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Charles Darwin remarked (when it was called King James Island) that "...when we were left at James, we could not for some time find a spot free from their burrows on which to pitch our single tent". In the years since, entire populations (including all the animals on
Santiago Island) have been wiped
545:
species, which makes up nearly 80% of its diet. All parts of the plant are consumed, including the fruit, flowers, pads, and even the sharp spines. During the rainy season, land iguanas will drink from temporary vernal pools and other accumulated sources of water, and feast on the blousy, yellow
578:
Galápagos land iguanas become sexually mature anywhere between eight and fifteen years of age, depending on which island they are from. Mating season also varies between islands, but soon after mating, the females migrate to sandy areas to nest, laying 2–20 eggs in a burrow about 50 cm
594:
that shows a mixture of features from each species. The most likely unions tend to be between male marine iguanas and female land iguanas. Despite their long separation time and their being two distinct species from different genera, the offspring are viable, although likely sterile.
1268:
Narrative of the surveying voyages of His
Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Journal and
695:
captive breeding program that has successfully reintroduced the species to Baltra and a number of other areas. Visitors today frequently see iguanas on both the runway of the Baltra airport or while they cross the road.
632:. The marine iguana diverged from the land iguana some 8 million years ago, which is older than any of the extant Galápagos islands. It is therefore thought that the ancestral species inhabited parts of the
691:, a smaller island just a few hundred metres north of Baltra, because he could not understand why no iguanas were present there. Hearst's translocated iguanas survived and became the breeding stock for the
448:
described the Galápagos land iguanas he observed as "ugly animals, of a yellowish orange beneath, and of a brownish-red colour above: from their low facial angle they have a singularly stupid appearance."
976:
667:
2064:
2110:
656:
1394:
603:
It is estimated that between 5,000 and 10,000 land iguanas are found throughout the Galápagos
Islands. These iguanas were so abundant on Santiago Island at one time that
456:, growing to a length of 0.9 to 1.5 m (3–5 ft), with a body weight of up to 13 kg (29 lb), depending upon which island they are from. Being
1994:
683:. These animals became extinct on Baltra by 1954, allegedly wiped out by soldiers stationed there who shot the iguanas for amusement. However, in the early 1930s,
2033:
2100:
1968:
2120:
2007:
823:
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archipelago that are now submerged. The two species remain mutually fertile in spite of being assigned to distinct genera, and they occasionally
1402:
1074:
MacLeod, A.; A. RodrĂguez; M. Vences; P. Orozco-terWengel; C. GarcĂa; F. Trillmich; G. Gentile; A. Caccone; G. Quezada; S. Steinfartz (2015).
1248:
1196:
1135:
907:
350:) separated about 8–10 million years ago (MYA). Within the land iguana genus, the oldest split (based on mtDNA—about 5.7 MYA) is between
2115:
1444:
429:(meaning "crested"), and refers to the low crest of spines along the animal's back, which is not as tall as in other iguanas, like the
875:
898:
Rassmann, Kornelia; Markmann, Melanie; Trillmich, Fritz; Tautz, Diethard (2004), "Tracing the
Evolution of the Galapagos Iguanas",
287:
1411:
661:
2012:
453:
922:
Gentile, Gabriele; Anna
Fabiani; Cruz Marquez; Howard L. Snell; Heidi M. Snell; Washington Tapia; Valerio Sbordonia (2009).
1732:
283:
1717:
1023:
Gabriele
Gentile; Anna Fabiani; Cruz Marquez; Howard L Snell; Heidi M Snell; Washington Tapia; Valerio Sbordoni (2009).
314:
and coloration among different populations. In addition to the relatively widespread, well-known Galápagos land iguana (
1920:
679:
Beginning in the early 1990s, the Galápagos land iguana has been the subject of an active reintroduction campaign on
531:. Because fresh water is scarce on the islands, the Galápagos land iguana obtains the bulk of its moisture from the
98:
1747:
1692:
2038:
1282:
Rassmann, K.; Tautz, D.; Trillmich, F.; Gliddon, C. (1997). "The micro – evolution of the Galápagos marine iguana
692:
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37:
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684:
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203:
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1955:
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688:
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362:, indicated that the marine iguana split from the land iguana about 4.5 MYA; among the land iguanas,
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263:
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or other dark-colored stones that naturally absorb the heat of the sun. By night, they sleep in
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1335:"Evolutionary age of the Galápagos iguanas predates the age of the present Galápagos Islands"
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is less clear; it has been questioned whether they are separate species. Based on mtDNA and
220:
1218:"Days and nights of the iguana: in the Galapagos, a devoted pair work to save land iguanas"
1076:"Hybridization masks speciation in the evolutionary history of the Galápagos marine iguana"
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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1035:(2). National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America: 507–511.
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170:
110:
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934:(2). National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America: 507–11.
833:. Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands. 2006. Archived from
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and land iguanas overlap, the two sometimes interbreed, resulting in a
537:
532:
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267:
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140:
28:
579:(20 in) deep. The eggs hatch anywhere from 90 to 125 days later.
1986:
1803:
1465:
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out by introduced feral animals, such as pigs, rats, cats, and dogs.
542:
465:
245:
120:
1876:
1243:, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, pp. 9, 51, 91, 200,
977:"Explaining the Divergence of the Marine Iguana Subspecies on Espa"
2072:
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655:
647:
569:
495:
487:
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83:
77:
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to conserve their absorbed body heat. These iguanas also enjoy a
394:
of the central islands (Santa Cruz, Baltra and South Plaza), and
370:
split from each other about 1.5 MYA. The differentiation between
1128:
The Voyage of the Beagle: Charles Darwin's
Journal of Researches
477:
1960:
1880:
1496:
1426:
398:. Although the exact pattern is uncertain, it is possible that
902:, California: University of California Press, pp. 71–83,
721:
719:
687:
had translocated a population of land iguanas from Baltra to
1422:
1025:"An overlooked pink species of land iguana in the Galápagos"
924:"An overlooked pink species of land iguana in the Galapagos"
480:, providing relief to the iguanas and food for the birds.
1286:
assessed by nuclear and mitochondrial genetic analysis".
562:
The Galápagos land iguana has a 60- to 69-year lifespan.
1418:
Galápagos Land Iguana feeding on a cactus – video clip
862:
Birds, Mammals & Reptiles of the Galápagos
Islands
616:
Researchers theorize that Galápagos land iguanas and
508:; however, some individuals have shown that they are
358:. A more-recent study, which included both mtDNA and
1889:
1826:
1801:
1776:
1706:
1629:
1599:
1574:
1537:
1510:
1018:
1016:
859:
460:, they raise their body temperature by basking on
390:of the western islands (Isabela and Fernandina),
1438:
8:
1211:
1209:
1207:
751:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T5240A3014082.en
726:Kumar, K.; Gentile, G.; Grant, T.D. (2020).
342:, the ancestors of today's land iguanas and
1130:, New York: Penguin Classics, p. 401,
1877:
1507:
1493:
1445:
1431:
1423:
1234:
1232:
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893:
891:
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831:Charles Darwin Research Station Fact Sheet
472:relationship with birds; the birds remove
454:is one of the largest lizards in the world
55:
36:
20:
2111:Endemic reptiles of the Galápagos Islands
1182:
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1172:
1099:
1050:
1040:
988:
986:
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939:
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1191:, New York: Mallard Press, p. 144,
252:, and one of three species of the genus
818:
816:
814:
812:
705:
330:), of northern Isabela Island, and the
971:
969:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
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318:), there are two other species within
310:The land iguanas of Galápagos vary in
1339:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1151:"The 10 Largest Lizards in The World"
7:
1271:, London: Henry Colburn, p. 488
737:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
624:since arriving on the islands from
1080:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
995:"Pink iguana rewrites family tree"
866:. Yale University Press. pp.
14:
1666:Honduran paleate spinytail iguana
1400:PBS:Destination Galápagos Islands
993:Black, Richard (5 January 2009).
900:Iguanas: Biology and Conservation
2101:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
1528:
1300:10.1046/j.1365-294X.1997.00209.x
515:, supplementing their diet with
338:), of Santa Fe Island. Based on
97:
693:Charles Darwin Research Station
662:Charles Darwin Research Station
2121:Taxa named by John Edward Gray
1:
1733:Northern Bahamian rock iguana
1641:Northeastern spinytail iguana
500:Feeding on fallen cactus pads
1718:Turks and Caicos rock iguana
1383:Galápagos Conservation Trust
1241:Galapagos: A Natural History
858:Swash, A.; R. Still (2000).
640:where their ranges overlap.
1681:Guatemalan spinytail iguana
1656:Yellowback spinytail iguana
1333:Rassmann, Kornelia (1997).
586:, where the territories of
541:sp.), in addition to other
504:Land iguanas are primarily
2137:
2116:Reptiles described in 1831
1616:Galapagos pink land iguana
660:Yellow land iguana at the
452:The Galápagos land iguana
410:groups are to each other.
324:Galápagos pink land iguana
1586:Campeche spinytail iguana
1526:
1506:
1492:
1460:
1216:Rosenthal, Ellen (1997),
671:Galápagos land iguana on
209:
202:
94:Scientific classification
92:
75:
53:
44:
35:
23:
1738:Grand Cayman blue iguana
1671:Oaxacan spinytail iguana
1591:Yucatán spinytail iguana
1187:Rogers, Barbara (1990),
402:is closer to one of the
1935:Conolophus_subcristatus
1921:Conolophus subcristatus
1891:Conolophus subcristatus
1843:Angel Island chuckwalla
1818:Lesser Antillean iguana
1676:Roatán spinytail iguana
1414:at Animal Diversity Web
1412:Conolophus subcristatus
1284:Amblyrhynchus cristatus
1042:10.1073/pnas.0806339106
941:10.1073/pnas.0806339106
730:Conolophus subcristatus
685:William Randolph Hearst
425:(meaning "lesser"):and
382:, they fall into three
348:Amblyrhynchus cristatus
237:Conolophus subcristatus
213:Conolophus subcristatus
1853:San Esteban chuckwalla
1793:Catalina desert iguana
1698:Black spinytail iguana
1351:10.1006/mpev.1996.0386
1239:Kricher, John (2006),
1092:10.1098/rspb.2015.0425
676:
664:
653:
620:evolved from a common
575:
501:
493:
441:Anatomy and morphology
274:coast, inhabiting the
1753:Anegada ground iguana
1748:Lesser Caymans iguana
1661:Cape spinytail iguana
1611:Galapagos land iguana
1550:Brachylophus bulabula
670:
659:
651:
573:
499:
491:
232:Galápagos land iguana
24:Galápagos land iguana
1848:Monserrat chuckwalla
1687:Ctenosaura pectinata
1621:Santa Fe land iguana
773:"Appendices | CITES"
689:North Seymour Island
673:North Seymour Island
612:Evolutionary history
417:is derived from the
406:groups than the two
332:Santa Fe land iguana
195:C. subcristatus
1763:San Salvador iguana
1651:Balsas armed lizard
1566:Fiji crested iguana
1395:galapagosonline.com
744:: e.T5240A3014082.
533:prickly-pear cactus
300:South Plaza islands
47:Conservation status
1858:Spotted chuckwalla
1768:Mona ground iguana
1405:2015-05-08 at the
1388:2007-10-10 at the
1086:(1809): 20150425.
677:
665:
654:
584:South Plaza Island
576:
502:
494:
484:Diet and longevity
413:The specific name
240:) is a very large
2088:
2087:
1883:Taxon identifiers
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1838:Common chuckwalla
1728:Rhinoceros iguana
1556:Lau banded iguana
1288:Molecular Ecology
1250:978-0-691-12633-3
1198:978-0-7924-5192-1
1137:978-0-14-043268-8
909:978-0-520-23854-1
264:Galápagos Islands
228:
227:
87:
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16:Species of lizard
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1693:Club tail iguana
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1323:. marinebio.org.
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1157:. 18 August 2021
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27:Temporal range:
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1723:Jamaican iguana
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408:C. subcristatus
404:C. subcristatus
392:C. subcristatus
388:C. subcristatus
372:C. subcristatus
364:C. subcristatus
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1377:External links
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1788:Desert iguana
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1520:Marine iguana
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1512:Amblyrhynchus
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1321:Marine Iguana
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877:0-300-08864-7
873:
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840:on 2007-06-06
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681:Baltra Island
674:
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626:South America
623:
619:
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592:hybrid iguana
589:
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517:invertebrates
514:
511:
510:opportunistic
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462:volcanic rock
459:
455:
450:
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440:
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435:Iguana iguana
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292:North Seymour
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204:Binomial name
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68:
63:
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
30:
22:
19:
2065:subcristatus
1890:
1827:
1813:Green iguana
1802:
1777:
1743:Cuban iguana
1707:
1685:
1646:Utila iguana
1630:
1610:
1600:
1575:
1548:
1540:Brachylophus
1538:
1511:
1362:. Retrieved
1342:
1338:
1328:
1316:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1267:
1258:
1240:
1221:
1188:
1159:. Retrieved
1154:
1145:
1127:
1118:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1032:
1028:
1003:. Retrieved
998:
931:
927:
917:
899:
861:
853:
842:. Retrieved
835:the original
830:
780:. Retrieved
776:
767:
755:. Retrieved
741:
735:
729:
708:
678:
615:
602:
581:
577:
566:Reproduction
561:
554:
536:
503:
458:cold-blooded
451:
444:
434:
431:green iguana
426:
422:
415:subcristatus
414:
412:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
384:monophyletic
380:cytochrome b
375:
371:
367:
363:
355:
351:
347:
335:
327:
319:
315:
309:
276:dry lowlands
253:
236:
235:
231:
229:
212:
210:
194:
193:
181:
18:
1982:iNaturalist
1915:Wikispecies
1779:Dipsosaurus
1161:12 February
979:. amnh.org.
757:17 November
506:herbivorous
400:C. pallidus
396:C. pallidus
376:C. pallidus
360:nuclear DNA
336:C. pallidus
320:Conolophus—
80:Appendix II
2106:Conolophus
2095:Categories
1829:Sauromalus
1632:Ctenosaura
1602:Conolophus
1561:Gau iguana
1364:18 January
1294:(5): 437.
844:2007-10-14
782:2022-01-14
700:References
605:naturalist
599:Population
521:centipedes
519:, such as
476:, such as
368:C. marthae
356:C. marthae
328:C. marthae
312:morphology
288:Santa Cruz
280:Fernandina
255:Conolophus
182:Conolophus
157:Suborder:
62:Vulnerable
1464:Kingdom:
1454:Iguanidae
1189:Galapagos
777:cites.org
638:hybridize
556:Portulaca
551:succulent
548:perennial
543:Cactaceae
525:arachnids
513:omnivores
474:parasites
470:symbiotic
427:cristatus
250:Iguanidae
189:Species:
171:Iguanidae
117:Kingdom:
111:Eukaryota
2073:Species+
2000:10476420
1900:Wikidata
1484:Squamata
1478:Reptilia
1472:Chordata
1470:Phylum:
1466:Animalia
1403:Archived
1386:Archived
1308:84822976
1269:remarks.
1266:(1839),
1126:(1989),
1110:26041359
1061:19124773
999:BBC News
960:19124773
634:volcanic
622:ancestor
386:groups:
306:Taxonomy
258:. It is
167:Family:
151:Squamata
141:Reptilia
131:Chordata
127:Phylum:
121:Animalia
107:Domain:
67:IUCN 3.1
2013:1056066
1974:5224631
1906:Q301062
1709:Cyclura
1577:Cachryx
1501:species
1482:Order:
1476:Class:
1359:9126557
1222:Animals
1101:4590447
1052:2626733
951:2626733
868:118–119
630:rafting
574:Basking
538:Opuntia
529:carrion
492:Feeding
466:burrows
284:Isabela
272:Pacific
268:Ecuador
266:off of
262:to the
260:endemic
242:species
223:, 1831)
177:Genus:
161:Iguania
147:Order:
137:Class:
82: (
65: (
29:Miocene
1961:454869
1804:Iguana
1499:Extant
1357:
1306:
1247:
1195:
1134:
1108:
1098:
1059:
1049:
1005:20 May
958:
948:
906:
874:
553:genus
527:, and
421:words
298:, and
296:Baltra
246:lizard
2052:98320
2039:31140
1995:IRMNG
1987:35324
1948:5ZTW3
1304:S2CID
1001:. BBC
838:(PDF)
827:(PDF)
478:ticks
419:Latin
340:mtDNA
84:CITES
78:CITES
2078:4404
2034:NCBI
2026:5240
2021:IUCN
2008:ITIS
1969:GBIF
1366:2023
1355:PMID
1245:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1163:2022
1132:ISBN
1106:PMID
1057:PMID
1007:2017
956:PMID
904:ISBN
872:ISBN
759:2021
742:2020
652:Male
374:and
366:and
354:and
322:the
230:The
221:Gray
1956:EoL
1943:CoL
1930:ADW
1347:doi
1296:doi
1096:PMC
1088:doi
1084:282
1047:PMC
1037:doi
1033:106
946:PMC
936:doi
932:106
746:doi
582:On
523:or
437:).
423:sub
278:of
270:'s
244:of
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2075::
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2060:RD
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2010::
1997::
1984::
1971::
1958::
1945::
1932::
1917::
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1353:.
1341:.
1337:.
1302:.
1290:.
1229:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
