang Poems poets
291:) and the eunuch Wang Huizan (
245:) sent his general Yang Jisi (
175:Campaign against Dali at Annan
1:
1316:Executed Tang dynasty people
817:In summer 887, though, with
49:; 821? – 24 September 887),
578:Campaign against Huang Chao
1392:
989:Vietnamese Knowledge (XXG)
533:) and Chao (潮州, in modern
179:In 863, a major attack by
20:
1311:9th-century Chinese poets
908:
902:
893:
887:
858:
837:
831:
715:
701:
695:
676:
670:
661:
647:
632:at Caishi (采石, in modern
521:
507:
486:
480:
462:
444:
415:
402:
379:
373:
364:
347:
325:
299:
293:
287:
277:
259:
253:
247:
241:
235:
225:
200:
124:
68:
58:
46:
525:) at Xun (循州, in modern
997:Chinese Knowledge (XXG)
835:) and Zhang Shenjian (
553:), Gui (桂州, in modern
398:
285:the officer Zeng Gun (
912:) reburied Gao Pian.
806:the Prince of Xiang,
519:) and Wang Zhongren (
1366:Tang dynasty Taoists
916:Notes and references
118:during the reign of
939:22 May 2010 at the
1361:Tang dynasty poets
484:) and Liang Zuan (
472:Three Excellencies
269:Vĩnh Phúc Province
1321:Mayors of Chengdu
699:) and Zhuge Yin (
684:Decline and death
1383:
1249:vol. 224, part 2
1244:New Book of Tang
1232:Old Book of Tang
1224:
1214:
1203:
1193:
1187:
1177:
1156:
1146:
1129:
1126:vol. 224, part 2
1121:New Book of Tang
1117:
1111:
1101:
1095:
1085:
1072:
1062:
1049:
1042:Old Book of Tang
1039:
1033:
1025:Old Book of Tang
1021:
1000:
981:
975:
963:
944:
928:
911:
910:
905:
904:
896:
895:
890:
889:
861:
860:
840:
839:
834:
833:
756:Yuncheng, Shanxi
718:
717:
704:
703:
698:
697:
679:
678:
673:
672:
664:
663:
650:
649:
524:
523:
510:
509:
489:
488:
483:
482:
470:(司空, one of the
465:
464:
447:
446:
418:
417:
405:
404:
382:
381:
376:
375:
367:
366:
350:
349:
328:
327:
302:
301:
296:
295:
290:
289:
280:
279:
262:
261:
256:
255:
250:
249:
244:
243:
238:
237:
228:
227:
203:
202:
127:
126:
120:Emperor Xianzong
71:
70:
62:), formally the
61:
60:
48:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1291:
1290:
1227:
1215:
1206:
1194:
1190:
1178:
1159:
1147:
1132:
1118:
1114:
1102:
1098:
1086:
1075:
1063:
1052:
1040:
1036:
1022:
1003:
982:
978:
964:
947:
941:Wayback Machine
931:Academia Sinica
929:
922:
918:
737:Gengshi Emperor
686:
580:
575:
440:
321:
305:Jinghai Circuit
177:
108:
64:Prince of Bohai
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1389:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1256:Zizhi Tongjian
1252:
1240:
1226:
1225:
1217:Zizhi Tongjian
1204:
1196:Zizhi Tongjian
1188:
1180:Zizhi Tongjian
1157:
1149:Zizhi Tongjian
1130:
1112:
1104:Zizhi Tongjian
1096:
1088:Zizhi Tongjian
1073:
1065:Zizhi Tongjian
1050:
1034:
1001:
976:
967:Zizhi Tongjian
945:
919:
917:
914:
752:Wang Chongrong
685:
682:
579:
576:
574:
571:
439:
436:
339:Emperor Xizong
320:
317:
176:
173:
151:, there was a
149:Emperor Yizong
107:
104:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1388:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
980:
977:
973:
969:
968:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
935:
932:
927:
925:
921:
915:
913:
898:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
863:
855:
851:
847:
842:
828:
824:
820:
815:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
712:
706:
692:
683:
681:
666:
658:
654:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:Yangtze River
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
587:
585:
577:
572:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
518:
514:
503:
501:
497:
493:
477:
473:
469:
459:
455:
451:
437:
435:
433:
429:
425:
420:
412:
411:Buddhist monk
407:
397:
395:
388:
386:
369:
361:
357:
352:
344:
340:
336:
332:
318:
316:
314:
310:
306:
282:
274:
270:
266:
232:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
197:
194:
190:
186:
182:
174:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:Shence Armies
121:
117:
113:
105:
103:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
65:
55:
52:
51:courtesy name
44:
40:
34:
33:
28:
24:
19:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1216:
1195:
1191:
1179:
1148:
1119:
1115:
1103:
1099:
1087:
1064:
1041:
1037:
1023:
979:
965:
899:
864:
845:
843:
819:Qin Zongquan
816:
812:
745:
710:
707:
687:
667:
641:
627:
592:
588:
581:
504:
467:
450:Wang Xianzhi
441:
421:
408:
399:
390:
370:
353:
342:
322:
283:
214:
178:
146:
112:Gao Chongwen
109:
93:
74:Tang dynasty
63:
53:
38:
37:
30:
23:Chinese name
18:
983:Gao Pian's
867:Yang Xingmi
748:Tian Lingzi
733:Han dynasty
725:Qin dynasty
27:family name
1301:887 deaths
1295:Categories
846:Guanchashi
784:Li Changfu
741:Zheng Tian
721:Cui Anqian
691:Lü Yongzhi
476:Huang Chao
413:Jingxian (
193:chancellor
106:Background
82:Huang Chao
850:Xuancheng
823:Zhumadian
760:Li Keyong
634:Ma'anshan
539:Guangdong
531:Guangdong
500:Li Hanzhi
496:Bi Shiduo
454:Zhenjiang
313:Kwangdung
309:Kwangzhou
229:, modern
217:Hai Phong
196:Xiahou Zi
153:Dangxiang
134:Confucian
1259:, vols.
1237:vol. 182
1221:vol. 256
1200:vol. 255
1184:vol. 253
1153:vol. 252
1108:vol. 251
1092:vol. 250
1069:vol. 254
1046:vol. 151
1030:vol. 182
972:vol. 257
937:Archived
796:Hanzhong
776:Xianyang
731:and the
711:Shizhong
642:approved
603:Changzhi
595:Shangrao
563:Yongzhou
543:Wang Duo
535:Chaozhou
513:Chenzhou
424:Jingzhou
348:同中書門下平章事
335:Shandong
265:Chang'an
165:Tianshui
157:Xianyang
142:Zhou Bao
95:jiedushi
86:Yangzhou
39:Gao Pian
21:In this
993:article
985:article
800:Shaanxi
792:Shaanxi
780:Shaanxi
772:Zhu Mei
764:Taiyuan
653:Xuchang
619:Baoding
615:Jiangsu
599:Jiangxi
559:Guangxi
551:Guangxi
527:Huizhou
492:Qin Yan
458:Jiangsu
432:Luoyang
394:Shangdi
360:Sichuan
356:Chengdu
273:Vietnam
221:Vietnam
210:Guangxi
206:Nanning
189:Vietnam
161:Shaanxi
138:eunuchs
100:Qin Yan
90:Jiangsu
78:Nanzhao
43:Chinese
879:Chaohu
808:regent
804:Li Yun
782:) and
768:Shanxi
729:Ziying
611:Xuzhou
607:Shanxi
555:Guilin
547:Wuzhou
498:, and
468:Sikong
385:Taoist
331:Tai'an
116:Liu Pi
54:Qianli
45::
25:, the
883:Anhui
875:Anhui
871:Hefei
854:Anhui
827:Henan
788:Baoji
657:Henan
638:Anhui
623:Hebei
584:Lu Xi
567:Hunan
517:Hunan
428:Hubei
231:Hanoi
185:Hanoi
169:Gansu
991:and
181:Dali
1285:257
1281:256
1277:255
1273:254
1269:253
1265:252
1261:251
995:on
987:on
909:鄺師虔
894:劉匡時
888:王奉仙
838:張神劍
832:鄭漢章
735:'s
727:'s
702:諸葛殷
696:張守一
648:曹全晸
522:王重任
445:曾元裕
434:).
374:楊慶復
351:).
300:朱道古
294:王惠贊
278:王晏權
260:韋仲宰
254:段酋遷
248:楊緝思
236:李維周
125:高承明
69:渤海王
32:Gao
29:is
1297::
1283:,
1279:,
1275:,
1271:,
1267:,
1263:,
1247:,
1235:,
1219:,
1207:^
1198:,
1182:,
1160:^
1151:,
1133:^
1124:,
1106:,
1090:,
1076:^
1067:,
1053:^
1044:,
1028:,
1004:^
970:,
948:^
923:^
903:高愈
881:,
873:,
859:秦稠
852:,
825:,
798:,
790:,
778:,
766:,
716:侍中
677:東塘
671:廣陵
662:薛能
655:,
636:,
621:,
613:,
605:,
597:,
565:,
557:,
549:,
537:,
529:,
515:,
508:廣州
494:,
487:梁纘
481:張璘
463:潤州
456:,
426:,
416:景先
403:王殷
380:突將
365:牛叢
358:,
333:,
326:高潯
311:,
288:曾袞
271:,
242:酋龍
226:交趾
219:,
208:,
201:張茵
187:,
167:,
159:,
88:,
59:千里
47:高駢
1287:.
1251:.
1239:.
1223:.
1202:.
1186:.
1155:.
1128:.
1110:.
1094:.
1071:.
1048:.
1032:.
974:.
943:.
713:(
645:(
345:(
66:(
56:(
41:(
35:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.