78:
247:
In
Galician the vocalic system is reduced to five vowels in post-tonic syllables, and to just three in final unstressed position: (which can instead be transcribed as ). In some cases, vowels from the final unstressed set appear in other positions, as e.g. in the word
2474:
1923:
3125:
2736:
1976:
1185:
2148:
1926:. Additionally, during the 17th and 18th centuries the western and central dialects of Galician developed a voiceless fricative pronunciation of
2741:
2704:
2443:
2425:
2382:
2364:
918:
There are also a certain number of rising diphthongs, but they are not characteristic of the language and tend to be pronounced as hiatus.
1123:
1132:
2467:
2040:
2576:
1105:
1047:
2962:
2949:
2503:
1210:
1084:
115:
49:
31:
93:
Galician has seven vowel phonemes, which are represented by five letters in writing. Similar vowels are found under stress in
3160:
2528:
3120:
3085:
2726:
2518:
2460:
1880:
699:
2716:
2669:
2513:
1098:
633:
623:
3264:
3259:
3098:
2644:
2599:
2533:
2508:
2060:
1141:
1091:
1017:
673:
383:
with the thematic vowel /e/ or /u/ have open-mid vowels, while all remaining verb forms maintain close-mid vowels:
2817:
2746:
2604:
2589:
1879:
During the modern period, Galician consonants have undergone significant sound changes that closely parallel the
659:
3130:
2822:
2756:
2721:
2072:
1031:
710:, which can have the reverse effect. As a result, metaphony affects most notably words with gender opposition:
426:
with the thematic vowel /e/ or /u/ have open-mid vowels, while all remaining verb forms maintain close vowels:
2974:
2867:
2837:
2802:
2594:
2538:
2523:
2373:
Martínez-Gil, Fernando (2022), "Galician", in
Gabriel, Christoph; Gess, Randall; Meisenburg, Trudel (eds.),
1063:
1024:
3228:
3015:
2832:
2731:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2034:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1946:
1942:
1927:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1801:
1777:
1740:
1710:
1680:
1656:
1632:
1608:
1568:
1563:
1530:
1525:
1489:
1459:
1434:
1397:
1367:
1336:
1306:
1275:
1232:
1056:
949:
731:
727:
707:
703:
665:
611:
268:
264:
225:
211:
194:
177:
163:
146:
129:
45:
41:
27:
2849:
2842:
2751:
2664:
2659:
2025:
1849:
1161:
1038:
983:
974:
334:
The distribution of stressed close-mid vowels (/e/, /o/) and open-mid vowels (/ɛ/, /ɔ/) are as follows:
307:'to jump'. In pretonic syllables, close-/open-mid vowels are kept in derived words and compounds (e.g.
3218:
3080:
2990:
2969:
2879:
2616:
2292:
2070:
2058:
2038:
2023:
1974:
1070:
992:
671:
657:
631:
621:
3208:
3115:
3093:
3050:
3035:
3000:
2944:
2889:
2884:
2763:
2649:
2626:
2571:
1853:
1078:
688:
2412:
3105:
2914:
2859:
2854:
2768:
2561:
2487:
2294:
999:
944:
3005:
2452:
3233:
3198:
3183:
3167:
3155:
3140:
3110:
3070:
3040:
3020:
3010:
2954:
2934:
2924:
2909:
2894:
2789:
2784:
2711:
2681:
2676:
2654:
2636:
2631:
2621:
2611:
2439:
2421:
2378:
2360:
1950:
1884:
1007:
956:
98:
66:
17:
379:
Second-person singular and third-person present indicative forms of second conjugation verbs
3213:
3145:
3135:
3075:
3065:
3060:
3045:
3030:
3025:
2939:
2929:
2797:
2691:
2584:
2566:
2556:
2400:
939:
934:
422:
Second-person singular and third-person present indicative forms of third conjugation verbs
94:
3223:
3203:
3188:
3150:
3055:
2995:
2919:
2904:
2899:
2872:
2699:
2686:
1151:
961:
3238:
3193:
1175:
734:, has had a large part in the evolution and dialectal diversification of the language.
3253:
723:
82:
16:
For assistance with IPA transcriptions of
Galician for Knowledge (XXG) articles, see
77:
692:
102:
2181:
1117:
467:
Certain verb forms derived from irregular preterite forms have open-mid vowels:
479:
future subjunctive: eu/el couber , couberes , coubermos , couberdes , couberen
2404:
1861:
968:
744:
520:
have open-mid vowels, while the remaining letter names have close-mid vowels.
2483:
1217:
1011:
615:
526:
verb forms of first conjugation verbs with a thematic mid vowel followed by
62:
58:
2048:
2081:. The realization remains in select older speakers in isolated regions.
1845:
1222:
695:. Nevertheless, any vowel is nasalized in contact with a nasal consonant.
37:
610:
Of the seven vocalic phonemes of the tonic and pretonic syllables, only
1206:
684:
1933:
1883:, including the following changes that neutralized the opposition of
101:. It is likely that this 7-vowel system was even more widespread in
2248:
2246:
1857:
470:
preterite indicative: coubeches , coubemos , coubestes , couberon
76:
698:
The vocalic system of
Galician language is heavily influenced by
2456:
1973:'look'), but they are otherwise in complementary distribution.
1908:> in western dialects, or in eastern and central dialects;
683:
All dialectal forms of
Galician but Ancarese, spoken in the
2131:
2129:
1938:). This may be glottal , pharyngeal , uvular , or velar .
476:
preterite subjunctive: eu/el coubese , coubeses , coubesen
602:(medo, cortello, feo, grandeza, corazón, matador, fermoso)
337:
Vowels with graphic accents are usually open-mid, such as
552:
verbs forms derived from the irregular preterite form of
2149:"Pautas para diferenciar as vogais abertas das pechadas"
1981:
appears in the onset, except in word-initial position (
1924:
Differences between
Spanish and Portuguese: Sibilants
702:. Regressive metaphony is produced either by a final
368:
and their plural forms have open-mid vowels, such as
2357:
Gramática da lingua galega (I). Fonética e fonoloxía
678:(short retracted front): before a palatal consonant.
36:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3176:
2983:
2777:
2549:
2287:coalesce in implosive position as the archiphoneme
743:Galician language possesses a large set of falling
628:(short central): normal realization of the phoneme.
706:, which tend to open medium vowels, or by a final
2393:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
565:verbs forms derived from regular preterite forms
535:(deitar, axexar, pechar, tellar, empeñar, coxear)
263:Unstressed close-mid vowels and open-mid vowels (
539:verb forms of first conjugation verbs ending in
473:pluperfect: eu/el coubera , couberas , couberan
271:) can occur in complementary distribution (e.g.
50:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
2324:
2300:
2237:
2225:
2213:
2168:
2135:
2120:
2057:. In some dialects, it lenites to approximant
2013:
2003:
1982:
1964:
1954:
1931:
1871:
1865:
1821:
1815:
1808:
1791:
1784:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1748:
1730:
1724:
1717:
1700:
1694:
1687:
1670:
1663:
1646:
1639:
1622:
1615:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1573:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1535:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1496:
1479:
1473:
1466:
1449:
1442:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1405:
1387:
1381:
1374:
1357:
1351:
1344:
1326:
1320:
1313:
1296:
1290:
1283:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1240:
901:
885:
862:
845:
829:
812:
796:
779:
763:
717:
711:
691:, have lost the phonemic quality of mediaeval
645:
639:
566:
446:
326:
320:
314:
308:
302:
296:
290:
284:
278:
272:
255:
249:
233:
216:
202:
185:
168:
154:
137:
2468:
2182:"Dicionario de pronuncia da lingua galega: á"
2046:
8:
2252:
243:Some characteristics of the vocalic system:
2475:
2461:
2453:
638:(long central): due to contraction, as in
295:'to emit'), with a few minimal pairs like
2375:Manual of Romance Phonetics and Phonology
1953:. Between vowels, the two contrast (e.g.
2414:Dicionario de pronuncia da lingua galega
2391:Regueira, Xosé Luís (1996), "Galician",
2338:
2312:
2108:
2097:
1199:
925:
749:
573:infinitives of second conjugation verbs
107:
86:
2201:
2089:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
722:('mother-in-law'). On the other hand,
599:-edo, -ello, -eo, -eza, ón, -or, -oso
103:the early stages of Romance languages
7:
1941:The distribution of the two rhotics
664:(short advanced back): when next to
568:(collemos, collera, collese, coller)
325:'string-maker'—which contrasts with
40:. For the distinction between ,
2359:(in Galician), Vigo: A Nosa Terra,
2355:Freixeiro Mato, Xosé Ramón (2006),
2069:lenite. It may also be realized as
1887:fricatives / voiceless fricatives:
614:has a set of different renderings (
2420:, A Coruña: Real Academia Galega,
2291:, which, phonetically, is usually
14:
1856:in all instances, except after a
1184:
1160:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1016:
998:
991:
982:
973:
2436:Nasal vowel evolution in Romance
579:the majority of words ending in
2065:in the same environments where
1881:evolution of Spanish consonants
1870:'a cat' is pronounced , whilst
927:Consonant phonemes of Galician
32:International Phonetic Alphabet
2438:, Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press,
1:
2411:Regueira, Xosé Luís (2010),
2053:) and from syllable-initial
2705:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
584:(coruñés, vigués, montañés)
3281:
1876:'the cat' is pronounced .
618:), forced by its context:
57:This article is about the
15:
2494:
2405:10.1017/s0025100300006162
1194:
1192:
1181:
1179:
1170:
1168:
1157:
1155:
1146:
1139:
1128:
1121:
1112:
1110:
1089:
1082:
997:
990:
979:
972:
960:
955:
938:
933:
755:
198:
150:
2434:Sampson, Rodney (1999),
2037:derives from historical
561:(fomos, fora, fose, for)
2737:Regional North American
2151:. Manuel Antón Mosteiro
28:phonetic transcriptions
3161:Dialects and varieties
2732:Received Pronunciation
2577:American Sign Language
2377:, Berlin: De Gruyter,
2325:
2077:where it derives from
2047:
2014:
2004:
1983:
1965:
1955:
1932:
1922:For a comparison, see
1872:
1866:
1822:
1816:
1809:
1792:
1785:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1749:
1731:
1725:
1718:
1701:
1695:
1688:
1671:
1664:
1647:
1640:
1623:
1616:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1574:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1536:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1497:
1480:
1474:
1467:
1450:
1443:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1406:
1388:
1382:
1375:
1358:
1352:
1345:
1327:
1321:
1314:
1297:
1291:
1284:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1241:
902:
886:
863:
846:
830:
813:
797:
780:
764:
718:
716:('father-in-law') vs.
712:
646:
640:
567:
447:
327:
321:
315:
309:
303:
297:
291:
285:
279:
273:
256:
250:
234:
217:
203:
186:
169:
155:
138:
90:
25:This article contains
1930:(a phenomenon called
254:, because the prefix
80:
2301:Freixeiro Mato (2006
2238:Freixeiro Mato (2006
2226:Freixeiro Mato (2006
2214:Freixeiro Mato (2006
2169:Freixeiro Mato (2006
2136:Freixeiro Mato (2006
2121:Freixeiro Mato (2006
751:Galician diphthongs
3086:Proto-Indo-European
2742:White South African
2329:can stand also for
2255:, pp. 900–902.
2253:Martínez-Gil (2022)
1202:
928:
752:
110:
3265:Italic phonologies
1949:closely parallels
1846:lenited (weakened)
1200:
926:
750:
523:Close-mid vowels:
289:'little, small' /
108:
91:
85:of Galician, from
3260:Galician language
3247:
3246:
2747:Standard Canadian
2488:world's languages
2445:978-0-19-823848-5
2427:978-84-87987-77-9
2384:978-3-11-054835-8
2366:978-84-8341-060-8
1832:Voiced plosives (
1830:
1829:
1198:
1197:
916:
915:
484:The letter names
241:
240:
67:Galician language
18:Help:IPA/Galician
3272:
3099:Kerkrade dialect
2722:General American
2477:
2470:
2463:
2454:
2448:
2430:
2419:
2407:
2387:
2369:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2256:
2250:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2011:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1980:
1972:
1962:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1893:
1875:
1869:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1819:
1812:
1803:
1795:
1788:
1779:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1752:
1742:
1734:
1728:
1721:
1712:
1704:
1698:
1691:
1682:
1674:
1667:
1658:
1650:
1643:
1634:
1626:
1619:
1610:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1527:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1500:
1491:
1483:
1477:
1470:
1461:
1453:
1446:
1436:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1409:
1399:
1391:
1385:
1378:
1369:
1361:
1355:
1348:
1338:
1330:
1324:
1317:
1308:
1300:
1294:
1287:
1277:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1244:
1234:
1203:
1188:
1164:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1002:
995:
986:
977:
929:
909:
893:
869:
852:
837:
819:
804:
786:
771:
753:
733:
729:
721:
715:
709:
705:
677:
667:
663:
653:
649:
643:
637:
627:
613:
597:nouns ending in
593:(touro, tesouro)
570:
450:
360:Nouns ending in
330:
324:
318:
312:
306:
300:
294:
288:
282:
276:
270:
266:
259:
253:
237:
227:
220:
213:
206:
196:
189:
179:
172:
165:
158:
148:
141:
131:
111:
95:standard Catalan
47:
43:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3172:
3126:Scottish Gaelic
2979:
2833:Standard Modern
2773:
2585:Modern Standard
2545:
2490:
2481:
2451:
2446:
2433:
2428:
2417:
2410:
2390:
2385:
2372:
2367:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2270:
2259:
2251:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2098:Regueira (2010)
2095:
2091:
2087:
2033:As in Spanish,
1951:that of Spanish
1862:nasal consonant
1760:'seal, stamp',
1402:, (dialectal )
951:
924:
726:, triggered by
651:
301:'to throw' vs.
260:is pronounced .
75:
55:
54:
53:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3278:
3276:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3252:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3131:Serbo-Croatian
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2457:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2431:
2426:
2408:
2399:(2): 119–122,
2388:
2383:
2370:
2365:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2339:Regueira (1996
2331:
2317:
2313:Regueira (1996
2305:
2257:
2242:
2230:
2218:
2206:
2194:
2173:
2161:
2140:
2125:
2113:
2109:Regueira (2010
2101:
2088:
2086:
2083:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1899:
1828:
1827:
1813:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1782:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1722:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1692:
1685:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1661:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1613:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1578:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1318:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1129:
1127:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1004:
1003:
996:
989:
987:
980:
978:
971:
965:
964:
959:
954:
947:
942:
937:
932:
923:
920:
914:
913:
910:
899:
897:
894:
883:
880:
879:
877:
875:
873:
870:
860:
857:
856:
853:
843:
841:
838:
827:
824:
823:
822:'he/she gave'
820:
810:
808:
805:
794:
791:
790:
787:
777:
775:
772:
761:
758:
757:
741:
740:
736:
735:
696:
681:
680:
679:
669:
655:
629:
608:
607:
606:
605:
604:
595:
588:the diphthong
586:
577:
571:
563:
550:
537:
521:
482:
481:
480:
477:
474:
471:
465:
464:
463:
444:
420:
419:
418:
401:
377:
358:
332:
283:'to omit' and
261:
239:
238:
231:
228:
222:
221:
214:
208:
207:
200:
197:
191:
190:
183:
180:
174:
173:
166:
160:
159:
152:
149:
143:
142:
135:
132:
126:
125:
122:
119:
87:Regueira (1996
83:vowel phonemes
74:
71:
48:⟩, see
24:
23:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3277:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2975:Luxembourgish
2973:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2963:Maastrichtian
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2504:Orthographies
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2447:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2423:
2416:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2340:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2271:The phonemes
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2202:Sampson (1999
2198:
2195:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2074:
2062:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2018:
2010:
2008:
1988:
1986:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1961:
1959:
1952:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1925:
1910:
1900:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1591:'yesterday',
1589:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1514:'something',
1512:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1252:'(I) drink',
1250:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
994:
988:
985:
981:
976:
970:
967:
966:
963:
958:
953:
948:
946:
943:
941:
936:
931:
930:
921:
919:
911:
908:
906:
900:
898:
895:
892:
890:
884:
882:
881:
878:
876:
874:
871:
868:
867:
861:
859:
858:
855:'he/she hit'
854:
851:
850:
844:
842:
839:
836:
834:
828:
826:
825:
821:
818:
817:
811:
809:
806:
803:
801:
795:
793:
792:
788:
785:
783:
778:
776:
773:
770:
768:
762:
760:
759:
754:
748:
746:
738:
737:
725:
724:vowel harmony
720:
714:
701:
697:
694:
690:
686:
682:
675:
670:
661:
656:
648:
642:
635:
630:
625:
620:
619:
617:
609:
603:
600:
596:
594:
591:
587:
585:
582:
578:
576:
575:(coller, pór)
572:
569:
564:
562:
559:
555:
551:
549:
546:
542:
538:
536:
533:
529:
525:
524:
522:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
475:
472:
469:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
428:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
385:
384:
382:
378:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:
333:
329:
323:
317:
311:
305:
299:
293:
287:
281:
275:
262:
258:
252:
246:
245:
244:
236:
232:
229:
224:
223:
219:
215:
210:
209:
205:
201:
193:
192:
188:
184:
181:
176:
175:
171:
167:
162:
161:
157:
153:
145:
144:
140:
136:
133:
128:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
112:
106:
104:
100:
96:
88:
84:
79:
72:
70:
68:
64:
60:
51:
39:
35:
33:
29:
19:
3229:West Frisian
3016:Massachusett
2809:
2529:Prepositions
2498:
2435:
2413:
2396:
2392:
2374:
2356:
2348:Bibliography
2334:
2320:
2308:
2233:
2221:
2209:
2197:
2186:. Retrieved
2184:. Ilg.usc.es
2176:
2164:
2153:. Retrieved
2143:
2116:
2104:
2092:
2032:
2016:
2006:
1984:
1967:
1963:'myrrh' vs.
1957:
1940:
1921:
1878:
1850:approximants
1831:
1745:(dialectal )
1280:(dialectal )
917:
904:
888:
865:
848:
832:
815:
799:
781:
766:
742:
693:nasal vowels
644:'frog' <
601:
598:
592:
589:
583:
580:
574:
560:
557:
553:
547:
544:
540:
534:
532:x, ch, ll, ñ
531:
527:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
460:
456:
452:
441:
437:
433:
429:
423:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
394:
390:
386:
380:
373:
369:
365:
361:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
251:termonuclear
242:
92:
56:
44:and ⟨
26:
2959:Limburgish
2850:Greenlandic
2727:New Zealand
2660:Northern Wu
2519:Determiners
2499:Phonologies
2484:Phonologies
2111::13–14, 21)
1597:'to talk',
1392:'ash-tree'
1325:'to call',
1258:'sunrise',
1201:Consonants
1118:Approximant
666:/ŋ,k,ɡ,l,w/
650:< Latin
530:or palatal
372:'paper' or
319:'string' →
3254:Categories
3219:Vietnamese
3090:Ripuarian
3081:Portuguese
2991:Macedonian
2970:Lithuanian
2880:Hindustani
2717:Australian
2670:Historical
2617:Belarusian
2514:Adjectives
2188:2012-06-30
2155:2019-02-19
2085:References
1854:fricatives
1826:'ash-fly'
1820:'people',
1705:'to grab'
1627:'morning'
1603:'brother'
1547:'memory',
1484:'to want'
1429:'the cat'
1417:'fungus',
1386:'filter',
1331:'to find'
1218:allophones
922:Consonants
745:diphthongs
739:Diphthongs
687:valley in
616:allophones
277:'sheep' /
3209:Ukrainian
3116:Sardinian
3094:Colognian
3051:Old Saxon
3036:Norwegian
3001:Maldivian
2945:Latgalian
2890:Icelandic
2885:Hungarian
2764:Esperanto
2650:Cantonese
2627:Bulgarian
2600:Levantine
2572:Afrikaans
2303::175–176)
2240::136–188)
2204::207–214)
2030:is used.
2022:), where
1990:), after
1766:'thing',
1729:'mouse',
1594:conversar
1553:'field',
1478:'house',
1223:Graphemes
1079:Fricative
1012:Affricate
912:'little'
789:'author'
700:metaphony
124:Examples
121:Grapheme
114:Phoneme (
63:phonetics
59:phonology
3106:Romanian
2915:Japanese
2873:Biblical
2860:Hawaiian
2855:Gujarati
2818:Standard
2810:Galician
2798:Parisian
2769:Estonian
2700:Standard
2645:Mandarin
2641:Chinese
2605:Tunisian
2590:Egyptian
2562:Acehnese
2534:Pronouns
2509:Grammars
2096:E.g. by
1699:'hour',
1585:'nest',
1520:'honey'
1508:'moon',
1362:'frame'
1356:'life',
1301:'cross'
1295:'soft',
1227:Example
952:alveolar
945:Alveolar
872:'barrel'
840:'cheese'
807:'papers'
756:falling
376:'snail'.
331:'lamb').
328:cordeiro
322:cordeiro
42:/ /
38:Help:IPA
3234:Yiddish
3199:Turkish
3184:Tagalog
3168:Swedish
3156:Spanish
3141:Slovene
3111:Russian
3071:Persian
3041:Occitan
3021:Medumba
3011:Marathi
2955:Latvian
2935:Kurdish
2925:Konkani
2910:Italian
2895:Ingrian
2864:Hebrew
2838:Ancient
2823:Bernese
2814:German
2794:French
2790:Finnish
2785:Faroese
2712:English
2682:Cornish
2677:Chukchi
2655:Hokkien
2637:Catalan
2632:Burmese
2622:Bengali
2612:Avestan
2581:Arabic
2486:of the
2171::72–73)
2138::94–98)
2067:/b,d,ɡ/
1867:un gato
1864:; e.g.
1796:'deal'
1772:'same'
1735:'cart'
1675:'carp'
1651:'some'
1648:algunha
1544:memoria
1451:mollado
1423:'war',
1270:'cave'
1264:'cow',
1207:Phoneme
1008:Plosive
957:Palatal
896:'fight'
685:Ancares
374:caracol
313:- >
286:pequeno
109:Vowels
99:Italian
65:of the
30:in the
3214:Uyghur
3146:Somali
3136:Slovak
3076:Polish
3066:Pashto
3061:Ottawa
3046:Ojibwe
3031:Nepali
3026:Navajo
2940:Kyrgyz
2930:Korean
2868:Modern
2829:Greek
2803:Quebec
2757:Middle
2696:Dutch
2692:Danish
2595:Hejazi
2567:Adyghe
2557:Abkhaz
2442:
2424:
2381:
2363:
2299:. Cf.
2049:yeísmo
1998:, and
1934:gheada
1885:voiced
1873:o gato
1844:) are
1823:muxica
1702:coller
1481:querer
1454:'wet'
1426:o gato
1420:guerra
1389:freixo
1383:feltro
1322:chamar
940:Dental
935:Labial
548:(voar)
442:serven
434:serves
292:emitir
280:omitir
274:ovella
257:termo-
204:bonito
73:Vowels
46:
3224:Welsh
3204:Ubykh
3189:Tamil
3151:Sotho
3121:Scots
3056:Oromo
3006:Māori
2996:Malay
2950:Latin
2920:Kiowa
2905:Irish
2900:Inuit
2843:Koine
2687:Czech
2539:Verbs
2524:Nouns
2418:(PDF)
2341::120)
2297:]
2293:[
2228::123)
2123::112)
2075:]
2071:[
2063:]
2059:[
2028:]
2024:[
1979:]
1975:[
1914:>
1904:>
1894:>
1860:or a
1858:pause
1817:xente
1793:trato
1769:mesmo
1763:cousa
1732:carro
1719:r, rr
1672:carpa
1600:irmán
1556:álbum
1550:campo
1468:c, qu
1444:ll, i
1414:fungo
1407:g, gu
1359:cadro
1328:achar
1292:macio
1216:Main
1152:Trill
969:Nasal
962:Velar
950:Post-
774:'box'
719:sogra
713:sogro
676:]
672:[
662:]
658:[
636:]
632:[
626:]
622:[
461:foxen
453:foxes
438:serve
430:sirvo
424:(-ir)
416:comen
408:comes
399:beben
391:bebes
381:(-er)
370:papel
355:présa
316:corda
304:botar
298:botar
269:/o~ɔ/
265:/e~ɛ/
170:ferro
89::120)
34:(IPA)
3239:Zuni
3194:Taos
2440:ISBN
2422:ISBN
2379:ISBN
2361:ISBN
2315::82)
2283:and
2216::87)
1945:and
1906:/ts/
1902:/dz/
1840:and
1757:selo
1726:rato
1696:hora
1624:mañá
1588:onte
1582:niño
1511:algo
1475:casa
1439:, ,
1353:vida
1307:/tʃ/
1298:cruz
1285:z, c
1267:cova
1261:vaca
1255:alba
1249:bebo
1242:b, v
1176:Flap
689:León
652:rāna
556:and
545:-oar
541:-ear
510:erre
457:foxe
448:fuxo
412:come
404:como
395:bebe
387:bebo
347:póla
267:and
218:home
156:tres
139:nada
97:and
81:The
61:and
3177:T–Z
2984:M–S
2778:F–L
2752:Old
2665:Old
2550:A–E
2401:doi
2289:/N/
2285:/ŋ/
2281:/ɲ/
2277:/n/
2273:/m/
2079:/j/
2055:/j/
2035:/ɟ/
2019:ael
2005:hon
2000:/s/
1996:/n/
1992:/l/
1987:ato
1947:/ɾ/
1943:/r/
1928:/ɡ/
1916:/ʃ/
1912:/ʒ/
1896:/s/
1892:/z/
1852:or
1848:to
1842:/b/
1838:/d/
1834:/ɡ/
1802:/ʃ/
1778:/t/
1741:/s/
1711:/r/
1681:/ɾ/
1657:/p/
1633:/ŋ/
1609:/ɲ/
1564:/n/
1526:/m/
1517:mel
1505:lúa
1490:/l/
1460:/k/
1435:/ɟ/
1398:/ɡ/
1368:/f/
1337:/d/
1276:/θ/
1233:/b/
1211:IPA
864:boc
847:bat
798:pap
784:tor
732:/u/
730:or
728:/i/
708:/o/
704:/a/
647:rãa
612:/a/
581:-és
554:ser
543:or
528:-i-
514:ese
506:eñe
502:ene
498:eme
494:ele
490:efe
366:-ol
364:or
362:-el
351:óso
339:vén
310:crd
235:rúa
226:/u/
212:/ɔ/
195:/o/
187:min
178:/i/
164:/ɛ/
147:/e/
130:/a/
116:IPA
3256::
2397:26
2395:,
2279:,
2275:,
2260:^
2245:^
2128:^
2073:ɟʝ
2061:ʝ˕
2015:Is
2012:,
1994:,
1966:mi
1958:rr
1956:mi
1836:,
1641:nh
1569:,,
1341:,
1315:ch
1237:,
1213:)
1048:tʃ
907:co
905:ou
891:ta
889:oi
866:oi
849:eu
835:xo
833:ei
831:qu
816:eu
800:ei
782:au
769:xa
767:ai
747::
674:a̠
660:ɑ̟
641:ra
634:äː
590:ou
558:ir
516:,
512:,
508:,
504:,
500:,
496:,
492:,
488:,
459:,
455:,
451:,
440:,
436:,
432:,
414:,
410:,
406:,
397:,
393:,
389:,
353:,
349:,
345:,
343:só
341:,
118:)
105:.
69:.
2476:e
2469:t
2462:v
2403::
2326:x
2295:ŋ
2191:.
2158:.
2045:(
2043:/
2041:ʎ
2039:/
2026:r
2017:r
2009:a
2007:r
2002:(
1985:r
1977:ɾ
1970:a
1968:r
1960:a
1918:;
1898:;
1810:x
1786:t
1750:s
1689:r
1665:p
1617:ñ
1575:n
1537:m
1531:,
1498:l
1376:f
1346:d
1209:(
1186:ɾ
1162:r
1142:j
1133:l
1124:w
1106:ʃ
1099:s
1092:θ
1085:f
1071:ɡ
1064:k
1057:ɟ
1039:d
1032:t
1025:b
1018:p
1010:/
1000:ŋ
993:ɲ
984:n
975:m
903:p
887:l
814:d
802:s
765:c
668:.
654:.
624:ä
518:o
486:e
357:.
230:u
199:o
182:i
151:e
134:a
52:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
