Knowledge (XXG)

3154:), the player experiences one full year of Japanese secondary school where various holidays (such as Golden Week) and events (such as the Sakura Dance, White Day and the Christmas party) are played out. "Another domain in which Japanese and Western traditions coexist within bishoujo games is in the realm of stories and legends. Often, to situate action within the game, common narratives are referenced to provide context. These narratives, however, are drawn from both Japanese and Western culture. "Along these same lines, popular manga that have become increasingly available and in demand worldwide are frequently referenced in bishoujo games. This phenomenon provides non-Japanese players with a sense of expanded cultural understanding and commonality because those who play bishoujo are also particularly likely to read manga. "A final category of cultural transmission and learning that should be mentioned with respect to these bishoujo games includes sexual culture. This should come as no surprise given the erotic content of many bishoujo games. Japanese establishments such as the "soapland" (erotic public bath), the "ran-pabu" (lingerie pub) and the "love hotel" (specialized hotel facilities where people go to have sex) are just a few of the many examples of sexual culture that populate bishoujo games." 2926:"The interactive portions of the game arise through options presented to the gamer, which are typically binary, although options with three choices occasionally arise. These options occur sporadically and often involve seemingly trivial choices, such as whether to go to a movie or art museum. Any life-changing decisions in the game, such as whether the main character will donate a kidney, are often not decided by the game player. The game player takes advantage of options to manipulate the main character's actions to bring about his desired result. "These results come in the form of endings, of which dating-sim games have typically ten to twenty. Some are 'good endings,' in which the main character ends up with one (or more) of the female characters and lives happily with her, usually entailing marriage; others are 'bad endings,' which vary widely but may involve the death of a female character, one of the characters moving away, or the male and female characters living together unhappily. Usually, each female character has the potential to bring about both a good ending and a bad ending; the player must select the options carefully to get the one he wants." 3123:"(Jones 2005) Because the construction of memory and experience can be construed as a profoundly social phenomenon, popular culture plays an important role in mediating perception. Especially relevant to this discussion is the experience of international and intercultural encounters. Fontaine (1993) reports participant experiences of telepresence (including 'realness' and "vividness") in this context, demonstrating the potential to experience a sense of 'being there' across the gap of cultural difference. Further, Mantovani and Riva (1999) make special note of the impact culture has on presence experiences, explaining that 'peaking of mediation means speaking of culture, i.e., a network of instruments making up the everyday reality in which we live' (p. 541). This understanding of the relationship between culture and telepresence is exhibited in Peter Payne's description of bishoujo gaming: 'You're reaching out and touching a little piece of Japan in the game – you really feel like you're experiencing love and life vicariously through the game characters' (Bishoujo Gaming News, n.d.)." 2935:(Taylor 2007) "Intuitively, one would think that players would aim for good endings, but such is not always the case. The only way to "beat" the game is to play it numerous times, experiencing all the endings. After playing through the game, players can go to the main menu and check their 'status,' which shows how much of the game is finished. To reach a status of 100 percent, signaling completion of the game, all endings must be reached. Essentially, the only way to 'lose' when playing a dating-sim game is not to get a bad ending but to get the same ending twice, since doing so prevents players from making any progress toward game completion. Thus, unlike most video games, dating-sim games are not particularly competitive; they have no final 'bosses' whom the players try to defeat. After getting through all the endings, extra scenes or characters may be unlocked, including, occasionally, 'harem endings,' which allow the main character to end up living with all the female characters." 2899:(Jones 2005) "There are several ways that the perceptual information provided by these bishoujo games is supplemented by psychological factors. For one thing, the bishoujo characters with whom the player interacts are less realistic representations than they are iconic signs. Furthermore, character movement is limited to the occasional eye blink, changing facial expression or gesture. These qualities indicate that the realism of bishoujo characters rely heavily on the player's ability to imagine them. Exaggerated postures and expressions speed recognition of character feelings and dispositions while the action described at the bottom of the page shapes the player's fluid conception of the character icon. In other words, the iconic image presented onscreen requires the player to mentally reconfigure the depiction in the service of imagining events as they occur and are described in the text at the bottom of the screen." 3141:(Jones 2005) "the small companies responsible for the majority of bishoujo translations in the United States and other Western countries actively pursue intercultural leaning as an objective. For example, JAST USA occasionally provides parenthetical notes that explain certain cultural differences to players. In one instance (in Season of the Sakura) the class stands up to greet the teacher. Beneath it is noted: "(Japanese students do this every day when the teacher enters the classroom.) "Other examples of intentional efforts to educate the Western player in Japanese culture are evidenced by the inclusion of "linear notes" in the readme files of some games and optional membership to the J-List listserv. Linear notes explain in detail the cultural references and nuances found in the game, and the J-List listserv sends out periodic emails that offer interesting facts and news events related to Japan." 2681:(Pesimo 2007) "In 1994, Konami Company was about to close down when fans set up a fund to produce a platonic romantic simulation for the PC engine called Tokimeki Memorial. With no sex at all, it became the next best-selling Bishojo game and put Konami on the map. In 1999, an independent software development house Visual Art's/Key published an adult game called Kanon for the Windows PC. In the game, the player meets five girls in a snowy small town and experiences tragic love affairs with them. Naturally, Kanon was a sex game, which initially attracted male consumers. But like the readers of girls' comics, these men found themselves identifying with the protagonists over the emotional trials and tribulations of pure love. Kanon was then released for the PlayStation minus the explicit sex. It sold even better than the dirty PC version did. 3096:(Jones 2005) "Eventually, bishoujo games were manufactured (in Japan) for game consoles such as Sega Saturn, Sega Dreamcast and Sony Playstation (TheFreeDictionary.com, n.d.; Yukino, 2000). Such popular enthusiasm has not been the case in the United States where bishoujo games are unavailable to consoles and the influx of games has been lukewarm even for the PC market. Despite this, however, companies such as JAST USA, Peach Princess, G-Collections and Himeya Soft have persevered in distributing these games to the West and, as a result, 2003 and 2004 were relatively prosperous years for bishoujo game translators and distributors in the United States. This success is in part due to the popularity and acceptance of other Japanese entertainment products such as anime and manga (TheFreeDictionary.com, n.d.)." 3132:(Jones 2005 "By providing a protagonist/avatar with a Japanese identity through which the player is able to interact with a distinctly Japanese world, these bishoujo games offer access to a level of cultural knowledge that is unsurpassed by other media forms. This is attributable to bishoujo games' ability to transport and psychologically immerse the player, providing the potential for creating a sense of telepresence. "In a certain respect, these bishoujo games attempt to offer a level of cultural access and understanding that even travel and live interpersonal communication cannot: an intimate perspective on another culture. Stepping into a Japanese identity, but retaining the ability to make decisions permits a sense of belonging and identification that would be impossible in the flesh.") 3150:(Jones 2005) "Beginning with language, common Japanese terms necessarily become part of the player's vocabulary. Words such as "Oniichan" (big brother) are defined through the context of gameplay. An even more advanced understanding of language can be gained from games that make use of character voices. In such games, the Japanese speech presented in conjunction with translated subtitles in the dialog box serves as a tutorial for both vocabulary and pronunciation. Beyond language, elements of traditional and popular culture intermingle; giving the player what Peter Payne of JAST USA refers to as "a snapshot" of Japan (Bishoujo Gaming News, n.d.). In one game in particular ( 2835:(Taylor 2007) "Dating-sim games usually have no animation; the background remains static and changes only when the character moves to another location. Often, the same backgrounds are reused in different situations. For example, if the character is in a classroom when other students are around, the room appears empty so it can be reused for scenes in which the character is alone. In cases such as these, text-based descriptions of the surroundings, rather than the images on the screen, establish whether others are present. Clearly, dating-sim games require the player to use his (or her) imagination much more than do typical video games." 3105:(Jones 2005) "The current case study seeks to present a series of "classic" bishoujo video games and explain how they function to orient the Western player to the culture of modern Japan through the phenomenon of telepresence. Aspects of telepresence that include transportation and immersion are considered toward the end of offering the player a degree of access to some aspects of modern Japanese culture. It is suggested that, by experiencing a sense of telepresence through inhabiting a Japanese avatar, the non-Japanese player has the potential to obtain a heightened level of competence in negotiating Japanese culture." 3814: 3078:(Jones 2005) "As a product, Bishoujo games are extremely popular in Japan. Bishoujo Gaming News (n.d.) reports that, "Over 25 percent of software in Japan are interactive adult games of some kind" (Japanese Dating-Sim Game Report). It has also been estimated that approximately fifty new bishoujo titles are released every month in Japan (Peach Princess, 2004). Many of these can be classified under more specific subgenre headings such as "dating simulation" games, "ren'ai" (romantic) games, "hentai" (pornographic) games, and more." 2251: 1737: 2690:(Taylor 2007) "Dating-sim games remain two dimensional, despite the vast majority of other video games presently being rendered in rich three-dimensional graphics. One reason is the focus in dating-sim games on characters. Video games such as Rockstar Games' 'Grand Theft Auto' can be animated in three dimensions because most visuals are landscapes. Three-dimensional characters, however, tend to look blocky and distorted when seen up close. Konami's Tokimeki Memorial 3 2663:(Jones 2005) "The advent of bishoujo games came about in 1982 with the Japanese release of Night Life, a PC adventure game. NEC's PC 88, PC98 and early DOS PCs were the platforms of choice for early bishoujo designers (Bishoujo Gaming News, n.d.). However, bishoujo gaming did not come to fruition until the late nineties when Widows 95 and CD-ROM technology were able to support vastly improved sound, imagery and storage capacity (Yukino, 2000)." 3087:(Pesimo 2007) "The visuals of Bishojo games strengthened the links between Anime, Manga and the electronics culture of Akihabara ward. A new Otaku industry was created where a small crew consisting of an illustrator, a scriptwriter, and a programmer could churn out a product that could sell as many as 30,000 copies. With some 500 new Bishojo titles debuting annually, this genre is estimated to account for 25% of all software sales in Japan." 3114:(Jones 2005) "The difficulty with applying a purely perceptual (as opposed to psychological) theory of immersion to bishoujo games is that their content tends to be highly iconic (see Figure 2) and the player is unlikely to have the sensation of being immersed in the game, at least as compared to other technology such as virtual reality. An alternative approach to understanding how these games immerse the user is psychological immersion." 2707:(Jones 2005) "Bishoujo games bear a clear resemblance to comic art in this regard and have an especially strong relationship to manga (Japanese comics) due to closely related sets of stylistic conventions. It might even be said that some bishoujo games serve as an interactive extension of manga, permitting the player to assume the identity of a character similar to those he/she is already familiar with." 2844:(Jones 2005) "For the games included in this case study, it is relatively rare (although not unheard of) for the player to actually see his/her virtual representation. Instead, players are embodied in such a way that, although they inhabit a different identity, they see the game-world directly through the avatar's eyes, and, in this sense, the avatar's body is experienced first-hand as their own." 1156: 150: 2826:(Jones 2005) "In terms of appearance, these games are unique in that many of them have three distinguishing features in common: (1) a large square box in the center of the screen for images, (2) a horizontally oriented rectangular box (located just below) for text, and (3) a background that encompasses both the image box and text box and extends to the edges of the screen (see Figure 1)." 330: 88: 47: 613: 252: 2672:(Pesimo 2007) "In 1982, Koei Company released Danchi Tsuma no Yuwaku for the PC8001 home computer. This game, a mixture of text-based erotic adventure and crude graphics owing to the computer's eight-color palette, was an instant hit. Koei became a major software company, and the bold new era of Bishojo games, or Galge had begun." 2908:(Taylor 2007) "Additionally, when the main character is interacting with another person, that person appears in front of the background and remains still, merely alternating between poses (which, like the backgrounds, are static and frequently reused) to match what the conversation partner is saying." 2275: 2143: 1350: 2230:. Instead, they rely on psychological immersion. These games are constructed around popular culture and other social phenomena of Japan which then combined with immersion and telepresence allows a Western player to get a better idea of what it is like living in Japan. According to Mathew T. Jones of 2129: 2090: 1792: 1788: 2250: 2117: 2063: 1914:, do not contain pornographic material, and many others only contain a small amount in relation to the story as a whole. For example, the 18+ version of the popular game Sabbat Of The Witch (also known as Sanoba Witch) contains a total of twenty- four short adult scenes within a branched story. 1775: 2348: 1873: 2324: 2853:(Jones 2005) ""Demonstrating thorough understanding of this concept, some bishoujo game developers have used various techniques to impact the player's external retina so that a sense of actually being transported into the avatar is experienced. To illustrate, the screen will flash ( 1545:(1999). Even though their gameplay involved little more than scrolling through text, they became hits largely due to the quality of their writing and characterization. Both were first released on the PC with erotic scenes, which were subsequently removed in their console ports. 2234:, Peter Payne, founder of Jast USA, says, "You're reaching out and touching a little piece of Japan in the game – you really feel like you're experiencing love and life vicariously through the game characters". By using a first person avatar with Japanese identity, 1925:(EOCS), the organization in charge of classifying the content of video games in the Japanese industry. Pornography is prohibited in all console titles, and computer games are assigned a special classification alerting the public to its content. Also, as in all legal 2450: 2175: 2881:) In terms of sound perception, perhaps speakers can be considered external eardrums. Pitch, timbre, range and directionality play an important role, not only in transporting the player to the world of the game, but immersing him/her in the world of the game." 2100: 1411:), setting industry guidelines for acceptable content and packaging. This organization tamed down the most objectionable content in the "wild west" of the 1980s. Thus free from controversy and fueled by continuing improvement in technology, in the 1990s the 2654:(Jones 2005) "the Japanese word bishoujo (or bishojo) translates to 'pretty girl' and bishoujo games have been defined as 'a type of Japanese video game centered around interactions with attractive anime-style girls' (TheFreeDictionary.com, n.d.)." 2006: 2698:(2001) was the first bishōjo game to be animated in three dimensions, but its low sales likely discouraged other companies from following this lead. Thus bishōjo games remain a slideshow of two-dimensional images plus voice and text.11 2242: 1839: 2205: 2917:(Taylor, 2007) "Bishōjo games share a basic structure and feel. The gamer plays a male character who interacts with various female characters as well as secondary characters such as family members, neighbors, and teachers." 1643: 1683: 1651: 3010: 1784: 1458: 2152: 1322:-style artwork: its characters had very large eyes and a tiny nose and mouth but were otherwise basically normally proportioned, characteristics which today are found in virtually all 3448: 1512:, it contained no erotic elements. However, it was unique in that it contained not only adventure-game elements but also a combat system borrowed from tactical combat games such as 2955: 2040: 2052: 579: 2369: 2517: 3981: 1884: 1876: 2996:(Takahashi 2004) "The women in a girl game are usually young and slender with large eyes and a small nose; they have stereotypically attractive appearances." 2076: 1392:, resulting in increased police scrutiny for makers and retailers. Several prefectures began classifying games as obscene and pulling them off the shelves. 3441: 3170: 3006: 1490:-like gameplay system. To be accessible to a more mainstream audience, it contained no erotic elements, seeking instead to create a "romantic" atmosphere. 3599: 2279: 1184: 677: 1922: 1298: 3257: 3007:"Act on Punishment of Activities Relating to Child Prostitution and Child Pornography, and the Protection of Children; Act No. 52 of May 26, 1999" 536: 4060: 3434: 2082: 358: 1987: 3385: 672: 551: 4679: 2187: 779: 572: 2805: 2064: 2623: 1388: 2397: 3037: 642: 2591: 1929:, the explicit images are normally censored, showing mosaics or bars on the genital areas in order to satisfy Japanese decency laws. 4486: 848: 541: 312: 294: 233: 131: 74: 3223: 2733: 2509:. However, this term is frequently used by English speakers to describe any romance-driven game, regardless of game mechanics used. 98: 2756: 1482:, whose gameplay focused on meeting girls and seducing them, established the standard conventions of the dating simulation genre. 1696: 167: 60: 214: 4618: 4216: 4141: 3861: 2137: 565: 3343: 2781:(Jones 2005) "Japanese bishoujo videogames take on the characteristics of highly detailed 'choose your own adventure' novels." 1264: 186: 3592: 3213:"'Asianizing' Animation in Asia: Digital Content Identity Construction Within the Animation Landscapes of Japan and Thailand" 2505: 1793: 1420: 171: 2167:, popular among Western followers of anime, especially in the United States, was inspired in a large extent by dating sims. 1796: 4414: 4136: 3911: 1177: 799: 480: 193: 4694: 4146: 4131: 3996: 3904: 2302: 1996: 1648: 495: 490: 485: 475: 1763: 2239: 1800:. This makes getting the same ending twice and not unlocking any new content the way to lose such games. For example, 1084: 3323: 2226: 1717: 272: 262: 113: 3813: 1975: 4704: 4438: 4238: 4078: 4003: 2053: 1910: 1781: 1137: 774: 373: 200: 160: 109: 4684: 4608: 4514: 4453: 3619: 3585: 1984: 1768: 1571: 1260: 1031: 1582:, including download-only files. Some of the least pornographic and most successful also branching off into the 4498: 4068: 3959: 3941: 3794: 2865:) if the avatar experiences an impact in the game. Similarly, a black screen is used to indicate covered eyes ( 1630:. While many of the games are pornographic, the majority feature romantic situations with suggestive material. 1170: 702: 647: 363: 182: 35: 2086: 4689: 4433: 4123: 3951: 3193: 1976: 1286: 976: 637: 470: 2890:(Taylor 2007) "The main character, with whom the gamer is meant to identify, rarely appears on the screen." 1979:; whereas fantasy setting outfits range from witch robes to princess dresses, and fantastic creatures like 1700:(2002). There have even appeared a small amount of erotic games that present man–man homosexual relations ( 1465: 4481: 4476: 4392: 4270: 4045: 3856: 3830: 3784: 3220: 2604: 2531: 1160: 989: 652: 529: 390: 1382: 4699: 4428: 4387: 4163: 4013: 3891: 3822: 3052: 2293:" literally means "pretty young girl". "Girl game" and "gal game" are also used to describe these games. 1318: 971: 911: 632: 514: 342: 4397: 3242: 1736: 2972: 4491: 4382: 4226: 4022: 3716: 3674: 1926: 1862: 1814: 1603: 1541: 1442: 1214: 380: 66: 4248: 4198: 4153: 3986: 3866: 2525: 2238: 1797: 1563: 1303: 707: 504: 4649: 4591: 4253: 4221: 4096: 4073: 3929: 3899: 3734: 3704: 3304: 2628: 1911: 1777: 1583: 1395: 465: 368: 2797: 1848:. Many are very linear and are essentially interactive romance novels for men (sometimes called 207: 4654: 4567: 4562: 4233: 4179: 4088: 3921: 3881: 3684: 3391: 3381: 3185: 2593: 2389: 2370: 2231: 2037: 1841: 1579: 1561: 1487: 1343: 1308: 1206: 1047: 1015: 754: 717: 546: 436: 2145: 1962: 1828: 1660: 4644: 4555: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4315: 4310: 4265: 4106: 3871: 3772: 3711: 3651: 3608: 3296: 2801: 2729: 2420: 2189: 2139: 2105: 1366: 1027: 740: 697: 627: 451: 351: 268: 3033: 2760: 1326: 4613: 4303: 4158: 3779: 3739: 3065: 2717: 2500: 2472: 2227: 2017: 1869: 1521: 1469: 509: 3689: 3212: 804: 2373: 2028: 4709: 4258: 3964: 3848: 3760: 3755: 3646: 2425: 2379: 2099: 1845: 1526: 1462: 1338: 1315: 944: 813: 769: 667: 276: 1713: 1280: 4673: 4402: 4243: 4184: 4035: 3976: 3767: 3726: 3669: 3474: 2600: 2416: 1785: 1599: 1536: 1459: 1451: 1429: 1363: 1327: 874: 869: 864: 431: 419: 2021:, based on the premise of the player acquiring no fewer than twelve little sisters. 1776: 4639: 4601: 4443: 4293: 4211: 3876: 3838: 3799: 3699: 3679: 3661: 3566: 3508: 3373: 3354: 3034:"The Politics of Imagination: Virtual Regulation and the Ethics of Affect in Japan" 2512: 2219: 2201: 1850: 1820: 1741: 1514: 1358: 1252: 1127: 951: 939: 906: 855: 822: 712: 2415: 3404: 1993: 4550: 4524: 4347: 4320: 4298: 4101: 4050: 3694: 3629: 3426: 2384: 2374: 2364: 2260: 2244: 1998: 1972: 1686: 1635: 1607: 1591: 1572: 1558: 1505: 1500: 1447: 1142: 1107: 1061: 1005: 918: 831: 458: 441: 424: 271: 149: 2289: 2148:, and the only way to see any real nudity is through an Easter egg cheat code. 2118: 2072: 1892: 4596: 4572: 4519: 4407: 4111: 4030: 3638: 3532: 3498: 2494: 2316: 2290: 2252: 1989: 1964: 1829: 1802: 1718: 1155: 1132: 1037: 764: 759: 446: 410: 395: 31: 3395: 3324:"Gainax's premier computer game was set to come to the US. So what happened?" 3189: 4370: 4288: 3991: 3969: 3551: 3469: 3284: 3171:"The Impact of Telepresence on Cultural Transmission through Bishoujo Games" 2307: 2195: 2163: 1725: 1701: 1595: 1403:(meaning "Ethics Organization for Computer Software", and often abbreviated 996: 890: 329: 3556: 2545:, whereas only such type of games with little to no interaction are called 2218: 2121: 3327: 2383:, where the player's task is to raise a girl into a queen. Another is the 4634: 4586: 4532: 4458: 4448: 4327: 4040: 3561: 2634: 2535:. In Japan such games are generally referred to as "love adventure games" 2519: 2358: 2353: 2256: 2159: 1756: 1657: 1531: 1486:, the first dating sim, featured good graphics, full voice acting, and a 1474: 932: 733: 385: 1755: 1610: 3934: 3493: 3243:"Dating-Simulation Games: Leisure and Gaming of Japanese Youth Culture" 2297: 1832: 1669: 1578: 1371: 1118: 1042: 899: 747: 3308: 1812: 1602: 612: 2342: 1937: 1870: 1691: 1653: 1425: 1100: 881: 724: 662: 657: 17: 3577: 3344:"Otaku Immersion: The Depiction of the Protagonist in Visual Novels" 2032: 116:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 3405:"Bishōjo Games: 'Techno-Intimacy' and the Virtually Human in Japan" 3300: 1355: 4579: 4420: 3503: 2337: 2177: 2098: 1980: 1946: 1901: 1735: 1679: 1673: 1627: 1623: 1379: 1375: 1319: 1091: 1054: 925: 604: 600: 400: 2361: 2011: 2957: 2354: 1709: 1491: 1291: 3581: 3430: 1808: 1339: 245: 143: 81: 40: 2247: 4206: 3295:(2). Journal of Japanese Studies, Vol. 24, No. 2: 289–316. 2036: 1707:), which take their bases from the parallel subculture of 1690:). The most well-known and commercial of these titles is 2455: 2333: 1378:, causing widespread opposition to pornographic manga, 105: 1940: 1116: 1108: 1098: 1089: 1062: 1052: 1016: 1006: 997: 949: 930: 916: 897: 888: 879: 856: 832: 823: 814: 805: 745: 731: 722: 4627: 4543: 4507: 4469: 4363: 4356: 4281: 4197: 4172: 4122: 4087: 4059: 4021: 4012: 3950: 3920: 3890: 3847: 3821: 3748: 3725: 3660: 3637: 3628: 3544: 3517: 3486: 3462: 2614:games unless this is a central aspect of the game. 2271: 174:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1369:was arrested and was revealed to be a consumer of 3351:Cool Japan: Contemporary Japanese Popular Culture 2587:Also, many Japanese games which are not strictly 2349:Japanese, but it is common in English. In Japan, 1971:Two particularly common settings exist: Japanese 1557:gaming industry has resisted the transition into 1284:game commercialized in Japan appeared in 1982 as 2276:the pornographic nature of some of these games. 1525:games. Particularly notable in this respect are 2757:"The Bishoujo Game Market: Not for Girl Gamers" 2576: 2557: 2484: 2464: 2441: 2398: 2002:, a characteristic that is often looked-for in 1241: 1218: 3380:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 2692: 2570: 2551: 2538: 2478: 2458: 2435: 2405: 2109:, which was not officially released until 2016 1235: 3593: 3442: 2973:"Sabbat Of The Witch (Sanoba Witch) – Review" 1178: 573: 8: 1622:games is closely related to the industry of 1415:game industry underwent a decade-long boom. 3222:. The Nippon Foundation. pp. 124–160. 2393:with an orphaned robot girl. Many hardcore 1504:also first saw publication in 1996 for the 1224: 75:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4360: 4018: 3634: 3600: 3586: 3578: 3449: 3435: 3427: 1428:which was on the verge of bankruptcy, the 1342:platform, and then later in the decade to 1185: 1171: 611: 591: 580: 566: 324: 3009:. Japanese Law Translation. 26 May 1999. 2503:focused on dating, the most famous being 1968:, meaning beautiful, attractive or cute. 313:Learn how and when to remove this message 295:Learn how and when to remove this message 234:Learn how and when to remove this message 132:Learn how and when to remove this message 27:Japanese video game with attractive girls 2791: 2789: 2787: 2499:Strictly speaking, this term designates 2091:can be bought more cheaply second-hand. 1923:Ethics Organization of Computer Software 2647: 2610:), but they are usually not considered 1824:series (which is also categorized as a 1418:The first major title of the 1990s was 599: 537:List of business simulation video games 341: 3285:"Otaku and the amateur manga movement" 3061: 3050: 2423:. One popular series of this genre is 359:Construction and management simulation 3353:. Tel-Aviv University. Archived from 3013:from the original on 21 February 2012 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2759:. UCLA Asia Institute. Archived from 552:List of space flight simulation games 7: 1432:dating sim becoming the first major 172:adding citations to reliable sources 3169:Jones, Matthew T. (December 2005). 3032:Galbraith, Patrick William (2017). 2624:List of Japanese erotic video games 2564:(predominantly for adult games) or 1818:is a puzzle game comparable to the 1586:market. The main consoles used for 1389:Saori: the House of Beautiful Girls 3211:Pesimo, Rudyard Contretas (2007). 2410:, "training"/"breaking" (animals)) 1874:production for this type of work. 1307:(1985), a precursor to the modern 25: 3250:Southeast Review of Asian Studies 2736:from the original on May 26, 2010 1806:is a variant of the classic game 1771:books. The basic appearance of a 542:List of city-building video games 56:This article has multiple issues. 3812: 3283:Kinsella, Sharon (Summer 1998). 2971:Knight, Thomas (15 April 2023). 2808:from the original on May 9, 2010 2133:The attempts to massively trade 1780:and instead see the game from a 1664:fans are sold, like the popular 1154: 328: 250: 148: 86: 45: 3378:Otaku: Japan's database animals 3263:from the original on 2011-06-06 3229:from the original on 2011-04-18 3040:from the original on 2020-05-28 1958:The representation of girls in 1936:games are often catalogued as " 1798:unlock all of the bonus content 1590:games in the nineties were the 159:needs additional citations for 64:or discuss these issues on the 3403:Galbraith, Patrick W. (2011). 3342:Ronen, Oren (March 29, 2008). 1454:. While the title was another 1301:A notable landmark was Jast's 1: 3457:Dating sims and visual novels 2796:Lidor, Danit (June 7, 2004). 1697:Tokimeki Memorial Girl's Side 1436:game since Koei's release of 2798:"Sim Sex Not So Stimulating" 2603:or many of the girls in the 2125:. The popular discussion of 2103:The English localization of 2056:view of the main character. 1917:The pornographic content of 1906:While there are a number of 1401:Computer Software Rinri Kikō 4680:Anime and manga terminology 3289:Journal of Japanese Studies 2577: 2558: 2485: 2465: 2442: 2399: 2240:interpersonal communication 2048:The main male character in 1346:. Throughout the nineties, 1242: 1219: 1117: 1109: 1099: 1090: 1063: 1053: 1017: 1007: 998: 950: 931: 917: 898: 889: 880: 857: 833: 824: 815: 806: 746: 732: 723: 112:the claims made and adding 4726: 3810: 1921:games is regulated by the 1899: 1888:games from 2D to 3D. Many 1865:. The main reason is that 1161:Anime and manga portal 1138:Anime-influenced animation 29: 3620:List of video game genres 3615: 2693: 2571: 2552: 2539: 2479: 2459: 2436: 2406: 2377:. The classic example is 2286:game, girl game, gal game 1769:Choose Your Own Adventure 1399:game industry formed the 1261:Choose Your Own Adventure 1236: 1210: 3912:Digital collectible card 2873:), and unconsciousness ( 2486:ren'ai shimyurēshon gēmu 2214:Western players can use 1977:Japanese school uniforms 1767:games resemble those of 648:Original video animation 364:Business simulation game 30:Not to be confused with 3997:Roguelike deck-building 3905:Roguelike deck-building 1954:Representation of women 1728:by fans and reviewers. 481:Combat flight simulator 266:. The reason given is: 3241:Taylor, Emily (2007). 3060:Cite journal requires 2469:, in short: 恋愛ADV/AVG) 2306:(see below). See also 2183:While translations of 2110: 1944:-games, or frequently 1835:. In other games, the 1749: 1424:, released in 1994 by 1351:employees required by 1246:, often shortened to " 653:Original net animation 486:Space flight simulator 459:Sports management game 391:Social simulation game 343:Simulation video games 4239:Tactical role-playing 4004:Tactical role-playing 2722:Games for the Summer" 2466:ren'ai adobenchā gēmu 2210:Cultural transmission 2102: 2095:Influence in the West 2044:Representation of men 1880:(2001) was the first 1739: 1598:. More recently, the 1258:games are similar to 515:Vehicular combat game 374:Government simulation 36:Girls' toys and games 4619:Vertically scrolling 3545:Engines and software 3152:Season of the Sakura 2871:Season of the Sakura 2859:Three Sisters' Story 2855:Season of the Sakura 1927:Japanese pornography 1896:Pornographic content 1815:Money Idol Exchanger 1604:PlayStation Portable 1468:A turning point was 708:International market 381:Life simulation game 168:improve this article 4695:Romance video games 4249:Turn-based strategy 4154:Submarine simulator 3960:Action role-playing 3867:Interactive fiction 3178:PsychNology Journal 2526:Kana: Little Sister 2222:. However, because 1912:home video consoles 1877:Tokimeki Memorial 3 1564:Tokimeki Memorial 3 1304:Tenshitachi no gogo 1227:"pretty girl game") 775:Best-selling series 595:Part of a series on 505:Submarine simulator 471:Vehicle simulations 337:Part of a series on 4650:Video game modding 4592:Nonlinear gameplay 4254:Turn-based tactics 4222:Real-time strategy 2879:Nocturnal Illusion 2863:Nocturnal Illusion 2629:Sexuality in Japan 2489:, in short: 恋愛SLG) 2419:in the guise of a 2371:role-playing games 2111: 1750: 794:Demographic groups 678:Longest franchises 496:Space trading game 466:Fishing video game 369:City-building game 97:possibly contains 4705:Video game genres 4667: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4655:Video game remake 4563:Emergent gameplay 4234:Real-time tactics 4193: 4192: 4132:Flight simulation 3862:Graphic adventure 3808: 3807: 3609:Video game genres 3575: 3574: 3387:978-0-8166-5351-5 2608:video game series 2594:Final Fantasy VII 2506:Tokimeki Memorial 2421:music rhythm game 2390:Wonder Project J2 2296:Boy's love game, 2232:Temple University 2038:child pornography 1973:secondary schools 1740:A depiction of a 1567:became the first 1510:Tokimeki Memorial 1488:role-playing game 1484:Tokimeki Memorial 1421:Tokimeki Memorial 1309:dating simulation 1195: 1194: 1048:Anime music video 590: 589: 547:List of god games 491:Space combat game 476:Flight simulation 323: 322: 315: 305: 304: 297: 244: 243: 236: 218: 142: 141: 134: 99:original research 79: 16:(Redirected from 4717: 4645:Video game clone 4361: 4357:Related concepts 4164:Vehicular combat 4019: 3892:Digital tabletop 3872:Interactive film 3832:Grand Theft Auto 3823:Action-adventure 3816: 3773:Platform fighter 3652:Platform fighter 3635: 3602: 3595: 3588: 3579: 3451: 3444: 3437: 3428: 3423: 3421: 3420: 3399: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3360:on July 23, 2011 3359: 3348: 3338: 3336: 3335: 3326:. Archived from 3318: 3316: 3315: 3271: 3269: 3268: 3262: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3234: 3228: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3204: 3198: 3192:. Archived from 3175: 3155: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3088: 3085: 3079: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3063: 3058: 3056: 3048: 3046: 3045: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2951: 2936: 2933: 2927: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2900: 2897: 2891: 2888: 2882: 2851: 2845: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2793: 2782: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2763:on July 17, 2010 2752: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2732:. May 30, 2008. 2714: 2708: 2705: 2699: 2697: 2696: 2695: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2599: 2582: 2581:, in short: NVL) 2580: 2574: 2573: 2563: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2541: 2501:simulation games 2490: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2473:simulation games 2470: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2447: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2411: 2409: 2408: 2402: 2259:pubs and erotic 2190:Story of Seasons 2140:Princess Maker 2 2106:Princess Maker 2 2024:The majority of 1726:Boys' Love games 1618:The industry of 1446:was released by 1367:Tsutomu Miyazaki 1251: 1245: 1239: 1238: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1212: 1187: 1180: 1173: 1159: 1158: 1122: 1112: 1104: 1095: 1066: 1058: 1020: 1010: 1001: 955: 936: 922: 903: 894: 885: 860: 836: 827: 818: 809: 751: 737: 728: 615: 592: 582: 575: 568: 332: 325: 318: 311: 300: 293: 289: 286: 280: 254: 253: 246: 239: 232: 228: 225: 219: 217: 176: 152: 144: 137: 130: 126: 123: 117: 114:inline citations 90: 89: 82: 71: 49: 48: 41: 21: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4670: 4669: 4668: 4659: 4623: 4614:Twitch gameplay 4539: 4503: 4465: 4352: 4304:Survival horror 4277: 4227:Time management 4189: 4168: 4159:Train simulator 4118: 4083: 4055: 4008: 3946: 3916: 3886: 3843: 3817: 3804: 3744: 3740:Survival horror 3721: 3656: 3624: 3611: 3606: 3576: 3571: 3540: 3513: 3482: 3458: 3455: 3418: 3416: 3402: 3388: 3372: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3346: 3341: 3333: 3331: 3322:Trzepacz, Tim. 3321: 3313: 3311: 3282: 3279: 3277:Further reading 3274: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3245: 3240: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3215: 3210: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3158: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3059: 3049: 3043: 3041: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3016: 3014: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2954:Taylor, Emily. 2953: 2952: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2811: 2809: 2795: 2794: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2620: 2597: 2568: 2549: 2536: 2476: 2456: 2433: 2403: 2269: 2228:virtual reality 2212: 2097: 2070: 2046: 2018:Sister Princess 1956: 1904: 1898: 1846:adventure games 1734: 1639:groups produce 1616: 1614:Characteristics 1551: 1362:games. In 1989 1336: 1316:adventure games 1275: 1270: 1233: 1204: 1191: 1153: 1148: 1147: 1080: 1072: 1071: 992: 982: 981: 977:Anime directors 967: 959: 958: 851: 841: 840: 795: 787: 786: 693: 685: 684: 623: 586: 557: 556: 532: 522: 521: 510:Train simulator 354: 319: 308: 307: 306: 301: 290: 284: 281: 270: 261:has an unclear 255: 251: 240: 229: 223: 220: 177: 175: 165: 153: 138: 127: 121: 118: 103: 91: 87: 50: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4723: 4721: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4690:Japanese games 4687: 4682: 4672: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4609:Side-scrolling 4606: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4589: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4517: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4454:Climate change 4451: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4425: 4424: 4412: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4373: 4367: 4365: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4313: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4296: 4291: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4273: 4271:Grand strategy 4263: 4262: 4261: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4230: 4229: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4203: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4128: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4099: 4093: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4065: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4027: 4025: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4006: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3989: 3987:Monster-taming 3984: 3979: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3967: 3965:Looter shooter 3956: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3932: 3926: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3908: 3907: 3896: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3853: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3836: 3827: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3777: 3776: 3775: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3761:Hack and slash 3752: 3750: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3737: 3731: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3666: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3654: 3649: 3647:Endless runner 3643: 3641: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3597: 3590: 3582: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3538: 3530: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3480: 3472: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3453: 3446: 3439: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3400: 3386: 3370: 3339: 3319: 3301:10.2307/133236 3278: 3275: 3273: 3272: 3238: 3208: 3184:(3): 292–311. 3165: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3143: 3134: 3125: 3116: 3107: 3098: 3089: 3080: 3071: 3062:|journal= 3024: 2998: 2989: 2963: 2937: 2928: 2919: 2910: 2901: 2892: 2883: 2875:Little My Maid 2846: 2837: 2828: 2819: 2783: 2774: 2747: 2709: 2700: 2683: 2674: 2665: 2656: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2631: 2626: 2619: 2616: 2585: 2584: 2559:bijuaru noberu 2515: 2510: 2497: 2492: 2448: 2430: 2426:The Idolmaster 2413: 2380:Princess Maker 2367: 2362: 2346: 2334: 2322: 2314: 2300: 2294: 2287: 2268: 2265: 2211: 2208: 2150:Princess Maker 2096: 2093: 2069: 2066: 2045: 2042: 1955: 1952: 1897: 1894: 1733: 1730: 1694:'s experiment 1615: 1612: 1550: 1547: 1335: 1332: 1328:super deformed 1311:. Among early 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1193: 1192: 1190: 1189: 1182: 1175: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1114: 1105: 1096: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1059: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1013: 993: 988: 987: 984: 983: 980: 979: 974: 968: 965: 964: 961: 960: 957: 956: 947: 942: 937: 928: 923: 914: 909: 904: 895: 886: 877: 872: 867: 862: 852: 847: 846: 843: 842: 839: 838: 829: 820: 811: 802: 796: 793: 792: 789: 788: 785: 784: 783: 782: 780:Longest series 777: 767: 762: 757: 752: 743: 738: 729: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 694: 691: 690: 687: 686: 683: 682: 681: 680: 675: 673:Longest series 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 624: 621: 620: 617: 616: 608: 607: 597: 596: 588: 587: 585: 584: 577: 570: 562: 559: 558: 555: 554: 549: 544: 539: 533: 528: 527: 524: 523: 520: 519: 518: 517: 512: 507: 502: 501: 500: 499: 498: 493: 483: 468: 463: 462: 461: 456: 455: 454: 449: 434: 429: 428: 427: 422: 417: 416: 415: 414: 413: 408: 403: 388: 378: 377: 376: 371: 366: 355: 350: 349: 346: 345: 339: 338: 334: 333: 321: 320: 303: 302: 285:September 2017 263:citation style 258: 256: 249: 242: 241: 224:September 2017 183:"Bishōjo game" 156: 154: 147: 140: 139: 94: 92: 85: 80: 54: 53: 51: 44: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4722: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4685:Bishōjo games 4683: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4499:Single-player 4497: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4244:Tower defense 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4185:Immersive sim 4183: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4074:City-building 4072: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4002: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3977:Dungeon crawl 3975: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3942:Tile-matching 3940: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3931: 3930:Hidden object 3928: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3900:Deck-building 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3766: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3735:Battle royale 3733: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3591: 3589: 3584: 3583: 3580: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3518:Gender target 3516: 3510: 3509:Visual novels 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3452: 3447: 3445: 3440: 3438: 3433: 3432: 3429: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3374:Azuma, Hiroki 3371: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3340: 3330:on 2008-12-11 3329: 3325: 3320: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3239: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3209: 3199:on 2012-06-20 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3067: 3054: 3039: 3035: 3028: 3025: 3012: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2993: 2990: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2964: 2959: 2958: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2932: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2914: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 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